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MULTI-UTILITY
AN OVERVIEW OF A GRAPHICAL USER
INTERFACE
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AN OVERVIEW OF A GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
Graphical user interfaces, such as Microsoft Windows and the one used by the Apple
Macintosh, feature the following basic components:
Pointer: A symbol that appears on the display screen and that you move to select
objects and commands. Usually, the pointer appears as a small angled arrow. Text
-processing applications, however, use an I-beam pointer that is shaped like a
capital I.
Pointing device: A device, such as a mouse or trackball that enables you to select
objects on the display screen.
Icons: Small pictures that represent commands, files, or windows. By moving thepointer to the icon and pressing a mouse button, you can execute a command or
convert the icon into a window. You can also move the icons around the display
screen as if they were real objects on your desk.
Desktop: The area on the display screen where icons are grouped is often referred
to as the desktop because the icons are intended to represent real objects on a real
desktop.
Windows: You can divide the screen into different areas. In each window, you
can run a different program or display a different file. You can move windows
around the display screen, and change their shape and size at will.
Menus: Most graphical user interfaces let you execute commands by selecting a
choice from a menu.
Today's major operating systems provide a graphical user
interface. A GUI sometimes uses one or more metaphors for objects familiar in real life,
such as the desktop, the view through a window, or the physical layout in a building.. A
system's graphical user interface along with its input devices is sometimes referred to as
its "look-and-feel.".The user interfaces is the part of an interactive system, application, or
telematic service with which the user comes into contact cognitively, perceptually, and
physically.
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Characteristics of a good GUI
Future interfaces
In order to be able to design everyone interfaces, we need to develop
interface strategies and techniques that facilitate building interfaces that are: straight
forward and easy to learn, flexible and adaptable, and modality independent.
Straight forward and easy to learn:
Interfaces must be simple, straight forward, and easy to learn, so that as
much of the population as possible is able to use them, and so that all users can master
new functions and capabilities easily.
Flexible and adaptable:
We will need interfaces that take advantage of fine motor movement and
three-dimensional gestures when a users situation and abilities allow. At the same time,
the interfaces should be operable using speech, keyboard, or other input techniques as
necessitated by the users environment, activities, and motor or other constraints.
Modality independent:
The interfaces will need to allow the user to choose the presentation
modalities that are appropriate to their environment, situation, or individual
characteristics. Systems will need to let users obtain information visually at some times
and auditorially at others; on high-resolution displays when they are available, and on
smaller, low-resolution displays, when that is all that is at hand.
Enhanced interface architectures are needed to achieve everyone interfaces.
These new interfaces must support multiple modalities. In addition, users will need to
seamlessly, coherently, and intuitively switch between modalities. They will need to
switch between input and control techniques as well as display formats, all based on
compatibility with changing environments.
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OBJECT ORIENTED TECHNIQUES
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OBJECT ORIENTED TECHNIQUES
Object oriented programming methodology is used for the
implementation of our software "MULTI-UTILITY". Object oriented programming has
its own advantages such as modular programming ,structural programming ,proceduralprogramming etc.
In procedural programming it is difficult to identify the flow of
control.This type of flow of control creates problems if one has to identify errors in a
program.One has to go through the program entirely from the beginning .To eliminate
these problems the concepts of structured programming and modular programming has
evolved.
In modular programminga large program can be broken down into a
number of functions, each of which performs a specific welldefined task.The purpose of
breaking down a program into functions can be extended by grouping functions together
into a larger entity called a module .However the principle is similar :grouping of
elements into smaller units to carryout specific tasks.This programming paradigm,also
known as 'data hiding principle'states : 'Decide which module you want; partition the
program so that data is hidden in modules'.
Structured programmingis a style of programming in which the program
code is divided into logically structured chunks of code.An organized approach to
programming involve the use of three basic structures-sequence,branch and loop and also
the concept of top down approach to decompose main functions into low level
components for modular coding purposes.
In Object Oriented Programming we have a web of interacting
objects,each housing its own state figure.This is a methodology that allows the
assosiation of data structures with operations similar to the way it is perceived by thehuman mind. They associate specific set of actions with a given type of object and
actions are based on these assosiations.The object oriented programming has been
developed based on certain concepts like data abstraction, data encapsulation,
inheritance, polymorphism and data hiding., to overcome the drawback of conventional
programming approaches.
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GENERAL CONCEPTS OF OOP
In object-oriented programming, a class consists of encapsulated
instance variables and subprograms, the methods mentioned below. A Class describes the
rules by which objects behave; these objects are referred to as "instances" of that class. A
class specifies the structure of data which each instance contains as well as the methods
(functions) which manipulate the data of the object; such methods are sometimes
described as "behavior". A class is the most specific type of an object in relation to a
specific layer.
Classes are sometimes described as "blueprints"; instances of a class will
have certain aspects in common. One might describe a "class of animals" (dogs), or a
"class of tangible objects" (computers). One of the benefits of programming with classes
is that all instances of a particular class will follow the defined behaviour of said class.
For example: if humans are a class, then each person is an instance of an object of the
human class. Each person is generally alike; but varies in such properties as "height" and
"weight". The class would list such instance variables; and also define, via methods, the
actions which humans can perform: "run", "jump", "sleep", "throw object", etc.
An abstract class is one that is designed only as aparent class and from
which child classes may be derived, and which is not itself suitable for instantiation. The
incomplete features of the abstract class are then shared by a group of sibling sub-classes
which add different variations of the missing pieces. In C++, an abstract class is defined
as a class having at least one virtual function without an implementation.Abstract classes
are superclasses which contain abstract methods and are defined such that subclasses are
to extend them by implementing the methods. Before a class derived from an abstract
class can be instantiated, it must implement particular methods for all the abstract
methods of its parent classes.
