Muck Vegetable Cultivar Trial & Research Report
2013
M.R. McDonald S. Janse K. Vander Kooi L. Riches M. Tesfaendrias
Office of Research & Muck Crops Dept. of Plant Agriculture Research Station Report No. 63 King, Ontario
Research and Cultivar Trial Report for 2013
University of Guelph
Office of Research &
Department of Plant Agriculture
Muck Crops Research Station
1125 Woodchoppers Lane
King, Ontario L7B 0E9 Phone (905) 775-3783 Fax: (905) 775-4546
Web Site: www.uoguelph.ca/muckcrop/
Twitter Account: @MuckIPM
INDEX Page
Index .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1-3
Staff .................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Co-operators ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Seed Sources – 2013 ......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Legend of Seed Sources ................................................................................................................................................... 7
Introduction and Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... 8
Weather Data: Precipitation .............................................................................................................. 10-11
Mean Temperature .................................................................................................... 12-13
Extreme Temperature ................................................................................................ 14-15
Growing Degree Days .................................................................................................... 16
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Carrots
1. Comparison of Insecticide Seed Treatments for Control of Damage by Carrot Rust Fly in Carrots, 2013 ........ 18-19
2. Efficacy of Cyazypyr for Control of Carrot Rust Fly, 2013 ............................................................................... 20-21
3. Evaluation of In-Furrow Insecticides for Control of Damage by Carrot Rust Fly and Carrot
Weevil in Carrots, 2013............................................................................................................................... 22-23
4. Comparison of Insecticide Seed Treatments for Control of Damage by Carrot Weevil in Carrots, 2013 .......... 24-25
5. Evaluation of Spinosad Bait for Control of Carrot Rust Fly in Carrots, 2013 ......................................................... 26
6. Evaluation of Dazitol for the Management of Nematodes in Carrot, 2013 ........................................................ 27-29
7. Evaluation of Fumigants for Control of Nematode Pests on Muck Soil in Ontario, 2013 ................................. 30-31
8. Evaluation of Fumigants for Control of Nematode Pests on Mineral Soil in Ontario 2013 ............................... 32-33
9. Growth Room Evaluation of Nematicides for Control of Root-Knot Nematode in Ontario, 2013 .................... 34-35
10. Evaluation of Dazitol for the Management of Nematodes in Carrots, 2013 ....................................................... 36-38
11. Evaluation of Carrot Breeding Lines for Susceptibility to Cavity Spot, 2013 .................................................... 39-41
12. Evaluation of Coloured Carrots for Susceptibility to Cavity Spot, 2013 ............................................................ 42-43
13. Evaluation of Biologicals and Fungicides for Control of Pythium Root Die Back on Carrots, 2013................. 44-45
14. Evaluation of Food Grade Oil for Control of Pests of Carrots, 2013 ................................................................. 46-49
15. Evaluation of Selected Herbicides for Crop Tolerance in Carrots, 2013 .................................................................. 50
16. Evaluation of Selected Post Emergence Herbicides for Crop Tolerance in Carrots, 2013 ....................................... 51
17. Evaluation of Phosphorus Requirements on Organic (Muck) Soil in Carrots, 2013 .......................................... 52-54
18. Evaluation of Various Red Carrot Cultivars Grown on Organic Soil, 2013 ....................................................... 55-56
…/continued
RESEARCH PROJECTS – continued Page
Brassica Crops
19. Evaluation of Biochar Soil Amendment on Cabbage Yield and Quality, 2013 .................................................. 57-61
20. Evaluation of Fungicides for Control of Black Leaf Spot in Cabbage, 2013 ..................................................... 62-63
21. Efficacy of Saponins against Clubroot in Shanghai Pak Choy and Canola under Controlled Conditions ......... 64-65
22. Evaluation of Pic Plus for Clubroot Control on Shanghai Pak Choy, Canola and Cabbage, 2013 ..................... 66-67
23. Degree Day Calibration of Clubroot Disease Severity and Incidence on Canola ............................................... 68-69
24. Susceptibility of Tillage Radish to Different Pathotypes of Plasmodiophora Brassicae, the Causal
Agent of Clubroot ........................................................................................................................................ 70-71
Onion
25. Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Onion Maggot in Yellow Cooking Onions, 2013.............................. 72-73
26. Evaluation of Surfactants for Control of Onion Thrips in Yellow Cooking Onions, 2013 ................................ 74-76
27. Evaluation of Spinosad Bait for Control of Onion Maggot in Yellow Cooking Onions, 2013 ................................ 77
28. Evaluation of Fungicides for Control of Downy Mildew on Dry Bulb Onions, 2013 ........................................ 78-79
29. Comparison of Fungicides for Control of Botrytis Neck Rot (Botrytis Allii) in Onions, 2013-14 ..................... 80-81
30. Efficacy of Evergol Prime for Control of Onion Smut on Dry Bulb Onions, 2013 ........................................... 82-83
31. Efficacy and Tolerance of Rancona for the Control of Onion Smut in Dry Bulb Onion, 2013 .......................... 84-85
32. Evaluation of Fungicides for Control of Purple Blotch on Onions, 2013 ........................................................... 86-87
33. Evaluation of Surfactants for Control of Stemphylium Leaf Blight on Onions, 2013........................................ 88-89
34. Fungicide Spray Timing for the Management of Stemphylium Leaf Blight in Onions, 2013 ............................ 90-91
35. Evaluation of Fungicides for Control of Stemphylium Leaf Blight in Onions, 2013 ......................................... 92-94
36. Evaluation of Food Grade Oil for the Control of Stemphylium Leaf Blight on Onions, 2013 ........................... 95-97
37. Evaluation of Phosphorus Requirements on Organic (Muck) Soil on Onions, 2013 ....................................... 98-100
Miscellaneous
38. Evaluation of Biological and Chemical Controls for the Suppression of Fusarium Wilt in Spinach, 2013 ... 101-103
39. Evaluation of Biological and Chemical Fumigants for the Suppression of Fusarium
Wilt in Spinach, 2013 ............................................................................................................................. 104-105
40. Evaluation of Spinach Cultivars for Susceptibility to Fusarium Wilt, 2013................................................... 106-107
41. Evaluation of Fungicides for Control of Sclerotinia Drop on Inoculated Head Lettuce, 2013 ....................... 108-109
42. Evaluation of Zampro Fungicide for the Control of Downy Mildew in Head Lettuce, Greenhouse, 2013 .... 110-113
43. Evaluation of Fungicides for Control of Stemphylium Leaf Blight on Green Onions, 2013 ......................... 114-115
44. Efficacy and Tolerance of Rancona for the Control of Onion Smut in Green Onions, 2013 ......................... 116-117
45. Evaluation of Fungicides for Disease Control and Effect on Yield of Pulse Crops, 2013 ............................. 118-121
46. Evaluation of Fungicides for Effects on Yield of Fresh Peas, 2013 ....................................................................... 122
47. Evaluation of Fungicides for Control of Powdery Mildew on Zucchini, 2013 .............................................. 123-125
48. Small Scale Evaluation of Nematicides for Control of Root-Knot Nematode in Ontario, 2013 .................... 126-127
49. Evaluation of Edible Amaranth Cultivars Grown on Organic Soil, 2013 ...................................................... 128-129
Integrated Pest Management
50. The Integrated Pest Management Program Summary for Muck Vegetable Crops, 2013 ............................... 131-134
CULTIVAR TRIALS
Carrots -Seasonal Summary ........................................................................ 136-137
-Management Procedures ............................................................... 138-141
-Main .............................................................................................. 142-153
-Main Evaluation Notes ................................................................. 154-159
-Long Term Averages .................................................................... 160-161
-Adaptation ..................................................................................... 162-164
-Adaptation Evaluation Notes ................................................................ 165
-Storage Trial 2012-2013 ............................................................... 166-167
-Storage Trial Evaluation Notes ..................................................... 168-171
-Long Term Averages Storage ....................................................... 172-173
Onions – Yellow -Seasonal Summary ........................................................................ 174-175
-Management Procedures ............................................................... 176-179
-Main .............................................................................................. 180-191
-Main Evaluation Notes ................................................................. 192-199
-Long Term Averages .................................................................... 200-201
-Adaptation ..................................................................................... 202-203
-Adaptation Evaluation Notes ................................................................ 204
-Storage Trial 2012-2013 ............................................................... 205-207
-Storage Trial Evaluation Notes ..................................................... 208-212
-Long Term Averages Storage ....................................................... 214-215
Onions – Red Transplant -Management Procedures ............................................................... 216-219
-Main .............................................................................................. 220-225
-Main Evaluation Notes ................................................................. 226-228
STAFF - 2013
UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH
Office of Research and
Department of Plant Agriculture
MUCK CROPS RESEARCH STATION
Shawn Janse Research Station Manager
Mary Ruth McDonald, Ph.D., P.Ag. Research Scientist
Kevin Vander Kooi Agricultural Technician
Laura Riches Agricultural Technician
Michael Tesfaendrias Research Associate/IPM Coordinator
Hunter Roberts Research Assistant
Kayla Maier Research Assistant
Miško Mitrović Agricultural Worker
Abhinanden Deora Post Doctoral Fellow
Seasonal Contracts:
Carly Barron Summer Assistant
Alison Grant Summer Assistant
Shannon Klingel Summer Assistant
Alana Maule Summer Assistant
Logan Roberts Summer Assistant
Jennifer Van Dyk Summer Experience
Graduate Students:
Laura Barbison School of Environmental Science
Brian Collins Department of Plant Agriculture
Travis Cranmer Department of Plant Agriculture
Dennis Van Dyk Department of Plant Agriculture
IPM Supervisor: Scouts:
Michael Tesfaendrias Virginia Kloosterman, Lauryn McLaren
& Tannis McCarthy
CO-OPERATING COMPANIES
Special thanks for supplying seed used in many of the research projects at the Muck Crops
Research Station.
Stokes Seed Ltd Jim Robinson
Bejo Jan Van Der Heide
CO-OPERATING RESEARCH STAFF - EDUCATION/RESEARCH/GOVERNMENT
Clarence Swanton Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
Peter Smith Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
Greg Boland School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, ON,
Canada
Deanna Nemeth Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Ministry of Rural Affairs,
Guelph, ON, Canada
Christoph Kessel Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Ministry of Rural Affairs,
Guelph, ON, Canada
Bruce Gossen Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Gary Peng Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Sabine Banniza University of Saskatchewan, Dept. of Plant Sciences, Saskatoon, SK,
Canada
Alan Taylor Dept. Horticultural Science, Cornell University, N Y, U.S.A.
Phil Simon University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, U.S.A.
CO-OPERATING RESEARCH STAFF - INDUSTRY/PRIVATE SECTOR
George Lazarovits A&L Biologicals, London, ON, Canada
Matt Sheppard Bradford Cooperative Storage Ltd, Bradford, ON, Canada
Alan Butterfield California Fresh Carrot Advisory Board, Dinuba, CA, USA
Dan Brotslaw California Garlic & Onion Research Advisory Board, Clovis, CA, USA
Jeff Douglas Douglas Agricultural Services, Simcoe, ON, Canada
Mike Grenier Gowan Agro Canada
Melvin Grove ISK Biosciences Corp., TX, USA
Lauren Strachen Neudorff North America, Victoria, BC, Canada
Peter Rogers Nunhems (Bayer Crop Science), Brooks, OR, USA
Kevin Brink Ocean Mist Farms, Castroville, CA, U.S.A.
Inna Teshler Petro-Canada Lubricants Inc, Suncor Energy Company, Mississauga, ON,
Canada
Ahmed Bilal Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, Vineland, ON, Canada
Caleigh Irwin Vive Crop Protection, Toronto, ON, Canada
Gloria Marsh York Region Environmental Alliance, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada
Tom Miedema Fresh Vegetable Growers of Ontario, Ridgetown, ON, Canada
SEED SOURCES - 2013 - CULTIVAR TRIALS
Bejo Bejo Seeds Inc., 1088 Healey Road, Geneva, New York, 14456, U.S.A.
Tel: (308) 789-4155
Cro Crookham Company, P O Box 520, Caldwell, Indiana, 83606, U.S.A.
Tel: (208) 459-7451
EZ Enza Zaden, 360 St Patrice, Sherrington, Quebec, J0L 2N0, Canada
Tel: (518) 390-2837
Nun Nunhems, 8850 59th
Avenue N.E., Brooks, Oregon, 97305, U.S.A.
Tel: (503) 393-3243
RZ Rijk Zwaan Export B.V., P.O. Box 40, 2678, 2G Delier, Holland
Tel: 0174-532300
Sem Seminis Vegetable Seeds, 2700 Camino Del Sol, Oxnard, California, 93030, U.S.A.
Tel: (866) 334-1056
SN Seminova, 20 de l’industrie, C.P. 3640, St-Remi, Ouebec, J0L 2N0, Canada
Tel: (450) 454-5155
Sol Solar Seeds Inc., Box 1158, Bradford, Ontario, L3Z 2B5, Canada
Tel: (800) 227-7687
Sto Stokes Seed Ltd., 296 Collier Rd, Box 10, Thorold, Ontario, L2V 5E9, Canada
Tel: (800) 396-9238
Tak American Takii Inc., 301 Natividad Rd., Salinas, California, 93906, U.S.A.
Tel: (408) 443-4901
UNF Coop Uniforce, 291 rue Cooperative, Sherrington, Quebec, J0L 2N0, Canada
Tel: (450) 454-3986
Vil Vilmorin Inc., 2551 N Dragoon Street # 131, Tucson, Arizona, 85745, U.S.A.
Tel: (520) 884-0011
We would like to thank our seed suppliers for the various
cultivar trial submissions in 2013.
LEGEND OF SEED SOURCES
Bejo Bejo Seeds Inc.
Cro Crookham Company
EJ Erie James Ltd.
EZ Enza Zaden
FM Ferry-Morse Seed Co.
HM Harris Moran Seeds
Nor Norseco Inc.
Nun Nunhems USA Inc
Rog Rogers Seed
RZ Rijk Zwaan Export B.V.
Sak Sakata Seed America Inc.
Sem Seminis Vegetable Seeds
Sieg Siegers Seed Co.
Sol Solar Seed Co.
Sto Stokes Seeds Ltd.
SN Seminova
Swy Seedway Inc.
Tak American Takii Inc.
UNF Co-op Uniforce
Vil Vilmorin Inc.
ZW Zwaan Seeds, Inc
INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Muck Crops Research Station, as part of the Department of Plant Agriculture and the Office
of Research, University of Guelph, is responsible for conducting and coordinating research
projects to solve problems in the production of vegetables grown in organic soils.
In 2013, Muck Crops Research Station staff conducted, and/or co-operated on research projects
with researchers from the Department of Plant Agriculture and School of Environmental
Sciences at the University of Guelph; researchers from OMAF and MRA, Agriculture and Agri-
Food Canada, and Cornell and Wisconsin Universities; research departments of the Crop
Production Chemical Industry, numerous seed companies, growers’ organizations and growers.
This report consists of two sections: the first contains highlights of research projects which were
conducted in 2013 under the supervision of Professor Mary Ruth McDonald and other
researchers at the University of Guelph. The second section contains highlights of various muck
crops cultivar evaluations in 2013 in-field and storage trials, under the supervision of the
Research Station Manager, Shawn Janse. The results published in this report should be treated as
a progress report. Some of the chemicals used in the trials are not registered for use on the crops
they were applied to. Additional trials may be necessary before firm conclusions and
recommendations can be made.
The Muck Crops Research Station is an active participant in the training of new researchers on
muck vegetables through the Graduate Student Program of the University of Guelph. Presently
the Muck Crops Research Station has four M.Sc. graduate students and one Research Associate
working on muck vegetables.
The Muck Crops Research Station continues to conduct research to assist in the future
registration of chemicals for muck vegetables. Recently, research programs have aided in the
registration of Chateau herbicide for onions (Dr. Clarence Swanton) and the registration of
Delegate and Movento for thrips on onions (Dr. Mary Ruth McDonald).
We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere appreciation to the staff for their
efforts in conducting these research projects, cultivar evaluation trials and producing this report.
Many thanks also to all the co-operating researchers, technicians, industry personnel, and
growers for their continued support and interest in muck crops.
Mary Ruth McDonald, Ph.D., P.Ag. Shawn Janse
Professor Research Station Manager
Department of Plant Agriculture Office of Research
Weather
Data
2013
Month
Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow
mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm
January 0 22 4 53 20 20 32 17 21 29 27 22
February 0 36 5 9 17 34 25 21 6 33 31 56
March 0 37 65 6 13 0 15 3 24 10 19 47
April 20 7 56 0 74 0 44 2 54 0 44 0
May 105 0 108 0 14 0 65 0 43 0 56 0
June 75 0 50 0 63 0 64 0 29 0 68 0
July 29 0 102 0 33 0 72 0 27 0 137 0
August 81 0 104 0 56 0 41 0 33 0 62 0
September 111 0 25 0 53 0 174 0 40 0 81 0
October 78 0 26 0 41 0 102 0 32 0 54 0
November 91 15 54 4 87 14 67 0 54 20 30* 13
December 36 11 43 36 38 34 25 9 22 77 13* 63
Annual 626 128 642 108 509 102 726 52 385 169 622 201
Total Precip.
LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Egbert, ON
1125 Woodchoppers Lane, King, ON, L7B 0E9. 39 Years (1975-2013)
2006
778611 554
2003
754
20072004 2005
750
PRECIPITATION
2008
823
Month
Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow
mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm
January 0* 44 9* 21 15 38 39 13 36 16 19 29
February 48* 26 189* 33 17 40 15 19 17 58 20 25
March 56* 5 36* 0 56 21 30 2 12 6 30 14
April 105 0 12 0 75 0 51 0 82 4 55 4
May 117 0 52 0 92 0 49 0 112 0 74 0
June 49 0 170 0 68 0 55 0 94 0 76 0
July 135 0 146 0 56 0 140 0 104 0 86 0
August 89 0 74 0 113 0 69 0 87 0 80 0
September 51 0 95 0 67 0 94 0 83 0 83 0
October 62 0 60 0 83 0 123 0 92 0 69 1
November 31 2 41 0 85 1 32 0 24 15 54 9
December 46 9 61 72 49 4 35 14 29 40 26 28
Annual 789 86 789 126 776 104 732 48 772 139 673 110
Total Precip.
LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Egbert, ON
1125 Woodchoppers Lane, King, ON, L7B 0E9. 39 Years (1975-2013)
880
2010 2011
875
2009
901
2013 LTA
911 783
PRECIPITATION
2012
780
Month Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
January -5.0 -15.1 -6.6 -17.1 -3.4 -13.7 2.9 -4.0 -0.4 -9.3 0.2 -7.4
February -3.5 -15.2 0.0 -12.2 1.8 -9.1 -1.8 -10.5 -5.2 -14.2 -2.1 -10.7
March 3.9 -8.9 5.2 -11.7 2.8 -5.9 4.2 -4.5 4.4 -5.2 -0.8 -9.0
April 10.2 -1.3 10.6 0.7 12.5 0.7 13.2 1.4 10.1 0.5 14.4 2.7
May 17.1 5.9 18.6 6.3 17.8 3.7 19.9 7.6 20.7 4.5 17.0 4.4
June 23.9 10.6 22.9 9.6 27.7 14.7 24.5 12.3 26.3 11.3 24.8 13.6
July 26.4 13.5 25.3 13.2 28.8 14.7 28.2 15.5 26.0 12.4 26.6 14.1
August 26.9 14.0 23.9 11.8 26.8 13.0 25.8 12.5 26.7 12.8 25.1 11.0
September 21.6 8.4 23.7 9.6 24.1 9.4 19.3 9.3 23.8 8.7 21.7 8.2
October 13.5 2.4 14.7 3.5 14.8 5.2 12.8 3.0 18.5 6.5 13.2 1.5
November 7.7 0.1 8.5 -0.3 9.0 -0.6 8.6 1.3 5.5 -3.4 5.3* -3.4 *
December 1.9 -5.4 8.5 -0.3 -1.7 -8.1 4.6 -1.8 -1.0 -8.6 -1.7* -9.9 *
Mean 12.1 0.7 12.9 1.1 13.4 2.0 13.5 3.5 13.0 1.3 12.0 1.3
LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Egbert, ON
1125 Woodchoppers Lane, King, ON, L7B 0E9. 39 Years (1975-2013)
20072003 2004
MEAN TEMPERATURE (°C)
2005 2006 2008
LTA
Month Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
January -6.2* -16.2* -3.8* -11.6* -3.0 -14.2 1.3 -6.9 2.1 -6.3 -2.5 -11.1
February -0.8* -10.5* -2.4* -8.9* -0.8 -11.3 2.7 -5.6 -1.0 -10.3 -1.3 -10.3
March 4.5* -6.3* 7.4* -2.9* 3.7 -5.6 12.7 -0.1 3.7 -4.3 3.3 -5.4
April 12.7 0.8 16.2 3.4 12.7 1.2 12.5 0.0 11.4 0.7 11.4 1.2
May 18.7 5.5 22.6 7.6 19.8 8.4 23.4 8.4 21.8 7.6 19.0 6.8
June 22.3 10.2 23.9 12.9 24.8 12.0 26.9 13.2 24.2 12.8 24.0 11.5
July 23.6 11.7 29 15.6 30.1 15.5 29.7 14.7 27.5 15.1 26.6 14.1
August 25.2 13.0 27.8 14.4 26.9 13.4 27.0 13.1 26.7 12.4 25.4 12.9
September 21.9 7.5 21.1 9.8 22.6 10.6 21.7 8.0 22.4 8.1 20.9 9.0
October 11.9 2.8 15.2 3.5 15.4 4.7 14.6 4.8 16.3 4.6 13.7 3.7
November 9.7 -0.4 7.9 -1 11.1 1.1 7.3 -1.4 6.6 -3.2 6.7 -0.9
December 0.3 -6.0 -4.6 -6.7 3.7 -3.9 3.8 -3.4 -1.0 -9.4 0.2 -6.9
Mean 12.0 1.0 13.4 3.0 13.9 2.7 15.3 3.7 13.4 2.3 12.3 2.0
LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Egbert, ON
1125 Woodchoppers Lane, King, ON, L7B 0E9. 39 Years (1975-2013)
2012 2013
MEAN TEMPERATURE (°C)
20112009 2010
Month H L H L H L H L H L H L
January 4.3 -28.8 12.4 -31.7 15.8 -30.2 11.4 -13.1 11.1 -25.5 13.8 -26.7
February 6.2 -29.3 7.9 -25.2 6.5 -17.4 6.6 -22.3 3.2 -23.4 6.6 -20.9
March 16.9 -27.7 16.8 -11.7 16.0 -14.2 18.9 -14.1 20.8 -24.5 8.1 -25.5
April 26.9 -12.8 23.7 -8.1 27.4 -3.3 22.6 -5.7 24.3 -8.0 25.7 -2.6
May 23.7 -1.4 29.3 -1.4 26.2 -1.6 34.6 -2.8 32.6 -2.6 27.4 -2.6
June 34.6 3.2 32.4 2.4 35.0 6.1 33.2 6.3 33.4 3.7 33.6 8.1
July 33.4 7.4 30.1 5.2 35.0 7.1 33.3 9.2 32.9 5.1 31.6 6.4
August 33.0 5.9 28.8 3.4 32.8 7.0 36.0 4.9 34.7 4.2 33.8 3.7
September 28.5 1.3 29.0 1.7 31.9 1.6 27.1 0.7 33.5 0.9 31.1 1.8
October 26.6 -2.0 26.5 -2.9 28.8 -2.7 25.5 -1.4 30.0 -1.4 27.3 -4.9
November 17.7 -8.1 13.6 -6.5 18.8 -14.4 15.4 -3.4 14.3 -16.2 20.2 * 17.5 *
December 8.8 -17.2 10.1 -28.4 4.2 -22.1 10.9 -13.2 6.5 -23.0 8.2 * -20.5 *
Annual 34.6 -29.3 32.4 -31.7 35.0 -30.2 36.0 -22.3 34.7 -25.5 33.6 -26.7
High & Low
Extreme Temperatures for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Egbert, ON
1125 Woodchoppers Lane, King, ON, L7B 0E9. 39 Years (1975-2013)
2004 20062005 2008
EXTREME TEMPERATURE (°C)
2003 2007
Month H L H L H L H L H L H Year L Year
January 1.9 * -30.3 * 4.3* -25.8* 11.7 -28.7 7.9 -20.3 14.0 -22.4 15.8 2005 -36.0 1977
February 8.9 * -2.7 * 2.5* -16.1* 9.7 -24.8 9.2 -17.3 6.5 -23.8 14.5 1984 -33.0 1979
March 15.3 * -18.9 * 18.7* -10.7* 14.8 -14.8 26.4 -15.6 12.3 -10.3 26.4 2012 -29.0 1984
April 27.3 -5.3 26.2 -2.7 23.5 -3.0 25.7 -5.9 24.7 -7.4 30.0 1990 -14.0 1983
May 29.9 -1.8 32.3 -0.5 28.3 -0.2 34.9 1.1 31.3 0.0 34.6 2006 -4.0 1983
June 32.2 1.7 31.1 5.2 33.4 5.2 35.5 7.6 33.4 6.1 35.5 1988 -2.0 1977
July 27.6 4.9 35.4 7.4 36.3 6.8 35.3 9.7 35.3 7.6 36.3 2011 2.5 1984
August 31.3 4.5 35.1 7.0 31.5 8.5 32.6 6.4 31.7 7.3 36.3 2001 0.5 1982
September 26.6 -0.7 33.2 4.0 30.8 5.4 29.9 1.7 35.3 -0.5 35.3 2013 -6.5 1991
October 18.2 -6.1 24.4 -2.4 29.2 -3.6 23.5 -4.7 24.7 -5.7 30.0 89 & 07 -9.0 1975
November 18.8 -7.2 14.5 -5.4 19.2 -6.6 18.5 -5.8 16.0 -19.0 24.0 1990 -22.0 1977
December 9.8 -15.7 11.1 -5.4 14.3 -19.6 15.1 -12.7 15.9 -25.3 20.0 1982 -31.5 1980
Annual 32.2 -30.3 35.4 -25.8 36.3 -28.7 35.5 -20.3 35.3 -25.3 36.3 -36.0
High & Low
Extreme Temperatures for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Egbert, ON
1125 Woodchoppers Lane, King, ON, L7B 0E9. 39 Years (1975-2013)
EXTREME TEMPERATURES2009 2011 2012 2013
EXTREME TEMPERATURE (°C)
2010
Month 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 LTA
January 0 3 3 4 6 13 0* 0* 1 0 9 1
February 0 0 0 0 0 0 1* 0* 0 0 0 1
March 17 19 8 14 23 0 7* 15* 5 123 8 16
April 67 57 58 98 73 147 84 147 74 54 78 78
May 202 233 182 226 205 178 220 312 282 338 304 238
June 368 318 487 401 405 427 338 395 403 450 405 383
July 463 442 519 523 439 477 391 536 552 533 507 473
August 477 397 462 439 457 404 436 499 472 467 450 436
September 300 349 352 279 337 299 291 314 348 295 306 296
October 100 126 154 101 233 95 72 139 163 145 177 126
November 29 25 59 42 11 37* 29 14 69 15 28 31
December 2 0 0 6 0 0* 0 2 6 11 4 3
Annual 2025 1969 2284 2133 2189 2077* 1869* 2373* 2375 2431 2276 2082
LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Egbert, ON
1125 Woodchoppers Lane, King, ON, L7B 0E9 39 Years (1975-2013)
GROWING DEGREE DAYS (5°C Base)
Research
Reports
2013
CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang), cv. Rebel
PEST: Carrot rust fly (Psila rosae (Fabricius))
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VANDER KOOI K
1 & TAYLOR AG
2
1 University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
2 Cornell University, Dept. of Horticultural Science, New York State Agricultural
Experiment Station
TITLE: COMPARISON OF INSECTICIDE SEED TREATMENTS FOR CONTROL OF
DAMAGE BY CARROT RUST FLY IN CARROT, 2013
MATERIAL: ENTRUST (spinosad 80%), CRUISER 5 FS (thiamethoxam 47.6%), SEPRESTO 75 WS
(clothianidin 56.25%, imidacloprid 18.75%), MOVENTO 240 SC (spirotetramat 240 g/L), RIPCORD
400 EC (cypermethrin 407 g/L), CYAZYPYR (cyantraniliprole 47 %), DERMACOR X-100
(chlorantraniliprole 50%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, in
organic soil (pH ≈ 6.8, organic matter ≈ 64.8). Carrots were direct seeded (65 seeds/m) onto raised beds
using a push V-belt seeder on 30 May. A randomized complete block arrangement with five replicates per
treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of two rows, 66 cm apart and 5 m in length.
Treatments were seed film coatings at 5.13 g ai/100 g seed of SEPRESTO 75 WS, ENTRUST +
CRUISER 70 WS, CYAZYPYR and DERMACOR X-100, and foliar applications of MOVENTO at 375
mL/ha, and RIPCORD at 175 mL/ha. An untreated check was also included. Seeds were treated at
Cornell University by Alan Taylor. Foliar treatments were applied on 3, 12 and 19 August using a CO2
backpack sprayer equipped with a single TeeJet 8004 fan nozzle calibrated to deliver 500 L/ha at 250 kPa.
On 14 August, at the start of the 2nd
generation of carrot rust fly (CRF), 25 carrots per replicate were
pulled to determine the maximum damage from 1st generation CRF. On 25 October, carrots in one 1.5 m
sections from each row were pulled for a harvest damage assessment. On 14 August and 4 November,
samples were washed in a small drum washer, and visually examined for CRF. Numbers and weights of
damaged and marketable carrots recorded. Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in
2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July (21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above
average for May (14.8°C) and October (10.5°C). The 10 year average temperatures were: May 12.9°C,
June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C, September 15.5°C and October 9.1°C. Monthly rainfall was
above the 10 year average for May (113 mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm), September
(83 mm) and October (92 mm). The 10 year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82
mm, August 73 mm, September 77 mm and October 60 mm. Data were analyzed using the General
Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was
obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD Test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: Carrot rust fly (CRF) pressure was low in 2013. There were significant differences
found at the second assessment date. MOVENTO had significantly less damage that the SEPRESTO seed
treatment. Low levels of carrot rust fly damage made assessing products for effectiveness against this
insect inconclusive.
Table 1. Evaluation of carrot rust fly damage on carrots treated with insecticide seed treatments and foliar
sprays, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
1 ns= not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected
LSD test.
Funding for this project was provided by Bradford Cooperative and Storage Ltd. through the
Holland Marsh Growers’ Association, the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Plant Production
Systems Program and the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station. Cornell University
provided support for seed treatment application of new chemistry seed treatments. Any opinions,
findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and
do not necessarily reflect the views of Cornell University or those of Rutgers State University of
New Jersey.
Treatment Appl’n
Method
Rate
(gai/100g seed)
Rust Fly Damage (%)
14 August 4 November
MOVENTO Foliar 375 mL/ha 0.8 ns 1 1.1 a
2
ENTRUST + CRUISER Seed 5.13 + 5.13 0.8 1.4 ab
SEPRESTO Seed 5.13 0.8 4.3 b
DERMACOR Seed 5.13 0.8 2.9 ab
CYAZYPYR Seed 5.13 0.0 2.1 ab
RIPCORD Foliar 175 mL/ha 0.0 2.2 ab
Check -- -- 0.0 2.1 ab
CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang), cv. Belgardo
PEST: Carrot rust fly (Psila rosae (Fabricius))
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EFFICACY OF CYAZYPYR FOR CONTROL OF CARROT RUST FLY, 2013
MATERIAL: RIPCORD 400 EC (cypermethrin 407 g/L), CYAZYPR 100 SE (cyantraniliprole 100 g/L)
METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil (pH ≈ 7.0, organic matter ≈ 68.7%) at the Muck
Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Carrots, cv. Belgrado, were direct seeded (82 seeds/m)
on raised beds using a Stanhay Precision Seeder on 17 May. Each experimental unit consisted of two 6 m
long rows, 86 cm apart. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was
used. Treatments were: CYAZYPYR at 1500 mL/ha applied once and CYAZYPYR at 1500, 1125 and
750 mL/ha and RIPCORD at 175 mL/ha applied four times. Carrot rust fly (CRF) counts in the plot were
monitored using orange sticky traps to determine when CRF counts reached the threshold of 0.1
flies/trap/day. Treatments were applied on 3, 12, 19 and 30 August using a CO2 backpack sprayer
equipped with four TeeJet 8002 VK fan nozzle and calibrated to deliver 430 L/ha at 240 kPa. On 6, 14, 21
August and 4 September, carrot leaves were visually examined for phytotoxicity and rated on a 0-5 scale,
where 0 = no injury, 1 = slight yellowing, 2 = some tissue death, 3 = over 50% plant tissue brown, 4 =
>75% dead tissue, 5 = plant necrosis. On 22 October, all carrots in two 1.16 m long sections, one from
each row, were pulled for a harvest damage sample. On 5 November carrot samples were washed in a
small drum washer, visually examined for CRF damage. The weight of undamaged (marketable) carrots
was used to determine yield. Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were
average for June (18.5°C), July (21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average
for May (14.8°C) and October (10.5°C). The 10 year average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June
18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C, September 15.5°C and October 9.1°C. Monthly rainfall was above
the 10 year average for May (113 mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm), September (83
mm) and October (92 mm). The 10 year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm,
August 73 mm, September 77 mm and October 60 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of
Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.10. Means separation was obtained by using
Tukey's test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION: as presented in Tables 1 & 2
CONCLUSIONS: Carrot rust fly damage was very low in the trial. All carrot trials conducted at MCRS
in 2013 had low rust fly damage. No significant differences in rust fly damage or marketable yield were
found among the treatments (Table 1). No phytotoxicity was observed in the trial (Table 2).
Table 1. Carrot rust fly damage in carrots, cv. Belgrado, treated with foliar insecticides grown at the
Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatments Rate per ha # of Appl’ns % CRF damage1
Marketable Yield
(t/ha)
CYAZYPYR 1500 mL 1 0.22 ns2 73.8 ns
CYAZYPYR 1500 mL 4 0.43 72.2
CYAZYPYR 1125m L 4 0.47 72.1
CYAZYPYR 750 mL 4 0.0 70.0
RIPCORD 175 mL 4 0.0 65.0
check -- -- 0.12 70.9 1 Percent by number of carrots assessed.
2 ns indicates no significant differences at P = 0.05, Tukey's HSD.
Table 2. Phytotoxicity for carrots, cv. Belgrado, treated with foliar insecticides grown at the Muck Crops
Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatments Rate per ha # of Appl’ns 6 Aug 14 Aug 21 Aug 4 Sep
CYAZYPYR 1.5 L 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CYAZYPYR 1.5 L 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CYAZYPYR 1.13 L 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CYAZYPYR 0.75 L 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
RIPCORD 175 mL 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
check -- -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1Phytotoxicity rated on a 0-5 scale, where 0 = no injury, 1 = slight yellowing, 2 = some tissue death, 3 = over 50%
plant tissue brown, 4 = >75% dead tissue, 5 = plant necrosis
Funding for this project was provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.
CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang), cv. Cellobunch
PESTS: Carrot rust fly (Psila rosae (Fabricius))
Carrot weevil (Listronotus oregonensis (LeConte))
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF IN-FURROW INSECTICIDES FOR CONTROL OF
DAMAGE BY CARROT RUST FLY AND CARROT WEEVIL IN CARROTS,
2013
MATERIAL: ACTARA (thiamethoxam 25%), ADMIRE (imidacloprid 240 g/L), VERIMARK
(cyantraniliprole 200 g/L)
METHODS: The trial was conducted at two sites in the Holland Marsh, Ontario, in organic soil (pH ≈
6.8, organic matter ≈ 64.8). Carrots, cv. Cellobunch, were direct seeded (70 seeds/m) onto raised beds
using a custom built precision seeder at the Muck Crops Research Station (Site 1) on 4 June, and at a
location near the Muck Crops Research Station (Site 2) on 20 June. At site 1, a randomized complete
block arrangement with five replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of three
rows, 66 cm apart and 10 m in length. At site 2, each insecticide treatment consisted of three rows, 66 cm
apart, and treatments were applied the entire length of the field (~ 200 m). Four check plots were
randomly placed throughout each treatment. Treatments were applied in-furrow at the time of seeding
directly over the seed row. Treatments were: VERIMARK at 1.0 L/ha, ADMIRE at 12 mL/100 m row,
and ACTARA 4.4 mL/100 m row. A water volume of 250 L/ha was used to deliver the product. An
untreated check was also included at site 1. On 8 August (Site 1) and 27 August (Site 2), 25 carrots per
replicate were pulled to determine the maximum damage from 1st generation carrot rust fly (CRF). On 8
October (Site 1) and 21 October (Site 2), carrots in two 1.16 m sections from each row were pulled for a
harvest damage assessment. On 8 August (Site 1), 27 August (Site 2) and 15 December, respective
samples were washed in a small drum washer, visually examined for CRF and weevil damage and
numbers and weights of damaged and marketable carrots recorded.
Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July
(21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and October (10.5°C). The 10 year average
temperatures were: June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C, September 15.5°C and October 9.1°C.
Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm),
September (83 mm) and October (92 mm). The 10 year rainfall averages were: June 71 mm, July 82 mm,
August 73 mm, September 77 mm and October 60 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of
Variance function of the Linear Models section, and Paired T Test of the One, Two and Multiple Sample
tests of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD Test at P = 0.05 level
of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 & 2
CONCLUSION: No significant differences in carrot weevil and carrot rust fly (CRF) damage were
found among the treatments at either assessment date (Table 1). At the early assessment, carrots treated
with VERIMARK had the lowest amount of damage, while ADMIRE had the most damage. CRF
pressure was low in 2013 compared to previous years. No significant differences were found in CRF
among the treatments. No significant differences in yield were found among the treatments (Table 1). No
significant differences in carrot weevil and carrot rust fly damage were found at site 2, at both assessment
dates (Table 2).
