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Smart Statistics

Statistics is an important part of life. Statistics provide detailed information about

situations. Numbers don't lie.

Health statistics help researchers learn what

treatments work well or not. They allow us to analyze information on a very basic

level.

Statistics help us understand the world around us

and the frequency that things happen

Statistics helps us to make decision.

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Statistical analysis

the process of examining the data after it has beencollected to see if there are any patterns and to find

out if the patterns are authentic or due to some other

influence, to draw conclusions or insights, and

determine cause and effect patterns between events

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Some applications of statistics

Conduct research weather Forecasts

Emergency Preparedness

Predicting Disease : For example, studies have shown that 85to 95 percent of lung cancers are smoking related.

Genetics Political Campaigns

Insurance : The rate that an insurance company charges youis based upon statistics from all drivers or homeowners in yourarea.

Consumer Goods. Eg : Wal-Mart, a worldwide leading retailer,keeps track of everything they sell and use statistics tocalculate what to ship to each store and when. From analyzingtheir vast store of information, for example, Wal-Mart decidedthat people buy strawberry Pop Tarts when a hurricane ispredicted in Florida!

Stock Market : Stock analysts also use statistical computermodels to forecast what is happening in the economy.

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Pictograph

Types of Graphs

Line Graphs Plots

Circle Graph

Histogram

Stem & Leaf

Line

Box - and -

Whisker Plot

Scatter

Bar Graphs

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Process

Collect & Record data using tally chart

Make a frequency tableAnalize

Display using suitable graphic organizer

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Pictograph

More Info

Fireflies

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Pictograph

All pictographs have atitle, to explain what the

graph is about

Rows and columnsshape the pictograph.

Label each row and

column, to show what

kind of data

Use pictures to showthe data.

Each picture equals a

certain amount of data. Pictographs need a key.

To tell how much each

symbol represent.

Return to Graph

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Line Plot

Favorite Colors

X

X

X X X

X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

Red Blue Green Yellow Purple

More Info

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Line Plot

A line plot shows the spread of all the data on a

number line (garis nombor).

All line plots include:

- a title

- a numbered horizontal line

- data displayed by use of Xs

Return to Graph

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Scatter Plot

Study Time Versus Grades

0 0

40

20

80100

1 2 3 4

Study Time in Hours

Grade 60*

** * * * *

5

More Info

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Scatter Plot

Shows how closely twosets of data are related

The closer the sets are

related, the closer thepoints come to forming

a straight line.

Scatter Plots include:- title

- labeled axes

- equal intervals

- corresponding

numbers plotted as

ordered pairs

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The scatter graph shows height and age. Information for five

girls has been plotted on the graph. Look at the point

marked Emma. We can see from this point that Emma's height

is 150 cm and her age is 8 years

(a) Which girl is the

tallest and how tall is

she?

(b) Which girl is theyoungest and how

old is she?

(c) How much taller

is Rebecca than

Emma?

(d) How much

younger is Sarah

than Samantha?

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data are collected todetermine correlations

(relationships) between

two events.

Scatter plots will oftenshow at a glance

whether a relationship

exists between two sets

of data.

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Positive corellationgraph resembles a line rising from left

to right.

Since the slope of the line ispositive, there is a positive

correlation between the two setsof data.

This means that according to thisset of data, the longer I study, thebetter grade I will get on myRegents examination.

A negative correlation would existwhen the slope of the line isnegative.

negative correlation, meansthere is a correlation but one valuegoes down as the other valueincreases.

Eg : the longer I study, the worsegrade I would get on my Regentsexamination. !!!

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No correlation

If the plot on the graphis scattered in such away that it does notapproximate a line (itdoes not appear to rise

or fall), there is nocorrelation betweenthe sets of data.

No correlation means

that the data justdoesn't show if studyinglonger has any affect onRegents examinationscores.

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Trend Line

You can also draw a"Line of Best Fit" (also

called a "Trend Line")

on your scatter plot

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Aktiviti

Buat satu tinjauan untukmenentukan sama ada

terdapat korelasi

dengan melukiskan

scatter plot1. lebar tangan dan

panjang ibu jari guru

pelatih dalam kelas

anda2. Panjang tangan

dengan tinggi badan

3. Tinggi badan dengan

berat badan

4. Panjang kaki dengantinggi badan

5. Harga hp dengan umur

Return to Graph

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Circle Graph

Eye Color

40%

32%

20%

8%

Brown

Blue

Green

Other

More Info

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Circle Graph

A pie chart is a circularchart in which the circle is

divided into sectors.

Each sector represents an

item in a data set, and islabeled.

(in percentage orfraction)

Circle graphs are used

to display parts of the

data in relation to the

entire amount of data. All circle graphs need a

title.

http://www.mathsteacher.com.au/year8/ch10_geomcons/03_circles/comp.htmhttp://www.mathsteacher.com.au/year8/ch10_geomcons/03_circles/comp.htmhttp://www.mathsteacher.com.au/year8/ch08_consumer/01_per/per.htmhttp://www.mathsteacher.com.au/year8/ch02_fracdec/01_frac/frac.htmhttp://www.mathsteacher.com.au/year8/ch02_fracdec/01_frac/frac.htmhttp://www.mathsteacher.com.au/year8/ch08_consumer/01_per/per.htmhttp://www.mathsteacher.com.au/year8/ch10_geomcons/03_circles/comp.htmhttp://www.mathsteacher.com.au/year8/ch10_geomcons/03_circles/comp.htmhttp://www.mathsteacher.com.au/year8/ch10_geomcons/03_circles/comp.htm

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Food RM2500 Petrol - RM350

Savings - RM1300

Bills RM450

Example

A family's weekly expenditure

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Aktiviti

Buat tinjauan untukperbelanjaan mingguan

anda

Wakilkan data anda

dengan carta pie

Return to Graph

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Bar GraphFavorite Subjects

0

10

20

30

40

5060

70

Math Science Reading Social Studies

Subjects

N

umberofStudents

More Info

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Bar Graph

The purpose of a bar

graph is to display and

compare data.