A concrete class is a class for which entities (instances) may be created.
This contrasts with abstract classes which cannot be instantiated because it defeats its
purpose of being an 'abstract'.
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Classes are often related in some way. The most popular of these relations
is inheritance, which involves subclasses and superclasses, also known respectively as
child classes (orderived classes) andparent classes(orbase classes).
The wrapping up of data and functions that operate on that data into asingle unit called class is called as encapsulation.Object encapsulates data and its
associated funcions and complexities are hidden from the outside environment.This
principle is known as data hiding or data encapsulation .
Data Abstraction is the act of representing essential features without
including the backgrounddetails or explanations.It refers to the creation of new data types
using the encapsulated items that are well suited to an application to be programmed.The
advantage of this method is that it will lead to the creation of more flexible and readable
programs.
Inheritance allows the creation of new classes referred to as derived
classes from already existing classes (base classes),thus enabling the creation of hierarchy
of classes that simulate the class and subclass concept of real world. Object oriented
languages express their inheritance relationship by allowing one class to inherit from
another. Different types of Inheritance:
Single Inheritance : It represents a derived class with only one base class.
Multiple Inheritance : It represents a derived class with more than one base class
Hierarchial Inheritance : The traits of one class may be inherited by more than
one class. This process is known as hierarchial inheritance.
Multilevel Inheritance : The process mechanism of deriving a class from another
derived class is referred to as Multilevel Inheritance.
Hybrid Inheritance : It represents the combination of multiple, multilevel
inheritance.
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Polymorphism is the ability of data or message to be processed in more than
one form. It allows a single name/operator to be assosiated with different operations
depending on the type of data passed to it. This is acheived by function overloading,
operator overloading & dynamic overloading. It is the property by which same message
can be sent to objects of different classes and each object can respond in a different way
depending upon its class.It allows an entity to take variety of representations.
Persistence is the phenomenon where an object outlives a program execution
time and exists between executions of the program.The lifetime of an object can be
extended by copying it into a file for late reading. This characteristic is called Object
Persistence.. Persistence saves the state and class of an object across time or space.
Delegation is an alternative to class inheritance .It is a way of making
object composition as powerful as inheritance. In delegation two objects are involved in
handling a request: receiving object delegates operations to its delegate.
Genericity is a technique for defining software components that have
more than one interpretation depending upon the data type of parameters.It allows the
declaration of data items without specifying the actual data type .Such unknown data
types (Generic data types) are resolved at the time of their usage(function call) based on
data type of parameters.
There are several advantages for object oriented programming :
Data Abstraction and Data hiding increases the reliability.
Inheritance combined with dynamic binding enhances code reusability.
Dynamic binding increases flexibility
Software complexity can be easily managed.
It is easy to partition the work in a project based on objects.
The data-centered design approachenables us to capture more details of a model in
implementable form.
Object-oriented systems can be asily upgraded from small to large systems.
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WHY USING C++?
C++ is a super-set of C.The C++ language removes almost all of the
problems assosiated with c by offering improved compile-time, type checking and
support for object oriented programming.
The most important facilities that C++ adds on to C are
classes,inheritance,function overloading and operator overloading,constant types,inline
functions,references,virtual function stream for console and file manipulation,templates
and exception handling.These features enable the creating of abstract data types ,inherit
properties from existing datatypes and support polymorphism,thereby making C++ a
truly object-oriented language .
The goal of C++ is improved productivity .C++ is designed to be
practical;C++ language design decisions were based on providing the maximum benefits
to the programmer.
C++ has a feature called references that allows more convinient handling
of addresses for function arguements and return values. The handling of names is
improved through a feature like called function overloading,which allows you to use the
same name for different functions .A feature called namespaces also improves the control
of names.There are numerous control features that improve the safety of C.C++ is an
extention of C,not a complete new syntax and programming model.It allows us to
continue creating useful code,applying the features gradually as one learns and
understands them.This may be one of the reasons for the success of C++ .
A number of features in C++ are intended to allow you to tune for
performance when the generated code isn't efficient enough.The design produced for an
OOP program may actually be more efficient than the C counterpart .
Error handling in C is a notorious problem , and one that is often ignored
-finger - crossing is usually involved. if you are building a large, complex program ,there
is nothing worst than having an error buried somewhere with no clue as to where it came
from . C++ exceptional handling is a way to guarantee that an error is noticed and that
something happens as a result .
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WHY DID WE CHOOSE OOT?
Let us think about the scenario if we use the traditional procedure oriented
approach to this problem also. Using the procedure oriented approach a problem is
viewed as a sequence of things to do, which may be called as
functions,subroutines,subprograms or procedures. The implementation of this paradigm
may cause some disadvantages.
Second case is that the above mentioned paradigm may treat the main
data as global because of the priority conventions described above.If the project needs to
be modified by another programmer, he may cause some damage to the data which is
declared as global. This is easy to do because each and every function has complete
access to the data.
Third and final problem with this approach is that as the data is accessed
by many functions its storage becomes critical. The arrangement of data cannot be
changed without modifying the functions accessing it. In a large program like this
modifying all functions accessing the main data becomes a tedious work and is
theoretically impossible.