Table 1. Evaluation of carrot insect damage on carrots treated with in-furrow insecticides, grown at the
Muck Crops Research Station (Site 1), Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate Weevil Damage (%) Rust Fly Damage (%) Mkb Yield
(t/ha) 8 Aug 15 Oct 8 Aug 15 Oct
VERIMARK 1.0 L/ha 6.6 ns 10.4 ns 2.6 ns 0.8 ns 89.6 ns
ACTARA 4.4 mL/100 m 7.2 10.4 1.6 1.0 83.9
ADMIRE 11.3 mL/100 m 9.0 10.4 1.7 0.9 84.6
Check --- 11.3 9.1 4.1 1.3 82.7 1 ns=not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 2. Evaluation of carrot insect damage on carrots treated with in-furrow insecticides, grown near the
Muck Crops Research Station (Site 2), Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
ACTARA
4.4 mL/100m
ACTARA
Check
ADMIRE
11.3 mL/100 m
ADMIRE
Check
VERIMARK
1.0 L/ha
VERIMARK
Check
% weevil- Aug 0.03 ns1 0.0 ns 0.0 ns 0.0 ns 0.0 ns 0.0 ns
% weevil- Oct 6.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
% rust fly- Aug 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
% rust fly- Oct 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 Pairs of numbers within a row followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P= 0.05, Paired T-Test.
Investment for this project has been provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada through the
Canadian Agricultural Adaptation Program (CAAP). In Ontario, this program is delivered by the
Agricultural Adaptation Council. Funding for this project was also provided by the Bradford Co-
operative Storage Ltd. and by the OMAF and MRA/University of Guelph Partnership.
CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang), cv. Rebel
PEST: Carrot weevil (Listronotus oregonensis (LeConte)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VANDER KOOI K
1 & TAYLOR AG
2
1 University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
2 Cornell University, Dept. of Horticultural Science, New York State Agricultural
Experiment Station
TITLE: COMPARISON OF INSECTICIDE SEED TREATMENTS FOR CONTROL OF
DAMAGE BY CARROT WEEVIL IN CARROT, 2013
MATERIAL: ENTRUST (spinosad 80%), CRUISER 5 FS (thiamethoxam 47.6%), SEPRESTO 75 WS
(clothianidin 56.25%, imidacloprid 18.75%), CYAZYPYR (cyantraniliprole 47 %), DERMACOR X-100
(chlorantraniliprole 50%), IMIDAN (phosmet 50%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, in
organic soil (pH ≈ 6.8, organic matter ≈ 64.8). Carrots were direct seeded (70 seeds/m) onto raised beds
using a push V-belt seeder on 30 May. A randomized complete block arrangement with five replicates per
treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of two rows, 66 cm apart and 5 m in length.
Treatments were: seed film coatings at 5.13 g ai/100 g seed of SEPRESTO 75 WS, ENTRUST +
CRUISER 70 WS, CYAZYPYR and DERMACOR X-100. Foliar applications of IMIDAN at 2.25 kg/ha
was used as a commercial standard. An untreated check was also included. Seeds were treated at Cornell
University by Alan Taylor. Foliar treatments were applied on 10, 17 July using a CO2 backpack sprayer
equipped with a single TeeJet 8004 fan nozzle calibrated to deliver 500 L/ha L at 250 kPa. On 8 August,
25 carrots per replicate were pulled to determine the maximum damage from weevil. On 25 October,
carrots in one 1.5 m sections from each row were pulled for a harvest damage assessment. On 12 August
and 8 November, samples were washed in a small drum washer, and visually examined for weevil
damage. Numbers and weights of damaged and marketable carrots were recorded. Compared to the
previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July (21.3°C),
August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C) and October (10.5°C).
The 10 year average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C,
September 15.5°C and October 9.1°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113
mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm), September (83 mm) and October (92 mm). The 10
year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm, September 77 mm
and October 60 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear
Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD Test at P =
0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in carrot weevil damage were found among the treatments at
both assessment dates (Table 1). At the early assessment, carrots treated with IMIDAN had significantly
lower percentage of weevil damage than the untreated check. At harvest, carrots treated with IMIDAN
had significantly less weevil damage than carrots treated with SEPRESTO and the untreated check.
Carrot weevil damage was slightly lower at second assessment. IMIDAN used as a foliar treatment
appears to control carrot weevil damage. CYAZYPYR seed treatment reduced carrot weevil, however no
seed treatments were as effective as the standard IMIDAN foliar spray. Low rates of chemicals applied in
the seed treatments may be ineffective in controlling carrot weevil.
Table 1. Evaluation of carrot weevil damage on carrots treated with insecticide seed treatments and foliar
sprays, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD
test. 2 ns= no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Funding for this project was provided by Bradford Cooperative and Storage Ltd. through the
Holland Marsh Growers’ Association, the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Plant Production
Systems Program and the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station. Cornell University
provided support for seed treatment application of new chemistry seed treatments. Any opinions,
findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and
do not necessarily reflect the views of Cornell University or those of Rutgers State University of
New Jersey.
Treatment Appl’n
Method
Rate
(gai/100g
seed)
Weevil Damage (%) Mkb Yield
(t/ha)
12 August 8 November 8 November
IMIDAN Foliar 2.25 kg/ha 9.7 a1 6.9 a 105.3 ns
2
CYAZYPYR Seed 5.13 11.5 ab 8.7 ab 94.0
ENTRUST +
CRUISER Seed 5.13 + 5.13 17.6 ab 13.9 ab 81.8
SEPRESTO Seed 5.13 18.3 ab 16.6 c 112.0
DERMACOR Seed 5.13 21.4 ab 10.6 abc 101.1
Check -- -- 21.7 b 16.7 c 84.5
CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.), cv. Cellobunch
PESTS: Carrot rust fly (Psila rosae (Fabricius))
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
Muck Crops Research Station, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph
TITLE: EVALUATION OF SPINOSAD BAIT FOR CONTROL OF CARROT RUST FLY
IN CARROTS, 2013
MATERIALS: SPINOSAD BAIT (spinosad 0.07%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil (pH ≈ 7.0, organic matter ≈ 57.2%) at the Muck
Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Carrots, cv. Cellobunch, were direct seeded (82
seeds/m) on raised beds using a Stanhay Precision Seeder on 4 June. Each experimental unit consisted of
five rows, 6 m long, 66 cm apart, with the outside two rows on either side used as guard rows. A
randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Treatments were:
SPINOSAD bait and an untreated check. SPINOSAD BAIT was applied at 49.3 kg/ha on 25 July and 8
August. On 30 October, two 1.5 m sticks per replicate were pulled for a harvest damage sample. On 5
November, carrot samples were washed in a small drum washer, visually examined for CRF damage, and
sorted into classes based on a scale of 0 to 3 where 0 = no damage, 1 = one superficial feeding track (light
damage), 3 = ≥1 deep feeding track(s) (heavy damage). Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air
temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July (21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September
(15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C) and October (10.5°C). The 10 year average temperatures
were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C, September 15.5°C and October 9.1°C.
Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113 mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm),
August (87 mm), September (83 mm) and October (92 mm). The 10 year rainfall averages were: May 72
mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm, September 77 mm and October 60 mm. Data were
analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9.
Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD Test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: No differences in percent rust fly damage were found between the treatments (Table
1). Rust fly damage was low in 2013. Very low damage was found in all rust fly trials at Muck Crops
Research Station in 2013.
Table 1. Evaluation of SPINOSAD BAIT for control of carrot rust fly in carrots, cv. Cellobunch, grown
at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013
1 ns = not significantly different, P = 0.05 Fisher’s Protected LSD Test.
2 SPINOSAD BAIT was applied 2 times at 49.3 kg/ha on 25 July and 8 August.
Product supplied by Neudroff North America
Treatment 30 October
% Rust Fly
SPINOSAD BAIT2 0.5 ns
1
Check 0.0
CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. Sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.), cv. Cellobunch
PEST: Root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans)
Northern root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne hapla)
AUTHOR: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF DAZITOL FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES IN
CARROTS, 2013
MATERIALS: DAZITOL (capsaicin 0.42%, oleoresin of capsicum 3.7%), PIC PLUS (chloropicrin 86%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted at a site with a history of nematode damage near Delhi, Ontario.
On 25 June, treatments were injected at 23-25 cm below the soil surface as carrot hills were formed and
sealed. Treatments were: DAZITOL at 60 L/ha and PIC PLUS at 78 kg/ha. An untreated check was also
included. Each experimental unit consisted of three rows, 66 cm apart and 12 m long. On 28 June carrots,
cv. Cellobunch, were direct seeded (80 seeds/m) into treated raised beds using an Earthway push seeder.
Soil samples were taken on 19 June (pre-plant), 2, 23 July and 23 October and sent for analysis to
University of Guelph Agriculture and Food Laboratory to determine nematode counts (PDC-104 method).
On 23 October, carrots in a 1.5 m section of row were pulled for a harvest damage assessment. Nematode
damage was rated on a 0 to 5 gall index where 0= no galling or forking, 1= 1-10 galls on secondary roots,
2= 10-50 galls with light forking, 3= 50-100 galls with forking, 4= >100 galls with severe forking, 5=
>100 galls with severe forking and severe stunting. Disease severity index (DSI) was calculated using the
following formula:
DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)]
x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes-1)
Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July
(21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C) and October
(10.5°C). The 10 year average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C,
September 15.5°C and October 9.1°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113
mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm), September (83 mm) and October (92 mm). The 10
year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm, September 77 mm
and October 60 mm. Data were analyzed using Statistix V.10.using Tukey’s HSD test at P = 0.05 level of
significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 - 6
DISCUSSION: The site for the trial was chosen based on high nematode counts (≈ 1200 per kg of soil)
in soil samples taken in 2012 and nematode damage to strawberry plants in 2012. Lesion nematode counts
for pre-plant soil samples taken 19 June were low (20 per kg of soil) compared to nematode counts in soil
samples taken in 2012. Significant differences in incidence and severity of nematode damage to carrot
roots at harvest were found among the treatments. Carrots grown in soil treated with either PIC PLUS or
DAZITOL had less damage compared to the check (Table 1).
No significant differences in root lesion and total nematode counts were found in soil samples after
treatments were applied and count numbers were low and varied (Table 2 & 6). Most nematode damage
occurs in the first four weeks after seeding. Nematode populations later in the season have less effect on
yield or quality of carrots. Carrots treated with PIC PLUS and DAZITOL had a higher marketable yield
compared to the check (Table 1). There is no co-relation between nematode counts in soil samples and
damage to carrots in treated and untreated soil. This may suggest that nematodes in soil samples are
difficult to detect and may not reflect actual nematode populations.
CONCLUSION: DAZITOL and PIC PLUS were effective in reducing nematode damage.
Table 1. Nematode damage on carrot roots, cv. Cellobunch, grown on infested soil treated with
fumigants, near Delhi, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment % Nematode
Damage1
DSI2 Mkb Yield (t/ha)
PIC PLUS 4.8 a3 2.4 a 92.3 a
DAZITOL 8.4 a 4.2 a 91.6 a
Check 21.5 b 11.1 b 78.8 b 1 Nematode damage was rated on a 0 to 5 gall index where 0= no galling or forking, 1= 1-10 galls on secondary
roots, 2= 10-50 galls with light forking, 3= 50-100 galls with forking, 4= >100 galls with severe forking, 5= >100
galls with severe forking and severe stunting. 2 Disease severity index (DSI) was calculated using the following formula:
DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)]
x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes-1)
3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.
Table 2. Nematode counts from soil infested with nematodes and treated with fumigants, near Delhi,
Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Root Lesion Nematodes/kg of Soil
1
19 June2 2 July 23 July 23 Oct
PIC PLUS -- 30 ns3 55 ns 125 ns
DAZITOL -- 90 10 35
Check 20 55 45 35 1 Test method: PDC104
2 Pre-treatment soil sample analysis on 19 June is an average of two samples and represents the entire plot before
treatment. 3 ns indicates not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.
Table 3. Pin nematode (Paratylenchus sp.) counts for carrot plots treated with fumigants near Delhi,
Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Pin Nematodes/kg of Soil
1
19 June2 2 July 23 July 23 Oct
PIC PLUS -- 0 ns 0.0 ns 0.0 ns
DAZITOL -- 0 0.0 0.0
Check 20 0 5.0 5.0 1 The threshold for economic damage for pin nematode is 5,000/kg soil. (OMAFRA Factsheet 06-099)
2 Pre-treatment soil sample analysis on 19 June is an average of two samples and represents the entire plot before
treatment. 3 “ns” indicates not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.
Table 4. Stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus sp.) counts for carrot plots treated with fumigants near
Delhi, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Stunt Nematodes/kg of Soil
1
19 June2 2 July 23 July 23 Oct
PIC PLUS -- 30.0 ns 5.0 a 5.0 a
DAZITOL -- 55.0 50.0 b 50.0 b
Check 0 50.0 35.0 b 35.0 b 1 The threshold for economic damage for stunt nematode has not been established. (OMAFRA Factsheet 06-099)
2 Pre-treatment soil sample analysis on 19 June is an average of two samples and represents the entire plot before
treatment. 3 “ns” indicates not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.
Table 5. Cyst nematode (Heterodera sp.) counts for carrot plots treated with fumigants near Delhi,
Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Cyst Nematodes/kg of Soil
1
19 June2 2 July 23 July 23 Oct
PIC PLUS -- 0 0 0
DAZITOL -- 0 0 0
Check 0 0 0 0 1 The threshold for economic damage for cyst nematode is 2,000/kg soil (OMAFRA Factsheet 06-099)
2 Pre-treatment soil sample analysis on 19 June is an average of two samples and represents the entire plot before
treatment. 3 “ns” indicates not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.
Table 6. Total nematode counts for carrot plots treated with fumigants near Delhi, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Total Nematodes/kg of Soil
19 June1 2 July 23 July 23 Oct
PIC PLUS -- 60.0 ns 60.0 ns 130.0 ns
DAZITOL -- 145.0 60.0 85.0
Check 40 105.0 90.0 80.0 1 Pre-treatment soil sample analysis on 19 June is an average of two samples and represents the entire plot before
treatment. 2 “ns” indicates not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.
Funding for this project was provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.
CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) cv. Cellobunch
PESTS: Northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) and Root lesion nematode
(Pratylenchus penetrans)
AUTHORS: VAN DYK D, MCDONALD MR & JORDAN K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture.
TITLE: EVALUATION OF FUMIGANTS FOR CONTROL OF NEMATODE PESTS ON
MUCK SOIL IN ONTARIO, 2013
MATERIALS: PIC-PLUS (chloropicrin 86%), BUSAN 1236 (metam sodium 42.5%), NIMITZ
(fluensulfone 480 g/L) MUST GROW (oriental mustard seed meal 100%), DAZITOL (capsaicin 0.42%,
oleoresin of capsicum 3.7%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted on muck soil with a history of nematode damage to carrots near
Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. On 17 June, treatments were injected at 23-25 cm
below the surface as carrot hills were formed and sealed using a custom-built carrot seeder with shank
injection unit. Each experimental unit consisted of three rows, 66 cm apart and 12 m long. The treatments
were: PIC PLUS at 78 kg/ha, BUSAN 1236 at 275 L/ha, NIMITZ EC at 8.3 L/ha, MUST GROW at 1680
kg.ha, DAZITOL at 60 L/ha, and an untreated check. On 20 June carrots, cv. Cellobunch, were direct
seeded (80 seeds/m) into treated raised beds using an Earthway push seeder. Soil samples were taken on 8
May (pre-plant) and on 21 October to determine soil nematode counts. Samples were sent for analysis to
University of Guelph Agriculture and Food Laboratory which uses the Baerman Pan Method of
extraction. On 21 October, 100 carrots were pulled for a harvest damage assessment. Nematode damage
was rated on a 0 to 5 gall index where 0= no galling or forking, 1= 1-10 galls on secondary roots, 2= 10-
50 galls with light forking, 3= 50-100 galls with forking, 4= >100 galls with severe forking, 5= >100 galls
with severe forking and severe stunting. Disease severity index (DSI) was calculated using the following
formula:
DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)]
x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes-1)
Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July
(21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C) and October
(10.5°C). The 10 year average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C,
September 15.5°C and October 9.1°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113
mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm), September (83 mm) and October (92 mm). The 10
year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm, September 77 mm
and October 60 mm. Data were analyzed using Statistix V.10.using Tukey’s HSD test at P = 0.05 level of
significance.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION: No significant differences were found in percent healthy carrots, disease
severity index, or average gall rating at harvest (Table 1). No significant differences were found in lesion,
pin, cyst, or total nematode counts at harvest (Table 2). No correlation was found between damage and
soil nematode counts.
CONCLUSIONS: Significant results in nematode damage were not found due to the high variability of
nematode distribution in the field and relatively low infection rates.
Table 1. Percent healthy carrots, disease severity index, and average gall rating for carrots (cv.
Cellobunch) treated with fumigants and non-fumigant nematicides near the Muck Crops Research Station,
Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate Percent Healthy DSI1 Average Gall
Rating
Check -- 64.1 ns2 2.9 ns 2.4 ns
DAZITOL 60 L/ha 64.9 3.5 2.9
MUSTGROW 1680 kg/ha 73.0 1.6 1.9
NIMITZ 8.3 L/ha 71.4 2.6 1.8
BUSAN 1236 275 L/ha 77.9 1.3 2.3
PIC PLUS 78 kg/ha 64.5 1.4 2.0
1DSI =
∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] x 100
(total no. plants per sample)(no. classes-1) 2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Table 2. Plant parasitic nematode soil counts assessed at harvest using the Baermann pan method of
extraction near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate Lesion Pin Cyst Total
Check -- 55 ns1 11690 ns 901 ns 12280 ns
DAZITOL 60 L/ha 26 13990 765 14775
MUSTGROW 1680 kg/ha 75 11735 265 12130
NIMITZ 8.3 L/ha 36 4070 1080 5190
BUSAN 1236 275 L/ha 13 11320 674 11905
PIC PLUS 78 kg/ha 35 9825 413 9975 1 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Investment in the project has been provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada through the
Canadian Agricultural Adaptation Program (CAAP). In Ontario, this program is delivered by the
Agricultural Adaptation Council. Funding was also provided by the Fresh Vegetable Growers of
Ontario and the University of Guelph/OMAF partnership.
CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) cv. Cellobunch
PESTS: Northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) and Root lesion nematode
(Pratylenchus penetrans)
AUTHORS: VAN DYK D, MCDONALD MR & JORDAN K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture.
TITLE: EVALUATION OF FUMIGANTS FOR CONTROL OF NEMATODE PESTS ON
MINERAL SOIL IN ONTARIO, 2013
MATERIALS: PIC-PLUS (chloropicrin 86%), BUSAN 1236 (metam sodium 42.5%), NIMITZ
(fluensulfone 480 g/L) MUST GROW (oriental mustard seed meal 100%), DAZITOL (capsaicin 0.42%,
oleoresin of capsicum 3.7%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted at a site with a history of nematode damage near Delhi, Ontario.
On 25 June, treatments were injected at 23-25 cm below the soil surface as carrot hills were formed and
sealed. Treatments were: PIC PLUS at 78 kg/ha, BUSAN 1236 at 275 L/ha, NIMITZ EC at 8.3 L/ha,
MUST GROW at 1680 kg.ha, DAZITOL at 60 L/ha, and an untreated check. Each experimental unit
consisted of three rows, 66 cm apart and 12 m long. On 28 June carrots, cv. Cellobunch, were direct
seeded (80 seeds/m) into treated raised beds using an Earthway push seeder. Soil samples were taken on
19 June (pre-plant), and 23 October to determine soil nematode counts. Samples were sent for analysis to
University of Guelph Agriculture and Food Laboratory which uses the Baerman pan method of
extraction. On 23 October, 100 carrots per replicate were pulled for a harvest damage assessment.
Nematode damage was rated on a 0 to 5 gall index where 0= no galling or forking, 1= 1-10 galls on
secondary roots, 2= 10-50 galls with light forking, 3= 50-100 galls with forking, 4= >100 galls with
severe forking, 5= >100 galls with severe forking and severe stunting. Disease severity index (DSI) was
calculated using the following formula:
DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)]
x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes-1)
Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July
(21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C) and October
(10.5°C). The 10 year average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C,
September 15.5°C and October 9.1°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113
mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm), September (83 mm) and October (92 mm). The 10
year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm, September 77 mm
and October 60 mm. Data were analyzed using Statistix V.10. Means separation was obtained using
Tukey’s HSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION: No significant results were found in percent healthy carrots, disease
severity index, or average gall rating (Table 1). Carrots grown in soil treated with MUSTGROW had a
significantly reduced stand count compared the other treatments (Table 1). Carrots grown in soil treated
with MUSTGROW had significantly increased marketable weight compared to the other treatments
(Table 1).
CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences in nematode damage were found among the treatments due
to the high variability of nematode distribution in the field. Reduced plant stand was observed in the
MUSTGROW treatment due to not observing the full pre-plant interval of 14 days. This decreased stand
led to larger carrots and an increase in the marketable weight.
Table 1. Percent healthy carrots, stand count, marketable weight, disease severity index, and average gall
rating for carrots (cv. Cellobunch) treated with fumigants and non-fumigant nematicides near Delhi,
Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate Percent
Healthy
Stand Count
(plants/m)
Marketable
Weight (kg) DSI
Average Gall
Rating
Check -- 79.7 ns 76.1 a 2.2 b 2.9 ns 2.1 ns
DAZITOL 60 L/ha 77.3 86.3 a 1.7 b 3.5 2.3
MUSTGROW 1680 kg/ha 80.0 53.1 b 3.7 a 1.6 2.2
NIMITZ 8.3 L/ha 77.6 87.5 a 1.7 b 2.6 2.1
BUSAN 1236 275 L/ha 83.3 78.5 a 1.8 b 1.3 1.8
PIC PLUS 78 kg/ha 72.7 88.3 a 2.5 b 1.4 2.3
1DSI =
∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] x 100
(total no. plants per sample)(no. classes-1) 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukeys test.
3 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Investment in the project has been provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada through the
Canadian Agricultural Adaptation Program (CAAP). In Ontario, this program is delivered by the
Agricultural Adaptation Council. Funding was also provided by the Fresh Vegetable Growers of
Ontario and the University of Guelph/OMAF partnership.
CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) cv. Cellobunch
PEST: Northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla)
AUTHORS: VAN DYK D, MCDONALD MR & JORDAN K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture.
TITLE: GROWTH ROOM EVALUATION OF NEMATICIDES FOR CONTROL OF
ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE IN ONTARIO, 2013
MATERIALS: BUSAN 1236 (metam sodium 42.5%), NIMITZ (fluensulfone 15%), MUST GROW
(oriental mustard seed meal 100%), DAZITOL (capsaicin 0.42%, oleoresin of capsicum 3.7%),
MOVENTO (spirotetramat 240 g/L), AGRI-MEK (abamectin 2%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted using muck soil (pH~6.8, organic matter 69.4%) with no previous
history of root-knot nematode. The soil was inoculated with eggs of Meloidogyne hapla at a rate of
43,750 eggs per experimental unit. After inoculation, treatments were applied according to their
corresponding pre-plant intervals. The treatments included BUSAN 1236 at 275 L/ha, DAZITOL at 60
L/ha, MUSTGROW at 1680 kg/ha, MOVENTO at 350 ml/ha, AGRI-MEK at 20 L/ha, and NIMITZ at
8.3 L/ha. Inoculated and non-inoculated checks were included. Carrots, cv. Cellobunch, were seeded into
conetainers in a randomized complete block design with 20 plants per replicate. The trial was conducted
in a growth room at the University of Guelph temperature controlled at 24oC with a photoperiod of 10
hours. At 89 DAS the plants were assessed for nematode damage, greenness rating, wet/dry shoot and
root weight. Nematode damage was rated on a 0 to 5 gall index where 0= no galling or forking, 1= 1-10
galls on secondary roots, 2= 10-50 galls with light forking, 3= 50-100 galls with forking, 4= >100 galls
with severe forking, 5= >100 galls with severe forking and severe stunting. Greenness was rated on a
scale of 0 to 5, where 0=no green and 5=dark green. Data were analyzed using Statistix V.10.using
Tukey’s HSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Carrots grown in soil treated with BUSAN, AGRI-MEK drench,
NIMITZ, and the non-inoculated check, had a lower average gall rating than carrots treated with
MOVENTO, DAZITOL, MUSTGROW and the inoculated check (Table 1). Carrots treated with BUSAN
did not differ from the non-inoculated check in average gall rating (Table 1). Carrots treated with
BUSAN, NIMITZ, AGRI-MEK drench, and the non-inoculated check had a higher percentage of healthy
plants than MUSTGROW, DAZITOL, MOVENTO, and the inoculated check (Table 1). Carrots treated
with BUSAN or an AGRI-MEK drench had larger root weight per plant than carrots treated with
MOVENTO or MUSTGROW (Table 1). Carrots treated with BUSAN had the largest average root weight
compared to all other treatments (Table 1).
CONCLUSIONS: The grower standard BUSAN 1236 effectively reduced nematode damage on carrots.
NIMITZ and AGRI-MEK also reduced gall severity compared to the untreated, inoculated check.
DAZITOL, MUSTGROW, and foliar-applied MOVENTO did not reduce nematode damage compared to
the untreated, inoculated check.
Table 1. Root and shoot weight, average gall rating, and percent healthy carrots grown in soil inoculated
with root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) and treated with fumigants and non-fumigant nematicides
at the University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate
(per ha)
Root Weight
(g)
Shoot Weight
(g) Gall Rating
Percent
Healthy
Inoculated Check -- 2.6 bc1 1.2 ns2 3.0 c 7.7 c
MOVENTO 350 ml 2.4 c 1.0 2.9 c 6.1 c
DAZITOL 60 L 2.8 bc 1.3 2.5 c 12.5 c
MUST GRO 1680 kg 2.5 c 1.1 2.4 c 15.4 c
NIMITZ 8.3 L 2.8 bc 1.2 1.3 b 75.7 ab
AGRI-MEK 20 L 3.5 b 1.3 1.2 b 60.1 b
BUSAN 1236 275 L/ha 4.6 a 1.2 0.6 ab 87.0 a
Un-Inoculated Check -- 2.9 bc 1.2 0.0 a 100.0 a 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukeys test.
2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Investment in the project has been provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada through the
Canadian Agricultural Adaptation Program (CAAP). In Ontario, this program is delivered by the
Agricultural Adaptation Council. Funding was also provided by the Fresh Vegetable Growers of
Ontario and the University of Guelph/OMAF partnership.
CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. Sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.), cv. Cellobunch
PEST: Root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans)
Northern root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne hapla)
AUTHOR: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF DAZITOL FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES IN
CARROTS, 2013
MATERIALS: DAZITOL (capsaicin 0.42%, oleoresin of capsicum 3.7%), PIC PLUS (chloropicrin 86%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted on muck soil with a history of nematode damage to carrots near
Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. On 17 June, treatments were injected at 23-25 cm
below the surface as carrot hills were formed and sealed using a custom-built carrot seeder with shank
injection unit. Treatments were: DAZITOL at 60 L/ha and PIC PLUS at 78 kg/ha. An untreated check
was also included. Each experimental unit consisted of three rows, 66 cm apart and 12 m long. On 20
June carrots, cv. Cellobunch, were direct seeded (80 seeds/m) into treated raised beds using an Earthway
push seeder. Soil samples were taken on 8 May (pre-plant), 24 June, 15 July and 21 October and sent for
analysis to University of Guelph Agriculture and Food Laboratory to determine nematode counts using
the Baerman Pan Method. On 21 October, 100 carrots were pulled for a harvest damage assessment.
Nematode damage was rated on a 0 to 5 gall index where 0= no galling or forking, 1= 1-10 galls on
secondary roots, 2= 10-50 galls with light forking, 3= 50-100 galls with forking, 4= >100 galls with
severe forking, 5= >100 galls with severe forking and severe stunting. Disease severity index (DSI) was
calculated using the following formula:
DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)]
x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes-1)
Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July
(21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C) and October
(10.5°C). The 10 year average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C,
September 15.5°C and October 9.1°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113
mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm), September (83 mm) and October (92 mm). The 10
year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm, September 77 mm
and October 60 mm. Data were analyzed using Statistix V.10.using Tukey’s HSD test at P = 0.05 level of
significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 - 6
DISCUSSION: The site for the trial was chosen based on a history of nematode damage over the
threshold for carrots. Lesion nematode counts for pre-plant soil samples taken 8 May indicated that lesion
nematodes were present in the soil (220 per kg of soil).
No significant differences in root lesion and total nematode counts were found in soil samples after
treatments were applied and count numbers were low and varied (Table 2 & 6). Most nematode damage
occurs in the first four weeks after seeding. Nematode populations later in the season have less effect on
yield or quality of carrots.
There is no co-relation between nematode counts in soil samples and damage to carrots in treated and
untreated soil. This may suggest that nematodes in soil samples are difficult to detect and may not reflect
actual nematode populations.
CONCLUSION: No significant differences in nematode soil count or damage at the harvest assessment.
Table 1. Nematode damage on carrot roots, cv. Cellobunch, grown on infested soil treated with
fumigants, near Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment % Nematode
Damage1
DSI2
Healthy
Wgt/Root (g)
PIC PLUS 26.0 ns 15.1 ns 78.6 ns
DAZITOL 34.3 14.0 72.0
Check 29.2 18.3 65.5 1 Nematode damage was rated on a 0 to 5 gall index where 0= no galling or forking, 1= 1-10 galls on secondary
roots, 2= 10-50 galls with light forking, 3= 50-100 galls with forking, 4= >100 galls with severe forking, 5= >100
galls with severe forking and severe stunting. 2 Disease severity index (DSI) was calculated using the following formula:
DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)]
x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes-1)
3 ns = not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.
Table 2. Root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus sp.) counts for carrot plots treated with fumigants near
Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Root Lesion Nematodes/kg of Soil
1
8 May2 24 June 15 July 21 Oct
PIC PLUS -- 25 ns3 10 ns 35 ns
DAZITOL -- 5 55 5
Check 195 25 45 55 1 The threshold for economic damage for root-lesion nematode is 1,000/kg soil. (OMAFRA Factsheet 06-099)
2 Pre-treatment soil sample analysis on 8 May is an average and represents the entire plot before treatment.
3 “ns” indicates not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.
Table 3. Pin nematode (Paratylenchus sp.) counts for carrot plots treated with fumigants near Muck
Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Pin Nematodes/kg of Soil
1
8 May2 24 June 15 July 21 Oct
PIC PLUS -- 10 ns3 0 ns 9825 ns
DAZITOL -- 15 0 13990
Check 5 15 5 11690 1 The threshold for economic damage for pin nematode is 5,000/kg soil. (OMAFRA Factsheet 06-099)
2 Pre-treatment soil sample analysis on 8 May is an average and represents the entire plot before treatment.
3 “ns” indicates not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.
Table 4. Stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus sp.) counts for carrot plots treated with fumigants near Muck
Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Stunt Nematodes/kg of Soil
1
8 May2 24 June 15 July 21 Oct
PIC PLUS -- 30 ns3 50 b
4 0 ns
DAZITOL -- 0 5 a 0
Check 0 55 35 b 0 1 The threshold for economic damage for stunt nematode has not been established. (OMAFRA Factsheet 06-099)
2 Pre-treatment soil sample analysis on 8 May is an average and represents the entire plot before treatment.
3 “ns” indicates not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.
Table 5. Cyst nematode (Heterodera sp.) counts for carrot plots treated with fumigants near Muck Crops
Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Cyst Nematodes/kg of Soil
1
8 May2 24 June 15 July 21 Oct
PIC PLUS -- 0 ns3 0 ns 75 ns
DAZITOL -- 0 0 765
Check 0 0 0 525 1 The threshold for economic damage for cyst nematode is 2,000/kg soil (OMAFRA Factsheet 06-099)
2 Pre-treatment soil sample analysis on 8 May is an average and represents the entire plot before treatment.
3 “ns” indicates not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.
Table 6. Total nematode counts for carrot plots treated with fumigants near Muck Crops Research
Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Total Nematodes/kg of Soil
8 May2 24 June 15 July 21 Oct
PIC PLUS -- 75 ns3 60 ns 9935 ns
DAZITOL -- 20 60 14760
Check 200 95 90 12270 1 Pre-treatment soil sample analysis on 8 May is an average and represents the entire plot before treatment.
2 “ns” indicates not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.
Funding for this project was provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.
CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.)
PEST: Cavity spot (Pythium intermedium de Bary, Pythium irregulare Buisman, Pythium
sulcatum Pratt & Mitchell, Pythium sylvaticum W.A. Campbell & J.W. Hendrix, Pythium
ultimum Trow and Pythium violae Chesters & C.J. Hickman)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VANDER KOOI K
1 & SIMON P
2
1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
2USDA/ARS, Horticulture Dept., University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
TITLE: EVALUATION OF CARROT BREEDING LINES FOR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO
CAVITY SPOT, 2013
MATERIALS: USDA experimental carrot breeding lines, commercial cultivars Cellobunch and Envy
(Seminis Vegetable Seeds), and Atomic Red (Johnny’s Select Seeds)
METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil (pH ≈ 5.8- 6.5, organic matter ≈ 60-78%) naturally
infested with Pythium spp. at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Carrots were
direct seeded (≈75-80 seeds/m) onto raised beds using a push V-belt seeder on 12 and 13 June. A
randomized complete block design with three replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit
consisted of one row, 5 m in length, spaced 66 cm apart. On 28 October 50 carrots in each replicate were
harvested, placed into cold storage, and assessed for cavity spot on 11 and 12 December. Carrots were
washed in a small drum washer, visually examined for cavity spot lesions, and sorted into classes based
on the size of the largest lesion (measured as horizontal length). The six classes were: no disease, very
light (< 1 mm), light (1-2 mm), medium (3-5 mm), heavy (6-10 mm), and very heavy (> 10 mm). The
disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:
DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)]
x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1)
For comparison, cavity spot incidence and severity for commercial carrot cultivars Cellobunch, Envy and
Atomic Red from a similar, separate and adjacent trial were used for comparison. Compared to the
previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July (21.3°C),
August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for October (10.5°C). The 10 year average
temperatures were: June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C, September 15.5°C and October 9.1°C.
Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm),
September (83 mm) and October (92 mm). The 10 year rainfall averages were: June 71 mm, July 82 mm,
August 73 mm, September 77 mm and October 60 mm. All data were analyzed using the General
Analysis of Variance function of Statistics V.l0. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected
LSD test with P = 0.05 level of significance. Data for commercial cultivars and breeding lines were
analyzed separately.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 & 2
CONCLUSIONS: Susceptibility to cavity spot varied greatly among the lines with incidence ranging
from 0.7 % to 97%. Cavity spot incidence for lines 6139B, 6244B, 7262B and 3497B was significantly
less than 31 of the 39 lines screened (Table 1). Disease severity was widely varied and significantly
different among the breeding lines screened (Table 1). Cavity spot severity for lines 6139B, 6244B and
7262B were significantly lower than 32 of the 39 lines screened.
Cavity spot incidence for lines 6139B, 6244B, 7262B, 3497B, 1131B and 5367B (0.7 to 24%) compared
favorably to that of the commercial cultivar Cellobunch (25%) (Table 2).
Table 1. Cavity spot incidence and severity index (DSI) for carrot breeding lines from University of
Wisconsin grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013. Pedigree Cavity Spot Incidence (%) DSI
1
6139B 0.7 a 2
0.3 a
6244B 1.1 a 0.9 a
7262B 2.2 ab 1.0 a
3497B 8.6 abc 7.2 ab
1131B 22.6 bcd 11.0 abc
5367B 23.9 cd 9.8 ab
2226B 29.5 cde 14.9 abcd
7003B 35.2 def 19.3 bcde
9253B 42.5 defg 24.8 bcdef
7322B 46.4 efgh 27.5 def
1138B 48.1 efgh 25.3 cdef
2144B 48.5 efgh 26.4 def
6526B 52.0 efghi 26.5 def
HCM 52.2 efghi 26.0 cdef
FN2-9 x 2302B 53.0 efghi 25.8 cdef
9296B 54.8 fghij 30.7 defg
7808B 56.6 ghij 29.6 defg
1137B 59.6 ghijk 33.5 efgh
3999B 62.4 ghijkl 39.4 fghijk
8503B 63.1 ghijkl 35.5 fghi
9324B 66.8 hijklm 36.4 fghij
8201B 71.5 ijklmn 39.8 fghijk
2387B 75.9 jklmno 48.0 hijklm
8531B 78.6 klmno 43.5 ghijkl
7254B 78.6 klmno 48.6 hijklm
9785B 79.1 klmno 47.3 hijklm
9322B 80.0 klmno 49.5 ijklm
4001B 81.3 lmno 51.2 jklm
5238B 81.6 lmno 47.9 hijklm
2254B 82.0 lmno 51.9 klmn
4002B 83.4 lmno 58.6 lmno
8502B 84.9 mno 39.0 fghijk
Western Red 85.5 mno 58.5 lmno
D.c. Z021 86.3 mno 52.5 klmn
2205B 86.5 mno 66.7 no
6333B 89.6 no 57.8 lmno
9304B 92.1 no 60.0 mno
8524B 94.0 o 61.5 mno
5494B 96.6 o 68.7 o 1 Disease Severity Index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:
DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)]
x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1)
2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD
Test.
Table 2. Cavity spot incidence and severity index (DSI) for carrots, cv. Cellobunch, Envy and Atomic
Red grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Cultivar Cavity Spot Incidence (%) DSI
Cellobunch 25.3 a 11.3 a
Envy 32.5 a 16.2 a
Atomic Red 67.3 b 38.1 b 1 Disease Severity Index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:
DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)]
x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1)
2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD
Test.