Bar graphs use bars toshow the categorical

data.

A bar graph must

include:- a title

- labeled X and Y

axes

- equal intervals are

used on the Y axis

- the bars are evenly

spaced apart fromeach other

Return to Graph

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Double Bar Graph

The purpose of a

double bar graph is to

compare two or more

sets of data. Uses bars to show the

data.

Double bar graphs

must include:- Title

- Labeled X and Y

axes

- Equal intervals are

used on the Y axis

- Pairs of bars are

equally spaced, butthe compared bars are

not

- Key

Return to Graph

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Double Bar

GraphPlant Growth

Weeks

Inches

More Info

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Histogram

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

10-Jan 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 90-99

Frequency

Test Scores

Class Test Scores

More Info

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Histogram

Histograms are used toshow the frequency of

data.

Very similar to bargraphs, but use

intervals on the X axis.

Bars do touch.

Histograms have a title.

Histograms have two

axes which are labeled.

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Histogram

kll/IPBL28

Histograms are usually usedto present "continuous data

or a group of numerical data

(the numbers can take on any

value in a certain range)A good example is weight

and height.

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Histogram

kll/IPBL29

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kll/IPBL30

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Histogram

kll/IPBL31

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kll/IPBL32

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kll/IPBL33

3 diff b t

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3 differences between

Histograms and

Bar charts

Histograms are

Show distributions ofvariables

Quantitative data

Cannot be reordered

Bar graphs

compare variables.

Categorical data

Bars can be reordered

Return to Graph

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The frequency polygon

Graph that

displays the data

by using lines

Connecting

midpoints of the

classes.

The frequencies are

represented by the

heights

of the points.

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kll/IPBL36

Frequency Polygon illustrate graphically how

the values in the population of data are

dispersed in the form of a shape.

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Find the midpoints of each class

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Find the midpoints of each class

Create a requency po ygon

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Create a requency po ygonusing the data

Create a requency po ygon

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Create a requency po ygonusing the data

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Normal distribution

kll/IPBL43

Skewed distribution

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Skewed distribution

(Taburan Pesong)

kll/IPBL44

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kll/IPBL45

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Why is it

called negative skew?

Because the long "tail" is on

the negative side of the

peak.

People sometimes say it is

"skewed to the left" (thelong tail is on the left hand

side)

The mean is also on the left

of the peak.

kll/IPBL46

The Normal

Distribution has NoSkew

A Normal

Distribution is not

skewed.

It is perfectly

symmetrical.

And the Mean is exactly

at the peak.

Positive Skew

And positive skew iswhen the long tail is on the

positive side of the peak,

Some people say it is

"skewed to the right".

The mean is on the right of

the peak value.

Return to Graph

Li G h

http://www.mathsisfun.com/data/standard-normal-distribution.htmlhttp://www.mathsisfun.com/data/standard-normal-distribution.htmlhttp://www.mathsisfun.com/data/standard-normal-distribution.htmlhttp://www.mathsisfun.com/data/standard-normal-distribution.html

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Line Graph

Temperature For One Week

010

2030405060708090

100

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5

Days of the Week

D

egreesFarenhei

t

More Info

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Line Graph

A line graph is used to

illustrate change over

time.

Line graphs need:

- Title- Labeled X and Y

axes

- Equal Intervals

- Data displayed by

points connected into

lines

Return to Graph

D bl Li G h

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Double Line Graph

Amount of Rainfall

Months

Inches 1999

2000

More Info

R G h

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Double Line Graph

A double line graph is

used to compare two

groups of related data

over time.

Double line graphsneed:

- Title

- Labeled X and Y

axes

- Equal Intervals

- Data displayed bypoints connected into

lines

- Key

Return to Graph

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Stem and Leaf Plot

12 7,8,8,9

13 1,2,4,4,4,6,6

14 0,0,2,3,3,4,7

15 1,1

Student Heights in Centimeters

Key: 12 7 = 127 cm More Info

7 8 8 91 2 4 4 4 6 6

0 0 2 3 3 4 7

1 1

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Stem and Leaf Plot

Stem and leaf plots are used as a quick way of

seeing how many pieces of data fall in various

ranges. The reader can quickly tell:

- the range

- the mode Stem and leaf plots have a title, a stem, and leaves

A key is used to explain how to read the stem and

leaves.

Return to Graph

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Box - and - Whisker Plot

Hours of Homework

876

5

43 9

6.37.75

5

5.25 6.9

More Info

Return to Graph

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Box - and - Whisker Plot

Displays large set of

data.

Gives general idea of

how data clusters.

Graph includes:

- Title

- Labeled intervals

- Box between lower

and upper quartiles

- Whiskers from

quartiles to extremes- Median, quartiles and

whiskers labeled

Return to Graph