On the overall, procedural approach fails to give an optimum solution for
our problem. Thus we are left with the choice of Object Oriented Technique, which is a
recent development in the programming world. When we approach a problem with this
concept, we think how to divide the problem into objects rather than dividing it into
functions.Thinking in terms of objects is due to close resemblance of the programming
objects with the real world objects. The fundamental idea behind this technique is to
combine both data and functions that operate on them into a single unit,called an object.
The objects functions provide the only way to access the data. The data is thus hidden,
so it is safe from accidental alteration.
Since our project deals with various functions in a Piano, the primary
concern is how to prevent the data from accidental changes. This can be achieved best
with OOT which provides features that simplifies writing, debugging and maintaining
program.
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FEATURES IMPLEMENTED
Here we have implemented a software MULTI-UTILITY.
The functions of this are:
SCHEDULER
CLOCK
SCREEN SAVER
EXIT
CLOCK:Clock is used to display time.As this key is pressed this function
displays time.
SCHEDULER: It is used for scheduling purposes.
SCREEN SAVER: It is automatically inititaled if the system is ideal for some time.
EXIT: clicking on this icon we can quit from the software & coming back to real
operating system.
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SCHEDULER SCREEN SAVER EXITCLOCK
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OBJECT ORIENTED ANALYSIS
The object- oriented paradigm is a new and different way of thinking
about programming and many folks have at first knowing how to approach a new project.
Once you know everything is supposed to be an object,and as you learn to think more in
an object-oriented style,you can begin to create "good" designs that take advantage of all
the benefits that OOP has to offer .
A method is a set of processes and heuristics used to break down the
complexity of a programming problem.Especially in OOP,methodology is a field of
many experiments ,so it is important to understand what problem the method is trying to
solve before you consider adopting one. This is particularly true with C++, in which the
programming language is intended to reduce the complexity(compared to C) involved in
expressing a program.Instead,simpler ones may suffice in C++ for a much larger class of
problems than you could handle using simple methodologies with procedural languages.
While you are going through the development process, the most
important issue is this: Don't get lost .Most of the analysis and design methods are
intended to solve the largest of problems. Remember that most projects do not fit into that
category , so you can usually have successful analysis and design with a relatively small
subset of a method recommends.
Its also easy to get stuck, to fall into " analysis paralysis", where you feel
like you cant move forward because you have not laid down every little detail at the
current stage. Remember no matter how much analysis you do ,there are somethings
about a system that won't reveal themselves until design time , and more things that won't
reveal themselves until your coding , or not even until a program is up and running .
This point is worth emphasizing. Because of the history we have had with
procedural languages,it is commentable that a team will want to proceed carefully and
understand every minute detail before moving to design and implementation . certainly ,
when creating a DBMS , it pays to understand customers needs thoroughly . But a
DBMS is in a class of problems that is very well- post and well - understood; in many
such programs , the data base structure is the problem to be tackled.
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Five stages of Object Design:
The design life of an object is not limited to the time when you are writing
the program.Instead, the design of an object appears over a sequence of stages .It is
helpful to have this perspective because you stop expecting perfection right away;insteadyou realize that understanding of what an object does and what it should look like
happens over time .
Object discovery:Objects may be discovered by looking for external factors and
boundaries,duplication of elements in the elements and the smallest conceptual
units.Some objects are obvious if you already have a set of class libraries.
Object Assembly: As you are building an object you discover the need for new
members that didn't appear during discovery .The internal needs of the objects
may require other classes to support it .
System Construction : The need for communication and interconnection with
other objects in the system may change the needs of your classes and require new
classes.
System Extention : As you add new features to your system,you can restructure
parts of a system ,possibly adding new classses or class hierarchies.
Object Reuse : If someone tries to reuse it in an entirely new situation ,they will
probably discover some shortcomings. As you change a class to adapt to more
new programs,the general principals of the class will become clearer,until you
have a truly reusable type.Reusable types tend to be less common,and they must
solve more general problem inorder to be reusable.
As the name indicates , the object -oriented paradigm places a greater emphasis on the
objects that encapsulates data and procedures.They play the central role in all the stages
of software development and therefore exist a high degree of overlap and iteration
between the stages .The entire development process becomes evolutionary in nature Any
graphical representation of the object -oriented version of the software development life
cycle must, therefore, take into account these two aspects of overlap and iteration .
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SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
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SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
Hardware/SoftwareRequirements
ProcessorIntel Pentium II 400 MHz
or higher
Motherboard Intel 440 BX or higher
RAM 64 MB or more
HDD 4.3 GB or more
FDD 1.44 MB
CD ROM 48x IDE
Monitor 14 SVGA Color or more
Keyboard 104 Key QWERTY PS/2
Mouse3 button Microsoft
standard mouse
Operating System Windows 98 or higher
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SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
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SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Over the past decades software has become an important part of an increasing
number of technical systems in the fields of aeronautics,communication,electrical,etc.as
well as economic systems and services such as industrial production and trading
systems,stock exchanges,and banking corporations. The software development process
that consists of analysis, design, implementation, testingand refinement is to transform
users needs into a software solution that satisfies those needs.system development can be
treated as a process. The development itself is a process of change, refinement ,
transformation or addition to already existing product.The process can be divided into
small,interacting phases calledsub processes. The sub processes must be defined clearly.
Also each sub processe should be allowed to carry out its activity which is totally
independent of other sub processes in the system. Each sub process must have the
following.
Describing the sequence of works.
Input specifications required for the process.
Specification of output to be produced.