Funding was provided by the California Fresh Carrot Advisory Board.
CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.)
PEST: Cavity spot (Pythium intermedium de Bary, Pythium irregulare Buisman, Pythium
sulcatum Pratt & Mitchell, Pythium sylvaticum W.A. Campbell & J.W. Hendrix, Pythium
ultimum Trow and Pythium violae Chesters & C.J. Hickman)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF COLOURED CARROTS FOR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO
CAVITY SPOT, 2013
MATERIALS: carrot breeding lines from the University of Wisconsin; Deep Purple from Bejo Seeds
Inc.; White Satin, Yellowstone and Purple Haze from Seedway; Cellobunch, and Envy from Seminis
Vegetable Seeds; Atomic Red from Johnny’s Selected Seeds
METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil (pH ≈ 6.8, organic matter ≈ 64.8%) naturally
infested with Pythium spp. at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized
complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Carrots were direct seeded (≈67
seeds/m) on raised beds using a push V-belt seeder on 3 June. Each experimental unit consisted a twin
row (1 hill), 6 m in length, spaced 66 cm apart. On 19 August, where plant stand numbers permitted 25
carrots was removed, placed in storage and assessed for cavity spot on 22 August. On 22 and 23 October,
50 carrots in each replicate were harvested, placed into cold storage, and assessed for cavity spot on 5 and
6 December. At both assessments carrots were washed in a small drum washer, visually examined for
cavity spot lesions, and sorted into classes based on the size of the largest lesion (measured as horizontal
length). The six classes were: no disease, very light (< 1 mm), light (1-2 mm), medium (3-5 mm), heavy
(6-10 mm), and very heavy (> 10 mm). The disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the
following equation:
DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)]
x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1)
Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July
(21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C) and October
(10.5°C). The 10 year average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C,
September 15.5°C and October 9.1°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113
mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm), September (83 mm) and October (92 mm). The 10
year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm, September 77 mm
and October 60 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear
Models section of Statistics V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test with P
=0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: On both assessment dates, sample size varied among cultivars. Because of low plant
stands, the 25 carrot samples were not pulled for the 25 August assessment in most cultivars. Significant
differences in the incidence and severity of cavity spot were found among the cultivars on 24 October
(Table 1). Purple 214-1, Deep Purple and Purple Haze had a significantly lower cavity spot incidence than
all other cultivars except Purple Orange 815-1 and Purple Yellow 210-1.
Consistent with 2012, purple cavity spot susceptible breeding line 665-1 had a much higher incidence of
cavity spot (68.5%) than other purple cultivars (0-1.8%). Pigment may not be directly involved in cavity
spot resistance.
Table 1. Incidence and severity (DSI) of cavity spot in coloured carrots grown at the Muck Crops
Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Cultivar Color Disease Incidence (%) DSI
1
16 Aug 24 Oct 16 Aug 24 Oct
Dark Purple 214-1 Purple --- 0.0 a3 --- 0.0 a
Deep Purple Purple 1.5 ns2 0.0 a 2.9 ns 0.0 a
Purple Haze Purple 0.75 1.8 a 1.2 1.1 ab
Purple Orange 815-1 Purple --- 16.0 ab --- 8.8 abc
Purple Yellow 210-1 Purple --- 16.0 ab --- 4.9 ab
Cellobunch Orange 0.5 25.3 bc 1.0 11.2 a-d
Yellowstone Yellow 3.3 26.4 bc 3.7 13.0 a-d
Red 209-2 Red --- 28.0 bc --- 13.0 a-d
Envy Orange 0.75 32.5 bcd 1.2 16.1 a-e
Red 213-1 Red --- 33.3 bcd --- 23.7 b-f
Yellow 032-1 Yellow --- 42.5 def --- 25.7 b-g
Orange Embrapa Orange --- 43.7 def --- 25.6 b-f
White Satin White --- 49.9 def --- 23.4 b-f
Orange 1255039 Orange --- 50.7 def --- 28.1 c-g
Yellow 215-2 Yellow --- 52.7 ef --- 25.5 b-f
Dk Orange 034-1 Orange --- 53.0 ef --- 32.5 d-g
Orange 1255006 Orange --- 59.6 efg --- 32.1 d-g
Atomic red Red --- 67.2 fgh --- 38.0 efg
Purple 665-1 Susceptible Purple --- 68.5 fgh --- 33.0 d-g
PY020 Yellow --- 74.6 gh --- 42.9 fg
Red 221-1 Red --- 80.0 h --- 48.5 g 1 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:
DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)]
x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1)
2 ns= not significantly different, P= 0.05 Fishers Protected LSD Test.
3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD
Test.
Funding for this project was provided by the Plant Production Systems of the Ontario Ministry of
Agriculture and Food and Ministry of Rural Affairs and the University of Guelph partnership.
CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) cv. Cellobunch
PEST: Pythium root die back (Pythium intermedium de Bary, Pythium irregulare Buisman,
Pythium sulcatum Pratt & Mitchell, Pythium sylvaticum W.A. Campbell & J.W. Hendrix,
Pythium dissotocum Drechsler, Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp.)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICALS AND FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF
PYTHIUM ROOT DIE BACK ON CARROTS, 2013
MATERIALS: Bacteria A – B7, Bacteria B – FB, Liquid Compost, copper phosphanate, REASON 500
SC (fenamidone 44%), RANMAN 400 SC (cyazofamid 34.5%), SERENADE SOIL (QST 713 strain of
dried Bacillus subtilis, 1x109 CFU/g)
METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil (pH ≈ 6.8, organic matter ≈ 64.8%) naturally
infested with Pythium spp. in a commercial field near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh,
Ontario. A randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Carrots were
direct seeded (≈70 seeds/m) on raised beds using a commercial carrot seeder on 30 May. Each
experimental unit consisted of three rows, 15 m in length, spaced 66 cm apart.
Treatments were BACTERIA A, BACTERIA B, LIQUID COMPOST, COPPER PHOSPHANATE,
REASON at 600 mL/ha, RANMAN 400 SC at 440 mL/ha and SERENADE SOIL at 125 mL/100 m of
row.
Treatments were applied in the seed furrow at seeding; products were applied directly over the seed. All
treatments were applied at the equivalent rate of 600 L/ha. An untreated check was also included. Plants
were counted and assessed in two meters of row on 19 and 27 June. On 16 July and 26 August 25 carrots
in a row were harvested to determine carrot losses from Pythium.
On 5 November, a carrot sample from one 1.5 m section of row were harvested from each treatment and
placed into cold storage. On 18 November, carrots were assessed and weighed for forking and stunting
symptoms. All data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models
section of Statistics V.10. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test with P =0.05
level of significance.
Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July
(21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for October (10.5°C). The 10 year
average temperatures were: June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C, September 15.5°C and October
9.1°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87
mm), September (83 mm) and October (92 mm). The 10 year rainfall averages were: June 71 mm, July 82
mm, August 73 mm, September 77 mm and October 60 mm.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 & 2
CONCLUSIONS: The location for the trial was a commercial carrot field with a previous history of
pythium damage to carrots. However, pythium was not evenly distributed in the field. No significant
differences in pythium root die back incidence nor in yield were found among the treatments (Tables 1 &
2). Numerically, Bacteria B had the highest yield and a low percentage of stunted roots.
Improved application methods, including even higher volumes of water, may be needed to increase the
efficacy of any of the treatments.
Table 1. Pythium root die back incidence in carrots, cv. Cellobunch, treated with various biological
products and fungicides grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate/ha Disease Incidence (%)
19 June 27 June 16 July 26 August
BACTERIA A 2.2 ns1 5.3 ns 29.3 ns 50.7 ns
LIQUID COMPOST 2.1 3.2 36.2 51.0
RANMAN 400 SC 0.44 L/ha 2.1 1.4 33 .5 36.0
BACTERIA B 1.8 2.6 26.6 52.8
Check -- 1.5 2.5 26.2 34.7
SERENADE SOIL 376 mL/ha 1.2 2.1 34.4 41.1
REASON 0.6 L/ha 0.9 3.6 44.6 50.0
COPPER
PHOSPHANATE 0.2 1.4 20.0 45.5
1 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Table 2. Yield data for carrots, cv. Cellobunch, treated with various biological products and fungicides
grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate/ha Yield (t/ha) Healthy
Roots (%)
Stunted
Roots (%)
Forked Roots
(%)
BACTERIA B 97.7 ns1 69.8 ns 7.9 ns 22.3 ns
BACTERIA A 77.5 57.7 23.9 18.4
LIQUID COMPOST 68.9 45.3 26.1 28.5
SERENADE SOIL 376 mL/ha 62.8 55. 2 11.7 33.2
RANMAN 400 SC 0.44 L/ha 59.5 45.4 23.4 31.1
REASON 0.6 L/ha 58.2 57.0 7.8 35.2
COPPER
PHOSPHANATE 57.4 54.5 22.7 22.8
Check -- 82.9 65.7 15.6 18.7 1 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Funding for this project was provided by an NSERC Engage grant and by A & L Biologicals.
CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.), cv. Belgrado
PESTS: Alternaria leaf blight (Alternaria dauci (Kühn) Groves & Skolko)
Cercospora leaf blight (Cercospora carotae (Pass.) Solheim))
Aster yellows (mycoplasma-like organism)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF FOOD GRADE OIL FOR CONTROL OF PESTS OF
CARROTS, 2013
MATERIALS: experimental products A, B, C, D, E (experimental), LANCE (boscalid 70%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil (pH ≈ 6.3, organic matter ≈ 73.7) at the Muck
Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Carrots, cv. Belgrado, were direct seeded (82 seeds/m)
into raised beds using a Stanhay Precision Seeder on 3 June. A randomized complete block design with
four replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of four rows, 86 cm apart, and 6
m in length. Treatments and rates were as shown in Table 1. Foliar treatments were applied on 6, 20, 27
August, 4 & 18 September using a tractor mounted sprayer fitted with AI TeeJet Air Induction Even Fat
spray tips (AI9503 EVS) at 825 kPa calibrated to deliver 500 L/ha. The drench application was applied on
8 August using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with a single TeeJet 8004 fan nozzle calibrated to
deliver 2,000 L/ha directed over the foliage in both of the two inside rows. On 26 September all the leaves
were removed from ten carrots per replicate and rated for leaf blight, not differentiating between
Alternaria and Cercospora, on a 0 – 5 scale where 0 = no disease, 1 = <10% disease, 2 = 11-25%, 3 = 26-
50%, 4 = 51-75%, and5 = >75% leaf blight per leaf. The scale was used to determine the disease severity
index (DSI) using the formula below.
DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of leaves in each class)]
x 100 (total no. leaves per sample)(no. classes -1)
On 11 October the number of dead leaves per plant on ten randomly chosen carrots per replicate and the
number of carrots infected with aster yellow per plot were counted and recorded. On 29 October carrots in
two 1.16 m sections of row were pulled, topped and placed in cold storage for a yield sample. On 22
November yield samples were graded by quality and size into four categories: > 4.4 cm, 1.9 -4.4 cm, and
culls < 1.9 cm and fork, split, and rot. Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in
2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July (21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above
average for October (10.5°C). The 10 year average temperatures were: June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August
19.6°C, September 15.5°C and October 9.1°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for June
(94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm), September (83 mm) and October (92 mm). The 10 year
rainfall averages were: June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm, September 77 mm and October 60 mm.
Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance with Statistix V.10. Means separation was
obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD Test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION: Significant differences in leaf blight incidence and severity and dead
leaves per plant were found among treatments. Carrots sprayed with products A + B followed by LANCE
or A + B at the double rate or LANCE alone had significantly less leaf blight and lower severity than the
untreated check (Table 2).
Significant differences in the number of aster yellows infections were found among the treatments.
Carrots that received foliar sprays with any rate of A + B, A + B + C, or LANCE had significantly fewer
aster yellows infections than the drench application of A + B, A + E, or A + D and the untreated check
(Table 3). Aster yellows is a mycoplasma-like organism transmitted to the plant by several species of
leafhoppers. The foliar sprays which reduced the incidence of aster yellows may be effective because they
reduce the numbers of leafhoppers which in turn reduces the transmission of the mycoplasma in carrots.
Significant differences in the percent jumbo carrots were found among the treatments. Carrots sprayed
with LANCE or A + D had significantly more carrots greater than 4.4 cm compared to carrots sprayed
with the A + B combined at the standard and the double rates. There were no significant differences in
yield, percent culls or medium carrots among the treatments (Table 4).
It was noted that Product B stained all spray equipment as well as the carrot foliage with a dark blue-
green pigment. This staining would be undesirable for fresh carrots marketed with tops intact. Product A
did not emulsify when mixed with water for a spray solution and rapidly separated into a two layers and
had to be constantly agitated to prevent separation.
CONCLUSIONS: Foliar applications of products A at 50 L/ha+ B at 3.12 L/ha (the double rate) were as
effective as LANCE (the commercial standard) at reducing the incidence and severity of carrot leaf blight.
Substituting Product E for Product B in combination with Product A, A + B at the standard or half rate,
adding Product C to A + B, and a single drench application of A + B did not lower the incidence of carrot
leaf blight compared to the untreated check.
High, standard and low rates of Products A & B in combination, LANCE alone and combined with A + B
were effective in lowering the incidence of aster yellows (1. 3 to 8.5 infections/plot) compared A + E, A +
D, and a single drench application of A + B and the untreated check (14 to 19 infections/plot) (Table 3).
Table 1. Rates of products for spray program for the control of leaf blight in carrots, cv. Belgrado, grown
at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
# Ap’n
Type1
1st Appl’n Rates (per ha) 2
nd,3
rd Appl’n (per ha) 4
th 5
th Appl’n (per ha)
1
1 check -- --
2 F LANCE at 315 g LANCE at 315 g LANCE at 315 g
3 F A 25 L+B at 1.56 L A 25 L+B 1.56 L+LANCE
315 g
A 25 L+B 1.56 L+LANCE
315 g
4 SD A 100 L+B 6.25 -- --
5 F A 25 L+B 1.56 L A 25 L+B 1.56 L A 25 L+B 1.56 L
6 F A 25 L+B 1.56 L + C 4.0
L A 25 L+B 1.56 L + C 4.0 L A 25 L+B 1.56 L + C 4.0 L
7 F A 25 L+D 1.16 L A 25 L+D 1.16 L A 25 L+D 53 g
8 F A 25 L+E 1.56 L A 25 L+E 1.56 L A 25 L+E 4.0 L
9 F A 12 L+B 0.78 L (½ rate) A 12 L+B 0.78 L (½ rate) A 12 L+B 0.78 L (½ rate)
10 F A 50 L+B 3.12 L (2x
rate) A 50 L+B 3.12 L (2x rate) A 50 L+B 3.12 L (2x rate)
1F = foliar, SD = soil drench
2 The formulation of products D and E and therefore the rates were changed for the 4
th and 5
th applications.
Table 2. Leaf blight incidence and severity for carrots, cv. Belgrado, treated with experimental products
and grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Trt #1 Treatment Rate (L/ha)
Leaf Blight
Incidence (%)2
DSI2,3
Dead
Leaves/plant4
3 A + B, (LANCE) 25 + 1.56 + (315 g) 74.2 a5 24.8 a 4.6 ab
10 A + B double rate 50 + 3.12 81.3 ab 35.4 bc 5.8 cd
2 LANCE 315 g 84.2 abc 30.7 ab 3.5 a
6 A + B + C 25 + 1.56 + 4.0 87.9 bcd 39.6 bcd 4.3 ab
7 A + D 25 +1.16 88.2 bcd 44.9 cd 5.2 bc
4 A + B Drench 100 + 6.25 88.8 bcd 42.4 cd 6.8 d
5 A + B (std rate) 25 + 1.56 89.9 bcd 35.9 bc 5.0 bc
8 A + E 25+1.56 93.1 cd 41.4 cd 6.1 cd
9 A + B half rate 12 + 0.78 94.3 cd 42.6 cd 5.9 cd
1 Check -- 96.6 d 47.6 d 6.3 d 1 Treatment # corresponds to the spray program listed in Table 1.
2 Assessed on 26 September.
3 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:
DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of leaves in each class)]
x 100 (total no. leaves per sample)(no. classes -1)
4 Assessed on 11 October.
5 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P =0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD
test.
Table 3. Aster yellows incidence for carrots, cv. Belgrado, treated with experimental products and grown
at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Trt
# Treatment Rate (L/ha)
Aster Yellow
Infections/Plot2
10 A + B double rate 50 + 3.12 1.3 a1
6 A + B + C 25 + 1.56+ 4.0 1.8 a
5 A + B (std rate) 25 + 1.56 1.8 a
3 A + B, (LANCE) 25 + 1.56 + (315 g) 2.8 a
2 LANCE 315 g 5.0 ab
9 A + B half rate 12 + 0.78 8.5 b
8 A + E 25+1.56 14.3 c
4 A + B drench 100 + 6.25 14.5 c
7 A + D 25 +1.16 15.8 c
1 Check -- 19.0 c 1 Assessed on 11 October.
2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P =0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD
test.
Table 4. Yield and size distribution of carrots, cv. Belgrado, treated with experimental products and
grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Trt
#1
Treatments Rate (L/ha) Yield
(t/ha) % Cull
2,3
% Medium2
(2.0-4.4 cm)
% Jumbo2
(>4.4 cm)
2 LANCE 315 g 88.0 ns4 8.6 ns 18.4 ns 73.0 a
5
8 A + E 25+1.56 79.9 5.9 40.2 53.9 bcd
9 A + B 1/2 rate 12 + 0.78 73.0 14.0 24.9 61.2 abc
3 A + B, (LANCE) 25 + 1.56 + (315 g) 71.2 17.6 20.9 61.6 abc
1 Check -- 67.3 15.0 29.4 55.6 bcd3
5 A + B (std rate) 25 + 1.56 65.9 16.1 32.4 51.5 cd
6 A + B + C 25 + 1.56+ 4.0 63.7 11.1 35.0 53.9 bcd
4 A + B drench 100 + 6.25 63.0 10.9 28.7 60.4 abc
7 A + D 25 +1.16 62.3 8.7 23.8 67.6 ab
10 A + B 2x rate 50 + 3.12 58.6 9.7 46.0 44.3 d 1
Treatment # corresponds to the spray program listed in Table 1. 2 Percent by weight.
3 Culls include splits, forked, rot, and carrots with diameter < 2.0 cm.
4 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments, P = 0.05.
5 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected
LSD test.
Funding for this project was provided by an NSERC Engage grant with the support of Petro-
Canada Lubricants Inc. A Suncor Energy Company.
CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus L.), cv. Cellobunch
PEST: Green Pigweed (Amaranthus powellii)
AUTHORS: SWANTON CJ & SMITH P
Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph
TITLE: EVALUATION OF SELECTED HERBICIDES FOR CROP TOLERANCE IN
CARROTS, 2013
MATERIALS: LOROX-L (linuron 480 g/L), NORTRON (ethofumesate 480 g/L), DUAL II
MAGNUM (S-metolachlor/benoxacor 915 g/L), PYROXASULFONE (experimental 85%), Eptam
(EPTC 800 g/L)
METHODS: On June 5, 2013 carrots, cv. Cellobunch, were direct seeded into organic soil (pH ≈ 6.3,
organic matter ≈ 74.7%) at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Treatments were
as shown in Table 1. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Each
experimental unit consisted of two raised beds consisting of three rows each, spaced 86 cm apart, 6 m in
length. A blanket application of linuron at 1 L/ha + Assist adjuvant at L/ha was applied across all plots on
July 2, 2013 and July 10, 2013. Plots were maintained weed free for the remainder of the season by hand
weeding. Visual crop injury assessments were performed on the whole plot. One randomly chosen 1.17 m
section of one raised bed was harvested for yield in each experimental unit on October 30, 2013. Carrots
were graded into marketable and non-marketable groupings based on size (2.54 cm diameter) and visual
abnormalities (splitting and forking). Data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance function of
Agricultural Research Manager (ARM) version 9.1.5. Means separation was obtained by using Duncan’s
New MRT Test at P = 0.05 level of significance. Treatments were applied as follows: Eptam – preplant
incorporated to a depth of 3 cm (June 5, 2013), Nortron and Dual II Magnum – preemergence (June 5,
2013), pyroxasulfone – 3 leaf carrot (July 11, 2013).
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: Minor crop injury was observed with Eptam, Nortron and Dual II Magnum at the first
evaluation date (approximately 13 days after emergence of the carrot crop) however injury was slight and
did not differ significantly from the untreated check. No visual crop injury was observed at all remaining
evaluation dates. Significant mid season visual crop injury was observed with pyroxasulfone at both the
125 and 250 g ai/ha rate however by 25 days after application of this treatment no injury was observed.
Carrot yield did not differ among the treatments in this trial and the check (standard) treatment of linuron.
Table 1. Herbicide treatment list for carrots, cv. Cellobunch, grown at Muck Crops Research Station,
Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate
(g ai/ha)
Visual injury (%) Yield (t/ha) Oct 30
July 11 July 21 July 29 August 8 Marketable Non
marketable
Untreated check 02
0 b1
0 b1
0 92 ns2
21 a1
Eptam 3400 6 0 b 0 b 0 107 10 b
Nortron SC 3960 3 0 b 0 b 0 100 18 a
Dual II Magnum 1372 4 0 b 0 b 0 104 19 a
Pyroxasulfone 125 15 a 5 a 0 94 8 b
Pyroxasulfone 250 15 a 6 a 0 84 11 b 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Duncan’s New MRT Test.
2 ns = not significantly different, P = 0.05 Duncan’s New MRT Test.
CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus L.), cv. Cellobunch
PEST: Green Pigweed (Amaranthus powellii)
AUTHORS: SWANTON CJ & SMITH P
Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph
TITLE: EVALUATION OF SELECTED POST EMERGENCE HERBICIDES FOR CROP
TOLERANCE IN CARROTS, 2013
MATERIALS: LOROX-L (linuron 480 g/L), GOAL 2XL (oxyfluorfen 240 g/L), REFLEX (fomesafen
240 g/L), fluthiacet-methyl(85%) experimental, BLAZER (aciflurofen 240 g/L), ULTRA BLAZER
(aciflurofen 240 g/L)
METHODS: On June 5, 2013 carrots were cv. Cellobunch, were direct seeded into organic soil (pH ≈
6.3, organic matter ≈ 74.7%) at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Treatments
were as shown in Table 1. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design.
Each experimental unit consisted of two raised beds consisting of three rows each, spaced 86 cm apart, 6
m in length. A blanket application linuron at L/ha + Assist adjuvant at L/ha was applied across all plots
on July 2, 2013 and July 10, 2013. Plots were maintained weed free for the remainder of the season by
hand weeding. Visual crop injury assessments were performed on the whole plot. One randomly chosen
1.17 m section of one raised bed was harvested for yield in each experimental unit on October 30, 2013.
Carrots were graded into marketable and non marketable groupings based on size (2.54 cm diameter) and
visual abnormalities (splitting and forking). Data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance function
of Agricultural Research Manager (ARM) version 9.1.5. Means separation was obtained by using
Duncan’s New MRT Test at P = 0.05 level of significance. Treatments were applied as a split application:
the first application was made on July 11, 2013 when the carrots were at the 3 leaf stage. The second
application was applied on July 21, 2013 when the carrots were at the 4-5 leaf stage.
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: Significant crop injury was observed on July 21 (just prior to the second application)
with Goal (15.8%) and Reflex (10.0%) as compared to the untreated check and the remaining treatments
(fluthiacet-methyl (2.5%), Blazer (4.5%) and Ultra Blazer (2.0%)). Crop tolerance at 8 days after
treatment (DAT) of the second application (B) was significantly higher with Goal (29.8%) as compared to
Reflex (17.4%). Similar results were observed at 15 DAT-B where Goal (11.6%) and Reflex (4.8%)
injured the crop significantly more than the remaining treatments and the untreated check. No significant
crop injury was observed, at any rating date, with fluthiacet-methyl, Blazer and Ultra Blazer when
compared to the untreated check in this trial. No significant differences in marketable or non marketable
carrot yields were observed between all treatments and the check treatment in this trial.
Table 1. Herbicide treatment list for carrots, cv. Cellobunch, grown at Muck Crops Research Station,
Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate
(g ai/ha)
Visual injury (%) Yield (t/ha) Oct 30
Jul 21 Jul 29 Aug 5 Aug 27 Marketable Non marketable
Untreated check -- 0 c1
0 d1
0 c1
0 ns2
95 ns2
12 ns2
Goal 2XL 120 + 120 15 a 30 a 12 a 0 88 7
Reflex 10 + 10 10 b 17 b 5 b 0 83 12
Fluthiacet-methyl 3.75 + 3.75 3 c 0 d 1 c 0 95 10
Blazer 37.5 + 37.5 5 c 2 cd 1 c 0 94 11
Ultra Blazer 37.5 + 37.5 2 c 3 c 1 c 0 92 9 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Duncan’s New MRT Test.
2 ns = not significantly different, P = 0.05 Duncan’s New MRT Test.
CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) cvs. Cellobunch, 2284, Bergen, Belgrado
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VANDER KOOI K,
1 KESSEL C
2 & NEMETH D
2
1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
2Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food & Ministry of Rural Affairs
TITLE: EVALUATION OF PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS ON ORGANIC (MUCK)
SOIL IN CARROTS, 2013
MATERIALS: mono ammonium phosphate (11% NH4, 52% P205, 1.5% SO4)
METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil at two sites near Muck Crops Research Station in
the Holland Marsh, Ontario. On 30 May fertilizer treatments were applied at both Site 1 (commercial),
(ppm organic matter ≈ 61.3%, pH ≈ 7.2, P ≈ 105 ppm) and Site 2 (organic matter ≈ 60 %, pH ≈ 6.6, P ≈
72). Treatments were 100 kg P2O5/ha and an untreated check. At Site 1, a large scale plot with three
replicates was used. Each experimental unit measured 21 m in width, and ran the entire length of the field
(~ 525 m). At Site 2, a randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. At
Site 2 each replicate consisted of 4 rows (86 cm apart), 20 m in length. On 31 May (Site 1) carrots, cvs.
Cellobunch (Rep 2), 2284 (Rep 1), and Bergen (Rep 3) and (Site 2) carrots, cv. Belgrado, were direct
seeded using the Stanhay Precision Seeder. On 25 October (Site 1) and 8 October (Site 2) all carrots in
four separate sections of row were harvested from each plot. On 27 November (Sites 1 and 2) carrots
were graded for size and weighed, and put back into storage for a later assessment. In the week of 5-11
November (Site 1) bulk yield was taken from one row, the entire length of the field (~ 525 m) using a
commercial harvester. Bins of carrots were weighed to determine total yield. A storage sample was
prepared, weighed and placed in a Filacell storage. On 24 February, carrots were removed from storage
and weighed and assessed for quality. Soil samples were collected after harvest and sent to University of
Guelph Laboratory Services, Guelph, Ontario, for nutrient analysis. Compared to the previous 10 year
averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July (21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and
September (15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C) and October (10.5°C). The 10 year average
temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C, September 15.5°C and
October 9.1°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113 mm), June (94 mm), July
(104 mm), August (87 mm), September (83 mm) and October (92 mm). The 10 year rainfall averages
were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm, September 77 mm and October 60 mm.
Data were analyzed using Statistic V. 9, and a General Analysis of Variance for linear models was used.
Means were compared using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: At Site 1 significant differences were found in the total yield. At Site 2, no significant
differences were found. No significant differences were found in percent marketable of carrots at Site 1
(Table 1), or at Site 2 (Table 2). A bulk yield sample was also taken from Site 1 (Table 3) where results
were not significantly different. No significant differences in percent marketable carrots were found after
four months of storage. Damage caused by sclerotinia ranged from 11-15% for both treatments.
CONCLUSIONS: At sites 1 and 2, the yield of carrots treated with phosphorous were not significantly
different from the check. Phosphorus rates had no effect of the quality of carrots after storage.
Table 1. Small scale yield of commercial carrots, cvs. Cellobunch, 2284 and Bergen fertilized with and
without phosphorous fertilizer, grown near Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Site 1, 2013.
1 MAP is mono- ammonium phosphate = 100 kg P2O5
2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments.
3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fishers Protected LSD
test
Table 2. Yield for carrots, cv. Belgrado, fertilized with and without phosphorous fertilizer, grown near
Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Site 2, 2013.
1 MAP is mono- ammonium phosphate = 100 kg P2O5
2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Table 3. Large scale yield of commercial harvested carrots cvs. Cellobunch, 2284 and Bergen, fertilized
with and without phosphorus fertilizer, grown on a large plot near Muck Crops Research Station, Site 1,
Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
1 MAP is mono- ammonium phosphate = 100 kg P2O5
2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Treatment Rate
(kg/ha) % Marketable
Total Yield
(t/ha) bu/A % Culls % Medium % Jumbo
MAP1
192 84.9 ns2
74.0 a 3
1199.1 a 15.1 ns 18.6 ns 66.3 ns
Check 0 84.3 68.2 b 1104.2 b 15.7 20.6 63.4
Treatment Rate
(kg/ha) % Marketable
Total Yield
(t/ha) bu/A % Culls % Medium % Jumbo
MAP1
192 92.8 ns2
99.1 ns 1604.8 ns 10.2 ns 23.6 ns 66.2 ns
Check 0 89.8 97.3 1576.9 7.2 28.2 64.6
Treatment Rate
(kg/ha) t/ha bu/A
MAP1
192 97.5 ns2 1580 ns
Check 0 88.9 1441
Table 4. Pre-plant and post-harvest phosphorus (P) content of soil samples taken from carrot fields
fertilized with various rates of phosphorus fertilizer, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, sites 1
and 2, Holland Marsh, Ontario 2013.
Treatment Rate of P
(kg P2O5/ha)
Site 1 Site 2
Pre-plant P2
(ppm)
Post-harvest P
(ppm)
Pre-plant P2
(ppm)
Post-harvest P
(ppm)
MAP 1 192 105 ns
3 44.3 ns 148 ns 97 ns
Check 0 --- --- 142 88 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate = 100 kg P2O5
2 Soil samples were collected from the entire site.
3 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Table 5: Quality assessment of carrots, cvs. Cellobunch, 2284 and Bergen fertilized with or without
phosphorous after storage for 4 months at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario 2013-
2014.
1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate= 100 kg P2O5
2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Table 6: Quality assessment of carrots, cv. Belgrado fertilized with or without phosphorous after storage
for 4 months at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario 2013-2014.
1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate= 100 kg P2O5
2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Funding provided by the Lake Simcoe Protection Plan through the Ministry of Environment and
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food and Ministry of Rural Affairs.
Treatment Rate of P
(kg P2O
5/ha)
Weight Loss
(%) Rot (%)
Marketable
(%)
MAP1 192 5.0 ns 12.5 87.0 ns
Check 0 3.8 13.0 86.54
Treatment Rate of P
(kg P2O
5/ha)
Weight Loss
(%) Disease (%)
Marketable
(%)
MAP1 192 3.5ns
1 16.7 ns 83.1 ns
Check 0 4.5 11.3 88.2
CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.), cvs. Nutri-Red, Atomic Red,
Red Canyon and Kyoto Red
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VANDER KOOI K
1 & BILAL A
2
1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
2 Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, Vineland Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF VARIOUS RED CARROT CULTIVARS GROWN ON
ORGANIC SOIL, 2013
INTRODUCTION: There is a growing interest in non-traditional vegetables, including coloured carrots,
in Ontario. In co-operation with the Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, an evaluation of four red
carrot cultivars was conducted to identify cultivars suitable for commercial production on organic soil in
the Holland Marsh.
MATERIALS: red carrot cultivars Nutri-Red (William Dam Seeds Ltd, Dundas, ON), Atomic Red
(Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds, Mansfield, MO), Red Canyon (Norseco Inc, Laval, QC) and Kyoto Red
(Kitazawa Seed Co., Oakland, CA)
METHODS: The trial was conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, in
organic soil (pH ≈ 7.3, organic matter ≈ 42%). Red carrots, cvs Red Canyon, Atomic Red, Nutri-Red and
Kyoto Red, were direct seeded at ≈ 80 seeds/m, onto raised carrot hills using a push V-belt seeder on 5
June. Each experimental unit consisted of two hills, 66 cm apart, and 6 meters long. A randomized
complete block design was used. On 28 August, seed stalks present in two 6 meter rows were counted and
numbers recorded. On 8 October carrots in two, 1.5 m sections of row were pulled from each replicate
and placed in storage, then removed on 25 November, sorted into marketable and culls (split and forked),
weighed and counted to determine yield. Carrots were assessed for the following qualities: external colour
(0 to 5 where 0 = light pink and 5 = dark red), uniformity of colour (0 to 10 where 0 = least uniform and
10 = most uniform), smoothness (0 to 10 where 0 = roughest and 10 = smoothest) and prominence of
lateral root bases (0 to 3 where 0 = not raised, 3 = most prominent). Data were analyzed using the General
Analysis of Variance function section of Statistix V.10. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s
Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: Significant differences in external colour, uniformity of colour, smoothness, flower stalks
per plot and number of carrots per meter were found among the cultivars. Kyoto Red and Nutri-red were a
significantly darker red than Atomic Red and Red Canyon. Kyoto Red and Nutri-Red were more uniform
in colour than Red Canyon. Atomic Red, Nutri-Red and Kyoto Red were significantly smoother than Red
Canyon. Atomic Red and Nutri-Red had significantly fewer flower stalks than Red Canyon and Kyoto
Red and Red Canyon had significantly fewer flower stalks than Kyoto Red. Atomic Red, Red Canyon and
Nutri-Red had significantly more carrots per meter than Kyoto Red (Table 1).
No significant differences in lateral root base prominence were found among the cultivars (Table 1).
No significant differences in marketable yield, percent marketable and forked carrots were found among
cultivars. Cultivars Red Canyon and Atomic Red had fewer split carrots than Kyoto Red (Table 2).
CONCLUSIONS: Generally, yield of red cultivars was low (15 to 24 t/ha) compared to orange cultivars
which average 83 t/ha (Long Term Averages of Carrot Cultivar Trials, Muck Vegetable Cultivar Trial &
Research Report, 2012). The percentage of marketable carrots ranged from 70 to 85.8% and culls were
split and forked carrots. Red carrots can be grown in organic soil and have a potential market in Ontario
despite lower yields and a rougher root appearance compared to commercially grown orange carrots.
Continued research is needed to evaluate planting dates and seeding rates to maximize yield and quality
of red carrots.
Table 1. Quality evaluation for red carrots, cvs. Kyoto Red, Nutri-Red, Atomic Red, and Red Canyon,
grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Cultivar External
Colour1
Uniformity of
Colour2
Smoothness3
Lateral Root
Base
Prominence4
Flower
Stalks/12 m
Red Canyon 1.5 b5 3.8 b 3.3 b 1.5 ns
6 17.0 b
Atomic Red 1.5 b 5.3 ab 6.8 a 1.0 0.0 a
Nutri-Red 3.0 a 7.3 a 7.5 a 0.8 0.3 a
Kyoto Red 4.0 a 7.5 a 7.8 a 1.3 25.3 c 1 Rated on a scale of 0 to 5 where 0=very lt pink, 1=pink, 2=dk pink, 3=lt red/pink, 4=red 5=dk red.
2 Rated on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 = poor uniformity and 10 = most uniform.
3 Rated on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 = very rough and 10 = perfectly smooth.
4 Rated on a scale of 0-3 where 0 = not raised, 1 = slightly raised, 2 = medium bumps, 3 = very large bumps.
5 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher’s Protected
LSD Test. 6 ns indicates values are not significantly different from each other.
Table 2. Yield assessments for red carrots, cvs. Kyoto Red, Nutri-Red, Atomic Red, and Red Canyon,
grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Cultivar Mkb Yield
(t/ha) Plants/m
Distribution (%)1
Mkb Split Forked
Red Canyon 23.5 ns2 29.7 a
3 85.8 ns 3.7 a 11.1 ns
Atomic Red 24.0 30.5 a 83.1 7.1 ab 9.8
Nutri-Red 20.2 28.6 a 81.3 11.7 bc 7.1
Kyoto Red 15.2
11.9 b 70.1 14.4 c3 15.5
1 Percentages were calculated by weight.
2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected
LSD Test. 3 ns indicates values are not significantly different from each other.
Funding for this project was provided by Plant Production Systems of the Ontario Ministry of
Agriculture and Food and Ministry of Rural Affairs and the University of Guelph partnership.
CROP: Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata), cv. Adaptor
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF BIOCHAR SOIL AMENDMENT ON CABBAGE YIELD AND
QUALITY, 2013
MATERIALS: Biochar, composted duck manure, ammonium nitrate (34 % NH4NO3), mono
ammonium phosphate (52 % NH4H2PO4), potassium sulphate (50% K2SO4)
METHODS: The trial was conducted at two sites, an organic (organic matter ≈ 59.9%, pH ≈ 7.3) and a
mineral (organic matter ≈ 1.8%, pH ≈ 7.1) soil location near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland
Marsh, Ontario. Green cabbage, cv. Adaptor, was seeded on 7 May into 128-cell plug trays, placed on ebb
and flow benches and grown in a greenhouse. A randomized complete block arrangement with four
replications was used. Each replicate consisted of 4 rows, 46 cm apart, 8 m long with 45 cm in-row
spacing.
There were six treatments consisting of an untreated check, two rates of a 1:1 Biochar/composted duck
manure blend (½ and ⅛ lb dry Biochar per sq ft), ¼ lb per sq ft composted duck manure (dry), standard
rate of N-P-K and standard of N-P-K fertilizer +½ lb per sq ft rate of Biochar/compost. Nutrient content
of the composted duck manure and the Biochar/compost manure blend can be found in Table 1. On 2
July, Biochar, compost and granular fertilizer was spread by hand and cultivated 15 cm into the soil using
a cultivator. On 4 July plants were hand-transplanted into plots at both locations. The side dress of 30 and
40 kg/ha N at the muck and mineral sites, respectively, was applied on 9 August. On 6 (mineral) and 9
August (organic) readings were taken using a SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter (Minolta Co. Ltd, Japan) on
10 plants per replicate to record chlorophyll levels. On 4 (mineral) and 6 November (organic), 20 heads
per replicate were cut, sorted into marketable and unmarketable based on head size and weighed for a
yield assessment.
Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July
(21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for October (10.5°C). The 10 year
average temperatures were: June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C, September 15.5°C and October
9.1°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87
mm), September (83 mm) and October (92 mm). The 10 year rainfall averages were: June 71 mm, July 82
mm, August 73 mm, September 77 mm and October 60 mm.
Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of
Statistix V.10. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher’s Protected LSD Test at P = 0.05 level of
significance.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION: Visual differences were observed among the treatments at both sites. All Biochar treatments grew slowly
and appeared nutrient deficient soon after transplanting. SPAD meters measure the relative ‘greenness’
of the leaves and provides an indication of the nitrogen status of the plant. SPAD readings were
significantly higher in the N-P-K fertilized treatments compared to the Biochar treatments at the mineral
soil site (Table 3). No significant differences were found among treatments on muck soil (Table 3). Data
was combined for SPAD analysis since no interaction was found between sites. The combined analysis
showed significantly higher SPAD reading in treatments containing N-P-K. The application of the
Biochar did not affect SPAD readings compared to the untreated check.
Significant difference percent marketable, marketable yield and weight per head was found. Treatments
with standard N-P- K fertilizer rates had the highest percentage of marketable cabbage than all treatments
on mineral soil (Table 4). On muck soil, the Biochar and compost treatments had similar marketable
heads to the check. The N-P-K treatments had significantly larger weight per head compared all other
treatments on mineral soil (Table 4).On muck soil results were variable, the compost treatment had the
lowest weight per head of any treatment and was not significantly different from the Biochar at ½ lb and
1/8 lb rate. Biochar + N-P-K had significantly higher marketable yield than all other treatments on
mineral soil (Table 4). On mineral soil the standard N-P-K treatment was also significantly higher than
the check, compost and the ½ lb and 1/8 lb Biochar treatments. On muck soil the N-P-K treatments had
significantly higher marketable yield than all other treatments. The ½ lb Biochar rate had similar yields to
the check on muck soil (Table 4).
On mineral soil, ammonium-N (NH4+) levels at harvest were not significantly different in any Biochar
treatment compared to the check (Table 5). Soil magnesium and zinc concentrations were significantly
higher in the ½ lb Biochar treatment compared to the check (Table 7).
On muck soil, nitrate-N (NO3-) levels at harvest were significantly higher in the check than in both the
Biochar treatments. Soil zinc concentrations were significantly higher in the ½ lb Biochar treatment
compared to the check (Table 8).
CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the application of Biochar + N-P-K on mineral soil had the highest
marketable yield of any treatment. The addition of Biochar and compost increased the soil nutrient
concentrations of several elements. In general, phosphorus and potassium concentrations were high in the
post trial soil analysis and were within or above the recommended levels. Other studies have found that
the benefit of Biochar is evident in subsequent years following application. This trial will continue in
2014.
Table 1. Nutrient analysis of composted duck manure, a Biochar/compost blend and soil from the field
sites before applications, Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Material Bulk density
(g/cm3)
CEC
(cmol+/kg) OM (%)
Nitrate-N
(mg/kg)
P
(mg/L)
Mg
(mg/L)
K
(mg/L) pH
Sandy loam1 1.22 10.5 2.1 2.3 36 70 98 7.4
Organic soil1 0.44 155.0 48.0 27.2 110 560 190 7.5
composted duck
manure 0.38 34.7 17.6 549.0 320 820 3500 7.3
1:1 Biochar/
compost blend 0.31 25.8 13.0 188.0 180 400 1600 8.1
1One composite soil sample collected from the field sites on 23 May, 2013, before treatment application.
Table 2. Biochar, compost and granular fertilizer rates for cabbage, cv. Adaptor, grown at two sites in
mineral or muck soil amended with Biochar, near Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario,
2013.
Treatments Mineral Muck
Biochar + NPK Biochar + composted duck manure at 1/2 lb/sq ft1 + N, P, K as for standard
Biochar1/2 lb Biochar + composted duck manure at 1/2 lb/sq ft
Biochar 1/8 lb Biochar + composted duck manure at 1/8 lb/sq ft
Compost composted duck manure at 1/4 lb/sq ft
Grower Standard
NPK
Pre-plant: 130 kg N/ha, 110 kg P/ha,
130 kg K/ha
Side Dress: 40 kg N/ha
Pre-plant: 100 kg N/ha, 30 kg P/ha, 50
kg K/ha
Side Dress: 30 kg N/ha
Check -- -- 1 based on dry weights of Biochar and composted duck manure mixed at a 1:1 ratio.
Table 3. SPAD readings for cabbage, cv. Adaptor, grown at two sites in mineral or muck soil amended
with Biochar, near Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatments SPAD Readings
1
SPAD Readings1,2
Mineral Muck
Biochar + NPK 62.8 a3 69.4 ns
4 66.1 a
Grower Standard NPK 62.0 ab 70.6 66.1 a
Check 56.3 c 64.3 63.2 b
Biochar 1/8 lb 56.4 c 69.9 62.6 bc
Compost 58.5 bc 67.3 60.3 c
Biochar 1/2 lb 56.7 c 68.9 62.8 bc 1 Readings were taken using a SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter (Minolta Co. Ltd, Japan).
2 Data were combined for means comparison as there were no interactions between treatments & sites.
3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected
LSD test. 4 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Table 4. Yield data for cabbage, cv. Adaptor, grown in mineral or muck soil amended with Biochar, near
Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatments % Mkb1
% Marketable Wgt/Head of Mkb (kg) Marketable Yield (t/ha)
Mineral Muck Mineral Muck Mineral Muck
Biochar + NPK 92.7 a 100.0 a1 85.4 a 2.3 a 1.7 a 61.6 a 46.3 a
Standard NPK 76.3 a 80.0 a 72.5 ab 2.3 a 1.7 a 48.6 b 41.8 a
Compost 24.4 b 21.3 b 27.5 c 0.8 b 0.8 b 7.0 c 21.8 d
Check 40.0 b 30.0 b 50.0 bc 1.0 b 1.4 a 10.8 c 31.0 b
Biochar 1/8 lb 36.3 b 30.0 b 42.5 c 0.7 b 1.2 ab 9.8 c 24.6 cd
Biochar 1/2 lb 21.9 b 10.0 b 33.8 c 0.6 b 1.3 ab 2.6 c 28.7 bc 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected
LSD test.
Table 5. Soil fertility at harvest of mineral soil treated with applications of Biochar and compost in the
Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate NO3 (ppm) NH4 (ppm) P (ppm) K (ppm)
Compost ¼ lb/sq. ft 4.9 a1 2.1 ab 47.4 a 81.4 ns2
Biochar 1/2 lb/sq. ft 3.5 b 3.2 a 43.2 ab 80.6
Biochar 1/8 lb/sq. ft 5.1 a 2.2 ab 38.5 bc 59.3
Check -- 4.6 ab 1.8 b 32.6 c 48.3 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P= 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD
test. 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Table 6. Soil fertility results at harvest of muck soil treated with applications of Biochar and compost in
the Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate NO3 (ppm) NH4 (ppm) P (ppm) K (ppm)
Compost ¼ lb/sq. ft 67.1 ab1 2.7 ns2 156.0 a 188.1 b
Biochar 1/2 lb/sq. ft 61.0 b 2.3 163.0 a 279.0 a
Biochar 1/8 lb/sq. ft 62.8 b 2.8 109.2 b 148.1 bc
Check -- 73.2 a 1.9 144.2 a 126.1 c 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P= 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD
test. 2 ns indicated no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Table 7. Soil properties and base saturation at harvest of mineral soil treated with applications of Biochar
and compost in the Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate OM (%) pH CEC
(MEQ/100g) Mg (ppm) Zn (ppm)
Compost ¼ lb/sq. ft 3.4 ns1 7.8 ns 11.8 ns 92.6 a
2 1.0 ab
Biochar 1/2 lb/sq. ft 2.7 7.4 9.7 85.5 a 1.2 a
Biochar 1/8 lb/sq. ft 3.1 7.5 11.6 70.0 b 0.7 bc
Check -- 2.9 7.2 9.8 66.0 b 0.6 c 1 ns indicated no significant differences were found among the treatments.
2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P= 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD
test.
Table 8. Soil properties and base saturation at harvest of muck soil treated with applications of Biochar
and compost in the Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate OM (%) pH CEC
(MEQ/100g)
Zn
(ppm)
Base Saturation
K% Mg% Ca%
Compost ¼ lb/sq. ft 55.6 ns1 7.4 ns 52.1 ns 6.5 a2 0.9 b2 8.2 a 88.5 bc
Biochar 1/2 lb/sq. ft 57.9 7.3 53.5 6.8 a 1.3 a 8.1 ab 88.3 c
Biochar 1/8 lb/sq. ft 57.6 7.4 51.4 5.5 b 0.7 b 7.8 bc 89.1 ab
Check -- 58.4 7.3 53.1 5.2 b 0.6 b 7.7 c 89.4 a 1 ns indicated no significant differences were found among the treatments.
2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P= 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD
test.
Funding for this project was provided by York Region Environmental Alliance (YREA) Biochar
Project.
CROP: Cabbage (Brassica oleracea), cv. Adaptor
PEST: Black leaf spot (Alternaria brassicicola (Schwein.) Wiltshire)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF BLACK LEAF SPOT IN
CABBAGE, 2013
MATERIALS: VCP-AZO-01 (experimental), QUADRIS (azoxystrobin 250 g/L), ENHANCE
(triglyceride ethoxylate 10 POE 80%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted near the Muck Crop Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, in
organic soil (pH ≈ 7.4, organic matter ≈ 58.6%). On 25 and 28 May cabbage, cv. Adaptor, was seeded
into 128-cell plug trays, grown in the greenhouse and hand transplanted on 24 June. A randomized
complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit
consisted of four 7.0 m long rows, 0.86 m apart with 45 cm in-row spacing. The outside two rows acted
as guard rows with disease assessments conducted on the inner two rows per replicate. Treatments were:
VCP-AZO-01 at 733.3 and 1866.7 mL/ha, and QUADRIS at 560 and 1120 mL/ha. ENHANCE at 0.25%
v/v non-ionic adjuvant spray was added to all treatments. An untreated check was also included.
Treatments were applied on 2, 9, 16 and 23 August using a tractor-mounted sprayer fitted with AI TeeJet
Air Induction Even Flat spray tips (AI9503 EVS) at 120 psi, delivering 400 L water/ha. On 23 August, 5
September, and 2 October Alternaria lesions on 3 leaves per plant on ten plants were counted and
numbers recorded. For a yield assessment, on 2 October 10 heads were cut (five from each centre row),
weighed, and the values recorded.
Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July
(21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C) and October
(10.5°C). The 10 year average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C,
September 15.5°C and October 9.1°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113
mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm), September (83 mm) and October (92 mm). The 10
year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm, September 77 mm
and October 60 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of Statistics
V.10. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test with P =0.05 level of
significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: Disease pressure was low in 2013. No significant differences were found among
treatments at all assessment dates. No phytotoxicity was observed. No significant differences in head
weights were observed among treatments (Table 1).
Table 1. Average weight and lesions for cabbage, cv. Adaptor, treated with fungicides grown near the
Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate
(L/ha)
Avg wgt/head
(kg)
Lesions/ leaf
23 Aug 5 Sep 2 Oct
QUADRIS + ENHANCE 1.12 2.4 ns1 2.2 ns 0.05 ns 3.7 ns
QUADRIS + ENHANCE 0.56 2.2 1.6 0.05 3.0
VCP-AZO-01 + ENHANCE 0.73 2.1 1.7 0.04 3.1
VCP-AZO-01 + ENHANCE 1.9 2.0 1.3 0.05 3.0
Check -- 2.3 2.4 0.05 3.6 1ns means results were not significantly different from one another.
Funding for this project was provided by Vive Crop Protection, Toronto, Ontario.
CROP: Shanghai Pak Choy (Brassica rapa L. spp. chinensis var. communis) cv. Mei Qing Choi
and canola (Brassica napus L.) cv. Westar
PEST: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin)
AUTHORS: DALTON JA1, DEORA A
1, GOSSEN BD
2 & MCDONALD MR
1
1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon
TITLE: EFFICACY OF SAPONINS AGAINST CLUBROOT IN SHANGHAI PAK CHOY
AND CANOLA UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS
METHODS: The trial was conducted in growth room facilities at University of Guelph. Saponins (50%
a.i, extracted from seed of cow cockle (Saponaria vaccaria L.), PBI, Saskatoon, SK) were tested as a pre-
plant drench application at the following rates: 0, 3, 9, 27 and 81 kg/ha. In addition, a seed treatment of
saponins from cow cockle and one from Chenopodium quinoa (Heads Up, Heads Up Plant Protectants,
Inc., Kamsack, SK) applied at 28 g 100 kg-1
of seed were included in the trial, and non-treated seeds were
included as a control. The trial was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three
replicates and 10 plants per experimental unit. Immediately after drench application or seed treatment,
seed of Shanghai pak choy, cv. Mei Qing Choi (Stokes Seeds Ltd., Thorold, ON), was sown in tall plastic
pots (conetainers) filled with soil-less media (Sunshine Mix #4, Sun Gro Horticulture Canada
Ltd.,Agawam, MA). The plants were maintained at 25°/20° C day/night, with 16-hr photoperiod and 65%
relative humidity, fertilized with NPK solution at 2–3 day intervals, and thinned to one seedling per pot.
Each 7-day-old seedling was inoculated with 5 mL of resting spore suspension (1 x 106 spores mL
-1) of
P. brassicae pathotype 6. The plants were watered with deionized water pH adjusted to 6.3.
Clubroot incidence and severity were assessed at 8 weeks after pathogen inoculation, based on the
standard 0–3 rating scale; 0 = no symptoms; 1 = root clubbing < 1/3; 2 = 1/3 < root clubbing < 2/3; 3 =
root clubbing > 2/3. A Disease Severity Index was calculated with the equation:
DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)]
x100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes - 1)
The trial was repeated, and also conducted using canola cv. Westar.
The data for each trial were analyzed using a mixed model analysis of variance using SAS software
(PROC MIXED, version 9.1). Means separation were conducted using Tukey’s test at P = 0.05 level of
significance.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Drench application of saponin at 81 kg/ha reduced clubroot
incidence and severity in both repetitions of the trial on Shanghai pak choy and on canola, but seed
treatment had no effect (Table 1). Severity declined as the rate of saponin increased in both Shanghai pak
choy and canola (Figure 1). The relationship between incidence (y) and rate of saponin (x) in Shanghai
pak choy (second trial) was y = -10.7 + 86.1, R2 = 0.44, and in canola was y = -15.9 + 87.8 R
2 = 0.53.
Table 1. Effect of rates of saponins application on clubroot incidence (DI) and severity (disease severity
index, DSI) in Shanghai pak choy and canola under controlled conditions.
Application method
Rate
(kg/ha)
Shanghai pak choy Canola
First trial Second trial
DI DSI1
DI DSI DI DSI
Nontreated control 0 86 a2
50 a 80 ab 60 a 86 a 52 a
Drench 3 80 ab 41 ab 85 a 65 a 80 a 46 a
9 52 ab 32 ab 80 ab 58 ab 72 a 40 a
27 67 ab 41 ab 73 ab 44 ab 76 a 42 a
81 40 b 22 b 60 b 34 b 49 ab 25 b
Cow cockle, Seed 1g/L 69 ab 30 ab 79 ab 49 ab 67 a 46 a
Headsup, Seed 1g/L 72 ab 46 a 77 ab 58 a 82 a 49 a 1 DSI, Disease Severity Index.
2 Means followed by the same letter do not differ based on Tukey test at P = 0.05.
Figure 1. Clubroot severity (Disease Severity Index, DSI) in Shanghai pak choy (second trial) and canola
in response to rates of saponins applied as a drench under controlled conditions.
Acknowledgement: Thanks to P. Arnison and PBI, Saskatoon, SK for providing the saponin extract
from cow cockle, and to the SaskCanola, the Agriculture Development Fund of Saskatchewan and
Western Grains Research Fund for partial funding of this study.
y = -14.4x + 66.8 R² = 0.73
y = -11.5x + 51.6 R² = 0.53
0
20
40
60
80
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Dis
ea
se
le
ve
l (%
)
Log rate (Kg/ha)
Shanghai pak choy
Canola
CROP: Shanghai pak choy (Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis var. communis) Mei Qing Choy
Canola (Brassica napus L.) Invigor 5030 LL
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata, L.), cv. Adaptor
PEST: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin)
AUTHORS: CRANMER TJ1, GOSSEN BD
2 & MCDONALD MR
1
1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Guelph
2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon
TITLE: EVALUATION OF PIC PLUS FOR CLUBROOT CONTROL ON
SHANGHAI PAK CHOY, CANOLA AND CABBAGE, 2013
MATERIALS: PIC PLUS (85.1% chloropicrin)
METHODS: The trial was conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station in the Holland Marsh in soil
naturally infested with Plasmodiophora brassicae. PIC PLUS was injected at the rate of 162 L/ha on 24
June into the top 15-20 cm of soil in the field using a three hill carrot seeder and fumigator attachment.
On 12 July, 21 days post-fumigation, cabbage plugs were hand-transplanted (25 cm in-row spacing) and
canola and Shanghai pak choy were seeded using an Earthway push seeder, fitted with a 1002-9 disc, onto
the fumigated carrot hills. On 20 Sept, (pak choy) 23 Sept, (canola) and 3 Oct (cabbage) plants were cut
above the hypocotyl for and all cabbage heads exceeding 5” in diameter were cut and weighed to
determine yield. Roots were assessed for disease incidence (%) and severity rating using a standard 0-3
scale where 0 = no clubbing, 1 < 1/3 of root clubbing, 2 = 1/3 to 2/3 of root clubbing, and 3 > 2/3 of root
clubbing. Disease Severity Index (DSI) was calculated with the following equation:
DSI = ∑[(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)]
x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1)
Data were analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and MIXED procedure using SAS software
(version 9.3 SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Means were separated using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P =
0.05.
RESULTS: There were no differences in clubroot incidence or severity between treated and untreated
cabbage or Shanghai pak choy (Table 1). Treatments with PIC PLUS increased the marketable yield of
cabbage compared to the control which produced little to no head formation (Table 1). Treatment with
PIC PLUS resulted in lower disease severity and incidence in canola Invigor 5030 LL.
CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with PIC PLUS increased the marketable yield of cabbage, but not the top
weight of canola or Shanghai pak choy. There was lower clubroot incidence and severity on Invigor
5030LL treated with PIC PLUS, but P. brassica resting spores were still released back to the soil and
would likely result in similar or higher disease levels the following year. Shanghai pak choy does not
benefit from the treatment of PIC PLUS, likely due to its high susceptibility to P. brassica. PIC PLUS
may suppress disease development and improve yields for some crops, but is not a viable eradication
strategy to manage P. brassica infested fields using this rate and method.
Table 1. Clubroot incidence and severity on cabbage, canola and pak choy on muck soil naturally infested
with Plasmodiophora brassicae following a pre-plant treatment of PIC PLUS1.
Cultivar Treatment1 Yield
2 (kg) DSI Incidence (%)
Cabbage PIC PLUS 2.1 b3 87.1 ns
4 94.7 ns
Untreated 0. 0 a 100.0 100
Canola PIC PLUS 1.6 ns 45.3 b 61.3 b
Untreated 1.6 79.3 93.3 a
Pak Choy PIC PLUS 3.7 ns 84.3 90.0 ns
Untreated 2.6 85.3 90.4 1 PIC PLUS was applied at the rate of 162 L/ha.
2 Yields are based on kg of upper shoot above hypocotyl (canola and pak choy) or cabbage head weight.
3 Means followed by the same letter do not differ on Tukey’s n test at P ≤ 0.05.
4 ns = not significantly different.
Funding was provided by the Clubroot Risk Mitigation Initiative of Agriculture & Agri-Food
Canada and the Canola Council of Canada.
CROP: Canola (Brassica napus L.) Invigor 5030 LL
PEST: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin)
AUTHORS: Cranmer TJ1, Gossen BD
2 & MCDONALD MR
1
1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Guelph
2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon
TITLE: DEGREE DAY CALIBRATION OF CLUBROOT DISEASE SEVERITY
AND INCIDENCE ON CANOLA
METHODS: A field trial was conducted in organic soil (ph ~ 6.7, organic matter ~68.9%) naturally
infested with Plasmodiophora brassicae pathotype 6 at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland
Marsh, Ontario. Canola Invigor 5030 LL (Bayer) was seeded using an Earthway push seeder fitted with
an Earthway 1002-9 disc. A randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment
(seeding date) was used. Each plot of canola consisted of seven rows spaced ~23cm apart and 5 m long.
Each planting date was spaced approximately 2 weeks apart 3 May, 15 May, 30 May, 12 June, 26 June, 9
July, 24 July and 7 August. In all four replicates 50 plants were assessed at seven day intervals starting 4
weeks after seeding. Environmental variables, rainfall and hourly temperature, were recorded throughout
the growing season. Plants were harvested and roots were assessed for disease incidence (%) and severity
rating using a 0-3 scale where 0 = no clubbing, 1 < 1/3 of root clubbing, 2 = 1/3 to 2/3 of root clubbing,
and 3 > 2/3 of root clubbing. Assessments were concluded for each treatment when disease severity
reached 100 or until no plants remained. A standard Disease Severity Index (DSI) was calculated with the
following equation:
DSI = ∑[(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)]
x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1)
SAS software (version 9.3 SAS Institute, Cary, NC) using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and PROC
MIXED was used to analyze the data. Means were separated using Tukey’s multiple mean comparison.
Correlations between disease incidence, disease severity index (DSI), degree days based on air, rainfall
and temperature values at zero day and with a seven day delay were conducted using PROC CORR
before the DSI had reached 100%. Degree days was calculated with the equation:
where Tbase = 14°C
RESULTS: Rainfall was not correlated to disease development indicating that field soil moisture was
conducive for infection throughout the growing season (Table 1). Average air temperature was strongly
correlated with clubroot incidence r = 0.9325 and disease severity r = 0.8834 (Table 1).
CONCLUSIONS: Average air temperature 5-10 days before harvest strongly influenced clubroot
incidence and severity.
DD (Tmax Tmin
2)Tbase
Table 1. Linear correlations (r) between clubroot incidence and severity over time and temperature, air
degree days and rainfall during the various time intervals for canola grown at the Holland Marsh, Ontario,
20131.
Variable and time
interval
Correlation with clubroot incidence Correlation with clubroot severity
r p2
r p2
Temperature
Average 5-10 days
before harvest
0.9325 0.0067 0.8834 0.0196
Degree Days3
Air 0.5126 NS 0.2897 NS
Air (7 Day Delay) 0.4522 NS 0.2897 NS
Rainfall
First 2 Weeks 0.0974 NS 0.1842 NS
First 3 Weeks -0.3054 NS -0.1984 NS
Last 2 Weeks -0.5556 NS -0.4415 NS
Last 3 Weeks -0.2824 NS -0.1081 NS
1 Plants were harvested and accessed for disease six weeks after seeding.
2 P ≤ 0.05 were recorded and those higher are labeled as non significant (NS).
3 Degree Days = [(Tmax + Tmin) / 2] - Tbase where base = 14°C
Funding was provided by the Clubroot Risk Mitigation Initiative of Agriculture & Agri-Food
Canada and the Canola Council of Canada.
CROP: Tillage Radish (Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus Bailey)
Shanghai pak choy (Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis var. communis) Mei Qing Choy
PEST: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin)
AUTHORS: CRANMER TJ1, GOSSEN BD
2 & MCDONALD MR
1
1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Guelph
2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon
TITLE: SUSCEPTIBLITY OF TILLAGE RADISH TO DIFFERENT PATHOTYPES OF
PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE, THE CAUSAL AGENT OF CLUBROOT
METHODS: A controlled environment trial was conducted at the University of Guelph to test the
susceptibility of Tillage Radish to clubroot pathotypes 2, 5 and 6 compared to a susceptible check,
Shanghai pak choy cv. Mei Qing Choi) Seeds were individually sown in CONE-tainers (164mL, Stuewe
& Sons, Inc.) using soil less mix (Sunshine Profession Growing Mix LA4, SunGro, Lameque, NB) with
one seedling maintained in each container. Plants were watered daily, and grown in a growth room at
24°C /20°C (day/night) temperature and a 16-hour photoperiod. The layout was a completely randomized
design with four reps and 10 plants per experimental unit. Eight-day-old plants were inoculated with a 5
mL suspension of P. brassicae resting spores at 1 x 106 spores mL
-1. Plants were harvested at 6 weeks
after seeding and rated for clubroot using a 0–3 scale where 0 = no clubbing, 1 < 1/3 of root clubbing, 2 =
1/3 to 2/3 of root clubbing, and 3 > 2/3 of root clubbing. Disease Severity Index (DSI) was calculated
with the following equation:
DSI = ∑[(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)]
x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1)
Data was analyzed using a mixed model ANOVA using SAS 9.3, with pathotype and cultivar as fixed
factors, and replicate as a random factor. Means were separated using Tukey’s test at P ≤ 0.05.
RESULTS: Tillage Radish had no symptoms of clubroot at six weeks after seeding. Shanghai pak choy
had a mean of 97.1% incidence (range 95–99%) and 95.0 DSI (range 93–97). The absence of clubroot
symptoms suggests that no infection took place, no resting spores of the pathogen developed in ‘Tillage
Radish’ and therefore Tillage Radish will not contribute resting spores to the soil.
CONCLUSIONS: Tillage Radish is resistant to pathotypes 2, 5 and 6, and so could be used as a cover
crop in fields infested with these pathotypes of P. brassicae.
Table 1. Clubroot reaction of Tillage Radish and Shanghai pak choy at Guelph, Ontario, 20131.
Cultivar Pathotype DSI1
Incidence(%)1
Tillage Radish
2 0 b 0 b
5 0 b 0 b
6 0 b 0 b
Shanghai pak choy
2 92.5 a 97.5 a
5 97.5 a 98.8 a
6 95 a 95 a
1 Means followed by the same letter do not differ on Tukey’s n test at P ≤ 0.05.
Funding was provided by the Clubroot Risk Management Initiative of Agriculture & Agri-Food
Canada and the Canola Council of Canada.
CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. NUN 7404
PEST: Onion maggot, (Delia antiqua (Meigen))
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VANDER KOOI K
1 & TAYLOR AG
2
1 University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
2 Cornell University, Dept. of Horticultural Science, New York State Agricultural
Experiment Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDES FOR CONTROL OF ONION MAGGOT IN
YELLOW COOKING ONIONS, 2013
MATERIALS: APRON XL LS (metalaxyl-M 33.3%), CAPTURE 2EC (bifenthrin 25.1%), CRUISER 70
WS (thiamethoxam 70.0%), ENTRUST 80 W (spinosad 80%), FORCE 3.0 G (tefluthrin 3.0%),
LORSBAN 15 G (chlorpyrifos 15%), MOVENTO 240 SC (spirotetromat 240 g/L), PENFLUFEN FS 50
(penflufen 4.81%), SEPRESTO (clothianidin 56.25% + imidacloprid 18.75%), SYLGARD 309
(siloxylated polyether 76%), TRIGARD (cyromazine 75%)
METHODS: Various insecticide seed treatments, granular insecticides and foliar sprays were evaluated
on yellow cooking onions in a field trial on organic soil (pH ≈ 6.4, organic matter ≈ 74.4%) naturally
infested with Delia antiqua pupae at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A
randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit
consisted of 4 rows, spaced 40 cm apart, 6 m in length. All onions were seeded on 7 May using a V-belt
seeder. Seed treatments were: TRIGARD at 5.0 g ai/100 g of seed, SEPRESTO at 5.46 g ai/100 g of seed,
ENTRUST + CRUISER at 5.46 g ai + 2.73 g ai/100 g of seed, ENTRUST at 5.46 g ai/100 g of seed.
FORCE at 37.5 g/100 m, CAPTURE at 2.9 mL/100 m, MOVENTO at 375 mL/ha + SYLGARD at 0.375%
v/v, and LORSBAN at 32 kg/ha. An untreated check was also included. All seeds were also treated with
APRON XL at 15 mg ai/ 100 g seed, and PENFLUFEN FS 50 at 250 mg ai/100 g seed. Seeds were treated
at Cornell University by Alan Taylor. LORSBAN at 32 kg/ha and FORCE at 37.5g/100 m of row were
applied as granular treatments applied at seeding with the seed. CAPTURE was applied as a drench over
the row after seeding at 2.92 mL/100 m of row in 1000 L/ha of water. MOVENTO + SYLGARD was
applied as a foliar treatment on 16 July using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with four 8002VK TeeJet
fan type nozzle calibrated to deliver 300 L/ha at 240 kPa. Three random 2 m sections were staked out in
each experimental unit. Emergence counts were conducted on 27 May and 4 June to determine initial
stands prior to the first generation assessment. Plants were examined for onion maggot (OM) or damage
caused by other pests within the staked-out sections on 11, 18, 21 June. Damaged plants were removed and
the cause recorded. OM damage was assessed two weeks after the end of the first generation peak and after
onions had lodged (11 September). On 12 September onions from a 2.33 m section of row were harvested
and on 16 October, bulbs were counted and yield determined. Data were analyzed using the General
Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was
obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD Test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 & 2
CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences were found among the treatments in onion maggot losses
after the first generation or season total damage (Table 1). All treatments including the check had total
onion maggot damage under 10%. At harvest, ENTRUST +CRUISER and CAPTURE had significantly
more onions/meter than MOVENTO, TRIGARD, FORCE and the check. No differences were found
among the treatments in t/ha (Table 2).
Table 1. Maggot losses for onions, cv. NUN 7404, treated with insecticides at Muck Crops Research
Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatments Appl’n
w
Type
Rate
(g ai/100 g seed) Plant/m
x
% Onion Maggot Losses
1st Gen Total Season
ENTRUST + CRUISER ST 5.46 + 2.73 30.5 nsy 0.6 ns 2.7 ns
ENTRUST ST 5.46 30.3 1.2 3.0
SEPRESTO ST 5.46 30.1 1.3 2.2
LORSBAN G 32 kg/ha 29.1 2.1 5.6
CAPTURE D 2.9 mL/100 m 27.8 3.5 6.4
FORCE G 37.5 g/100 m 27.3 11.7 7.8
TRIGARD ST 5.0 24.5 0.8 3.4
MOVENTO+ SYLGARDz
F 375 mL/ha 21.7 7.8 7.5
Check -- -- 29.6 5.0 4.6 w
ST = seed treatment, G = granular in-furrow, D = drench application at seeding, F = foliar spray x average number of emerged onion seedlings on 2 June.
y ns = no significant differences at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
z MOVENTO at 375 mL/ha + SYLGARD at 0.375% v/v applied on 16 July.
Table 2. Yield data for onions, cv. NUN 7404, treated with insecticides at Muck Crops Research Station,
Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatments Appl’n
Type
Rate
(g ai/100 g seed) Onions/m
Wgt/Bulb
(g) t/ha
ENTRUST + CRUISER ST 5.46 + 2.73 29.1 a1 146.6 ns
2 91.6 ns
ENTRUST ST 5.46 26.2 ab 168.1 96.5
SEPRESTO ST 5.46 26.8 ab 151.3 89.6
LORSBAN G 32 kg/ha 26.6 ab 147.8 83.7
CAPTURE D 2.9 mL/100 m 29.6 a 141.6 83.7
FORCE G 37.5 g/100 m 19.9 bc 206.6 90.7
TRIGARD ST 5.0 18.8 bc 179.8 75.9
MOVENTO+ SYLGARDz
F 375 mL/ha 14.9 c 215.6 59.5
Check -- -- 19.9 bc 183.4 80.5 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD
test. 2 ns indicates no significant differences at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Funding was provided by the California Onion and Garlic Research Advisory Board. The New York
State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University provided support for seed treatment
application. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication
are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of Cornell University or those of
Rutgers State University of New Jersey.
CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. Hamlet
PEST: Onion thrips, (Thrips tabaci Lindeman)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR and VANDER KOOI K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF SURFACTANTS FOR CONTROL OF ONION THRIPS
IN YELLOW COOKING ONIONS, 2013
MATERIALS: DELEGATE WG 400 (spinetoram 25%), MOVENTO 240 SC (spirotetramat 240 g/L),
SYLGARD 309 (siloxylated polyether 76%), WIDESPREAD MAX (polyether- polymethysiloxane-
copolymer, polyether 100%), PURESPRAY GREEN (99% mineral oil), EXIRIL (cyantranilprole 100
g/L)
METHODS: Onions, cv. Hamlet, were direct seeded (35 seeds/m) into muck soil (pH ≈ 6.5, organic
matter 74.4%) on 3 May, using a Stanhay Precision Seeder at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland
Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used.
Each replicate consisted of two beds each with four twin rows (40 cm apart), 10 m in length. Two 2.32 m
sections of row were marked for yield samples. The first application was applied on 18 July when thrips
counts reached the threshold of one thrips per leaf. Subsequent applications were applied on 25 July, 2
August, 12 August and 19 August. A tractor-mounted sprayer fitted with AI Teejet® Air Induction Even
Flat spray tips (A19503 EVS) at 120 psi, delivering 500 L water/ha was used. Products, rates and
abbreviations and the dates of spray applications are shown as Tables 1and 2 respectively. Adult and
larval thrips were counted on the inside surface of the two innermost fully expanded leaves of 20
randomly pulled onions per replicate on 18, 24, 31 July, and 9, 16 and 22 August. On the last assessment
date onions were 50% lodged. On September 11, all onions in the two 2.33 m sections of rows designated
for yield were harvested. On 31 October onion samples were removed from storage and sorted by size to
determine total marketable yield. Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013
were average for June (18.5°C), July (21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above
average for May (14.8°C). The 10 year average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July
20.7°C, August 19.6°C, and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May
(113 mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm), and September (83 mm). The 10 year rainfall
averages were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm, and September 77 mm.
Data where analysed using the General Analyses of Variance function of the Linear Models section of
Statistix V.10. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test with P = 0.05 level of
significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 3 & 4
CONCLUSIONS: Thrips numbers were relatively low for the season with the maximum amount being 7
thrips per plant for the check (Table 3). Significant differences were found among the treatments in the
number of thrips per plant on 9, 16 and 22 August. All surfactant treatments that were sprayed in
combination with an insecticide had significantly less thrips per plant than the surfactants alone and the
check. No significant differences were found among the SYLGARD, WIDESPREAD MAX and
PURESPRAY GREEN in the total number of onion thrips. No significant differences were found in
marketable yield among the treatments. No pythotoxicity was found among the treatments,
Table 1. Rates of products and key for abbreviations used in the spray program for control of thrips on
onions, cv. Hamlet, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Product Rate per ha Abbreviations Used in Tables 2 & 3
DELEGATE WG 336 mL DEL
MOVENTO 240 SC 375 mL MOV
SYLGARD 309 0.25% v/v SYL
EXIRIL 1.5 L EXL
WIDE SPREAD MAX 0.45 mL WSM
PURESPRAY GREEN 10 L PSG
Table 2. Insecticide and surfactant spray program for control of thrips on onions, cv. Hamlet, grown at
the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
No. 1
st App
18 July
2nd
App
25 July
3rd
App
2 Aug
4th App
12 Aug
5th App
19 Aug
1 CHECK CHECK CHECK CHECK CHECK
2 SYL1 SYL SYL SYL SYL
3 PSG PSG PSG PSG PSG
4 WSM WSM WSM WSM WSM
5 MOV + SYL MOV + SYL DEL + SYL DEL + SYL DEL + SYL
6 MOV + PSG MOV + PSG DEL + PSG DEL + PSG DEL + PSG
7 MOV + WSM MOV + WSM DEL + WSM DEL + WSM DEL + WSM
8 MOV + SYL MOV + SYL EXL + SYL EXL + SYL EXL + SYL
9 MOV + PSG MOV + PSG EXL + PSG EXL + PSG EXL + PSG
10 MOV + WSM MOV + WSM EXL + WSM EXL + WSM EXL + WSM 1 See Table 1 for rates and the full product names referred to by these abbreviations.
Table 3. Onion thrips counts for onions, cv. Hamlet, treated with various insecticides grown near the
Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
#¹ Treatment2 Mean # OT/Plant
18 July 24 July 31 July 9 Aug 16 Aug 22 Aug
8 EXL/SYL 0.2 ns3 0.3ns 0.2 ns 0.1 a4 0.0 a 0.03a
5 DEL/SYL 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 a 0.02 a 0.0 a
9 EXL/PSG 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 a 0.05 a 0.03 a
7 DEL/WSM 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.7 a 0.2 a 0.1a
10 EXL/WSM 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.3 a 0.2 a 0.03 a
6 DEL/PSG 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.3 a 0.2 a 0.1a
4 WSM 0.4 0.2 0.8 4.0 b 2.0 b 2.0 b
2 SYL 0.3 0.5 0.8 5.0 b 4.0 b 2.0 b
3 PSG 0.3 1.0 0.2 6.0 b 5.0 bc 3.0 b
1 Check 0.4 0.1 0.5 7.0 b 7.0 c 3.0 b 1 Treatment numbers refer to the spray program described in Table 2.
2 See Table 1 for full product names referred to using these abbreviations.
3 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments.