Production of High-Quality SoftwareThe high quality product must meet users needs and expectations. Also
the products should achieve this with no or minimum defects. The focus is on improving
products at the time of production itself prior to delivery rather than correcting them after
delivery. Both, reduced internal complexity of software systems through well-thought-
out structuring and better reusability,are viewed as key factors in improving software
quality from a technical point of view. These factors are very important and object
oriented concepts prove useful in defining a better internal software structure when
compared to that produced with convectional software development methods.
Software Quality Attributes.
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Correctness: A software product satisfies given needs.also it is free from errors.
Ease of use: The software product should be easy to learn and use.
Reusability: It represents the ability of whole software system or some parts of it
to be reused in other software processes.
Readability: The effort required in understanding a piece of software.
Efficiency: It represents the optimum use of available hardware and software
resources.
Portability: It is the ease with which software is transferred to other hardware
and/or software platforms.
Software quality depends on several factors. The criteria
relevant for the end user and the designer of the software may be totally different.hence
care should be taken to meet the demands and requirements of end user,who is the
cusumer and software designer has to adjust the design in accordance with the end users
requirement.
Measures for producing high quality software.
Blum describes a means of system evaluation in terms of four quality
measures as follows.
Correspondence: Measures how well the delivered system matches the needs of
the operational environment as described in the orginal requirement statement.
Validation: It is the task of predicting correspondence.
Correctness: Measures the consistency of the product requirements with respsct
to the design specification.
Verification: It is the exercise of determining correctness.Specification and a
product will be given ,it should be possible to determine if the product precisely
satisfies the requirements of the specification.
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UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE
UML is a non-proprietary, third generation modeling and specification
language. The UML is an open method used to specify, visualize, construct and
document the artifacts of an object-oriented software-intensive system under
development. The UML represents a compilation of "best engineering practices" which
have proven successful in modeling large, complex systems, especially at the
architectural level.
UML integrates the concepts of Booch, OMT, OOSE and Class-Relation
by fusing them into a single, common and widely usable modeling language. UML aims
to be a standard modeling language which can model concurrent and distributed systems.
UML is not an industry standard, but is taking shape under the auspices of
the Object Management Group (OMG). OMG has called for information on object-
oriented methodologies that might create a rigorous software modeling language. Many
industry leaders have responded in earnest to help create the standard.
There are three prominent models of the UML system development:
Functional Model: Showcases the functionality of the system from the User's
Point of View. Includes Use Cases Diagrams.
Object Model: Showcases the structure and substructure of the system using
objects, attributes, operations, and associations. Includes Class Diagrams
Dynamic Model: Showcases the internal behaviour of the system. Includes
Sequence Diagrams, Activity Diagrams, Statechart Diagrams.
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It is important to distinguish between a UML model, and a UML diagram,
or set of diagrams, including Use Case Diagram, Collaboration Diagram, Activity
Diagram, Sequence Diagram, Deployment Diagram, Component Diagram, Class
Diagram, State Chart Diagrama UML diagram is a graphical representation of the
information in the model, but the model exists independently. XMI in its current version
provides interchange for the model, but not for the diagrams.
Since UML is not a methodology, it does not require any formal work
products. Yet it does provide several types of diagrams that, when used within a given
methodology, increase the ease of understanding an application under development.
There is more to UML than these diagrams, but for my purposes here, the diagrams offer
a good introduction to the language and the principles behind its use. By placing standard
UML diagrams in your methodology's work products, you make it easier for UML-
proficient people to join your project and quickly become productive. The most useful,
standard UML diagrams are: use case diagram, class diagram, sequence diagram, state
chart diagram, activity diagram, component diagram, and deployment diagram.
UML USAGE
UML has been effectively used in domains such as :EIS(Enterprise
Information System) ,Banking and financial services, Telecommunications
,Transportation Defense/Aerospace,Retail,Retail,Medical Electronics,Scientific and
Distributed Web-based services.
It can be used with all processes throughout the development life cycle
,and across different implementation technologies.
Some of the known users of UML are Ericson,MCI systems ,Republic
Bank,Oracle HP,Microsoft etc.
UML ARCHITECTURE
Architecture is used to manage different view pionts and hence
control the iterative and incrementaldevelopment of systems throughout its life cycle
Each of the above five views can stand alone so that different stake holder can focus on
the issues of the systems architecture that most concern them .The 5 views interact with
each other .
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UML PRIMARY GOALS
The primary goals in the design of UML are :
1. Provide users a ready- to -use ,expressive visual modeling language so that they can
develop and exchange meaningful models .
2. Provide extensibility and specialization mechanisms to extend the core concepts .
3. Be independant of particular programming languages and development processes.
4. Provide the required formal basics for understanding the modeling language .
5. Encourage the use of OO tools market .
6. Support development concepts at higher level.
7. Intergrate best practices and methodologies.
UML FOUNDATIONS
The vocabulary of UML encompasses 3 kinds of building blocks :
THINGS
Things are abstractions ;Relationships tie things together ; Diagrams group
interesting collection if things .There are four kinds of things in UML . They
are structured things,behavioural things ,grouping things and annotational
things .
Structural things :They are nouns and static parts of model .The seven
structural things are class interferance collaboration ,use case,active
class,component,and node.
Behavioral things : They are verbs and dynamic parts of UML ,representing
behaviour over time and space.The 2 behavioural things are interaction and
Interaction and State Machine
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THINGS, RELATIONSHIPS, DIAGRAMS
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Grouping things: They are the organizational parts of UML.A package is a
grouping thing where structural behaviouraland even other grouping things
are grouped in a package
Annotational things: They are explanatory parts of the models.These are thecomments applied to describe ,illuminate and remark about an element in the
model .A note is an example for it .