4 numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s LSD test.
Table 4. Yield and size distribution for onions, cv. Hamlet, treated with foliar insecticides for control of
onion thrips grown near Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
#1 Treatment
2
Marketable
Yield (t/ha)
Size distribution (%)
Large
(64-76 mm)
Medium
(45-64 mm)
Cull
(<45 mm)
4 WSM 67.8 ns3 13.6 ns 83.9 ns 2.5 ns
7 DEL + WSM 66.6 9.1 88.4 2.5
9 EXL + PSG 65.5 13.8 82.2 4.0
3 GRSP 64.4 8.9 87.9 3.2
10 EXL + WSM 63.8 10.1 86.1 3.6
8 EXL + SYL 63.7 8.7 88.1 3.4
6 DEL + PSG 63.6 8.6 88.3 3.1
2 SYL 62.1 10.3 85.7 4.0
1 Check 61.8 12.9 83.2 3.9
5 DEL + SYL 58.3 8.8 87.0 4.2 1 Treatment numbers refer to the spray program described in Table 2.
2 See Table 1 for full product names referred to using these abbreviations.
3 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Funding for this project was provided by the Plant Production Systems of the Ontario Ministry of
Agriculture and Food and Ministry of Rural Affairs and the University of Guelph partnership.
CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. Patterson
PEST: Onion maggot (Delia antiqua (Meigen))
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF SPINOSAD BAIT FOR CONTROL OF ONION MAGGOT IN
YELLOW COOKING ONIONS, 2013
MATERIALS: NEU1163-C bait (spinosad 0.07%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil (pH ≈ 6.2, organic matter ≈ 76.9%) naturally
infested with Delia antiqua pupae at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A
randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit
consisted of 8 rows, spaced 40 cm apart and 5 m in length. On 3 May onions, cv. Patterson were direct
seeded (34 seed/m) using a Stanhay Precision Seeder. Treatments were: NEU1163-C at 22.4 kg/ha and
49.28 kg/ha applied evenly over the plot and NEU1163 at 49.28 kg/ha applied to a 0.4 m wide perimeter
band. An untreated check was also included. Bait was applied by hand on 15 May (1st generation
emergence), 5 June (3 weeks after 1st application), 17 June (12 days after 2
nd application), and 25 July (2
weeks after 2nd
emergence). Two randomly chosen 2 m sections were staked out in each experimental
unit. Germination counts were conducted on 24 May to determine initial stands prior to the first
generation assessment. Plants were examined weekly for onion maggot (OM) or damage caused by other
pests within the staked-out sections. Damaged plants were removed and the cause recorded. Onions in
one of the 2 m sections were pulled and bulbs were visually examined for OM damage at the end of the
first generation emergence (3 July) and again at onion bulb maturity (12 September). On 31 August, all
onions in a 2.32 m section of row were pulled and on 19 November, bulbs were counted and weighed to
determine yield. Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for
June (18.5°C), July (21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for May
(14.8°C). The 10 year average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C,
and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113 mm), June (94
mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm), and September (83 mm). The 10 year rainfall averages were: May
72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm, and September 77 mm. Data were analyzed using the
General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation
was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD Test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: There were no significant differences in maggot losses and yield among treatments (Table 1).
Table 1. Percent onion maggot (OM) losses to onions, cv. Patterson, treated with SPINOSAD BAIT and
grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
1 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Product supplied by Neudroff North America.
Treatment Rate
(kg/ha)
% Onion Maggot Losses Wgt/bulb (g)
Total Yield
(t/ha) 1st Gen Total Season
NEU1163-C 22.4 9.5 ns1 30.1 ns
1 265.2 ns
1 44.2 ns
1
Check -- 14.6 48.7 209.4 32.8
NEU1163-C 49.3 14.9 18.0 222.3 44.6
NEU1163-C (perimeter) 49.3 23.8 12.9 210.7 34.7
CROP: Onion (Allium cepa L.), cv. Fortress
PEST: Onion downy mildew (Peronospora destructor)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW ON
DRY BULB ONIONS, 2013
MATERIALS: GAVEL 75 DF (mancozeb 66.7%, zoxamide 8.3%), REVUS (mandipropamid 23.3%),
GWN 10129 (experimental)
METHODS: Onions, cv. Fortress, were direct seeded (≈ 65 seeds/m) on 7 May using a Stanhay
Precision Seeder into organic soil (organic matter ≈ 61.7%, pH ≈ 7.2) near the Muck Crops Research
Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per
treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of eight rows (40 cm apart), 5 m in length. Treatments were
applied using a tractor mounted plot sprayer fitted with AI TeeJet Air Induction Even Flat nozzles
(AI9503 EVS) at 120 psi calibrated to deliver 400 L/ha of water. Treatments were: GAVEL at 2.25 kg/ha,
REVUS at 400 mL/ha, and GWN 10129 at 2.2 L/ha. An untreated check was also included. Treatments
were applied on 20 and 26 July, 2, 8, 16, and 23 August. On 19 August, all onions in two, 0.5 m sections
of row randomly selected from the inside six rows were visually examined for downy mildew (DM)
lesions to determine DM lesions/plant. On 28 August, all onions from two, 0.5 m sections of row
randomly chosen from the inside six rows were pulled. Green and dead leaves were removed and counted.
Green leaves were visually examined for DM lesions and numbers recorded to determine lesions/leaf. On
23 September, all onions in two, 2.32 m sections of row per replicate were harvested. On 31 October,
onions were removed from storage, weighed and counted to determine yield. Data were analyzed using
the General Analysis of Variance function of Statistix V.10. Means separation was obtained by using
Fisher's Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July
(21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C). The 10 year
average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C, and September
15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113 mm), June (94 mm), July (104
mm), August (87 mm), and September (83 mm). The 10 year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71
mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm and September 77 mm.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 & 2
CONCLUSIONS: Downy mildew pressure was very low in 2013 and was not evenly distributed in the
plot. No significant differences in downy mildew incidence were found among the treatments (Table 1).
No significant differences were observed in yield or size distribution among the treatments (Table 2).
Table 1. Downy mildew incidence in onions, cv. Fortress, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station,
Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate Lesions/Plant
% Dead Leaves Lesions/Leaf 19 Aug 28 Aug
GWN 10129 2.2 L/ha 0.03 ns1 0.3 ns 21.3 ns 0.04 ns
GAVEL 2.25 kg/ha 0.05 0.6 23.5 0.08
REVUS 400 mL/ha 0.08 0.4 22.4 0.06
Check -- 0.12 0.4 21.4 0.06 1 ns = not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 2. Yield and size distribution for onions cv. Fortress, treated with fungicides for the control of
downy mildew grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate (per
ha)
%
Marketable 1
Yield
(t/ha)
Size Distribution (%)1
Jumbo
(>76 mm)
Can. No. 1
(45-76 mm)
Cull
(<45 mm)
Check -- 95.5 ns2
24.8 ns 0.0 ns 95.5 ns 4.5 ns
REVUS 400 mL 94.5 26.0 4.6 89.9 5.5
GAVEL 2.25 kg 94.4 24.1 2.0 92.4 5.6
GWN 10129 2.2 L 94.2 27.1 2.0 92.2 5.8 1 Percentage values were determined using weight.
2 ns indicates no significant differences between treatments.
Funding for this project was provided by Gowan Company, Canada.
CROP: Onion (Allium cepa L.), cvs. Pontiac and Solstice
PEST: Botrytis neck rot (Botrytis allii Munn)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: COMPARISON OF FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF BOTRYTIS NECK ROT
(BOTRYTIS ALLII) IN ONIONS, 2013-14
MATERIALS: ALIETTE WDG (fosetyl-al 80%), ALLEGRO (fluazinam 40%), QUADRIS TOP
(azoxystrobin 18.2%, difenoconazole 11.4%),
METHODS: Onions, cv. Pontiac, were direct seeded (34 seeds/m) using a Stanhay Precision Seeder on
15 May into organic soil (organic matter ≈ 71%, pH ≈ 6.8) at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland
Marsh, Ontario. A white onion cv. Solstice, included as a susceptible cultivar, was seeded using a V-belt
seeder. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each
experimental unit consisted of four rows, 42 cm apart, 5 m in length. Recommended control procedures
for weeds and insects were followed. Treatments were: ALLEGRO at 1.5 L/ha, QUADRIS TOP at 1.0
L/ha (2 applications and 4 applications) and ALIETTE at 2.8 kg/ha. QUADRIS TOP at 1.0 L/ha was also
applied to the white onion cultivar. An untreated check was also included. Treatments were applied on 8,
19 and 28 August, and 6 September using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with four TeeJet 8002 VS
fan nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 400 L/ha at 240 kPa.
On 2 October, onions in two 2.32 m sections of row from each replicate were pulled for a yield and
storage sample. The onions were placed directly into storage without curing to encourage disease
development. On 16 December 2013 and 27 January 2014 onions were removed from storage, weighed
and graded for size. Twenty randomly chosen onions were cut and examined for botrytis incidence. Data
were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of Statistix V.10. Means separation was
obtained by using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July
(21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C) and October
(10.5°C). The 10 year average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C,
September 15.5°C and October 9.1°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113
mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm), September (83 mm) and October (92 mm). The 10
year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm, September 77 mm
and October 60 mm.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 & 2
CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in the incidence of botrytis were found among the treatments
on both assessment dates. The white onion Solstice had significantly more botrytis neck rot than all other
treatments (Tables 1 and 2). Very little disease was found in all other treatments at either assessment date.
No significant differences in yield were found among the treatments. White onions are more susceptible
to neck rot, and will be used in future neck rot trials.
Table 1. Yield of various fungicides for control of botrytis neck rot in onions, grown at the Muck Crops
Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatments Rate (per/ha) t/ha
Size Distribution
Culls
(<45 mm)
Can. No. 1
(45-76 mm)
Jumbo
(>76mm)
White onion +QUADRIS TOP 1.0 L 64.1 ns2
2.8 ns 83.7 ns 13.5 ns
Check -- 62.5 1.8 77.6 20.6
ALLEGRO 1.5 L 65.8 2.4 75.7 21.9
QUADRIS TOP 1.0 L 68.7 2.5 76.7 20.8
QUADRIS TOP 1.0 L 63.5 3.1 83.2 13.8
ALIETTE 2.8 kg 69.0 2.0 77.8 20.2 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P= 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD
test. 2 ns = no significant difference was found among treatments.
Table 2. Storage evaluation of various fungicides for control of botrytis neck rot in onions, grown at the
Muck crops Research Station Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate
(per/ha)
Botrytis Neck Rot Incidence (%) Total Disease
(%) December January
White onion + QUADRIS TOP 1.0 L 37.5 b 40.0 b1 43.8 b
2
Check -- 1.3 a 2.5 a 3.8 a
ALIETTE 2.8 kg 0 a 1.3 a 2.5 a
ALLEGRO 1.5 L 0 a 0 a 1.3 a
QUADRIS TOP 4 appl’ns 1.0 L 0 a 0 a 0.0 a
QUADRIS TOP 2 appl’ns 1.0 L 0 a 0 a 0.0 a 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected
LSD test.
Funding for this project was provided by the California Garlic and Onion Research Advisory
Board.
CROP: Dry bulb onion (Allium cepa), cv. NUN 7404 (Nunhems)
PEST: Smut (Urocystis colchici var. cepulae Cooke)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EFFICACY OF EVERGOL PRIME FOR CONTROL OF ONION SMUT
ON DRY BULB ONIONS, 2013
MATERIALS: EVERGOL PRIME (penflufen 240 g/L), PRO-GRO (thiram50%, carboxin 30%),
SEPRESTO (clothianidin 56.25%), ALLEGIANCE (metalaxyl 28.4%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil (organic matter ≈ 74.4%, pH ≈ 6.5) naturally
infested with Urocystis colchici at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Treatments
were: EVERGOL at 130, 180 and 250 mg ai/100 g of seed and PRO-GRO at 2.0 g ai/100 g of seed. An
untreated check was also included. All seeds were treated with SEPRESTO 75 WS (insecticide) at 5.46 g
ai/100 g of seed and ALLEGIANCE (fungicide) at 15.5 mg ai/100 g of seed to protect from onion maggot
and damping-off. Each experimental unit consisted of four 6 m long rows, spaced 42 cm apart. All seed
treatments were seeded on 6 May using a push cone seeder at the rate of 36 seeds/m. Three randomly
chosen 2 m sections, one section for each assessment date, were staked out in each replication when
onions were in the flag stage. Germination counts were conducted on 29 May and 3 June to determine
initial stands prior to the first assessment. Counts were averaged to determine the number of plants per
two meter. Within the staked-out sections, plants were examined bimonthly for onion smut (OS) or
damage caused by other pests. Damaged plants were rogued out and the losses recorded. At one (11 June)
and three (25 June) true leaves, all onions in the assigned 2 m sections were pulled and visually examined
for OS. The remaining 2 m section was evaluated throughout the season in the same manner until plants
reached maturity (19 September) to assess OS losses for the total season. On 20 September, onions in a
2.32 m section of row per replicate were harvested and on 1 November the bulbs were removed from
storage, sorted into size categories, counted and weighed to determine yield.
Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July
(21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C) and October
(10.5°C). The 10 year average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C,
September 15.5°C and October 9.1°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113
mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm), September (83 mm) and October (92 mm). The 10
year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm, September 77 mm
and October 60 mm. Data were analyzed using Statistix V.10. using Tukey’s HSD test at P = 0.05, level
of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 & 2
DISCUSSION: Smut Assessment: The incidence of smut observed in the check at the 1st true leaf stage
(40%) is higher than the incidence of smut over the total season (19%). Smut observed at the 1st true leaf
stage mainly consists of smut in the flag leaf. The flag leaf or cotyledon leaf senesces and detaches from
the onion and therefore smut located there may not transfer to the onion bulb. Significant differences in
smut incidence were found at the 1st and 3
rd leaf stage assessments. Onions grown from seeds treated with
EVERGOL had less smut than onions grown from seeds treated with PRO-GRO or the untreated check
(Table 1).
Crop Tolerance: Tolerance of onions to products used in seed treatments is assessed by counting
emerged plants at the loop stage. No significant differences in the number of plants per 2 m section of row
were observed among onions grown from seeds treated with EVERGOL (Table 1). The averaged
numbers of plants emerged on 29 May and 3 June ranged from 71.5 to 77 plants per 2 meter section of
row. The high number of emerged plants indicates that EVERGOL was not phytotoxic to the seed.
Yield: Onions grown from seeds treated with EVERGOL at 130 or 180 mg had significantly higher
yields (104 and 88 t/ha respectively) than onions grown from seeds treated with PRO-GRO or the
untreated check (67 and 57 t/ha respectively). Onions grown from seeds treated with all rates of
EVERGOL had significantly fewer jumbo onions (>76 mm) and had more bulbs per meter at harvest than
onions grown from seeds treated with PRO-GRO and the untreated check. There were fewer onions per
meter in the PRO-GRO and the untreated check treatments because of losses to smut. The additional row
space allowed the surviving onions to grow larger than onions treated with PRO-GRO and therefore
produced a significantly higher number of jumbo onions (Table 2).
CONCLUSION: EVERGOL used as a seed treatment provided control of onion smut, resulted in higher
yields and was not toxic to the seed.
Table 1. Percent onion smut (OS) for onions, cv. NUN 7404, grown from seeds treated with various
fungicides, grown at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment
Rate
(ai/100 g
seed)
# Plants/2
m1
Smut Incidence (%) within assigned 2 m sections
1st Leaf Stage 3rd Leaf
Stage
Total
Season Flag Leaf Bulb Total
EVERGOL 250 mg 71.5 ab2 1.3 a 0.3 ab 1.7 a 1.3 a 6.1 ns
3
EVERGOL 180 mg 77.0 a 3.8 a 0.0 a 3.8 a 1.3 a 6.3
EVERGOL 130 mg 71.5 ab 8.4 a 0.3 ab 8.8 a 1.2 a 3.3
PRO-GRO 2.0 g 62.6 ab 40.1 b 3.7 b 43.8 b 33.3 b 29.9
Check --- 62.0 b 39.5 b 0.9 ab 40.4 b 37.0 b 19.4 1 An average of number of emerged plants on 29 May and 3 June, for a 2 m section of row.
2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.
3 ns = not significantly different, P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.
Table 2. Yield for yellow cooking onions, cv. NUN 7404, grown from seeds treated with EVERGOL and
grown at Muck Crop Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate (ai/100 g
seed) Bulbs/m % Mkb
Size Distribution (%) Mkb Yield
(t/ha) Jumbo
(>76 mm)
Can. No. 1
(45-76 mm)
Cull
(<4.5 mm)
EVERGOL 130 mg 34.4 a 98.0 ns1 15.3 b
2 82.7 a 2.0 ns 103.6 a
EVERGOL 180 mg 33.7 a 96.6 12.9 b 83.8 a 3.3 88.0 ab
EVERGOL 250 mg 31.4 a 96.0 11.0 b 85.0 a 4.0 82.5 bc
PRO-GRO 2.0 g 13.9 b 98.4 46.4 a 52.0 b 1.6 67.0 cd
check -- 14.9 b 99.2 54.0 a 45.2 b 0.8 57.2 d 1ns = not significantly different, P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.
2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.
Funding for this project was provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.
CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. Hendrix
PEST: Smut (Urocystis colchici var. cepulae Cooke)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EFFICACY AND TOLERANCE OF RANCONA FOR THE CONTROL OF
ONION SMUT IN DRY BULB ONION, 2013
MATERIALS: RANCONA (ipconazole 41%), PRO-GRO (thiram 50% + carboxin 30%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil (organic matter ≈ 74.4%, pH ≈ 6.5) naturally
infested with Urocystis colchici at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Treatments
were: RANCONA 3.8 FS at 2.22 and 4.5 mL/kg of seed and PRO-GRO at 0.3 g/10 g of seed. An
untreated check was also included. Onion seeds, cv. Hendrix, were treated at MCRS on 14 May in
batches of 20 g of seed by placing 1 drop of methyl cellulose/2 g seed plus seed treatment chemical in a
small jar and shaking to totally coat the seeds. Each experimental unit consisted of four rows, spaced 42
cm apart, 6 m long. Seed treatments were seeded on 16 May at the rate of 36 seeds/m plus LORSBAN G
at 32 kg/ha in-furrow using a push V-belt seeder. Three randomly chosen 2 m sections, one section for
each assessment date, were staked out in each replication when onions were in the flag stage. Plants
emergence counts were conducted on 4 June to determine initial stands prior to the first assessment.
Plants were examined for onion smut (OS) or damage caused by other pests within the staked-out
sections. Damaged plants were removed and the cause recorded. At the first true leaf with flag leaf
attached (12 June) and after lodging (16 September), all onions in the assigned 2 m sections were pulled
and visually examined for OS. On 16 September, onions in a 2.32 m section of row per replicate were
pulled, topped and placed in storage. On 31 October the bulbs were removed from storage, sorted into
size categories, counted and weighed to determine yield.
Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July
(21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C). The 10 year
average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C, and September
15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113 mm), June (94 mm), July (104
mm), August (87 mm), and September (83 mm). The 10 year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71
mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm, and September 77 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis
of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.10. Means separation was obtained using
Tukey’s HSD at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 & 2
DISCUSSION: Smut Assessment: Significant differences in OS incidence (in flag leaf and in the bulb)
at the 1st leaf stage were found among the treatments (Table 1). No onion smut was found at the 1
st true
leaf stage of onions grown from seeds treated with RANCONA at 2.2 and 4.5 mL/kg of seed compared to
onions treated with PRO-GRO (38%) and the check (80%) (Table 1).No significant differences in the
incidence of onion smut were found among the treatments at harvest. At bulb maturity, significantly less
OS (39%) was found compared to the incidence of OS (80%) found at the 1st true leaf assessment in the
untreated check.
Crop Tolerance: Foliar yellowing, which indicates phytotoxicity in a spray trial, was not used as an
assessment for this trial. The tolerance of onions to products used as seed treatments is assessed by
counting emerged plants at the loop stage. At 19 DAS, significant differences in the number of emerged
plants were found among the treatments (Table 1). Onions grown from seeds treated with PRO-GRO had
a significantly higher number of emerged plants compared to the RANCONA treatments. Seeds treated
with RANCONA at 2.2 mL/kg of seed had a significantly higher rate of emergence (55 plants/m)
compared to seeds treated with RANCONA at 4.5 mL/kg (40.8 plants/m) but did not have more emerged
plants than untreated seed.
Yield: Significant differences in the number of bulbs per meter and in yield (t/ha) were found among the
treatments (Table 2). Onions grown from seeds treated with RANCONA at 2.2 mL/ha yielded more bulbs
per m than untreated seeds, but RANCONA at 4.5 mL/ha yielded bulbs per meter similar to untreated
seeds. The trial was seeded at the rate of ≈ 36 seed/m; however by harvest, only 5 to 11 bulb remained in
the meter. Onions grown from untreated seeds or seeds treated with PRO-GRO were lost due to smut
whereas onions grown from seeds treated with RANCONA at 4.5 mL/ha (high rate) may be lost at the
early stage of growth due to phytotoxicity of the seed treatment (Table 1).
CONCLUSIONS: RANCONA used as a seed treatment was effective in reducing the incidence of smut,
but may be toxic to the seed. RANCONA applied at 4.5 mL/kg of seed reduced the number of emerged
plants and resulted in yields that were not better than the untreated check. More investigation into the
cause of the reduced emergence observed for seeds treated with RANCONA is required. There was no
advantage to RANCONA at 4.5 mL/ha over the 2.2 mL/ha rate.
Table 1. Onion smut (OS) losses for yellow cooking onions grown from seeds treated with RANCONA
and grown at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment1
Rate
(mL/kg seed)
Plants/m
19 DAS2
Plants/m
27 DAS3
% OS Incidence within
assigned 2 m section
1st Leaf
3 Maturity
2
RANCONA 4.5 40.1 c4 16.0 b 0.0 a 5.3 ns
5
RANCONA 2.2 55.1 b 23.8 ab 0.0 a 11.7
PRO-GRO 30 72.1 a 32.0 a 37.5 b 19.6
Check -- 49.8 bc 24.8 ab 79.6 c 38.8 1 No other seed treatments were added. LORSBAN G (insecticide) at 32 kg/ha applied in-furrow at seeding.
2 The average number of onions counted at the loop stage in three 2 m sections of row/2 on 4 June.
3 The number of onions assessed per m on 12 June.
4 Smut assessed at 27 DAS (12 June) with flag leaf attached and includes smut in the flag leaf only.
5OS incidence at maturity is an assessment of losses over the total season.
6 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.
Table 2. Yield data for yellow cooking onions grown from seeds treated with fungicides and grown at
Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment1
Rate
(mL/kg seed) Bulbs/m Wgt/bulb (g)
%
Marketable
Mkb Yield
(t/ha)
RANCONA 4.5 10.6 ab 184.2 ns 98.9 ns3 44.8 ab
RANCONA 2.2 11.3 a 202.5 98.5 52.6 a
PRO-GRO 30 10.2 ab 173.7 99.3 40.9 ab
Check -- 4.7 b 219.4 100.0 24.2 b 1 No other seed treatments were added. LORSBAN G (insecticide) at 32 kg/ha applied in-furrow at seeding.
2 ns = not significantly different, P = 0.05.
Funding for this project was provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.
CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. Trailblazer
PEST: Purple blotch (Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF PURPLE BLOTCH ON
ONIONS, 2013
MATERIALS: INSPIRE (difenoconazole 250 g/L), VCP-05 (experimental), ENHANCE (triglyceride
ethoxylate POE 80%)
METHODS: Onions, cv. Trailblazer, were direct seeded (35 seeds/m) into muck soil (pH ≈ 6.5, organic
matter ≈ 74.4%) on 8 May, using a Stanhay Precision Seeder at the Muck Crops Research Station,
Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment
was used. Each replicate consisted of four rows (40 cm apart), 5 m in length. Treatments were: VCP-05 at
489 and 707 mL/ha + ENHANCE at 0.25% v/v, and INSPIRE at 364 and 512 mL/ha. An untreated check
was also added. Treatments were applied on 23, 30 July, and 6, 13, and 23 August using a CO2 backpack
sprayer equipped with four TeeJet 8002 VS fan nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 400
L/ha at 240 kPa. On 3 September, 25 onions from the inside two rows of each replicate were pulled. Dead
leaves were removed and counted. Green leaves were counted and visually examined for purple blotch
lesions and the numbers recorded. On 23 September, the onions in two 2.32 m sections of row were
pulled for a yield sample. On 14 November, the bulbs were removed from storage, sorted into size
categories, counted and weighed to determine yield.
Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July
(21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C) and October
(10.5°C). The 10 year average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C,
September 15.5°C and October 9.1°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113
mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm), September (83 mm) and October (92 mm). The 10
year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm, September 77 mm
and October 60 mm. Data were analyzed using General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear
Models section of Statistix V.10. Means separation was obtained using Fishers Protected LSD Test at P=
0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 & 2
CONCLUSIONS: Purple blotch incidence was low in 2013. No significant differences in purple blotch
lesions per plant, percent green leaves or green leaves per plant were found among the treatments (Table
1). There were no significant differences in the percentage or yield of marketable onions (Table 2). Total
yield may have been affected by stemphylium and botrytis present in the trial. No phytotoxicity was
observed.
Table 1. Disease ratings for purple blotch symptoms for onions, cv. Trailblazer, treated with fungicides,
and grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario 2013.
Treatment Rate (per ha) Lesions/plant % Green
Leaves
Green
leaves/plant
INSPIRE 512 mL 0.15 ns1 75.9 ns 2.0 ns
VCP-05 + ENHANCE 489 mL + 0.25% v/v 0.16 76.5 2.0
INSPIRE 364 mL 0.29 81.36 1.6
VCP-05 + ENHANCE 707 mL + 0.25% v/v 0.42 80.0 1.6
Check --- 0.52 79.3 1.8 1 ns= not significantly different at P= 0.05, Fishers Protected LSD test.
Table 2. Marketable yield and size distribution for onions, cv. Trailblazer, treated with fungicides and
grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
1 ns = not significantly different at P= 0.05, Fishers Protected LSD test
2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P= 0.05, Fishers Protected LSD
test.
Funding for this project was provided by Vive Crop Protection, Toronto, Ontario.
Treatment Rate
(per ha) % Mkb
Size Distribution (%)
Mkb Yield
(t/ha) Jumbo
(>76
mm)
Med
(64-76
mm)
Cull
(<45 mm)
VCP-05 +
ENHANCE 489 mL+ 0.25% v/v 98.6 ns
1 8.0 ns 90.6 a
2 1.4 ns 46.1 ns
INSPIRE 512 mL 98.5 9.0 89.4 a 1.5 45.9
VCP-05 +
ENHANCE 707 mL+ 0.25% v/v 98.7 15.0 83.7 ab 1.4 51.3
INSPIRE 364 mL 97.7 11.9 85.8 a 3.2 51.9
Check --- 98.8 25.0 73.8 b 1.2 35.1
CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. Patterson
PEST: Stemphylium leaf blight (Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.))
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF SURFACTANTS FOR CONTROL OF STEMPHYLIUM
LEAF BLIGHT ON ONIONS, 2013
MATERIALS: SYLGARD 309 (siloxylated polyether 76%), PURESPRAY GREEN (99% mineral oil),
WIDESPREAD MAX (polyether- polymethysiloxane- copolymer, polyether 100%), QUADRIS TOP
(azoxystrobin 18.2%, defenoconazole 11.4%)
METHODS: Onions, cv. Patterson, were direct seeded (35 seeds/m) using a Stanhay Precision Seeder
on 3 May into organic soil (organic matter ≈ 61.4%, pH ≈ 7.2,) near Muck Crops Research Station,
Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment
was used. Each experimental unit consisted of four rows (40 cm apart), 5 m in length. Treatments were:
SYLGARD at 0.25% v/v, PURESPRAY GREEN at 10 L/ha, WIDESPREAD MAX at 0.045% v/v, with
and without QUADRIS TOP at 1 L/ha and QUADRIS TOP at 1 L/ha. An untreated check was also
included. Treatments were applied on 22, 29 July, 6, 13 and 20 August using a CO2 backpack sprayer
equipped with four TeeJet 8002 VS fan nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 400 L/ha.
Plots were visually assessed on 9 August and rated for the percentage of leaf area infected with
stemphylium leaf blight using a 0-9 scale, where: 0 = 0%, 1=< 2%, 2 = 2-4%, 3 = 5-9%, 4 = 10-24%, 5 =
25-40%, 6 = 41-55%, 7 = 56-70%, 8 = 71-85% and 9 =>85% foliar area diseased per plot. On 9
September, 20 leaves were removed from the inside two rows of each replicate and assessed for the
percentage of leaf area infected with leaf blight. On 19 September, the onions in two 2.33 m sections of
row were pulled for a yield sample. Onions were weighed and graded for size on 31 October to determine
marketable yield. Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for
June (18.5°C), July (21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for May
(14.8°C). The 10 year average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C,
and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113 mm), June (94
mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm), and September (83 mm). The 10 year rainfall averages were: May
72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm, and September 77 mm.
Data where analysed using the General Analyses of Variance function of the Linear Models section of
Statistix V.10. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test with P = 0.05 level of
significance.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION: In 2013, disease pressure was high and by 9 September the incidence of
stemphylium in the trial was 100 percent (Table 1). Significant differences in disease severity were found
among the treatments (Table 1). Onions sprayed with QUADRIS TOP + SYLGARD had lower disease
severity than all other treatments. Onions sprayed with SYLGARD, PURESPRAY GREEN or
WIDESPREAD MAX did not reduce disease severity compared to the untreated check.
No significant differences in yield, percent marketable and weight per bulb were found among the
treatments (Table 2).
CONCLUSIONS: The surfactants used alone were not effective in reducing stemphylium severity.
SYLGARD added to QUADRIS TOP reduced disease compared to QUADRIS TOP used alone.
Table 1. Stemphylium incidence and severity for onions, cv. Patterson, treated with various surfactants
and grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment
Surfactant
rate/L of
water1
Stemphylium
Incidence (%) DSI
2
Plot
Rating3
SYLGARD + QUADRIS TOP4 2.5 mL 100.0 ns
5 48.3 a
6 3.0 ns
WIDESPREAD MAX + QUADRIS TOP 0.45 mL 100.0 64.3 b 2.5
QUADRIS TOP -- 100.0 67.3 bc 2.8
PURESPRAY GREEN + QUADRIS TOP 25.0 mL 100.0 70.0 bc 3.5
SYLGARD 2.5 mL 100.0 74.5 bcd 3.0
PURESPRAY GREEN 25.0 L 100.0 78.3 cd 2.8
WIDE SPREAD MAX 0.45 100.0 80.8 cd 3.0
Check -- 100.0 88.0 d 3.8 1 A spray volume of 400 L/ha was used.
2 Severity was rated on 20 leaves using a 0-5 scale where 0 = 0%, 1 = 1-10%, 2 = 11-25%, 3 = 26-50%, 4 = 51-75%,
5 = >75% of the leaf area diseased. 3 Plots were visually assessed and rated on a 0-9 scale where 0 = 0%, 1 =<2%, 2 = 2-4%, 3 = 5-9%, 4 = 10-24%, 5 =
25-40%, 6 = 41-55%, 7 = 56-70%, 8 = 71-85% and 9 = >85% of foliar area diseased per plot. 4 The rate of QUADRIS TOP was 1.0 L/ha in all treatments.
5 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments.
6 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected
LSD test.
Table 2. Yield for onions, cv. Patterson, treated with various surfactants grown near the Muck Crops
Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment
Surfactant
rate/L of
water1
Yield (t/ha) %
Marketable
Wgt/bulb
(g)
SYLGARD + QUADRIS TOP2 2.5 mL 24.9 ns
3 88.5 ns 94.0 ns
WIDESPREAD MAX + QUADRIS TOP 0.45 mL 24.1 84.1 86.4
QUADRIS TOP -- 18.5 87.0 90.5
PURESPRAY GREEN + QUADRIS TOP 25.0 mL 24.7 85.5 89.3
SYLGARD 2.5 mL 28.9 89.8 87.3
PURESPRAY GREEN 25.0 L 19.4 82.7 72.0
WIDE SPREAD MAX 0.45 22.3 81.0 77.8
Check -- 21.7 76.9 72.8 1 A spray volume of 400 L/ha was used.
2 The rate of QUADRIS TOP was 1.0 L/ha in all treatments.
3 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Funding for this project was provided by Plant Production Systems of the Ontario Ministry of
Agriculture and Food and the Ministry of Rural Affairs and the University of Guelph partnership.
CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. Patterson
PEST: Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.)
AUTHORS: TESFAENDRIAS MT & MCDONALD MR
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: FUNGICIDE SPRAY TIMING FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF STEMPHYLIUM
LEAF BLIGHT IN ONIONS, 2013
MATERIALS: QUADRIS TOP (azoxystrobin 18.2%, difenoconazole 11.4%)
METHODS: Disease forecasting systems were tested and compared in a field trial to determine if
stemphylium leaf blight management could be improved. A randomized complete block design with four
replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of 4 rows, 42 cm apart, 5 m in length.
Onion, cv. Patterson, was direct seeded (34 seeds/m) using a Stanhay Precision Seeder on 7 May into
organic soil (organic matter ≈ 58%, pH ≈ 7.4) near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh,
Ontario. Recommended control procedures for weeds and insects were followed. Treatments were:
application of fungicide following BOTCAST (the botrytis leaf blight forecasting model), TOMCAST
with Disease Severity Value 20 and 30 (forecasting model for early blight, septoria leaf spot and fruit
anthracnose), spraying following the first appearance of a spore on spore trap rods and standard calendar
spray schedule. QUADRIS TOP (azoxystrobin 18.2%, difenoconazole 11.4%) fungicide was used for all
the treatments. An untreated control was also included. Treatments were applied on different periods
based on threshold for spray for each forecasting model used (Tables 1 and 2). Treatments were applied
using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with four TeeJet 8002 VS fan nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and
calibrated to deliver 400 L/ha at 240 kPa (boom). Experimental plots were assessed on 25 July, 2 and 9
August, and rated for stemphylium leaf blight using a 0-9 scale, where: 0 = 0%, 1 < 2%, 2 = 2-4%, 3 = 5-
9%, 4 = 10-24%, 5 = 25-40 %, 6 = 41-55%, 7 = 56-70%, 8 = 71-85% and 9 > 85% foliar area diseased
per plot. These values were used to calculate area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) using the
following equation:
∑ (
)
( )
Where j is the order index for the times and nj is the total number of assessments, yj is the rating for foliar
area diseased per plot at day tj, yj+1 is the rating for foliar area diseased per plot at day tj+1 and (tj+1 - tj) is
the number of days between two assessments.
On 20 August, ten plants from each replicate were pulled and assessed for percent of foliage infected. On
19 September, onions in two 2.32 m sections of row from each replicate were pulled to determine yield.
The onions were weighed and graded for bulb size on 31 October. Compared to the previous 10 year
averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July (21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and
September (15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C). The 10 year average temperatures were: May
12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was above the
10 year average for May (113 mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm) and September (83
mm). The 10 year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm,
September 77 mm and October 60 mm. Data were analysed using the General Analysis of Variance
function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.10. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s
Protected LSD test with P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as outlined in Tables 1 & 2
CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences in the AUDPC among the treatments, but
differences in stemphylium leaf blight severity were found. The fungicide applied at various periods
reduced disease severity by 24-34% compared to the untreated control (Table 1). Three sprays applied
following BOTCAST provided equivalent control as the other spray timings that resulted in five sprays
(Table 1). No significant differences were observed in marketable yield or bulb size distribution among
the treatments (Table 2) although the BOTCAST model resulted in the numerically lowest yield.
Reduction in medium sized onions was correlated (r = -0.4; P = 0.03) with the AUDPC. The product
tested was non-phytotoxic to the crop.
Table 1. Disease ratings for stemphylium leaf blight symptoms of onions, cv. Patterson, treated with
fungicide at different periods, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario,
2013.
Treatment Spray date % Total Leaf Length
with Symptoms
Plot Rating AUDPC
1
Jul 25 Aug 2 Aug 9
TOMCAST 30 Jul 12, 25 Aug 2, 9, 19 15.5 a2 1.3 ns
3 2.3 ns 3.8 ns 35.0 ns
TOMCAST 20 Jul 3, 22 Aug 2, 9, 19 16.3 a 1.5 2.3 4.0 36.9
Calendar spray Jul 15, 25 Aug 2, 9, 19 16.3 a 1.3 1.8 3.8 31.3
Spore trap Jul 15, 25 Aug 2, 9, 19 16.5 a 1.3 2.0 3.8 33.1
BOTCAST Aug 2, 9, 19 17.9 a 1.5 2.0 4.0 35.0
Check Not sprayed 23.7 b 1.8 2.8 4.5 43.8 1AUDPC = area under the disease progress curve.
2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD
test. 1 Not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test.
Table 2. Comparison of marketable yield and bulb size distribution of onions, cv. Patterson, treated with
fungicide at different periods grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario,
2013.
Treatment Spray date Mkb Yield
(t/ha)
Bulb Size Distribution
% Jumbo
(>76 mm)
% Large
(64-76 mm)
% Medium
(45-64 mm)
% Cull
(<45 mm)
TOMCAST 20 Jul 3, 22 Aug 2, 9, 19 64.5 ns1 0.27 ns
1 16.6 ns 65.9 ns 21.8 ns
Calendar spray Jul 15, 25 Aug 2, 9, 19 60.9 0.59 13.6 65.6 26.4
TOMCAST 30 Jul 12, 25 Aug 2, 9, 19 54.9 0.66 12.2 61.9 34.1
Check Not sprayed 49.1 0.50 11.6 62.0 36.2
Spore trap Jul 15, 25 Aug 2, 9, 19 45.0 0.97 7.5 61.4 46.9
BOTCAST Aug 2, 9, 19 44.6 1.12 14.6 55.8 43.1 1 Not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test.