RELATIONSHIP
Relationshipis a sematic connection among elements .The different kinds
of relationship in UML are Dependancy , Assosiation ,Generalization and Realization
DIAGRAMS
Every complex system is best approched through a small set of nearly
independant views of a model; no single view is sufficient . The nine graphical diagrams
of UML are classified into static and dynamic diagrams .
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STATIC/STRUCTURAL DIAGRAMS DYNAMIC/BEHAVIOUR DIAGRAMS
1. Class Diagrams 1. Use Case Diagram
2. Object Diagram 2. Interaction Diagram
3. Implementation Diagram 2.1 Sequence diagram
3.1 Component Diagram 2.2 Collaboration Diagram
3.2 Deployment Diagram 3. State Diagram
4. Activity Diagram
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THE UML DIAGRAMS
RULES OF UML
The UML has the following schematic rules. to become a well-
formed model .
Names What you call things ,relationships and diagrams.
Scope The context that gives specific meaning to names .
Visibility How those names can be seen and used by others .
Intergrity How things properly and consistently relate to one another.
Execution What it means to run or simulate a dynamic model.
Some times it is required to build models which are Elided
(certain elements are hidden) ,Incomplete (when elements are not identified )and
Inconsistent (missing intergrity in certain parts ) .These types of models are
unavoidable in certain specific cases.
PRIMARY MODEL ELEMENTS IN UML
Class: A template for a set of objects that share a common structure and a common
behaviour
Use case : A named behaviour involving the collaboration have a society of objects .
State : The condition of an object .
Interface :The public part of an object .
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Active Class : Capable of concurrent activity with all other active classes .
Component : A reusable element ,typically having both logical as well as physical
aspects .
Node : A hardware device upon which software may reside and /execute .
Package : A container of elements .
Note : A comment , explanation or annotation .
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COMMON MECHANISMS OF UML
The UML is made simpler by the presence of four common
mechanisms that apply consistently throughout the language .
1 Specifications
2 Adornments
3 Common divisions.
4 Extensibuility Mechanisms .
1.Specifications : Specifications provide a textual statament of the syntax and the
semantics of the building blocks .UML's graphical notation is used to visualize a system;
whereas UML's specification is used to state the system's details . The UML's
specification provide a sematic back plane that contains all the parts of all the models of
the system , each part related to one another in a consistent fashion . The UML's
diagrams are thus simply visual projections into that back plane , each diagram revealing
a specific interesting aspect of a system .
2.Adornments : Most elements in the UML has a unique and direct graphical notation
that provides a visual representation of the most important aspects of the elements .For
example , the notation of a class is intentionally designed to be easy to draw , and also
exposes the most important aspects of the class , namely its name attributes and
operation . Every element in the UML's notation starts with a basic symbol ,to whichcan
be added a variety of adornments specific to the symbol .
3.Common divisions : In modelling object-oriented system , the world often gets in
atleast a couple of ways .First there is the division of class and object. A class is an
abstraction ; an object is one concrete manifestation of that abstraction .Graphically , the
UML distinguishes an object by using the same symbol as its class and then simply
underlying the object name
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Class :Object
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4.Extensibility Mechanisms : The UML provides a standard language for software
bluprints . The UML is a open -ended, making it possible to extent the language in
controlled ways to express all the nuances of all models across all domains aross all
time.
The UML's extensibility mechanisms include
sterotypes
Tagged values
Constraints
These extensibility mechanisms allow to shape and grow the UML to the project's needs.
USE-CASE DIAGRAM
A use case illustrates a unit of functionality provided by the system. The
main purpose of the use-case diagram is to help development teams visualize the
functional requirements of a system, including the relationship of "actors" (human beings
who will interact with the system) to essential processes, as well as the relationships
among different use cases. Use-case diagrams generally show groups of use cases
either all use cases for the complete system, or a breakout of a particular group of use
cases with related functionality (e.g., all security administration-related use cases). To
show a use case on a use-case diagram, you draw an oval in the middle of the diagram
and put the name of the use case in the center of, or below, the oval. To draw an actor
(indicating a system user) on a use-case diagram, you draw a stick person to the left or
right of your diagram (and just in case you're wondering, some people draw prettier stick
people than others). Use simple lines to depict relationships between actors and use cases,
as shown in Figure.
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A use-case diagram is typically used to communicate the high-level
functions of the system and the system's scope. The outcome of the business object
analysis - Business process layer is to identify classes and the relationships that play a
role in acheiving system goals.
Use Case is relatively large end to end process description that typically
includes many steps for transactions ; It is not normally an individual step or activity in a
process .Use cases are scenarios for understanding system requirements .
An actor is an user playing a role with respect to system .The actor is the
key to finding the correct use cases.The actor can be an external system that needs
information from the current system.
Use Case diagram is used to indicate the existence of the use cases, actors
and their relation ships and the courses of actions that can be performed .It is used to
illustrate the static use case view of a system The purpose of a diagram is to p[resent a
kind of context diagram by which one can quickly understand the external actors of a
system and the best ways in which they can be used .A Use Case model can be helpful in
project development ,planning and documentation of a systemrequirements.
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Use Cases
Actor
Use Case Notation
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USE CASE DIAGRAM
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SCHEDULE
R
CLOC
KSCREEN SAVER EXIT
DESKTO
P
DISPLAYTIM
E
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O-O Analysis - Business Process Layer
Business Object Analysis is a process of understanding the
requirements of a problem and establishing goals of applications. This is easily
accomplished by establishing an use cases. Use cases are scenarios for understanding
system requirements . Apart from developing Use cases ,the uses and the objectives of
the application must be discussed with those who are going to be use it or be affected by
the system .Usually domain experts are the best authorities . Analysis is the tsk of
discovering objects representing the things and concepts.The dynamic model drives the
static model . The Use Case model at the concetual center of application as it drives
everything that follows .