Funding for this project was provided by the Bradford Co-operative Storage Ltd and by the Plant
Production Systems of the OMAF and MRA/University of Guelph Partnership.
CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. Patterson
PEST: Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.)
AUTHORS: TESFAENDRIAS M T & MCDONALD M R
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF STEMPHYLIUM LEAF
BLIGHT IN ONIONS, 2013
MATERIALS: PRISTINE WG (pyraclostrobin 25.2%, boscalid 12.8%), DITHANE 750 F (mancozeb
75%), SWITCH 62.5 WG (cyprodinil 37.5%, fluodioxinil 25.0%), FONTELIS 20 SC (penthiopyrad
20%), INSPIRE (difenoconzole 23.2%), LUNA TRANQUILITY (fluopyram 12.5%, pyrimethanil
37.5%), QUADRIS TOP (azoxystrobin 18.2%, difenoconazole 11.4%)
METHODS: A field trial was conducted near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh,
Ontario, in organic soil (organic matter ≈ 62%, pH ≈ 7.2) to evaluate the efficacy of fungicides to control
stemphylium leaf blight. Onion, cv. Patterson, was direct seeded (34 seeds/m) using a Stanhay Precision
Seeder on 7 May. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used.
Each experimental unit consisted of four rows, 42 cm apart, 5 m in length. Recommended control
procedures for weeds and insects were followed. Treatments were: PRISTINE at 1.3 kg/ha, DITHANE
750 F at 3.25 kg/ha, SWITCH 62.5WG at 975 g/ha, FONTELIS 20 SC at 1.4 L/ha, INSPIRE at 512
mL/ha, QUADRIS TOP at 1 L/ha and LUNA TRANQUILITY at 1.2 L/ha. An untreated check was also
included. Treatments were applied on 15 and 25 July, and 2, 9 and 19 August using a CO2 backpack
sprayer equipped with four TeeJet 8002 VS fan nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 400
L/ha at 240 kPa (boom). Experimental plots were assessed on 25 July, 2 and 9 August, and rated for
stemphylium leaf blight using a 0-9 scale, where: 0 = 0%, 1 < 2%, 2 = 2-4%, 3 = 5-9%, 4 = 10-24%, 5 =
25-40 %, 6 = 41-55%, 7 = 56-70%, 8 = 71-85% and 9 > 85% foliar area diseased per plot. These values
were used to calculate area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) using the following equation:
∑ (
)
( )
Where j is the order index for the times and nj is the total number of assessments, yj is the rating for foliar
area diseased per plot at day tj, yj+1 is the rating for foliar area diseased per plot at day tj+1 and (tj+1 - tj) is
the number of days between two assessments.
On 20 August, ten plants from each replicate were pulled and assessed for percent of foliage infected. On
19 September, onions in two 2.32 m sections of row from each replicate were pulled to determine yield.
The onions were weighed and graded for bulb size on 13 November. Compared to the previous 10 year
averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July (21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and
September (15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C). The 10 year average temperatures were: May
12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was above the
10 year average for May (113 mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm) and September (83
mm). The 10 year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm and
September 77 mm. Data were analysed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear
Models section of Statistix V.10. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test with P
= 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as outlined in Tables 1 & 2
CONCLUSIONS: In 2013, disease pressure was moderate. Stemphylium leaf blight started to develop
in mid to late June in the Holland Marsh. Significant differences in stemphylium leaf blight
severity were found among the treatments. All of the fungicides reduced disease compared to the
untreated check. QUADRIS TOP was more effective in reducing stemphylium leaf blight with 11.8%
foliage with symptoms, as compared to PRISTINE, FONTELIS, SWITCH, INSPIRE, and the untreated
check that had 18-29.7% foliage with symptoms (Table 1). Significant differences among the treatments
in disease severity rating and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) were observed (Table 1).
No differences in marketable yield or bulb size distribution were found among the treatments (Table 2).
However, onion size was correlated (r = -0.36; P = 0.05) with percent total leaf length with stemphylium
leaf blight symptoms and the AUDPC. Incorporating the most effective fungicides into the integrated
management of stemphylium leaf blight can reduce disease incidence and severity. All the products tested
were non-phytotoxic to the crop.
Table 1. Disease ratings for stemphylium leaf blight symptoms of onions, cv. Patterson, treated with
various fungicides, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate
(per ha)
% Total Leaf
Length with
Symptoms
Plot Rating AUDPC
1
July 25 Aug 2 Aug 9
QUADRIS TOP 1.0 L 11.8 a2 1.0 ns
3 1.8 a 2.0 a 24.1 a
LUNA
TRANQUILITY 1.2 L 13.0 ab 1.5 2.0 a 2.3 ab 28.9 a
DITHANE 3.25 kg 16.1 abc 1.5 2.0 a 2.8 abc 30.6 a
PRISTINE 1.3 kg 18.9 bc 2.0 3.0 b 3.0 bc 41.0 bc
FONTELIS 1.4 L 19.4 bc 1.8 2.3 ab 2.8 abc 33.5 ab
SWITCH 975 g 19.6 bc 1.0 1.8 a 3.5 cd 29.4 a
INSPIRE 512 mL 20.3 c 1.5 2.0 a 2.8 abc 30.6 a
Check -- 29.7 d 1.7 3.0 b 4.3 d 44.4 c 1AUDPC = area under the disease progress curve.
2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD
test. 3 Not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test.
Table 2. Comparison of marketable yield and bulb size distribution of onions, cv. Patterson, treated with
various fungicides grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate
(per ha)
Marketable
Yield
(t/ha)
Bulb Size Distribution
% Jumbo
(> 76 mm)
% Large
(64 - 76 mm)
% Medium
(45 - 64 mm)
% Cull
(< 45 mm)
LUNA
TRANQUILITY 1.2 L 61.0 ns
1 1.3 ns 16.9 ns 58.7 ns 30.7 ns
INSPIRE 512 mL 60.2 0.4 13.1 69.3 21.4
PRISTINE 1.3 kg 58.0 0.4 13.0 72.9 16.4
DITHANE 3.25 kg 56.5 1.8 20.8 63.8 16.0
QUADRIS TOP 1.0 L 52.0 3.2 14.9 59.9 28.7
SWITCH 975 g 49.9 0.4 12.3 67.1 25.6
FONTELIS 1.4 L 44.9 0.4 11.3 61.3 38.2
Check -- 41.9 0.4 8.8 65.8 34.5 1 Not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test.
Funding for this project was provided by the Bradford Co-operative Storage Ltd and by the plant
Production Systems of the OMAF and MRA/University of Guelph Partnership.
CROP: Onion (Allium cepa L.), cv. Patterson
PEST: Stemphylium leaf blight (Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.))
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
Muck Crops Research Station, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph
TITLE: EVALUATION OF FOOD GRADE OIL FOR THE CONTROL OF
STEMPHYLIUM LEAF BLIGHT ON ONIONS, 2013
MATERIALS: experimental products A, B, C, D, E (experimental), QUADRIS TOP (azoxystrobin
18.2%, difenoconazole 11.4%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil (organic matter ≈ 61.4%, pH ≈ 7.2) near the Muck
Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. On 7 May onions, cv. Patterson, were seeded using a
Stanhay Precision Seeder. Each experimental unit consisted of four rows, spaced 42 cm apart, 5 m long.
Treatments and rates were as shown in Table 1. Products were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer
equipped with four TeeJet 8002 VS fan nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 500 L/ha at
240 kPa. Treatments were applied on 22, 29 July, 6, 13 and 20 August. On 6 September, the newest fully
expanded leaf from 20 plants per replicate was removed and evaluated for stemphylium leaf blight using a
0-5 scale, where 0=0%, 1= 1-10%, 2= 11-25%, 3= 26-50%, 4= 51-75%, 5 > 75%. The scale was used to
determine a disease severity index (DSI) using the following formula:
DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of leaves in each class)]
x 100 (total no. leaves per sample)(no. classes -1)
On 6 September, the onions in two 2.32 m sections of row per replicate were harvested for a yield sample.
On 4 November, onions were graded by size to determine marketable yield. Sizes included were: cull
(<45 mm), Can No. 1 (45-76 mm), and jumbo (> 76 mm). Data were analyzed using the General Analysis
of Variance function of Statistix V. 10. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test
at P = 0.05 level of significance.
Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July
(21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C). The 10 year
average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C and September 15.5°C
Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113 mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm),
August (87 mm) and September (83 mm). The 10 year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm,
July 82 mm, August 73 mm and September 77 mm.
RESULTS: Disease levels were high in the trial. Significant differences in disease severity were found
among the treatments. Treatments using QUADRIS TOP and QUADRIS TOP+A+B had a significantly
lower DSI than treatments A+D, A+E, the drench treatment + foliar A+B and the double rate of A+B.
Treatments A+B and A+B+C also had a significantly lower DSI values than A+D and the double rate of
A+B. None of the treatments reduced disease severity compared to the untreated check.
Yield was significantly higher in the treatments containing QUADRIS TOP than in the untreated check.
Onion yield was significantly different among several experimental product combinations. Treatments
A+B+C, A+E, half rate of A+B and A+B+QUADRIS TOP had significantly higher yield than the double
rate of A+B.
There were no significant differences among treatments in size distribution for small and medium sized
onions. Significant differences among treatments in jumbo size distribution were found. QUADRIS TOP
had significantly more jumbo onions than all treatments except A+B+QUADRIS TOP.
CONCLUSIONS: The application of Products A+B and A+B+C was as effective as QUADRIS TOP in
reducing stemphylium leaf blight. No treatments reduced disease severity compared to the untreated
check. There was no advantage to combining A+B with QUADRIS TOP.
A+B as a soil drench was not as effective as A+B foliar sprays.
Doubling the rate of A+B was ineffective and appeared to be toxic to the onions and resulted in the lowest
yield of any treatment.
Products D and E were not effective and increased DSI values compared to A+B treatments.
All products containing B stained the onions and spray equipment. All products require constant agitation
to prevent separation. The large volume of product A (25 L/ha) required in spray solutions may not be
practical for commercial applications.
Funding for this project was provided by an NSERC Engage grant with the support of Petro-
Canada Lubricants Inc. A Suncor Energy Company.
Table 1. Rates of products used for spray program for the control of stemphylium leaf blight on onions,
cv. Patterson, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
# App’n
Type1
1st Appl’n Rates (per ha) 2
nd, 3
rd Appl’n Rates (per ha) 4
th 5
th Appl’n Rates (per ha)
1 check -- -- --
2 F QUADRIS TOP at 1.0 L QUADRIS TOP at 1 L/ha QUADRIS TOP at 1 L/ha
3 F A 25.0+B at 1.56 L A 25 L+B 1.56
L+QUADRIS TOP 1 L/ha
A 25 L+B 1.56
L+QUADRIS TOP 1 L/ha
4 D + F A 100 L+B 6.25 A 25 L+B 1.56 L A 25 L+B 1.56 L
5 F A 25 L+B 1.56 L A 25 L+B 1.56 L A 25 L+B 1.56 L
6 F A 25 L+B 1.56 L + C 4.0 L A 25 L+B 1.56 L + C 4.0 L A 25 L+B 1.56 L + C 4.0 L
7 F A 25 L+D 1.16 L A 25 L+D 1.16 L A 25 L+D 53 g
8 F A 25 L+E 1.56 L A 25 L+E 1.56 L A 25 L+E 4.0 L
9 F A 12 L+B 0.78 L A 12 L+B 0.78 L A 12 L+B 0.78 L
10 F A 50 L+B 3.12 L A 50 L+B 3.12 L A 50 L+B 3.12 L 1 F = foliar, D = soil drench
Table 2. Disease severity index (DSI) for stemphylium leaf blight on onions, cv. Patterson, treated with
experimental products, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate L/ha App’n
Type1
DSI2
QUADRIS TOP 1.0 F 44.3 a3
A + B + QUADRIS TOP 25 + 1.56 + 1.0 F 44.1 a
A + B + C 25 + 1.56 + 4.0 F 50.1 ab
A + B 25 + 1.56 F 55.3 ab
Check -- 56.1 abc
A + B 12.5 + 0.78 F 55.1 ab
A + B 100+ 6.25
& 25 + 1.56 D + F 60.1 bc
A + E 25 + 1.56 F 60.4 bc
A + B 50 + 3.12 F 68.3 cd
A + D 25 + 1.16 F 76.0 d 1 F = foliar, D = soil drench
2 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:
DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of leaves in each class)]
x 100 (total no. leaves per sample)(no. classes -1)
3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P= 0.05 Fisher’s LSD test.
Table 3. Yield and size distribution of onions, cv. Patterson, treated with experimental products, grown
near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment
Rate L/ha App’n
Type1 Yield (t/ha)
Size Distribution (%)2
Jumbo
(>76mm)
Can no.1
(45-76mm)
Cull
(<45mm)
QUADRIS TOP 1.0 F 31.0 a3 6.2 a 88.0 ns 5.8 ns
4
A + B + C 25 + 1.56 + 4.0 F 27.3 ab 0.7 bc 91.8 7.5
A + B 12.5 + 0.78 F 27.3 ab 0.0 c 91.5 8.5
A + E 25 + 1.56 F 26.3 ab 1.9 bc 91.2 6.9
A + B +
QUADRIS TOP 25 + 1.56 + 1.0 F 25.3 ab 3.4 ab 90.3 6.3
A + D 25 + 1.16 F 24.0 bc 0.0 c 91.6 8.4
A + B 100+ 6.25
& 25 + 1.56 D + F 23.8 bc 1.1 bc 89.0 9.9
A + B 25 + 1.56 F 23.7 bc 0.0 c 91.3 8.7
Check -- 22.6 bc
1.1 bc 85.4 13.5
A + B 50 + 3.12 F 18.1 c 0.0 c 87.2 12.8 1 F = foliar, D = soil drench
2 Percentage was determined by weight.
3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P= 0.05 Fisher’s LSD test.
4 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments.
CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.) cvs. Trailblazer, Braddock, Cook, Madras
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VANDER KOOI K,
1 KESSEL C
2 & NEMETH D
2,
1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
2Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food & Ministry of Rural Affairs
TITLE: EVALUATION OF PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS ON ORGANIC (MUCK)
SOIL ON ONIONS, 2013
MATERIALS: mono ammonium phosphate (11% NH4, 52% P205, 1.5% SO4)
METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil at 2 sites in the Holland Marsh, Ontario. On 2 May
fertilizer treatments were applied at both Site 1, near Muck Crops Research Station (organic matter ≈ 60
%, pH ≈ 6.6, P ≈ 72 ppm) and Site 2 near the Muck Crops Research Station (organic matter ≈ 61.3%, pH
≈ 7.2, P ≈ 105 ppm). A third site was also fertilized but samples were not retrieved before harvest.
Treatments were 100 kg P2O5/ha and an untreated check. At Site 1, a large scale plot with three replicates
was used. The plot measured 21 m in width, and ran the entire length of the field. At Site 2, a randomized
complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of 8 rows (42
cm apart), 20 m in length. On 9 May (Site 1) onions, cv. Braddock, Cook and Madras, were direct seeded
using a Stanhay precision seeder and on 16 May, (Site 2) onions, cv. Trailblazer, were transplanted. On
12 September (Site 1) and 29 August (Site 2) the onions in four 2.32 m sections of row were harvested
from each plot. On 18 November (Site 1 and 2) onions were graded for size and weighed and put back
into storage for a later assessment. On 1 October (Site 1) bulk yield was taken from one bed, the entire
length of the field using a commercial harvester. Bins of onions were weighed to determine total yield. A
storage sample was prepared, weighed and placed in storage. On 24 February 2014, onions were removed
from storage and weighed and assessed for quality. Soil samples were collected after the season and sent
to University of Guelph Laboratory Services, Guelph Ontario for nutrient analysis. Compared to the
previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July (21.3°C),
August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C) and October (10.5°C).
The 10 year average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C,
September 15.5°C and October 9.1°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113
mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm), September (83 mm) and October (92 mm). The 10
year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm, September 77 mm
and October 60 mm. Data were analyzed using Statistic V. 9, and a General Analysis of Variance for
linear models was used. Means were compared using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of
significance.
RESULTS: At site 1 no significant differences were found in yield. At Site 2, significant differences
were found in the percent marketable between the treatment and the untreated check. No significant
differences were found in size distribution of onions at Site 1 (Table 1), or at Site 2 (Table 3). No
significant difference in yield was found between commercially harvested bulk samples of onions grown
with or without the application of phosphorous fertilizer. No significant differences in percent marketable
onions were found after 4 months of storage.
CONCLUSIONS: At both sites, onions treated with phosphorous were not significantly different from
the check. Phosphorus rates had no effect of the quality of onions after storage.
Table 1. Yield of onions, cvs. Cook, Madras and Braddock fertilized with and without phosphorus
fertilizer, grown near Muck Crops Research Station, Site 1, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate (kg/ha)
t/ha bu/A %
Marketable
Marketable Yield (%)
Jumbo
(>76 mm)
Large
(64-76 mm)
Medium
(44-64 mm)
MAP1 192 64.9 1050.1 ns 88.3 ns 8.5 ns 36.3 ns 51.2 ns
Check 0 75.6 ns2 1223.3 91.5 8.7 43.2 46.0
1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate = 100 kg P2O5
2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Table 2. Bulk yield of onions, cvs. Cook, Madras and Braddock fertilized with and without phosphorus
fertilizer, grown near Muck Crops Research Station, Site 1, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate (kg/ha) t/ha bu/A
MAP1 192 60.1 ns
2 971.9 ns
Check 0 58.9 953.9 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate= 100 kg P2O5
2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Table 3. Yield of onions, cv. Trailblazer, fertilized with and without phosphorus fertilizer, grown near
Muck Crops Research Station, Site 2, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate (kg/ha)
t/ha bu/A %
Marketable
Marketable Yield (%)
Jumbo
(>76 mm)
Large
(64-76 mm)
Medium
(44-64 mm)
Cull
(<45 mm)
MAP1 192 46.2 ns
2 754.5 ns 93.2 a
3 5.5 ns 25.2 ns 70.0 ns 4.3 ns
Check 0 42. 682.8 90.8 b 1.4 24.4 57.1 2.2 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate= 100 kg P2O5
2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments. 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s protected LSD
test.
Table 4. Pre-plant and post-harvest phosphorus (P) content of soil samples taken from onions fields
fertilized with and without phosphorus fertilizer, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Sites 1 and
2, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment
Rate of P
(kg
P2O
5/ha)
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3
Pre-plant P2
(ppm)
Post-harvest
P (ppm)
Pre-plant P2
(ppm)
Post-harvest
P (ppm)
Pre-plant
P2 (ppm)
Post-harvest
P (ppm)
MAP 1 192 187 ns 133.3 ns
3 148 ns 96.8 ns 172.5 ns 103.3 ns
Check 0 --- 120.0 142 88.0 --- 115.0 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate= 100 kg P2O5
2 Soil samples were collected from the entire site.
3 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Table 5. Quality assessment of onions, cvs. Braddock, Cook and Madras fertilized with or without
phosphorous after 4 months of storage at Muck Crops Research Station, Site 1, Holland Marsh, Ontario,
2013-2014.
Treatment Rate of P
(kg P2O
5/ha)
Weight Loss
(%) Rot (%)
Marketable
(%)
MAP 1 192 5.2 ns
2 0.0 ns 100.0
Check 0 2.7 0.0 100.0 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate= 100 kg P2O5
2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Table 6. Quality assessment of onions, cv. Trailblazer, fertilized with or without phosphorous after 4
months of storage at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013-2014.
Treatment Rate of P
(kg P2O
5/ha)
Weight Loss
(%) Rot (%)
Marketable
(%)
MAP1 192 3.2 ns
2 0.7 ns 98.7 ns
Check 0 3.4 1.1 98.4 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate= 100 kg P2O5
2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Funding provided by the Lake Simcoe Protection Plan through the Ministry of Environment and
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Ministry of Rural Affairs.
CROP: Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), cv. Greyhound
PEST: Fusarium wilt of spinach (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae (Sherb.) W.C. Snyder &
H.N. Hans.)
AUTHORS: COLLINS B & MCDONALD MR
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture
TITLE: EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CONTROLS FOR THE
SUPRESSION OF FUSARIUM WILT IN SPINACH, 2013
MATERIALS: APRON XL LS (metalaxyl 33.3%), THIRAM 50WP (thriam 50%), MAXIM 480 FS
(fludioxonil 40.3%), MAXIM QUATTRO (metalaxyl 2.65%, fludioxonil 3.32%, azoxystrobin 1.33%,
thiabendazole 26.5%), MERTECT SC (thiabendazole 500g/L), TRILEX AL (metalaxyl 10.8%,
trifloxystrobin 13.5g/L), PROLINE 480 SC (480g/L), PRO-GRO (carbathiin 30%, thriam 50%),
CABRIO (pyraclostrobin 20%), HEADS UP (Chenopodium quinoa 49.7%), SERENADE SOIL (Bacillus
subtilis 109 CFU/g), ACTINOVATE (Streptomyces lydicus 10
7 CFU/g), PRESTOP (Gliocladium
catenulatum 2x108 CFU/g), FARMORE D300 (metalaxyl 33.3%, fludioxonil 40%, azoxystrobin 9.6%),
ACTIGARD 50WG (acibenzolar 50%), ELEXA-4 (chitosan 4%).
METHODS: Field trials were conducted from July to September 2013 in mineral soil (pH ≈ 7.2)
naturally infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae near Hamilton, Ontario. The susceptible
cultivar, Greyhound, was commercially treated with the industry standard (APRON XL LS and
THIRAM). Biological and chemical controls (Table 1) were applied either to the treated seed (S),
drenched after seeding (D) on 22 July or applied to the foliage (F) two weeks after seeding. An addition
check was included as a limestone trial was conducted in the same location during 2012. Each
experimental unit consisted of a 6-row (1.5 m wide) bed and 4 m in length seeded with a Stanhay
Precision Seeder. This field assay was arranged in a randomized complete block design with five
replications. Plots were irrigated as required using overhead irrigation. Two applications of ammonium
nitrate fertilizer were applied 5 and 18 days after seeding providing 110 kg N/ha. Eight weeks after
seeding, the Disease Severity Index (DSI) was determined by assessing all of the plants in 1 m section of
one of the two middle rows using a 0-4 scale: 0 = healthy; 1 = yellowing; 2 = slightly wilted; 3 = severe
wilted; 4 = dead plant; calculated as shown below. The vascular discoloration severity of the roots was
determined by sectioning ten roots per experimental unit longitudinally and rating the roots on a scale
from 0-3: 0 = healthy white roots; 1 = one-third discoloration or less; 2 = one-third discoloration to two-
thirds; 3 = more than two-thirds vascular discoloration. Vascular Discolouration Index (VDI) was
calculated as displayed below. Disease incidence was determined by calculating the percentage of
symptomatic plants in 1 m of the middle row. The yield (fresh weight) of each treatment was measured by
weighing all the above ground plant material in 1 m of the middle row. Data were analyzed using the
General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.10. Means separation
was obtained by using Fisher’s Protected LSD Test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
DSI/ VDI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)]
x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1)
RESULTS: as presented in Table 2
CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences were found among treatments for all ratings. Disease
severity was low due to environmental conditions. Although plants had vascular discolouration,
indicating infection, the air temperature at the time of rating was not high enough to cause wilt symptoms.
Higher levels of vascular discolouration did not necessarily result in lower yield and higher disease
incidence.
Table 1. Biological and chemical treatments evaluated for the suppression of Fusarium wilt in spinach,
cv. Greyhound, grown near Hamilton, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment
Formulation (g ai/L or as noted) Application
Method
Rate ( /100 kg
seed or as noted)
Check -- -- --
APRON XL LS Metalaxyl (33.3%) S1 40 mL
THIRAM 50WP Thriam (50%) S 500 g
MAXIM 480 FS Fludioxonil (40.3%) S 10.4 mL
MAXIM
QUATTRO
Fludioxonil (3.32%) S 67 mL
Metalaxyl (2.65%)
Azoxystrobin (1.33%)
Thiabendazole (26.5%)
MERTECT SC Thiabendazole (500 g/L) S 100 mL
TRILEX AL Trifloxystrobin (13.5 g/L) S 370 mL
Metalaxyl (10.8%)
PROLINE 480 SC Prothioconazole (480 g/L) S 21 mL
PRO-GRO Carbathiin (30%) S 1250 g
Thiram (50%)
CABRIO Pyraclostrobin (20%) D 1.12 L/ha
HEADS UP Chenpodium quinoa saponins (49.7%) S 28 g
SERENADE SOIL Bacillus subtilis (109 CFU/g) D 11.2 L/ha
ACTINOVATE Streptomyces lydicus (107 CFU/g) D + F 840 mL/ha
PRESTOP Gliocladium catenulatum (2x108 CFU/g) D 200 g/10m
2
FARMORE D300 Metalaxyl (33.3%) S 40 mL
Azoxystrobin (100 g/L)
50 mL
Fludioxonil (40%) 10.4 mL
MAXIM
QUATTRO
Metalaxyl (2.65%) S 67 mL
Fludioxonil (3.32%)
Azoxystrobin (1.33%)
Thiabendazole (26.5%)
PROLINE 480 SC Prothioconazole (480 g/L) S 21 mL
ACITGARD 50WG Acibenzolar (50%) F + F 35 g/ha
ELEXA-4 Chitosan (4%) D + F 20 L/ha
Limestone- check Dolomitic Lime -- 20 t/ha 1 Treatments applied as a seed treatment (S), soil drench (D) or foliar spray (F).
Table 2. Effect of biological and chemical controls on the disease severity, vascular discolouration, and
disease incidence of Fusarium wilt in spinach grown near Hamilton, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Name DSI1
VDI2
Fresh Weight Disease
Incidence (%)
PROLINE 480 SC 0 ns3
24.7 ns
898 ns 0.0 ns
SERENADE SOIL 0 30.7 1062 0.0
ACTINOVATE 0.3 30.0 752 0.6
MAXIM 480 FS 0.3 27.3 1047 0.4
MAXIM QUATTRO 0.5 33.3 793 1.0
MAXIM QUATTRO + PROLINE 0.5 24.7 966 1.1
PROGRO 0.6 24.7 1000 1.2
High Lime 0.7 30.0 1042 1.3
PRESTOP 0.8 34.0 863 2.3
TRILEX 1.1 28.0 1013 1.7
MERTECT SC 1.1 18.0 990 2.0
CABRIO 1.1 28.0 1070 1.8
ACTIGARD 50WG 1.1 26.0 877 2.8
STD: APRON XL LS + THRIAM 1.5 30.0 879 3.2
FARMORE D300 1.5 34.7 871 2.6
HEADS UP 1.5 33.3 934 2.4
Untreated check 1.7 25.3 950 4.1
ELEXA-4 2.6 24.7 1101 4.8 1 Disease Severity Index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:
2 Vascular Discolouration Index (VDI) was determined using the equation above.
3 ns = no significant differences were found among treatments.
Funding was partially provided by the HQP Scholarship Program and Plant Production Systems of
the OMAFRA/ University of Guelph Partnership. Products were provided by Bayer Crop Science,
Chemtura, Heads Up Plant Protectants Inc., Plant Products, and Syngenta Crop Protection.
DSI/VDI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)]
x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1)
CROP: Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), cv. Greyhound
PEST: Fusarium wilt of spinach (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae (Sherb.) W.C. Snyder &
H.N. Hans.)
AUTHORS: COLLINS B & MCDONALD MR
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture
TITLE: EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL FUMIGANTS FOR THE
SUPRESSION OF FUSARIUM WILT IN SPINACH, 2013
MATERIALS: BUSAN 1236 (metam sodium 43%), BASAMID (dazomet 98%), PERLKA (calcium
cyanamide 40%), MUSTGROW (Brassica juncea 100%), XCU (43% N)
METHODS: Field trials were conducted in July and August 2013 in mineral soil (pH ≈ 7.2) naturally
infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae near Hamilton, Ontario. The cultivar, Greyhound, was
commercially treated with the industry standard (APRON XL LS and THIRAM). Biological and chemical
fumigants (Table 1) were either spread on the soil (S) or drenched (D) and then incorporated with a rotary
power harrow. All treatments received 1.5 cm of irrigation after the products were applied and the
‘BUSAN 1236-Tarped’ treatment was covered with a polyethylene tarp (T) for 3 days after application. A
high nitrogen check was used to account for the effect of the additional nitrogen applied within the
products MUSTGROW and PERLKA. The nitrogen was applied as XCU (polymer-coated, sulfur-coated
urea) a slow-release fertilizer. Treatments were applied on 18 June and spinach was seeded on 29 July.
Each experimental unit consisted of a 6-row (1.5m wide) bed and 4 m in length seeded with a Stanhay
Precision Seeder of spinach located in the middle of a 5 m x 5 m treated plot. This field assay was
arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plots were irrigated as required
using overhead irrigation. Two applications of ammonium nitrate fertilizer were applied 5 and 18 days
after seeding providing 110 kg N/ha. Eight weeks after seeding, the Disease Severity Index (DSI) was
determined by assessing all of the plants in 1 m section of one of the two middle rows using a 0-4 scale: 0
= healthy; 1 = yellowing; 2 = slightly wilted; 3 = severe wilted; 4 = dead plant; calculated as shown
below. The vascular discoloration severity of the roots was determined by sectioning ten roots per
experimental unit longitudinally and rating the roots on a scale from 0-3: 0 = healthy white roots; 1 = one-
third discoloration or less; 2 = one-third discoloration to two-thirds; 3 = more than two-thirds vascular
discoloration. Vascular Discolouration Index (VDI) was calculated as displayed below. Disease incidence
was determined by calculating the percentage of symptomatic plants in 1 m of the middle row. The yield
(fresh weight) was measured by weighing all the above ground plant material in 1 m of the middle row.
Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of
Statistix V.10. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher’s Protected LSD Test at P = 0.05 level of
significance.
DSI/ VDI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)]
x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1)
RESULTS: as presented in Table 2
CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were found in treatments for disease severity and disease
incidence of Fusarium wilt (Table 2). Although few plants exhibited symptoms of wilt, the roots showed
signs of infection as indicated by vascular discolouration. All treatments including the high N check had
lower DSI compared to the untreated check but only the BUSAN 1236 treatment reduced disease
incidence compared the PERLKA treatment and the untreated control. There were no differences in yield,
however the untreated check had numerically low yield. Disease incidence and severity was correlated to
yield loss; higher levels of disease reduced yields. Tarping the soil following the BUSAN 1236 treatment
did not improve disease control or increase yield.
Table 1. Biological and chemical fumigants evaluated for the suppression of Fusarium wilt in spinach,
cv. Greyhound, grown near Hamilton, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Formulation Application Method Rate
Check -- -- --
High N check XCU (43% N) S1 465 kg/ha
BUSAN 1236 Metam sodium (42%) D 730 L/ha
BUSAN 1236-Tarped Metam sodium (42%) D + T 730 L/ha
BASAMID Dazomet (98%) S 500 kg/ha
PERLKA Calcium cyanamide (40%) S 1000 kg/ha
MUSTGROW Brassica juncea (100%) S 1120 kg/ha 1 Treatments were either spread on the soil surface (S) or drenched (D) and then left uncovered or tarped (T).
Table 2. Effect of biological and chemical fumigants on the Disease Severity Index (DSI), Vascular
Discolouration Index (VDI), Disease incidence (DI) of spinach caused by Fusarium wilt.
Treatment DSI1 VDI
2
Disease Incidence
(%) Yield (g)
BUSAN 1236 0 a3
22.5 ns4
0.0 a 1031 ns
BASAMID 0.5 a 20.1 1.0 ab 1083
High N check 0.7 a 17.5 1.1 ab 1176
BUSAN 1236-Tarped 1.4 a 19.2 2.3 ab 1003
MUSTGROW 1.6 a 31.7 2.4 ab 887
PERLKA 3.7 a 27.5 5.4 b 890
Check 7.7 b 30.0 11.5 c 878 1 Disease Severity Index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:
DSI/VDI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)]
x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1)
2 Vascular Discolouration Index (VDI) was determined using the equation above.
3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s protected LSD
Test. 4ns = no significant differences were found among treatments.
Funding was partially provided by the HQP Scholarship Program and Plant Production Systems of
the OMAFRA/ University of Guelph Partnership. Products were provided by MPT Mustard
Products & Technologies Inc., Engage Agro, AlzChem AG and AgroSpray.
CROP: Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), cvs. Imperial Green, POH-0438, Sardinia, Carmel,
C2606, Norgreen, Unipack 12 and Greyhound
PEST: Fusarium wilt of spinach (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae (Sherb.) W.C. Snyder &
H.N. Hans.)
AUTHORS: COLLINS B & MCDONALD MR
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture
TITLE: EVALUATION OF SPINACH CULTIVARS FOR SUSCEPTIBLITY TO
FUSARIUM WILT, 2013
MATERIALS: Sardinia, Unipack 12, Greyhound (Seminis Vegetable Seeds), C2606, Norgreen,
Imperial Green (Alf Christianson Seed Co.), POH-0438, Carmel (Pop Vriend Seeds)
METHODS: Field trials were conducted from July to September 2013 in mineral soil (pH ≈ 7.2)
naturally infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae near Hamilton, Ontario. A total of eight
spinach cultivars were treated with the industry standard: APRON XL LS (40 mL/100 kg seed) and
THIRAM (500 g/100 kg seed). Plots were composed of a 6-row bed (1.5 m wide and 4 m in length)
planted using a Stanhay Precision Seeder on 12 July. This field assay was arranged in a randomized
complete block design with six replications. Plots were irrigated as required using overhead irrigation.
Two applications of ammonium nitrate fertilizer were applied 5 and 18 days after seeding providing 110
kg N/ha. After eight weeks the Disease Severity Index (DSI) was determined by assessing all of the plants
in 1 m of the two middle rows using a 0-4 scale: 0 = healthy; 1 = yellowing; 2 = slightly wilted; 3 =
severe wilted; 4 = dead plant; calculated as shown below. The vascular discoloration severity of the roots
was determined by sectioning ten roots per experimental unit longitudinally and rating the roots on a scale
from 0-3: 0 = healthy white roots; 1 = one-third discoloration or less; 2 = one-third discoloration to two-
thirds; 3 = more than two-thirds vascular discoloration. Vascular Discolouration Index (VDI) was
calculated as shown below. Disease incidence was determined by calculating the percentage of
symptomatic plants in 1 m of the middle row. The yield (fresh weight) of each cultivar was measured by
weighing all the above ground plant material in 1 m of the middle row. Data were analyzed using the
General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.10. Means separation
was obtained by using Fisher’s Protected LSD Test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
DSI/ VDI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)]
x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1)
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were found in disease severity, vascular discolouration, and
incidence of Fusarium wilt among the spinach cultivars (Table 1). Cultivars with higher DSI also tended
to have higher VDI and disease incidence. Cultivars Imperial Green, POH-0438, Sardinia, Carmel, and
C2606 had lower susceptibility to Fusarium wilt. The more susceptible cultivars were found to be
Norgreen, Unipack 12 and Greyhound. Susceptibility to Fusarium wilt varied among spinach cultivars,
but disease severity was not directly related to yield.
Table 1. Evaluations of spinach cultivars for susceptibility to Fusarium wilt as indicated by disease
severity, vascular decolouration, disease incidence and yield in naturally infested fields near Hamilton,
Ontario, 2013.
Cultivar DSI
1 VDI
2 Disease
Incidence (%) Yield (g)
Imperial Green 2.2 a3
28.3 bc 3.2 a 906 abc
POH-0438 2.5 ab 22.2 ab 3.8 a 1077 a
Sardinia 4.1 abc 22.2 ab 6.5 ab 805 abc
Carmel F1 4.4 abc 16.1 a 8.2 ab 888 abc
C2606 5.1 abc 19.5 ab 7.5 ab 658 bc
Greyhound 7.7 bc 33.3 c 9.9 ab 834 abc
Unipack 12 8.0 b 33.3 c 13.7 b 1011 ab
Norgreen 18.1 c 44.4 d 32.9 c 598 c 1 Disease Severity Index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:
DSI/VDI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)]
x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1)
2 Vascular Discolouration Index (VDI) was determined using the equation above.
3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s protected LSD
Test.
Funding was partially provided by the HQP Scholarship Program and Plant Production Systems of
the OMAFRA/ University of Guelph Partnership. Spinach cultivars were provided by Alf
Christianson Seed Co., Pop Vriend Seeds, and Seminis Vegetable Seeds.
CROP: Head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), cv. Mighty Joe
PEST: Sclerotinia drop (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary; Sclerotinia minor Jagger)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF SCLEROTINIA DROP
ON INOCULATED HEAD LETTUCE, 2013
MATERIALS: ALLEGRO 500 F (fluazinam 40.0%), LANCE WDG (boscalid 70.0%), IKF-5411
(experimental), ASTOUND (flodioxonil 25%, cyprodinil 37.5), ( SYLGARD 309 (siloxylated polyether
76%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil (pH ≈ 7.0, organic matter ≈ 69.4%) at the Muck
Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Head lettuce, cv. Mighty Joe, was seeded into 128-cell
plug trays on 10 June and hand-transplanted on 24 July. A randomized complete block design with four
replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of four 6.0 m long rows spaced 42 cm apart
with in-row spacing of 25 cm. Treatments were: ALLEGRO at 1.75 L/ha alternated with ASTOUND at
980 g/ha, IKF-5411 400SC at 700 and 900 mL/ha, IKF-5411 400SC at 900 mL/ha + SYLGARD 0.125%
v/v and LANCE at 770 g/ha. An untreated was also included. Treatments were applied on 24 July in a 15
cm banded spray and on 8 August as a foliar spray using a CO2 back pack sprayer equipped with four
TeeJet 8002 nozzles and calibrated to deliver 500 L/ha. On 7 August, 0.5 cm by 3.0 cm paper strips
inoculated with either S. sclerotiorum or S. minor, were spread on the soil in between plant rows and on
top of the plants respectively, at the rate of 3.0 g/m. Inoculum was obtained from Dr. B. Gossen, AAFC.