The term actor represents a role that a user plays with respect to the
system.A user may play more than one role.However an actor should represent a single
user.
CLASS DIAGRAM
The class diagram shows how the different entities (people, things, and
data) relate to each other; in other words, it shows the static structures of the system. A
class diagram can be used to display logical classes, which are typically the kinds of
things the business people in an organization talk about rock bands, CDs, radio play;
or loans, home mortgages, car loans, and interest rates. Class diagrams can also be used
to show implementation classes, which are the things that programmers typically deal
with. An implementation class diagram will probably show some of the same classes as
the logical classes diagram. The implementation class diagram won't be drawn with the
same attributes, however, because it will most likely have references to things like
Vectors and Hashmaps.
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CLASS DIAGRAM
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mouse
-regs,i,o: union
-sregs,s: struct
+initmouse( )
+showmouse( )+findmouse(int,int,int )
+hidemouse( )
+changepointer(int)
+positionmouse(int,int)
draw
# gd,gm: int# maxx,maxy: int
+Draw()
screen
+setMode(int )
+initialize()+writeChar(int,int,char,int)
+writeString(char,int ,int,int)
ItemNode
+ItemNode()
Colorpalette
+blue: char
+green: char+red: char
+reserved: char
+colorpalette()
-hourx,minx,secx: int-houry,miny,secy: int
Clock
+clock()
+getcurrenttime()
+drawhands()
+showclock()
Item
-name,path: char-folder,drive: int
-selected: int
+Item()+isFolder()
+isDrive()
+isSelected()
+getName()+getPath()
+getSelected(int)
-page: int-numpages: int
-numitem: int
-dirname: char
-drive: int-numdrives: int
system
-getKey(int,int)
+getTotal()
+getItem()+close()
+display(int,int)
+getResponse()
+init()
menu
-xpos:int
-ypos:int-choice:int
+menu( )
+getchoice( )
+desktop()
sched
-count,y: int
+menu()+enterinfo()
+viewshed()
+savesched()
+displaysched()+remov()
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The above class diagrams show the classes used and their attributes.
The classes used are:
Draw
Mouse
menu
Color palette
Clock
Item
ItemNode
screen
system
sched
SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
Sequence diagrams show a detailed flow for a specific use case or even
just part of a specific use case. They are almost self explanatory; they show the calls
between the different objects in their sequence and can show, at a detailed level, different
calls to different objects.
A sequence diagram has two dimensions: The vertical dimension shows
the sequence of messages/calls in the time order that they occur; the horizontal dimension
shows the object instances to which the messages are sent.
A sequence diagram is very simple to draw. Across the top of your
diagram, identify the class instances (objects) by putting each class instance inside a box.
In the box, put the class instance name and class name separated by a space/colon/space "
: ". If a class instance sends a message to another class instance, draw a line with an open
arrowhead pointing to the receiving class instance; place the name of the message/method
above the line. Optionally, for important messages, you can draw a dotted line with an
arrowhead pointing back to the originating class instance; label the return value above the
dotted line.
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CLASS DIAGRAM SHOWING ATTRIBUTES
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STATECHART DIAGRAM
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EVENT
PERFORMANCE
EVENT
MANAGEMENT
DESKTOP DISPLAY
SECTION
My Computer( ) Explorer( )
Back( )
Scheduler( )
Back( )
Time ( )
Back( )
ScreenSaver( )
Back( )
EXIT
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The state chart diagram models the different states that a class can be in
and how that class transitions from state to state. It can be argued that every class has a
state, but that every class shouldn't have a state chart diagram. Only classes with
"interesting" states that is, classes with three or more potential states during system
activity should be modeled.
The notation set of the state chart diagram has five basic elements: the
initial starting point, which is drawn using a solid circle; a transition between states,
which is drawn using a line with an open arrowhead; a state, which is drawn using a
rectangle with rounded corners; a decision point, which is drawn as an open circle; and
one or more termination points, which are drawn using a circle with a solid circle inside
it.
ACTIVITY DIAGRAM
Activity diagrams show the procedural flow of control between two or
more class objects while processing an activity. Activity diagrams can be used to model
higher-level business process at the business unit level, or to model low-level internal
class actions. In my experience, activity diagrams are best used to model higher-level
processes, such as how the company is currently doing business, or how it would like to
do business. This is because activity diagrams are "less technical" in appearance,
compared to sequence diagrams, and business-minded people tend to understand them
more quickly.
An activity diagram's notation set is similar to that used in a statechart
diagram. Like a state chart diagram, the activity diagram starts with a solid circle
connected to the initial activity. The activity is modeled by drawing a rectangle with
rounded edges, enclosing the activity's name. Activities can be connected to other
activities through transition lines, or to decision points that connect to different activities
guarded by conditions of the decision point. Activities that terminate the modeled process
are connected to a termination point (just as in a state chart diagram). Optionally, the
activities can be grouped into swim lanes, which are used to indicate the object that
actually performs the activity.
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Join Fork
Branch Merge
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Mechanisms used in activity diagrams
Start
End
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START
DISPLAYGUI
[ My Computer clicked]
DISPLAY
EXPLORER
yes no
[Scheduler clicked]
[Explorer clicked]
no
DISPLAY
DRIVES
yes
[Drives clicked]
FILES
yes no
yes no
[Clock clicked]
TIME
DISPLAYED
yes no
[ScreenSaver
Timer cond:]
yes no
[ExitClicked]
yes no
STOP
ACTIVITY DIAGRAM
RUN SCREEN
SAVER
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COMPONENT DIAGRAM
A component diagram provides a physical view of the system. Its purpose
is to show the dependencies that the software has on the other software components (e.g.,
software libraries) in the system. The diagram can be shown at a very high level, with justthe large-grain components, or it can be shown at the component package level.
Modeling a component diagram is best described through an example.
Figure shows four components: Reporting Tool, Billboard Service, Servlet 2.2 API, and
JDBC API. The arrowed lines from the Reporting Tool component to the Billboard
Service, Servlet 2.2 API, and JDBC API components mean that the Reporting Tool is
dependent on those three components.
A component diagram shows interdependencies of various software components the system
comprises
DEPLOYMENT DIAGRAM
The deployment diagram shows how a system will be physically deployed
in the hardware environment. Its purpose is to show where the different components of
the system will physically run and how they will communicate with each other. Since thediagram models the physical runtime, a system's production staff will make considerable
use of this diagram.
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The notation in a deployment diagram includes the notation elements used
in a component diagram, with a couple of additions, including the concept of a node. A
node represents either a physical machine or a virtual machine node (e.g., a mainframe
node). To model a node, simply draw a three-dimensional cube with the name of the node
at the top of the cube. Use the naming convention used in sequence diagrams: [instance
name]: [instance type].
The deployment diagram in Figure shows that the users access the
Reporting Tool by using a browser running on their local machine and connecting via
HTTP over their company's intranet to the Reporting Tool. This tool physically runs on
the Application Server named w3reporting.myco.com. The diagram shows the Reporting
Tool component drawn inside of IBM Web Sphere, which in turn is drawn inside of the
node w3.reporting.myco.com. The Reporting Tool connects to its reporting database
using the Java language to IBM DB2's JDBC interface, which then communicates to the
actual DB2 database running on the server named db1.myco.com using native DB2
communication. In addition to talking to the reporting database, the Report Tool
component communicates via SOAP over HTTPS to the Billboard Service.
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OBJECT ORIENTED DESIGN
CLASSES
A class is a blueprint or prototype that defines the variables and the
methods common to all objects of a certain kind. In object-oriented software, it's also
possible to have many objects of the same kind that share characteristics These software
blueprint for objects is called a class. A class variable contains information that is shared
by all instances of the class.
Classes are user-defined data types and behave like the built in types of
programming language. The entire set of data and code of an object can be made a user-
defined data type with the help of Class. Objects are variable of type class.
There are 10 basic classes:
Class Draw
Class mouse
Class menu
Class Colorpalette
Class clock
Class Item
Class ItemNode
Class screen
Class system
Class sched
Class name: draw
Draw() Constructor which initialize and prepares the monitor for displaying
graphics.
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Class name: mouse
initmouse() Initializing the mouse by sensing and loading its driver file.
showmouse() Display the mouse pointer on the screen.
findmouse() Locate the current position of mouse pointer and status of mouse button.
hidemouse() Disable mouse activity.
changepointer() Change the shape of mouse pointer.
positionmouse() To position the mouse pointer at a specified location.
Class name: menu
menu() Constructor for menu class
getchoice() For reading user responses to menu buttons.
desktop() For loading and displaying the desktop image
Class name: colorpalette
colorpalette() Constructor for handling the colour table used in bitmap.
Class name: clock
clock() Constructor for clock class
getcurrenttime() Read the current system time from the RTC.
drawhands() Graphical function that draws the clock needles.
showclock() Graphical function that displays the running clock on monitor.
Class name: Item
Item() Constructor for Item class.
Isfolder(0 Verifies a folder.
isDrive() Verifies a drive.
IsSelected() Verifies whether a file is selected.
getName() Read name and path of file.
getPath() Pass the path to copying function.
getSelected() Mark a file as selected for copying.
Class name: ItemNode
ItemNode() Constructor.
Class name: sched
menu() For showing the scheduler option
enterinfo() To add a new schedule
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viewsched() For verifying existing schedule
savessched() For storing newly added schedule
displaysched() For showing the currently specified schedule
remov() For raising the existing schedule from disk
OBJECTS
Objects are the basic run-time entities in an object oriented system. Objects are created
using classes. Object is an instance of a class.The member functions of a class can be
invoked only through an object of the class.
For example: For class mouse, object used is M and it is created in
getchoice ( ) function.
DATA ABSTRACTION AND ENCAPSULATION
The wrapping up of data and functions into a single unit called class is
known as encapsulation.The data is not accessible to outside world,only those functions
which are wrapped in the class can access it.These functions provide the interfacebetween objects data and the program.This insulation of the data from direct access by
the program is called datahiding.
Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features
without including background details. Classes use the concept of abstraction and are
defined as a list of attributes and functions to operate on these attributes.
CONTAINERSHIP
Containership is defined as the ability of one object or class to contain other
objects including other containers.
Unsigned int menu :: getchoice ()
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CONSTRUCTORS
A constructor is a special member function which initializes the objects of its class.
It will have the same name as its class. It is called constructor because it constructs the
values of data members of the class.
class Draw
{
protected:
int gd, gm, maxx, maxy;
public:
Draw ()
{
gd = DETECT;
initgraph (&gd, &gm,"e:\\software\\tc\\bgi");
maxx = getmaxx ();
maxy = getmaxy ();
}
};
Constructor Draw () is used inside the class draw as shown above.