The trial was monitored weekly for sclerotinia drop. Each species of Sclerotinia were counted, numbers
of each recorded and infected plants removed. On 10 September, all heads were cut and examined for S.
sclerotiorum and S. minor. The numbers of healthy and diseased heads were recorded. Fifteen heads from
each replicate were weighed to determine yield. Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air
temperatures in 2013 were average July (21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C). The 10 year
average temperatures were: July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was
above the 10 year average for July (104 mm), August (87 mm) and September (83 mm) The 10 year
rainfall averages were: July 82 mm, August 73 mm and September 77 mm. Data was analyzed using the
General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation
was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD Test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 & 2
CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences in the incidence of S. sclerotiorum or S. minor
among the treatments. Disease incidence was very low in trial. The addition of the inoculum strips did not
increase disease incidence. Weather conditions were not favorable for disease development. All products
used were non-phytotoxic to the crop.
Table 1. Effects of fungicides on the incidence of S. sclerotiorum and S. minor and average head weight
in lettuce, cv. Mighty Joe, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate/ha % S.
sclerotiorum
% S.
minor
% Bacteria
Rot
Avg Wgt/Head
(g)
Check -- 0.3 ns1 0.0 ns 2.9 ns 725.2 ns
LANCE 700 g 0.3 0.0 3.9 811.2
ALLEGRO/ASTOUND 1.75 L / 980 g 0.0 0.0 1.3 682.5
IKF-5411 400 SC 700 mL 0.3 0.0 4.4 779.2
IKF-5411 400 SC 900 mL 0.0 0.0 8.1 693.7
IKF-5411 400 SC + SYLGARD 309
900 mL + 0.125
% 0.0 0.0 6.8 778.3
1 ns indicates no significant differences were found among treatments.
Table 2. Phytotoxicity ratings for head lettuce, cv. Mighty Joe, treated with various fungicides grown at
the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate/ha Phytotoxicity Ratings
1
29 July 12 August
Check -- 0 ns 2
0 ns
LANCE 700 g 0 0
ALLEGRO/ASTOUND 1.75 L / 980 g 0 0
IKF-5411 400 SC 700 mL 0 0
IKF-5411 400 SC 900 mL 0 0
IKF-5411 400 SC +
SYLGARD 309 900 mL + 0.125
% 0 0
1Phytotoxicity rating 0-5, where 0 = no injury, 1 = slight yellowing, 2 = some tissue death, 3 = over 50% plant tissue
brown, 4 = >75% dead tissue, 5 = plant necrosis. 2 Not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s LSD test.
Funding for this project was provided by ISK Biosciences Corp.
CROP: Head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), cv. Mighty Joe
PEST: Downy mildew (Bremia lactucae Regel)
AUTHOR: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF ZAMPRO FUNGICIDE FOR THE CONTROL OF DOWNY
MILDEW IN HEAD LETTUCE, GREENHOUSE, 2013
MATERIALS: ZAMPRO (ametoctradin 300 g/L, dimethomorph 225 g/L), REVUS (mandipropamid
250 g/L), SYLGARD 309 (siloxylated polyether 76%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted in a greenhouse at the Muck Crop Research Station, Holland
Marsh, Ontario. Lettuce, cv. Mighty Joe was seeded into individual 10 cm standard plastic pots (ITML®
Horticultural Products, Brantford, ON) filled with ASB Soilless Mix on 27 September, 2013 and set in 31
cm x 52 cm, 15-pocket trays (ITML® Horticultural Products, Brantford, ON). When placed in trays, pot
centres were 10 cm apart. Each experimental unit consisted of one tray holding 15, 10 cm pots. The trial
was arranged on two greenhouse benches in a randomized complete block arrangement with four
replicates per treatment. Lettuce plants were inoculated on 28 October. The inoculation suspension was
prepared by adding lettuce leaves with actively growing downy mildew obtained from field-grown lettuce
plants to centrifuge tube containing distilled water and shaking by hand. This suspension was diluted to a
concentration of 3x105 sporangia per mL and sprayed onto treatments using a hand-held misting bottle.
Plants were shrouded in plastic for 24 hours immediately following inoculation to increase humidity and
to maintain leaf wetness. Leaf wetness following inoculation is important for disease development. After
plastic was removed, plants were misted daily to encourage disease development. Overall greenhouse
humidity was kept high throughout the trial using a misting system. Treatments were: ZAMPRO at 0.5,
0.8, 1.0 and 2.0 L/ha and REVUS at 400 mL/ha applied with SYLGARD 309 at 0.125 % v/v and
ZAMPRO at 1.0 and 2.0 L/ha applied without SYLGARD 309. An untreated inoculated check was also
included. Treatments were applied on 1, 8 and 15 November as foliar sprays using a CO2 back pack
sprayer equipped with a single TeeJet 8002 fan nozzle and calibrated to deliver 1000 L/ha at 240 kPa.
Prior to the 1st assessment, the five plants per experimental unit to be assessed were chosen in a V pattern
from corner to corner in each tray. Plants were assessed for disease incidence and severity on 14, 21
November and 4 December. Lesions were counted and disease severity was rated on a scale of 1 to 5
where 0 = no lesions, 1 = 1 lesion, 2 = 2-5 lesions, 3 = 6-10 lesions, 4 = 11-15 lesions, 5 = >15 lesions.
The disease severity values were used to calculate the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and
disease severity index (DSI). AUDPC and DSI formulas were as follows:
∑ (
) ( )
Where y = percent disease at the jth observation, t = time (days) since the previous percent disease at the
jth observation and n = total number of observations.
On 4 December (68 DAS), 15 plants from each replicate were harvested by cutting the tops from the roots
at soil level and weights recorded to determine total yield. All diseased leaves were removed and weighed
and tops reweighed to determine marketable yield. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of
Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.10. Means separation was obtained using
Tukey’s HSD Test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
DSI = [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)]
x 100 (total no. of plants per sample)(no. classes – 1)
RESULTS & DISCUSSION: Significant differences in downy mildew incidence, disease severity index
(DSI), area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and marketable top weight were found among
treatments. Lettuce treated with REVUS had significantly less downy mildew compared to the untreated
check on 21 November. All ZAMPRO treatments had similar percent disease compared to the untreated
check. There were no significant differences in downy mildew incidence among the treatments on 14
November and 4 December (Table 1). Lettuce treated with REVUS, ZAMPRO at 0.5, 0.8 L/ha with
SYLGARD and ZAMPRO at 2.0 L/ha had a significantly lower AUDPC compared to the untreated check
(Table 2). At the 21 November assessment, lettuce treated with REVUS and ZAMPRO at 2.0 L/ha had a
significantly lower DSI compared to the untreated check. There were no significant differences in downy
mildew severity among the treatments on 14 November and 4 December (Table 2).
Significant differences in the weight of diseased leaves and marketable weight of plants were observed
among the treatments (Table 3). Leaves were unmarketable mainly due to the presence of downy mildew
lesions but were also removed due to yellowing caused by phytotoxicity. Lettuce treated with ZAMPRO
at 1.0 and 2.0 L/ha with and without SYLGARD had significantly fewer diseased leaves compared to
lettuce treated with ZAMPRO at 0.5 L/ha and the untreated check.
Phytotoxicity was observed among the treatments (Table 4). Lettuce treated with REVUS showed
phytotoxic symptoms (thin and translucent leaves) by 4 December.
Conclusions: ZAMPRO at 1.0 and 2.0 L/ha with or without SYLGARD is effective for control of downy
mildew on greenhouse lettuce. The addition of SYLGARD did not improve the efficacy of ZAMPRO.
Table 1. Downy mildew (DM) incidence for lettuce, cv. Mighty Joe, treated with fungicides, grown in a
greenhouse at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate
(L/ha)
DM Incidence (%)1
14 Nov 21 Nov 4 Dec
REVUS + SYLGARD 0.4 3 ns2 5 a
3 5 ns
ZAMPRO 2.0 5 15 ab 15
ZAMPRO + SYLGARD 0.5 17 25 ab 25
ZAMPRO + SYLGARD 0.8 7 35 ab 15
ZAMPRO + SYLGARD 2.0 5 40 ab 20
ZAMPRO 1.0 15 40 ab 30
ZAMPRO + SYLGARD 1.0 7 50 ab 20
Inoculated check -- 10 60 b 35 1 Based on the number of infected plants (incidence = # infected plants/# assessed *100).
2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments.
3Numbers in column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P=0.05, based on Tukey’s LSD
Test.
Table 2. Downy mildew area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and disease severity ratings for
lettuce, cv. Mighty Joe, treated with fungicides, grown in a greenhouse at the Muck Crops Research
Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate
(L/ha) AUDPC
1
Disease Severity Index
14 Nov 21 Nov 4 Dec
REVUS + SYLGARD 0.4 14.3 a2 3 ns
3 2 a 2 ns
ZAMPRO 2.0 54.3 a 5 7 a 5
ZAMPRO + SYLGARD 0.8 71.8 a 8 16 ab 5
ZAMPRO + SYLGARD 0.5 89.6 a 24 10 ab 9
ZAMPRO + SYLGARD 1.0 100.4 ab 7 19 ab 8
ZAMPRO 1.0 111.1 ab 21 17 ab 8
ZAMPRO + SYLGARD 2.0 112.6 ab 6 20 ab 7
Inoculated check -- 283.0 b 12 34 b 15 1AUDPC = Area under the disease progress curve.
∑ (
) ( )
2 Numbers in column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P=0.05, based on Tukey’s HSD
Test.
3 ns indicates no significant differences were found among treatments.
Table 3. Yield data for lettuce, cv. Mighty Joe, treated with fungicides, grown in a greenhouse at the
Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate
(L/ha)
Wgt of Unmkb1
Leaves
Marketable
Weight/15 plants (g)
ZAMPRO + SYLGARD 2.0 7.3 a3 728 abc
ZAMPRO 2.0 8.5 ab 775 ab
ZAMPRO + SYLGARD 1.0 9.5 ab 690 abc
ZAMPRO 1.0 9.5 ab 618 abc
ZAMPRO + SYLGARD 0.8 10.8 ab 568 c
REVUS + SYLGARD 0.4 20.5 b 715 abc
ZAMPRO + SYLGARD 0.5 19.3 ab 580 bc
Inoculated check -- 33.8 c 785 a 1 Leaves were unmaketable due to disease and phytotoxicity.
2 When the application of treatments was complete and the pre-harvest interval had been observed, but before heads
were formed (68 DAS), tops were cut to determine marketable weight. 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, based on Tukey’s HSD
test.
Table 4. Phytotoxicity rating for lettuce, cv. Mighty Joe, treated with fungicides for control of downy
mildew grown in a greenhouse at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment
Rate
(L/ha)
Phytotoxicity Rating1
14 Nov 21 Nov 4 Dec
Inoculated Check -- 0.0 ns2
0.0 ns 0 a3
ZAMPRO + SYLGARD 0.5 0.0 0.0 0 a
ZAMPRO + SYLGARD 0.8 0.0 0.0 0 a
ZAMPRO 1.0 0.0 0.0 0 a
ZAMPRO + SYLGARD 1.0 0.0 0.0 0 a
ZAMPRO 2.0 0.0 0.0 0 a
ZAMPRO + SYLGARD 2.0 0.0 0.0 0 a
REVUS + SYLGARD 0.4 0.0 0.0 16.3 b 1Phytotoxicity rating 0-10, where 0 = no toxicity, 1 = 1-10% crop injury, 2 = 11-20% crop injury, 3 = 21-30% crop
injury, 4 = 31-40% crop injury, 5 = 41-50% crop injury, 6 = 51-60% crop injury, 7 = 61-70% crop injury, 8 = 71-
80% crop injury, 9 = 81-90% crop injury, 10 = 91-100% crop injury. 2 Not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.
3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, based on Tukey’s HSD
test.
Funding for this project was provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.
CROP: Green onions (Allium fistulosum), cv. Emerald Isle
PEST: Stemphylium leaf blight (Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.))
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF STEMPHYLIUM LEAF
BLIGHT ON GREEN ONIONS, 2013
MATERIALS: DCT01 EC (DCT01 100 g/L), FTH545 EC (FTH545 200 g/L), INSPIRE EC
(difenoconazole 250 g/L)
METHODS: Onions, cv. Emerald Isle, were direct seeded (≈ 65 seeds/m) on 12 July using a push V-belt
seeder into organic soil (organic matter ≈ 58.6, pH ≈ 7.4) near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland
Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with three replicates per treatment was used.
Each replicate consisted of 4 rows, 42 cm apart and 5 m in length with the two outside acting as guard
rows. Treatments were: DCT01 at 750 and 1.5 L/ha, FTH545 at 625 mL/ha and INSPIRE at 512 mL/ha
applied four times on 30 August, 9, 16 and 26 September and DCT01 at 750 mL/ha was applied once on
30 August. An untreated check was also included. Treatments were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer
equipped with four TeeJet 8002 VS fan-type nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 400
L/ha spray solution. Onion leaf samples taken on 10 September were kept in a dew chamber for 48 hours
and spores of Stemphylium vesicarium were identified using a light microscope. On 20 September plots
were rated for stemphylium leaf blight on a scale of 0 to 9 where 0 = 0%, 1=<2%, 2 = 2-4%, 3 = 5-9%, 4
= 10%-24%, 5 = 25-39%, 6 = 40-55%, 7 = 56-70%, 8 = 71-85% and 9 = >85% of the foliar area in the
plot was diseased. Plots were assessed for phytotoxicity on 4, 12, 18 Sept and 2 October using a 0 to 5
scale where 0 = no injury, 1 = slight yellowing, 2 = some tissue death, 3 = over 50% plant tissue brown, 4
= >75% dead tissue, 5 = plant necrosis. On 4 October all onions in a 1 m section of row were removed,
counted and weighed to determine weight per plant. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of
Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.10. Means separation was obtained using
Tukey’s test with P= 0.05 level of significance.
Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July
(21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C). The 10 year
average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C, and September
15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113 mm), June (94 mm), July (104
mm), August (87 mm), and September (83 mm). The 10 year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71
mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm, and September 77 mm.
Data where analysed using the General Analyses of Variance function of Statistix V.10. Means separation
was obtained using Tukey’s HSD test with P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION: The trial was established later in the season (12 July) to allow for plant
maturity in early fall when disease pressure was expected. However wet soil conditions were not ideal for
seeding resulting in uneven germination. Due to poor plant stands only three replicates were established.
CONCLUSION: Disease pressure was low and uneven. No significant differences in plot ratings,
stemphylium incidence and severity were found among the treatments (Table 1).
No phytotoxicity was observed in onions sprayed with fungicide (Table 2).
Table 1. Stemphylium leaf blight ratings and yield for green onions, cv. Emerald Isle, treated with
fungicides and grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate
(per ha)
#
Appl’ns Plot Rating
1
% Leaf Area
with Blight Weight/plant (g)
FTH 545 625 mL 4 1.7 ns2 79.5 ns 15.5 ns
DCT01 750 mL 4 2.0 79.5 16.1
INSPIRE 512 mL 4 1.7 85.3 15.7
DCT01 750 mL 1 2.0 85.9 14.5
DCT01 1.5 L 4 2.3 88.6 17.9
Check -- -- 2.3 88.9 16.8 1 Plot was rated based on a 0-9 scale, where 0 = 0%, 1= 1-2%, 2 = 3-4%, 3=5-9%, 4=10-24%, 5=25-40%, 6=41-
55%, 7=56-70%, 8=71-85% and 9 = >85% foliar area of plot affected by onion blight. 2 ns = not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.
Table 2. Phytotoxicity ratings for green onions, cv. Emerald Isle, treated with various fungicides and
grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate
(mL/ha)
Phytotoxicity Ratings1
4 Sept 12 Sept 18 Sept 2 Oct
FTH 545 625 mL 0 ns2
0 0 0
DCT01 750 mL 0 0 0 0
INSPIRE 512 mL 0 0 0 0
DCT01 750 mL 0 0 0 0
DCT01 1.5 L 0 0 0 0
Check -- 0 0 0 0 1Phytotoxicity rating 0-5, where 0 = no injury, 1 = slight yellowing, 2 = some tissue death, 3 = over 50% plant tissue
brown, 4 = >75% dead tissue, 5 = plant necrosis. 2 Not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.
Funding for this project was provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.
CROP: Bunching onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. White Lisbon
PEST: Smut (Urocystis colchici var. cepulae Cooke)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EFFICACY AND TOLERANCE OF RANCONA FOR THE CONTROL OF
ONION SMUT IN GREEN ONIONS, 2013
MATERIALS: RANCONA (ipconazole 41%), PRO-GRO (thiram 50%, carboxin 30%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil (organic matter ≈ 74.4%, pH ≈ 6.5) naturally
infested with Urocystis colchici at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Treatments
were: RANCONA 3.8 FS at 2.22 and 4.5 mL/kg of seed and PRO-GRO at 0.3 g/10 g of seed. An
untreated check was also included. Onion seeds, cv. White Lisbon, were treated at MCRS on 17 May in
batches of 30 g of seed by placing 1 drop of methyl cellulose/2 g seed plus the RANCONA or PRO-GRO
in a small jar and shaking to totally coat the seeds. Each experimental unit consisted of four rows, spaced
42 cm apart, 6 m long. Seed treatments were seeded on 17 May at the rate of 65 seeds/m plus LORSBAN
G at 32 kg/ha in-furrow using a push V-belt seeder. Three randomly chosen 2 m sections, one section for
each assessment date, were staked out in each replication when onions were in the flag stage. Plant
emergence counts were conducted on 4 June to determine initial stands prior to the first assessment.
Plants were examined for onion smut (OS) or damage caused by other pests within the staked-out
sections. Damaged plants were removed and the cause recorded. At the 1st true leaf (13 June) and 3rd leaf
(15 July) and at harvest (28 August), all onions in the assigned 2 m sections were pulled and visually
examined for OS. On 28 August, onions in two 1 meter sections of row were pulled counted and weighed
(untrimmed) to determine yield.
Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July
(21.3°C), and August (19.6°C), and above average for May (14.8°C). The 10 year average temperatures
were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, and August 19.6°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year
average for May (113 mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm), and August (87 mm). The 10 year rainfall
averages were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, and August 73 mm. Data were analyzed using
Statistix V.10 using Tukey’s HSD test at P = 0.05, level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1, 2 & 3
DISCUSSION: Significant differences in OS incidence at all stages of growth were found among the
treatments (Table 1). At the 1st true leaf, onions grown from seeds treated with RANCONA at the high
and low rates had significantly less OS (1 and 2% respectively) compared to the check (50%). At the 3rd
leaf stage, onions grown from seeds treated with RANCONA at 2.2 mL/kg of seeds (12%) had a
significantly lower OS incidence compared to the check (31%). At maturity (103 DAS), onions grown
from seeds treated with either rate of RANCONA or PRO-GRO had significantly less smut (7 to 10%)
compared to the check (30%) (Table 1).
At 18 and 103 DAS, significant differences in the number of emerged plants were found among the
treatments (Table 2). At 18 DAS, onions grown from seeds treated with PRO-GRO had a significantly
higher number of emerged plants (60 plants/m) compared to the untreated check (47 plants/m). The
number of plants emerged from seeds treated with RANCONA was not significantly higher than the
check. Seed emergence can be affected by a variety of factors besides phytotoxicity such as smut or other
soil borne diseases such as damping-off caused by pythium and rhizoctonia.
At harvest (103 DAS), onions grown from seeds treated with RANCONA at 4.5 mL/ha (high rate) had
significantly more plants per meter than the untreated check (41 and 24 plants per meter respectively).
RANCONA used as a seed treatment at 2.2 and 4.5 mL/ha on White Lisbon seed did not reduce plant
emergence compared to PRO-GRO or the untreated check at the early stage of growth (18 DAS). This
may indicate that RANCONA is not phytotoxic to White Lisbon seed.
No significant differences in the weight per plant were found among the treatments (Table 3).
CONCLUSIONS: RANCONA used as a seed treatment was effective in reducing the incidence of smut,
and was not phytotoxic to the green onion seed, cv. White Lisbon.
Table 1. Onion smut (OS) losses for green onions grown from seeds treated with RANCONA and grown
at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment1
Rate
(mL/kg seed)
% OS Incidence within assigned 2 m section
1st Leaf
2 3
rd Leaf Maturity
3
RANCONA 4.5 0.8 a4 14.7 ab 6.6 b
RANCONA 2.2 2.3 a 11.6 a 10.2 b
PRO-GRO 30 28.9 ab 22.0 ab 8.9 b
check -- 49.9 b 31.4 b 30.5 a 1 No other seed treatments were added. LORSBAN G (insecticide) at 32 kg/ha applied in-furrow at seeding.
2 1
st true leaf = 27 DAS (13 June) with flag leaf attached and includes smut in the flag leaf & in bulb.
3 OS incidence at maturity is an assessment of losses over the total season.
4 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD.
Table 2. Plant stands for green onions grown from seeds treated with RANCONA and grown at Muck
Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment1
Rate
(mL/kg seed)
Plants/m
18 DAS
Plants/m
27 DAS3
Plants/m
59 DAS
Plants/m
103 DAS
RANCONA 4.5 49.6 ab2 42.0 ns
3 30.1 ns 41.1 a
RANCONA 2.2 50.3 ab 48.6 33.4 38.4 ab
PRO-GRO 30 59.7 a 54.6 42.0 35.3 ab
check -- 46.6 b 40.3 26.0 24.3 b 1 No other seed treatments were added. LORSBAN G (insecticide) at 32 kg/ha applied in-furrow at seeding.
2 ns indicated no significant differences at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD.
3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD.
Table 3. Yield data for green onions grown from seeds treated with fungicides and grown at Muck Crops
Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment1
Rate
(mL/kg seed)
Wgt/plant
(g)2
RANCONA 4.5 177.5 ns3
RANCONA 2.2 176.2
PRO-GRO 30 159.1
check -- 177.5 1 No other seed treatments were added. LORSBAN G (insecticide) at 32 kg/ha applied in-furrow at seeding.
2 Plants were untrimmed and roots attached.
3 ns = not significantly different, P = 0.05.
Funding for this project was provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.
CROPS: Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.), cvs. Striker & Carrera
Lentils (Lens culinaris L.), cvs. Maxim & Dazil
Chick Pea (Cicer arietinum) cvs. Alma & Cory
PEST: Mycosphaerella blight (Ascochyta spp.)
AUTHORS: VIJAYAN P1, VANDER KOOI K
2, BANNIZA S
1 & MCDONALD MR
2
1University of Saskatchewan, Dept. of Plant Sciences, Saskatoon, SK
2University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND EFFECT ON
YIELD OF PULSE CROPS, 2013
MATERIALS: HEADLINE EC (pyraclostrobin 25%), QUADRIS (azoxystrobin 250 g/L), BRAVO 500
(chlorothalonil 50%)
METHODS: In Ontario, three trials were conducted on sandy loam soil (organic matter ≈ 4.0, pH ≈ 8.0)
near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Field peas, cvs. Striker and Carrera,
lentils, cvs. Maxim and Dazil, and chickpeas, cvs. Alma and Cory, were seeded on 21 May at a density of
80, 130 seeds and 40 seeds m-2
, respectively using an Earthway push seeder. The trials were arranged as a
split-plot design (treatment x cultivar) with four replications. Plots were 5 m in length and 1.75 meters
wide. A post emergence herbicide treatment of Pursuit at 420 mL/ha was applied on 6 July. Treatments
were: HEADLINE at 600 mL/ha, QUADRIS at 500 mL/ha, and BRAVO at 2.5 L/ha. An untreated check
was also included. Treatments were applied to field peas on 3 and 19 July, and to chickpeas and lentils on
15 and 26 July. Products were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with four TeeJet 8002 VS
fan nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 400 L/ha (field peas) and 200 L/ha (lentils and
chick peas).
On 29 July (field peas) and 1 August (lentils and chick peas), plots were rated for greenness using a 0-5
scale where 0= very yellow and 5 = very green. On 6 August (field peas) and 6, 15 August (lentils and
chick peas), disease incidence was determined for three randomly chosen plants per replicate using a
rating scale based on the proportion of surface area covered by stem and leaf lesions, developed in house
by the pulse pathology research group, Crop Development Centre, U of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. On 2,
15 August plant length and resting height measurements were taken on five randomly chosen plants in
lentils and chick peas. Lodging values were calculated using the following equation:
% lodged = 100 – ((resting height/plant length) x 100)
Peas, chickpeas and lentils were harvested on 23 August, 24 September and 10 October respectively by
snipping tops from roots of the plants in two, one meter sections of row. Top plant weights and numbers
of plants were recorded. On 5 September (peas) and 7, 8 October (chick peas and lentils), after air drying,
pods were removed and hand-shelled to determine yield. All observations were limited to plants in the
inner rows of the plot and plants from the edges were avoided to alleviate border effects.
Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July
(21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C) and October
(10.5°C). The 10 year average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C,
September 15.5°C and October 9.1°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113
mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm), September (83 mm) and October (92 mm). The 10
year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm, September 77 mm
and October 60 mm.
Data were analysed using the Factorial Design function in the Analysis of Variance section of Statistix
V.10. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test with P = 0.05 level of
significance.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION: Disease Incidence: Disease pressure was low in the trial in 2013.
Significant differences in the incidence of blight were found among the treatments (cultivars combined) in
field peas. Peas treated with HEADLINE, QUADRIS or BRAVO had significantly less leaf blight (3 to
7%) compared to the untreated peas (16%) (Table 1). No significant differences in the incidence of blight
were found among the treatments (cultivars combined) in chick peas and lentils. With treatments
combined for mean comparison, chick pea cv. Cory had significantly less disease than cv. Alma at the 6
August assessment.
Greenness: With cultivars combine, no significant differences in greenness were found among the
treatments in the field pea, or chick pea trials. However, lentils treated with HEADLINE or QUADRIS
were significantly greener than lentils treated with BRAVO or the untreated check. Lentils treated with
HEADLINE were significantly greener than all other treatments.
Lodging: With treatments combined, no significant differences in percent lodging were observed in chick
peas or lentils. Between the cultivars, however, chick pea cultivars, Cory remained more upright than
Alma and lentils, cv. Maxim remained more upright than Dazil.
Yield: For all crops, no significant differences in top weight or seed weight per plant were found among
the fungicide treatments, with cultivars combined. Significant differences in yield were found between
cultivars (Tables 2, 4 & 6). Field pea cv. Carrera, chick pea cv. Alma and lentil cv. Dazil had heavier top
and seed weights per plant than Striker, Cory, and Maxim, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: Under low disease pressure, two applications of fungicides did not reduce disease
incidence. Lentils sprayed with HEADLINE were significantly greener than the other treatments.
However, fungicide applications did not increase yields significantly.
Table 1. Disease incidence, greenness rating, and yield for field peas, cvs. Carrera and Striker, treated
with fungicides, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Disease Incidence
2
(%)
Greenness
Rating2, 3
Top Wgt/Plant2
(g)
Seed wgt/plant2
(g)
HEADLINE 2.7 a3 3.6 ns 16.4 ns 5.4 ns
4
QUADRIS 4.3 a 3.8 15.9 6.7
BRAVO 6.7 a 4.0 13.7 5.8
Check 16.3 b 3.6 13.3 5.5 1 Rates/ha were: HEADLINE at 600 mL, QUADRIS at 500 mL, BRAVO at 2.5 L
2 As there was no interaction between cultivar & treatment, cultivars were combined for means comparison of
treatments. 3 Rated on a 0 to 5 scale where 0 = yellowest, 1 = yellow, 2 = yellow/green, 3 = green/yellow, 4 = green, 5 =
greenest. 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
4 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Table 2. Disease incidence, greenness rating and yield for field peas, cvs. Carrera and Striker, treated
with fungicides, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Cultivar Disease
Incidence1 (%)
Greenness
Rating1, 2
Top Wgt/Plant
(g)
Seed Wgt/Plant
(g)
Carrera 10.0 ns 3.9 ns 16.2 ns 6.9 a
Striker 5.0 3.5 13.5 4.8 b 1 As there was no interaction between cultivar & treatment, treatments were combined for means comparison of
cultivars. 2 Rated on a 0 to 5 scale where 0 = yellowest, 1 = yellow, 2 = yellow/green, 3 = green/yellow, 4 = green, 5 =
greenest. 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD
test. 4 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Table 3. Disease incidence, greenness rating, and seed weight per plant for chick peas, cvs. Alma and
Cory, treated with fungicides, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario,
2013.
Treatment1
Disease Incidence2
(%) Greenness
Rating2, 3
% Lodged Top
Wgt/Plant (g)
Seed
Wgt/Plant
(g) 6 Aug 15 Aug 2 Aug 15 Aug
HEADLINE 2.1 ns3 3.5 ns 2.8 ns 8.9 ns 9.3 ns 9.2 ns 0.68 ns
QUADRIS 2.8 4.9 2.8 12.8 10.0 9.7 0.77
BRAVO 2.3 3.7 2.9 8.6 8.3 13.4 0.61
Check 2.7 3.1 2.9 8.6 8.9 9.1 0.65 1 Rates/ha were: HEADLINE at 600 mL, QUADRIS at 500 mL, BRAVO at 2.5 L
2 As there was no interaction between cultivar & treatment, data were combined for means comparison.
3 Rated on a 0 to 5 scale where 0 = yellowest, 1 = yellow, 2 = yellow/green, 3 = green/yellow, 4 = green, 5 =
greenest. 4 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Table 4. Disease incidence, greenness rating and percent lodged for chick peas, cvs. Alma and Cory,
treated with fungicides, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Cultivar
Disease Incidence1
(%) Greenness
Rating1, 2
% Lodged Top
Wgt/Plant (g)
Seed
Sgt/Plant (g) 6 Aug 15 Aug 2 Aug 15 Aug
Alma 3.8 b3 4.6 ns
4 3.1 a 14.7 b 12.5 b 13.8 a 0.79 ns
Cory 1.6 a 3.0 2.5 b 4.9 a 5.7 a 6.9 b 0.57 1 As there was no interaction between cultivar & treatment, treatments were combined for means comparison of
cultivars. 2 Rated on a 0 to 5 scale where 0 = yellowest, 1 = yellow, 2 = yellow/green, 3 = green/yellow, 4 = green, 5 =
greenest. 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD
test. 4 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Table 5. Disease incidence, greenness rating, and seed weight per plant for lentils, cvs. Maxim and Dazil,
treated with fungicides, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment1
Disease Incidence2 (%) Greenness
Rating2, 3
% Lodged
2
Top
Wgt/Plant2 (g)
Seed
Wgt/Plant2 (g) 6 Aug 15 Aug
HEADLINE 1.9 ns 2.8 ns 3.8 a 24.7 ns 5.4 ns 0.87 ns
QUADRIS 2.9 2.8 2.7 b 31.2 3.9 0.68
BRAVO 2.3 3.2 1.8 c 27.7 3.6 0.58
Check 3.1 3.6 1.5 c 24.7 4.7 0.64 1 Rates/ha were: HEADLINE at 600 mL, QUADRIS at 500 mL, BRAVO at 2.5 L
2 As there was no interaction between cultivar & treatment, cultivars were combined for means comparison of
treatments. 3 Rated on a 0 to 5 scale where 0 = yellowest, 1 = yellow, 2 = yellow/green, 3 = green/yellow, 4 = green, 5 = greenest.
4 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments.
5 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 6. Disease incidence, greenness rating, and percent lodged and yield data for lentils, cvs. Dazil and
Maxim, with fungicides, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Cultivar Disease Incidence
1 (%) Greenness
Rating1, 2
% Lodged
1
Top
Wgt/Plant1 (g)
Seed
Wgt/Plant1 (g) 6 Aug 15 Aug
Dazil 2.3 ns 3.2 ns 25.2 ns 2.9 a 5.4 a 0.8 a
Maxim 2.8 3.1 32.8 2.1 b 3.4 b 0.6 b 1 As there was no interaction between cultivar & treatment, treatments were combined for means comparison of
cultivars. 2 Rated on a 0 to 5 scale where 0 = yellowest, 1 = yellow, 2 = yellow/green, 3 = green/yellow, 4 = green, 5 = greenest.
3 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments.
4 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Funding for this project was provided by the Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture – Agriculture
Development Fund (ADF) Advisory Committee.
CROP: Pea (Pisum sativum L.), cv. Sabre
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES FOR EFFECT ON YIELD OF FRESH PEAS,
2013
MATERIALS: HEADLINE EC (pyraclostrobin 25%), QUADRIS (azoxystrobin 250 g/L), BRAVO 500
(chlorothalonil 50%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted at an off-station site near the Muck Crops Research Station,
Holland Marsh, Ontario, in sandy loam soil (pH ≈ 7.9, organic matter ≈ 5.2%). Peas, cv. Sabre, were
direct seeded using Earthway push seeder on 21 May. A randomized complete block design with four
replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of seven 5 m long rows, 42 cm apart.
Treatments were: HEADLINE EC at 600 mL/ha, BRAVO at 2.5 L/ha, and QUADRIS at 500 mL/ha. An
untreated check was also included. Treatments were applied on 3, 12, 19, and 26 July using a CO2
backpack sprayer equipped with four TeeJet 8002 VS fan nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to
deliver 400 L/ha.
On 29 July plots were visually rated for greenness on a scale of 0 to 5 where 0 = very yellow and 5 = very
green. On 30 August two 1 m long samples were removed from the inside two rows of each replicate by
cutting the plants at soil level. Total top plant, total pod and marketable pod weights were determined.
Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July
.(21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C). The 10 year
average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C, and September
15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113 mm), June (94 mm), July (104
mm), August (87 mm), and September (83 mm). The 10 year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71
mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm, and September 77 mm. Data were analysed using the General Analysis
of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.10. Means separation was obtained using
Fisher’s Protected LSD test with P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in greenness were found among the treatments (Table 1). Peas
treated with fungicides were significantly greener than untreated peas.
No significant differences in top weight or seed weight were found among the treatments (Table 1).
However, peas treated with a fungicide had numerically heavier top and seed weights.
Table 1. Yield data for peas, cv. Sabre, treated with fungicides, grown near the Muck Crops Research
Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate (per ha) Top wgt/plant (g) Seed wgt/plant (g) Colour Rating1
BRAVO 2.5 L/ha 8.2 ns2 3.4 ns 3.8 a
3
HEADLINE 600 mL/ha 8.1 3.3 3.8 a
QUADRIS 500 mL/ha 7.7 2.9 3.8 a
Check -- 6.3 2.5 2.5 b 1 Rated on a 0 to 5 scale where 0 = yellowest, 1 = yellow, 2 = yellow/green, 3 = green/yellow, 4 = green, 5 =
greenest. 2 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments.
3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Funding for this project was provided by the Plant Production Systems of the Ontario Ministry of
Agriculture and Food and Ministry of Rural Affairs and the University of Guelph partnership.
CROP: Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo), cv. Spineless Beauty
PEST: Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlechtend.:Fr.) Pollacci)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF POWDERY MILDEW
ON ZUCCHINI, 2013
MATERIALS: IKF-309 SC (experimental), QUINTEC (quinoxyfen 22.58%), VIVANDO (metrafenone
300g/L), PROCURE 480 SC (triflumizole 42.14%), FONTELIS (penthiopyrad 20%)
METHODS: The field trial was conducted at a site near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland
Marsh, Ontario, in mineral soil (pH ≈ 7.1, organic matter ≈ 4.0%). On 7 June, zucchini, cv. Spineless
Beauty, was hand-seeded (2 seeds per hole) through holes cut into 2 m wide black plastic mulch. A
randomized complete block arrangement with four replications per treatment was used. Each
experimental unit consisted of one 6 m long row, with rows spaced 2.2 m apart, and 80 cm in-row
spacing. Treatments were: IKF-309 at 300 and 365 mL/ha, QUINTEC at 440 mL/ha, VIVANDO at 300
mL/ha, PROCURE at 585mL/ha, and FONTELIS at 1.2 L/ha. An untreated check was also included.
Treatments were applied on 20, 27 July, 5 and 16 August using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with
four TeeJet 8002 VK fan nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 400 L/ha at 240 kPa
(boom). The trial was monitored weekly for powdery mildew (PM). Plots were rated for colour on 12
August using a scale of 0-5 where 0= very green, 1= green, 2=green/yellow, 3= yellow/green, 4= yellow,
and 5=yellowest. On 13 August, disease incidence was determined by examining 20 leaves per replicate
for the presence of PM. On 16 and 23 August 10 leaves per replicate were removed and assessed for the
percentage of leaf area covered in PM using key 3.2 from “A Manual of Assessment Keys for Plant
Diseases” by Clive James. On 26 July and 1, 2, 6, 9, 13, 16, and 20 August, zucchini were harvested,
sorted into marketable, oversized, and cull (due to rot) categories. Weights and numbers were recorded.
Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance test with Statistix V.10. Means separation
was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD Test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July
(21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C). The 10 year
average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C and September 15.5°C
Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113 mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm),
August (87 mm) and September (83 mm). The 10 year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm,
July 82 mm, August 73 mm and September 77 mm.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 - 3
CONCLUSIONS: Powdery mildew was first observed in early August. Significant differences in PM
incidence were observed among treatments (Table 1). On 13 and 16 August, zucchini treated with any
fungicide had significantly less PM than the untreated check. Significant differences in area under the
disease progress curve (AUDPC) were found among the treatments. The AUDPC was significantly lower
in all treatments compared to the untreated check. The AUDPC was significantly lower in the QUINTEC,
VIVANDO and PROCURE treatments than the FONTELIS treatment and the untreated check (Table 1).