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SYSTEM TESTING
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SYSTEM TESTING
System testing is a critical aspect of Software Quality Assurance and
represents the ultimate review of specification, design and coding. Testing is a process of
executing a program with the intent of finding an error. A good test is one that has a
probability of finding an as yet undiscovered error. The purpose of testing is to identify
and correct bugs in the developed system. Nothing is complete without testing. Testing is
the vital to the success of the system.
In the code testing the logic of the developed system is tested. For this
every module of the program is executed to find an error. To perform specification test,
the examination of the specifications stating what the program should do and how it
should perform under various conditions.
Unit testing focuses first on the modules in the proposed system to
locate errors. This enables to detect errors in the coding and logic that are contained
within that module alone. Those resulting from the interaction between modules are
initially avoided. In unit testing step each module has to be checked separately.
System testing does not test the software as a whole, but rather than
integration of each module in the systems. The primary concern is the compatibility of
individual modules. One has to find areas where modules have been designed with
different specifications of data lengths, type and data element name.
Testing and validation are the most important steps after the
implementation of the developed system. The system testing is performed to ensure that
there are no errors in the implemented system. The software must be executed several
times in order to find out the errors in the different modules of the system.
Validation refers to the process of using the new software for the
developed system in a live environment i.e., new software inside the organization, in
order to find out the errors. The validation phase reveals the failures and the bugs in the
developed system. It will be come to know about the practical difficulties the system
faces when operated in the true environment. By testing the code of the implemented
software, the logic of the program can be examined. A specification test is conducted to
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check whether the specifications stating the program are performing under various
conditions.
Apart from these tests, there are some special tests conducted which
are given below:
1. Peak Load Tests this determines whether the new system will handle the volume
of activities when the system is at the peak of its processing demand. The test has
revealed that the new software for the agency is capable of handling the demands at the
peak time.
2. Storage Testing this determines the capacity of the new system to store
transaction data on a disk or on other files. The proposed software has the required
storage space available, because of the use of a number of hard disks.
3. Performance Time Testing this test determines the length of the time used by the
system to process transaction data.
SYSTEM TESTING
The newly designed system should be in the working order
but in reality, each should work independently. Now is the time to pull all into
one system and test it to determine whether it meets the user requirements.
System testing is executing a program to check logic changes made in it and
with the intention of finding errors-making the program fail.
We have carefully verified the working of the MULTI-
UTILITY software by keeping in mind all these aspects and found that it
produced satisfactory results.
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PROGRAM TESTING
Before implementation, the designed system should be tested with
row data to ensure that all modules of the system were tested using the
following strategies.
Unit testing
System testing
Unit testing:
Each of the modules were developed and tested
independently and where the following considerations were made:-
The module interface tested to check the flow of
information.
Boundary conditions are tested.
All error-handling paths are checked.
All-important path through the control structure are
exercised to ensure each execution at least once.
System testing:
Integration testing was done to variety the co-existence of the
modules and the forms involved. Bottom-up integration strategy was used.
After the unit testing they were integrated from bottom to up by combining the
clusters. Finally, when all the modules were developed and integrated them
were tested with the data, which were provided by some individuals as well as
the members involved in visualizing this concept.
The MULTI -UTILITY is found to be working properly with
Microsoft Windows as well as MS DOS operating systems. Numerous trial runs were
utilized for measuring the reliability of the software and we obtained pretty good results.
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OUTPUT SCREENS
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SAMPLE OUTPUTS
THE MAIN DESKTOP WINDOW
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THE CLOCK WINDOW
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THE SCHEDULER WINDOW
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CONCLUSION & FUTURE
ENHANCEMENTS
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CONCLUSION & FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
We have been successful in developing a software that fulfills the
proposed goals. However, we do realize the limitations of it. Despite our best efforts, the
explorer like interface of the software is not at all appealing as like those found in
Microsoft Windows or Linux operating systems. Additionally it is unable to remove files
from drives or implement an utility like the Recycle Bin. Moreover, a real time running
clock could have been provided for making the interface more beautiful. Another
drawback is that this utility is often seem to be too slow in responding to directory search
calls. In spite of all these drawbacks, the capability of the software to explore the
computer hardware without memorizing commands makes it worth for an user.
The developed software can be enhanced in future to incorporate the many
desirable features. As with all contemporary graphical user interfaces, we need to have
provisions for changing the appearance of the main desktop window by providing
different wallpapers to it. As said earlier, the disk management capabilities also need
many new additions. We have taken care to design the objects within the software to
accommodate such alterations in future easily. The usage of modern graphical, searching
and sorting algorithms audio would surely improve the overall efficiency of the software.
With these additions, we are pretty sure that our software would secure better scores in
even the toughest benchmarking criteria.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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B IBLIOGRAPHY
[Ellis, 1989] Margaret A.Ellis and Bjarne Stroustrup. The
Annotated C++ Reference Manual,Addison-Wesley
[Schildt, 1991] Herbert Schildt. C++, The Complete
Reference, Osborne McGraw-Hill
[Kanetkar, 2002] Yashavant Kanetkar. Graphics Under C,BPB Publications India
[Rumbaugh, 1999] Rumbaugh, James, Ivar Jacobson, Grady
Booch. The Unified Modeling Language
Reference Manual, Addison-Wesley
Longman
WEB Sites
1. www.codeguru.com
2. www.aaroncake.com
3. www.devsource.com
4. www.webopedia.com
5. www.cs.cmu.edu
http://www.devsource.com/http://www.webopedia.com/http://www.devsource.com/http://www.webopedia.com/