On 23 August QUINTEC, VIVANDO and both rates of IKF-309 had significantly less leaf area infected
with PM than the untreated check (Table 2). However, plot evaluations for colour showed that QUINTEC
had significantly more yellowing compared to the untreated check; all other treatments had colour ratings
similar to the untreated check (Table 2). The high rate of IFK-309 resulted in plants which had more
yellowing compared to the low rate of IFK-309. There were no differences in yield among the treatments
(Table 2).
All treatments reduced the incidence and initial progression of PM. Over the season QUINTEC and
VIVANDO provided effective powdery mildew control. QUNITEC however caused yellowing to the
foliage and appeared to be phytotoxic. The higher rate of IFK-309 was not more effective at controlling
powdery mildew than the lower rate of IFK-309 and caused increased phytotoxicity.
Table 1. Powdery mildew (PM) incidence, and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for
zucchini, cv. Spineless Beauty, treated with foliar fungicides grown near the Muck Crops Research
Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate
(mL/ha)
PM Incidence (%) AUDPC
2
13 Aug 16 Aug 23 Aug
QUINTEC 440 6.3 a2 22.5 a 65.0 a 363.8 a
VIVANDO 300 0.0 a 15.0 a 95.0 b 415.0 a
PROCURE 585 0.0 a 12.5 a 100.0 b 418.8 a
IKF-309 365 3.8 a 35.0 ab 92.5 b 523.8 ab
IKF-309 300 3.8 a 30.0 ab 100.0 b 522.5 ab
FONTELIS 1200 5.0 a 55.0 b 100.0 b 662.5 b
Check -- 56.3 b
97.5 c 95.0 b 981.3 c 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD
Test. 2 AUDPC= area under the disease progress curve.
3% of leaf covered with PM using key 3.2 from A Manual of Assessment Keys for Plant Diseases.
Table 2. Powdery mildew (PM) severity and colour rating for zucchini, cv. Spineless Beauty, treated with
fungicides and grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate
(mL/ha)
PM Severity (% Leaf Area Diseased) Colour Rating
1
16 Aug 23 Aug
QUINTEC 440 0.7 a2 1.7 a 3.4 c
VIVANDO 300 0.3 a 16.0 ab 1.4 a
IKF-309 365 1.6 a 21.2 b 2.5 bc
IKF-309 300 0.8 a 23.9 b 1.4 a
PROCURE 585 0.1 a 31.7 bc 1.9 ab
FONTELIS 1200 1.5 a 48.8 c 1.3 a
Check -- 33.9 b 45.5 c 1.5 ab 1 Plots were visually rated for colour on a 0-5 scale where 0= very green, 1= green, 2= green/yellow, 3= yellow/green,
4= yellow, and 5=yellowest. 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD
Test.
Table 3. Yield data for zucchini, cv. Spineless Beauty, treated with foliar fungicides and grown near the
Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate
(mL/ha) % Marketable
1 % Oversized
1 % Cull
1,2
Season Total
# Mkb
FONTELIS 1200 50.7 ns3 46.7 ns 2.6 ns 69.8 ns
VIVANDO 300 49.7 48.0 2.3 66.0
QUINTEC 440 46.6 50.7 2.7 68.3
PROCURE 585 46.1 51.7 2.2 53.3
IKF-309 365 46.0 51.3 2.7 51.3
Check -- 44.5 53.1 2.5 62.0
IKF-309 300 40.7 58.0 1.3 64.8 1 % based on weight.
2 culls due to rot.
3 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Funding for this project was provided by ISK Biosciences Corp.
CROP: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cv. Rutgers
PEST: Northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla)
AUTHORS: VAN DYK D, MCDONALD MR & JORDAN K
University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture.
TITLE: SMALL SCALE EVALUATION OF NEMATICIDES FOR CONTROL OF
ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE IN ONTARIO, 2013
MATERIALS: BUSAN 1236 (metam sodium 42.5%), NIMITZ (fluensulfone 480 g/L), MUST GROW
(oriental mustard seed meal 100%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted on muck soil (pH~7.0, organic matter ~69.4%) inoculated with
root-knot nematode in the Holland Marsh, Ontario. Soil was contained in 1 m x 2 m plots by sheets of tin
buried 0.5 m into the ground. Plots were treated with BUSAN 1236 at 275 L/ha on 13 June, MUST GRO
at 1680 kg/ha on 18 June, MCW-2 at 26 kg/ha on 21 June, and an untreated check. Tomatoes were
transplanted on 4 July with 8 plants per plot. On 18 October tomato plants were removed and soil samples
taken and submitted to the University of Guelph Agriculture and Food Laboratory to assess for soil
nematode counts. Tomato roots were weighed and assessed for percentage of root infected with galls. The
roots were also stained with a solution of red food colour to water (1:4 ratio) in order to visualize and
count egg masses. Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for
June (18.5°C), July (21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for May
(14.8°C) and October (10.5°C). The 10 year average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July
20.7°C, August 19.6°C, September 15.5°C and October 9.1°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year
average for May (113 mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm), September (83 mm) and
October (92 mm). The 10 year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73
mm, September 77 mm and October 60 mm. Data were analyzed using Statistix V.10.using Tukey’s HSD
test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: There were no significant differences in total root weight, average
number of galls per plant, or percent root infection found between the treatments. There were no
significant differences in plant parasitic nematode counts found.
Table 1. Total root weight, average number of galls per plant, and percentage of root infection, on
tomatoes grown in soil inoculated with root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) and treated with
fumigants and non-fumigant nematicides at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario,
2013.
Treatment Rate (kg/ha) Total Root
Weight (g)
Nematode Damage
Average number of
egg masses
Percentage of root
infected
Check -- 387 ns1 10.5 ns 25.4 ns
NIMITZ 26 340 5.1 13.8
MUST GRO 1680 360 1.9 7.5
BUSAN 1236 275 L/ha 480 1.4 5.4 1 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Table 2. Plant parasitic nematode counts in soil inoculated with root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla)
and treated with fumigants and non-fumigant nematicides at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland
Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Treatment Rate (kg/ha) Root-Knot
Nematode Pin Nematode
Stunt
Nematode Total
Check -- 14020 ns1 7 7 14034 ns
NIMITZ 26 10147 0 0 10147
MUST GRO 1680 8907 0 26 8933
BUSAN 1236 275 L/ha 11693 0 0 11693 1 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments.
Investment in the project has been provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada through the
Canadian Agricultural Adaptation Program (CAAP). In Ontario, this program is delivered by the
Agricultural Adaptation Council. Funding was also provided by the Fresh Vegetable Growers of
Ontario and the University of Guelph/OMAF partnership.
CROP: Edible amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), cvs. 1008, 1503, 308, and 708
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VANDER KOOI K
1 & BILAL A
2
1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
2Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, Vineland Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF EDIBLE AMARANTH CULTIVARS GROWN ON ORGANIC
SOIL, 2013
INTRODUCTION: There is a growing interest in non-traditional vegetables including edible amaranth
in Ontario. In co-operation with the Vineland Research and Innovation Centre (VRIC), an evaluation of
four edible amaranth cultivars was conducted to identify cultivars suitable for commercial production on
organic soil in the Holland Marsh.
MATERIALS: edible amaranth cultivars 1008, 1503, 308, and 708
METHODS: Amaranth, cvs. 1008, 1503, 308, and 708 were seeded into 200-cell plug trays on 10 May,
and grown at VRIC. On 10 June plants were hand-transplanted into organic soil (pH ≈ 6.8, organic matter
≈ 71.8%) at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block
design with four replicates per cultivar was used. Each experimental unit consisted of three 5 m long rows
spaced 55 cm apart with 30 cm in-row spacing. On 31 July, and 4 September, 16 plants, 8 from an outside
row and 8 from the inside row, were cut ≈ 20 cm from the soil. Tops were weighed and the weights
recorded. From this sample, five plants were randomly chosen, all leaves removed, weighed and weights
recorded. On 2 August all plants were cut to ≈ 20 cm above the soil using a Black and Decker hedge
trimmer and allowed to regrow for a second harvest.
Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July
(21.3°C), and August (19.6°C). The 10 year average temperatures were: June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, and
August 19.6°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for June (94 mm), July (104 mm), and
August (87 mm). The 10 year rainfall averages were: June 71 mm, July 82 mm, and August 73 mm.
Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function section of Statistix V.10. Means
separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: Significant differences in weight per plant and leaf weight per plant at the first harvest were
found among the cultivars (Table 1). At the 31 July harvest, cultivars 1503 and 1008 had a significantly
higher weight per plant than cultivars 708 and 308. Cultivar 1008 had a significantly higher leaf weight
per plant than cultivars 708 and 308.
Significant differences in the season total weight per plant and leaf weight per plant were found among
the cultivars. Cultivar 1008 had a significantly higher weight per plant than cultivars 708 and 308 and
cultivars 1008 and 1503 had significantly higher leaf weight per plant season total than cultivar 308.
There were no significant differences in weight per plant and leaf weight per plant among the cultivars at
the 4 September harvest (Table 1).
CONCLUSIONS: Cultivars 1008 and 1503 produced higher yields on organic soil than 708 and 308.
Table 1. Yield assessments for edible amaranth, cvs. 1008, 1503, 708, and 308, grown at the Muck Crops
Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2013.
Cultivar Wgt/Plant (g) Leaf Wgt/Plant (g) Season
Wgt/Plant (g)
Season Leaf
Wgt/Plant (g) 31 July 4 Sept 31 July 4 Sept
1008 767.2 a1 489.8 ns
2 283.0 a 139.5 ns 1257.0 a 422.5 a
1503 848.0 a 213.6 241.0 ab 167.0 1061.6 ab 408.0 a
708 534.7 b 303.3 195.5 bc 124.5 838.0 bc 320.0 ab
308 445.3 b 236.9 113.0 c 73.0 682.0 c 186.0 b 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected
LSD test. 2 ns = not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Funding for this project was provided by Plant Production Systems of the Ontario Ministry of
Agriculture and Food and Ministry of Rural Affairs and the University of Guelph partnership.
Integrated
Pest
Management
Report - 2013
AUTHORS: TESFAENDRIAS MT & MCDONALD MR
University of Guelph, Dept of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: THE INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM SUMMARY FOR
MUCK VEGETABLE CROPS, 2013
An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program is provided to growers in the Holland/Bradford
Marsh, Ontario, by the Muck Crops Research Station (MCRS). Investment in this project has been
provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada through the Canadian Agricultural Adaptation Program
(CAAP). In Ontario, this program is delivered by the Agricultural Adaptation Council. Funding was also
provided by the Bradford Co-Operative Storage Ltd., growers participated in the IPM program and
chemical company sponsors. The main objectives of the project are: to scout growers’ fields for diseases,
weeds and insect pests, to provide growers with disease and insect forecasting information, to identify and
diagnose diseases, insect pests and weeds, and to implement rotorod spore traps to trap and analyze spores
of various vegetable crop pathogens.
SCOUTING
In 2013, 68 commercial vegetable fields, totalling 751 acres (onion 362 A., carrot 279 A. and
celery 110 A.), were intensively scouted for 29 growers. Various Asian vegetables grown on 100 A. were
also scouted for two months at the beginning of the growing season. Fields were scouted twice a week
during the growing season and growers received scouting reports after each field survey.
DIAGNOSTICS, EXTENSION & DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION
Any grower, whether on the IPM program or not, could bring in samples (plant and/or insect) for
diagnosis. On-site tools available for diagnosis were visual inspection and laboratory inspection using a
microscope and culturing. Diagnoses were made by comparison to known symptoms, published
descriptions of pathogens, insect pests and weeds and personal experience. Following assessment, the
extension advice given was based on Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, and Ministry of Rural
Affairs (OMAF and MRA) recommendations for pesticides
From 8 January to 15 November, 2013, the diagnostic laboratory of the MCRS received 252 diseased
plant samples for diagnosis. Of these, 78% were infectious diseases (196 in total) and 22% physiological
disorders (56 in total). These samples were associated with the following crops: onion (41.5%), carrot
(22.1%), celery (11.9%), brassicas (7.5%), lettuce (2.4%), and other crops (14.6%). A total of 24 samples
of insects or insect damage were assessed. A total of 18 weed samples were also identified.
For extension services, data collected from growers’ fields and the MCRS research plots were compiled
twice per week, analyzed and summarized. The results (IPM report) were updated twice per week and
circulated to participating growers, academia, industry, OMAF and MRA experts, posted at the MCRS
web site (www.uoguelph.ca/muckcrop), and a copy was displayed at the Bradford Co-op. During the
2013 growing season, more than 100 phone inquiries and email requests for information concerning plant
problems and recommendations were addressed.
PEST PREDICTIVE MODELS
The IPM program provides disease and insect forecasting based on spore traps, disease
forecasting models BOTCAST (for botrytis leaf blight of onion), DOWNCAST (for onion downy
mildew), and BREMCAST (for lettuce downy mildew), and degree day models and insect traps. These
disease and insect forecasts alerted growers by predating the potential for disease and insect pest
incidence.
CROP PEST SUMMARIES
At the end of the scouting program, carrot samples were collected from each scouted field and
assessed for damage from insects (Table 1) and diseases or physiological disorders (Table 2). Similarly,
onions were assessed in mid-season and at the end of the scouting program for onion maggot damage and
incidence of smut.
CARROT
Insects
In 2013, carrot fields were scouted for carrot weevil (Listronotus oregonensis), carrot rust fly
(Psila rosae) and aster leafhopper (Macrosteles quadrilineatus) and other insect pests. Degree day models
were used to predict the occurrence of different life stages of these insects.
Table 1. Average percent carrot rust fly and carrot weevil damage on carrots at harvest in scouted fields
around the Holland Marsh (HM), 2013.
Location % Damaged Carrots
Weevil damage Rust fly damage
South HM 0.0 0.0
West HM 0.0 0.0
North HM 1.3 1.0
Central HM 2.0 1.3
East HM 0.3 0.3
Carrot weevil adults were first found in wooden traps on 16 May in carrot fields. The threshold of 1.5 or
more weevils/trap was reached by the end of May.
Orange sticky traps and degree day models were used to monitor and estimate carrot rust fly and aster
leafhopper numbers. Aster leafhoppers are pests of carrots, celery, lettuce and leafy greens. Aster
leafhopper adults were first found on orange sticky traps the first week of June in carrots, lettuce and
celery. In 2013, aster leafhopper numbers and aster yellows (the disease caused by the infestation) were
moderate.
Carrot rust flies were first found on sticky traps on 7 June, which was 2 weeks later than in 2012 growing
season. The spray threshold for fresh market carrots (0.1 flies/trap/day) was reached mid-June. Generally
weevil and carrot rust fly damage was lower than in 2012 growing season.
Diseases
Carrot fields were scouted for all the important diseases of carrots around the Holland Marsh.
Leaf blight, which is caused by the fungi Alternaria dauci and Cercospora carotae, was first seen in mid-
July and certain fields reached the spray threshold within one week. The timely announcement of leaf
blight incidence helped to keep the disease pressure at the threshold of 25% disease incidence.
Weather conditions in the 2013 growing season were conducive for most pathogens including Pythium,
Sclerotinia and Rhizoctonia. Total monthly rainfall was above the previous long term 10 years average for
May, June, July, August and September, which likely resulted in excessive soil moisture. This excessive
soil moisture in turn created ideal conditions for soil borne pathogens, particularly Pythium and
Rhizoctonia spp., resulting in a high incidence of cavity spot, pythium root dieback and crater rot. All of
the surveyed fields had cavity spot (Pythium spp.) with incidence ranging from 6 to 31% and 92% of the
fields had pythium root dieback (Pythium spp.) with incidences of 3-11%.
Crater rot (Rhizoctonia carotae Rader) was found in 9 of the 26 carrot fields surveyed. In 2013, 19% of
the surveyed fields had aster yellows, which was lower compared to the 2012 growing seasons where
64% of the surveyed carrot fields had aster yellows.
Carrots in fifteen (58%) of the fields sampled had crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) with disease
incidence ranging from 1 to 19%. Sclerotinia rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) development and incidences
were observed in carrot fields around the Holland/Bradford Marsh during the growing season. Sclerotinia
rot was found on carrots from 3 sampled fields. Fusarium rot (Fusarium spp.) was found on carrots from
1 field with an incidence of 2%. In 2013, high incidence (60-100%) of fusarium rot was observed in a
field trail conducted in the Holland/Bradford Marsh indicating the prevalence of the disease in the region.
Carrot roots from 85-100% of the fields surveyed showed splitting (growth cracks) and forking with mean
incidence of 3.4 and 6.9 respectively.
Table 2. Disease incidence on carrot samples collected from 26 commercial fields in the
Holland/Bradford Marsh, Ontario in 2013.
Disease Mean incidence (%)
(n = 26) Fields affected
Cavity spot 12.4 26
Pythium root dieback 3.6 24
Crown gall 4.2 15
Crater rot 0.6 8
Aster yellows 0.2 6
Sclerotinia rot 0.2 3
Fusarium rot 0.1 1
Splitting (Growth cracks) 3.4 22
Forking 6.9 26
ONION
Insects
Onion fields were scouted for onion maggot (Delia antiqua), onion thrips (Thrips tabaci),
cutworms and other insect pests. Damage plots were assessed for onion maggot damage and smut
incidence after the first and second onion maggot generation peaks. The average onion maggot damage
was 1.6 - 2.3% (first generation) and 0.7 – 1.3% (second maggot generation).
Compared to the 2012 growing season, onion maggot and thrips infestation was moderate in 2013
growing season. Thrips were first found in onion plants in scouted fields on 12 June, two weeks later than
in 2012. Very few scouted fields reached the threshold of one thrips per leaf in mid-July.
Diseases Onions were scouted for botrytis leaf blight (Botrytis squamosa), downy mildew (Peronospora
destructor), purple blotch (Alternaria porri), white rot (Sclerotium cepivorum), pink root (Phoma
terrestris), stemphylium leaf blight (Stemphylium vesicarium) and other diseases.
In 2013, stemphylium leaf blight was the main disease that affected onions. Spores of Botrytis spp., S.
vesicarium, Alternaria spp., Perosnospora destructor were detected with the spore traps during the
growing season. Few incidence of botrytis leaf blight was reported. Downy mildew was found in most
scouted onion fields around the Marsh, which was very low or non in the 2011 and 2012 growing
seasons. Smut incidence was observed in most of the scouted fields with a mean incidence of 0.1 to 3.8%.
A new disease, onion anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum spp.) was found for the first time in onions
around the Marsh. A survey will be conducted in 2014 growing season to determine the spread and
severity of the disease.
CELERY
Insects In 2013, celery fields were scouted for carrot weevil, aster leafhopper, tarnished plant bug (Lygus
lineolaris), pea leafminer (Liriomyza huidobrensis), and aphids. Insect traps and degree day models were
used to predict the occurrence of the various life stages of carrot weevil, aster leafhopper and tarnished
plant bug. The scouting results of carrot weevil and aster leafhopper were as discussed in the carrot crop
section. Tarnished plant bug pressure was lower than the 2012 growing season. A few fields reached the
damage threshold of 6% around early to mid-August. Aphid, carrot weevil and leafminer infestations
remained low throughout the growing season.
Diseases Celery leaf blights in Ontario are caused by the fungi Cercospora apii (early blight) and Septoria
apiicola (late blight) and the bacteria Pseudomanas syringae pv. apii (bacterial blight). The threshold for
pesticide application is disease presence. Incidence of early blight and late blight was observed in most
scouted fields. Pink rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) incidence remained low throughout the season. Boron
deficiency was the main nutrient issue in celery. Leaf curl disease (Colletortrichum spp.), which is a
relatively new disease was found in celery around the Marsh for the first time in 2013 growing season.
Survey will be conducted in 2014 growing season to determine the spread and severity of the disease in
the Holland/Bradford marsh.
LETTUCE
Insects
The degree day models were used to predict the occurrence of various life stages of the aster
leafhoppers and tarnished plant bug. The scouting results were as discussed in the carrot crop section. The
occurrence of tarnished plant bugs and leaf hoppers was moderate this year compared to the 2012
growing season. Aphid numbers were low in lettuce fields.
Diseases
The main disease observed in lettuce fields were downy mildew (Bremia lactucae), Sclerotinia
drop (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor) and grey mould (Botrytis cinerea). BREMCAST, the lettuce
downy mildew forecasting model, predicted sporulation infection periods (SIP) during the growing
season starting mid-July and the risk of developing downy mildew remained moderate to high until
September. Downy mildew on lettuce was confirmed end-July.
WEEDS
In 2013, broad-leaved weed, grass and sedge weed pressure differed among fields mainly
depending on field location and management practices. In most fields, weeds were controlled during the
critical weed-free period for each crop. Some herbicide resistance redroot pig weed and yellow nutsedge
were also problems for growers in all crops around the Holland Marsh.
Investment in this project has been provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada through the
Canadian Agricultural Adaptation Program (CAAP). In Ontario, this program is delivered by the
Agricultural Adaptation Council. Funding for the IPM program was also provided by the Bradford
Co-operative Storage Ltd., growers participated in the program, Bayer Crop Science, E.I. DuPont
Canada, BASF, Engage Agro, UAP, Syngenta Crop Protection and Dow AgroScience.
Cultivar
Trials
2013
CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL SEASONAL SUMMARY - 2013
The start to the growing season brought slightly above temperatures for the month of May followed by seasonal temperatures and an increase in
precipitation. Compared to the previous 10 year averages, air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July (21.3°C), August
(19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average for May (14.8°C) and October (10.5°C). The 10 year average temperatures were: May
12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C, September 15.5°C and October 9.1°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May
(113 mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm), September (83 mm) and October (92 mm). The 10 year rainfall averages were: May 72
mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm, September 77 mm and October 60 mm.
The carrot trial was seeded on May 27 through 30 due to a few showers which interfered with seeding. Soil moisture levels were adequate
and temperatures were above the seasonal average. A significant rainfall on May 21 delayed seeding but provided good moisture for the seed bed.
Several showers in early June along with seasonal air temperatures created idea germination conditions. Plant stands and vigor were very good.
Seasonal temperatures throughout the entire summer along with adequate rainfall allowed the carrots to establish and grow well for the rest of the
season. It was slightly disappointing when carrots were pulled at Grower Field Day on September 5. Most cultivars where a bit short, lacked
weight and quality was a bit poor.
Weed control was good throughout the entire season. The pre-emergence application of Gesagard did a great job of early weed control.
Only one Lorox + Assist Oil application on June 26 was applied and it did a fair job of taking out most of the weeds. The trial was hand weeded
throughout the rest of the season to keep it free of weeds.
Carrot weevils were first found on May 16 in traps at the Muck Station. Carrot weevil counts were at an accumulation count of 5.5 at
seeding and but stayed well below economical thresholds from seeding to late July. Even though the number of weevils counted in traps was low
to average, there was noticeable damage in the field. Most of the damage was limited to the most easterly rows with visible plant death occurring
at the 4 to 6 true leaf stage. Damage was surprisingly low at harvest. One application of Imidan in late July appeared to be timed well protected the
carrots from weevil damage. Carrot rust fly emergence was later then in the 2012 season and first appeared on June 7. The first generation peak
occurred on June 17 just at the economical threshold of 0.2 flies/trap/day. Rust fly numbers were never above economical thresholds all season
and remain quite low and constant for the rest of the season. Carrot rust fly damage was very low at harvest. Aster leaf hopper numbers were
moderate throughout the entire season but aster yellows infection was low.
…/continued
CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL SEASONAL SUMMARY – 2013 – continued
Alternaria and cercospora leaf blights where at manageable levels throughout the growing season even though rainfall was above average.
Weekly fungicide applications were applied to control any blight that may have been present, and leaf blight was kept below economical
thresholds. To observe cultivar tolerance to both pathogens, regular fungicide sprays were discontinued in late August. Throughout the months of
September & October, leaf blight levels steadily increased but were still at manageable levels at harvest. At harvest in October, differences in the
incidence of leaf blight infections were noted among cultivars. On Grower Field Day in early September, the majority of cultivars had a higher
number of forked and/or split carrots compared to the last two previous years. The quality, weight and length of carrots were a little poor. Bolting
was noted in the trial with several cultivars having a few seeders.
Harvest conditions in October were damp and temperatures were seasonal. Harvest began on the October 18 but was stopped several times
due to rain showers. Surprisingly, the carrots had increased in diameter by harvest compared to what was noticed at grower field day. The above
average rainfall did not appear to increase the incidence of sclerotinia, as only a few small pockets were found. When yield samples were taken, a
moderate level of forked and split carrots were found. Several of the cultivars in the trial had seeders occurring in very low numbers. At harvest
the jumbo cultivars appeared to have only average yields. All carrot cultivars appeared to have shorter lengths, and yields appeared to be slightly
lower than in the previous year. The carrots were placed in the Filacell storage immediately after harvest.
At evaluation in early January, it was confirmed that this year’s trial had lower yields than in 2012. Quality was fair with few issues
present. The weights of jumbo carrots were average to slightly below average. The percentage of culled carrots increased and culls consisted of
forking, small undersized carrots, and some splits. The incidence of rot was moderate and was cultivar specific. Cavity spot was moderate with a
higher incidence in some cultivars. The degree of cavity spot was on average a light/medium lesion, with approximately 70% infection rate, which
is a slight decrease compared to last year. The number of lesions per carrot root was lower. Considering the adequate moisture levels all season,
cavity spot was at manageable levels. In general, all cultivars had shorter lengths, but average widths. The uniformity of lengths and to a lesser
extent widths were uneven. Exterior colour was good among all cultivars. Generally, most cultivars had a slightly rough feel to the skin. Interior
colour blending was average, with very low levels of rings around cores or translucent cores. Green shoulders were not present in most carrot
cultivars, and if found were just starting to develop. Insect damage was significantly lower and very little damage found at evaluation. The number
of carrots infected with aster yellows was close to zero. In conclusion, the carrot variety trial was fair with average yields and fair quality.
CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS - 2013
MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES
Fertilizer:
40 kg/ha Nitrogen (Ammonium Nitrate 34-0-0) + 80 kg/ha Phosphorous (MAP 11-52-0) + 100 kg/ha Potassium (Potash 0-0-50) + 100 kg/ha of
K-Mag (0-0-22) + 35 kg/ha Manganese (32%) and 3.5 kg/ha of Boron (15%) was worked into the soil.
Seeded:
All trials were seeded on 27 to 30 May using a V-Belt seeder equipped with a 5 cm wide scatter shoe. A germination rate of 95 to 100%, a target
of 26-22 seeds per foot was desired for Cello type carrots and 15-18 seeds per foot for Jumbo type carrots. All trials were seeded on beds 86 cm
apart. The seeding rate was done according to percent germination. RIDOMIL 1G was applied at 25 kg/ha in the seed furrow. The Main Trial was
replicated three times and the Adaptation Trial was not replicated.
Weed Control:
Pre-emergence: 1 application: GESAGARD 480 at 6.0 L/ha on 31 May.
Post-emergence: 1 application: LOROX L at 300 ml/ha + ASSIST OIL at 1.0 L/ha on 26 June.
Minor Elements:
One foliar spray: Calcimax on 15 July (2.0 L/ha).
One foliar spray: Magical Max on 23 August (4.0 L/ha).
Two foliar sprays: Mag Max on 15 and 24 July (3.0 L/ha).
Two foliar sprays: Alexin on 23 and 29 August (2.0 L/ha).
Two foliar sprays: Golden Harvest Plus on 15 and 30 July (2.0 L/ha).
Two foliar sprays: Manganese on 15 and 30 July (1.5 kg/ha).
Two foliar sprays: Crop Boast on 24 July (3.0 L/ha) and 14 August (2.0 L/ha).
Four foliar sprays: Epsom salt on 30 July and 23, 29 August (2.0 kg/ha) and 14 August (1.0 kg/ha).
Insect and Disease Control:
According to IPM recommendations.
IMIDAN at 2.25 kg/ha on 22 July.
DIAZINON at 1.0 L/ha on 15 July.
POLYRAM at 2.25 kg/ha + RIPCORD at 175 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 24 July.
BRAVO at 2.5 L/ha + UP-CYDE at 280 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 30 July.
CABRIO at 1.0 kg/ha + DIAZINON at 1.0 L/ha and Minor Elements on 14 Aug.
DITHANE at 2.5 kg/ha and Minor Elements on 23 Aug.
QUADRIS TOP at 1.0 L/ha and Minor Elements on 29 Aug. … / continued
CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS - 2013 - continued
Harvest:
The Main Trial and Adaptation Trial were harvested 18, 22, 23, 24, 28 and 29 October. All trials were immediately placed in a temperature and
humidity controlled storage (0oC, 95 % RH) respectively.
Irrigation: No irrigation water was applied during the 2013 growing season.
EVALUATION PROCEDURES
The cultivars were evaluated on 7 through 23 January after 9 weeks in storage.
# Carrots Harvested:
Total number of carrots harvested from 2.32 m of row.
Harvest Weight: Weights from the harvested 2.32 m of row.
Marketable Yield t/ha + B/A: Marketable yield includes the packaging size, 2.0 cm to 4.4 cm (¾" to 1¾") as well as the oversize > 4.4 cm (> 1¾").
% Oversize: The percentage of carrots > 4.4 cm (> 1¾ ") and greater.
Majority of Culls:
SP = Splits F = Forked SM = Small (< 2.0 cm) R = Rot A = Aster Yellows
Shape:
GP = Gold Pak N = Nantes Imp = Imperator Cyl = Cylindrical LD = Long Danver SP = Spartan Bonus
Appearance:
Appearance is based on qualities of straightness of root and smoothness.
10.0 = very straight and smooth, 6.0 = a few rough carrots in mix, 1.0 = bends and curves in root with very rough surface.
... / continued
CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS - 2013 - continued
Resistance to Greening: The higher the number, the less green tissue on the crown of the carrot 10.0 = no green tissue, 6.0 = moderate green tissue, 1.0 = total green tissue.
External Colour:
DO = Dark Orange O = Orange BO = Bright Orange LO = Light Orange
Internal Colour: DO = Dark Orange O = Orange BO = Bright Orange LO = Light Orange
Blight Rating: Regular fungicide applications were discontinued on 23 Aug to allow the cultivars to be evaluated for tolerance to leaf blights. Evaluation took
place at harvest. 10.0 = Most Desirable, no lesions; 8.0 = Good, mild lesions on leaves, no lesions on petioles; 6.0 = Moderate, lesions on leaves,
some lesions on petioles; 3.0 = Poor, numerous lesions on leaves, numerous lesions on petioles; 1.0 = Severe, tops completely rotted, crop cannot
be harvested.
Score:
The average of the 9 marks from Uniformity of Shape to Blight Rating. 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average.
% Cavity Spot & Degree:
The number indicates the percentage of roots with cavity spots.
The letters indicate the degree to which the roots were infected.
VL = Very Light, cavity spots are few and barely visible. Lesion size < 1 mm.
L = Light, few small spots. Lesion size 1 - 2 mm.
M = Medium, roots borderline marketable. Lesion size 2 - 5 mm.
H = Heavy, large cavity spots, roots unmarketable. Lesion size 5 - 10 mm.
VH = Very Heavy, many large cavity spots, roots unmarketable. Lesion size > 10 mm.
Example: 50 H = 50% of the roots were heavily infected with cavity spots, roots unmarketable
Shape of Crown: CV = Convex (no indentation around crown) CC = Concave (indentation around crown)
… / continued
CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS - 2013 - continued
Root Length (cm): Twenty centimetres is approximately eight inches.
Root Width (cm):
One inch is approximately two and half centimetres.
Stand per Foot:
Stand per Foot times 3.28 equals Stand per Metre.
Top Length (cm):
Small = 20-30 centimetres Medium = 30-45 centimetres Large = 45 centimetres and greater
Leaf Colour:
LG = Light Green G = Green DG = Dark Green PG = Pale Green
% Weevil & Rust Fly Damage:
Percent of carrot roots damaged by carrot weevil & carrot rust fly that were found in the 2.32 m harvest sample.
Average Number of Seeders: Average number of seeders found in each cultivar of 15 m of row.
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
# C
arro
ts H
arv
este
d
#
> 4
.4 c
m
# 2
.0 t
o 4
.4 c
m
To
tal
Har
ves
t W
eig
ht
(kg
)
Wei
gh
t >
4.4
cm
(k
g)
Wei
gh
t 2
.0 t
o 4
.4 c
m (
kg
)
Mar
ket
able
Yie
ld t
/ha
Mar
ket
able
Yie
ld B
/A
ENVY Sto 131 34 a* 72 de 18.68 a-d 8.81 a 8.11 ef 84.6 1362 ab
CROFTON RZ 127 2 g 102 bcd 16.56 de 0.93 i 13.32 ab 71.3 1147 abc
ENTERPRISE Sto 154 21 cd 102 bcd 19.19 a-d 6.06 cd 10.34 b-e 82.0 1320 ab
CAROCHOICE CELLO UNF 153 31 ab 79 cde 19.73 a-d 7.91 ab 8.18 ef 80.5 1296 ab
NILAND Bejo 186 19 cde 110 bc 20.86 abc 4.33 def 12.68 abc 85.1 1370 ab
SV 2384 Sem 122 14 def 85 cde 17.35 b-e 3.68 ef 10.30 b-e 69.9 1125 abc
CR 2289 Sem 130 18 cde 80 cde 18.93 a-d 5.39 cde 9.81 c-f 76.0 1224 ab
CELLOBUNCH Sto 139 24 bc 83 cde 21.00 ab 6.77 bc 10.01 b-f 83.9 1351 ab
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test. ... / continued
CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL CELLO TYPES - 2013
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
# C
arro
ts H
arv
este
d
#
> 4
.4 c
m
# 2
.0 t
o 4
.4 c
m
To
tal
Har
ves
t W
eig
ht
(kg
)
Wei
gh
t >
4.4
cm
(k
g)
Wei
gh
t 2
.0 t
o 4
.4 c
m (
kg
)
Mar
ket
able
Yie
ld t
/ha
Mar
ket
able
Yie
ld B
/A
NAVAL Bejo 199 14 def* 119 ab 22.35 a 3.52 fg 14.26 a 88.9 1432 a
YOSEMITE Vil 154 6 g 112 bc 16.96 cde 1.45 hi 11.89 a-d 66.7 1073 bc
MOE Sol 110 7 fg 82 cde 13.74 e 1.75 ghi 9.05 def 54.0 869 c
TEXTO Vil 171 14 ef 101 bcd 17.50 b-e 3.04 fgh 10.56 b-e 68.0 1095 bc
NERJA Bejo 240 5 g 152 a 20.31 a-d 1.23 hi 14.18 a 77.0 1240 ab
OLYMPUS Sto 185 15 de 105 bcd 19.16 a-d 3.48 fg 10.38 b-e 69.3 1116 bc
NEW HALL CELLO Bejo 117 16 de 59 e 16.64 de 4.15 ef 6.89 f 55.2 889 c
Trial Average 155 16 96 18.60 4.17 10.66 74.2 1194
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test. ... / continued
CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL CELLO TYPES - 2013 - continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
% M
ark
etab
le
% O
ver
size
Maj
ori
ty o
f C
ull
s
Sh
ape
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f S
hap
e
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f W
idth
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f L
eng
th
Ap
pea
ran
ce
Res
ista
nce
to
Gre
enin
g
ENVY Sto 90.7 a* 47.6 a SM GP 5.0 6.0 5.0 4.7 d 9.0 ab
CROFTON RZ 86.0 ab 5.7 i SP CYL 8.0 7.0 5.0 7.0 ab 5.0 e
ENTERPRISE Sto 85.6 ab 31.6 bc F IMP 6.7 5.3 5.0 6.3 abc 8.7 bc
CAROCHOICE CELLO UNF 81.9 abc 40.1 ab SM GP 5.3 6.3 5.0 7.3 a 8.3 bc
NILAND Bejo 81.1 bc 21.1 d-g SM N 7.3 6.3 6.7 6.3 abc 8.7 bc
SV 2384 Sem 80.8 bc 21.5 def F IMPCYL 6.0 4.0 3.7 6.0 bc 8.7 bc
CR 2289 Sem 80.5 bc 28.5 cd R GPCYL 4.3 4.7 4.0 5.3 cd 9.3 ab
CELLOBUNCH Sto 79.8 bc 32.3 bc F GPCYL 4.7 5.7 4.3 5.3 cd 7.7 c
Listed in order of % Marketable. 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test. ... / continued
CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL CELLO TYPES - 2013 - continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
% M
ark
etab
le
% O
ver
size
Maj
ori
ty o
f C
ull
s
Sh
ape
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f S
hap
e
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f W
idth
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f L
eng
th
Ap
pea
ran
ce
Res
ista
nce
to
Gre
enin
g
NAVAL Bejo 79.6 bc* 15.8 fgh SM N 7.7 6.7 5.7 6.3 abc 9.0 ab
YOSEMITE Vil 78.5 bc 8.4 hi SP IMP 8.7 4.3 3.7 6.7 ab 10.0 a
MOE Sol 78.4 bc 12.5 ghi SP IMP 8.7 5.3 3.7 6.0 bc 8.7 bc
TEXTO Vil 76.6 bc 16.6 e-h SM GPN 6.3 5.7 6.0 7.3 a 8.3 bc
NERJA Bejo 75.8 c 6.2 i SM N 8.0 5.3 5.3 6.7 ab 5.7 de
OLYMPUS Sto 72.4 cd 18.1 efg SP GP 5.3 4.7 4.3 5.3 cd 10.0 a
NEW HALL CELLO Bejo 66.1 d 24.9 cde SP N 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.7 ab 6.3 d
Trial Average 79.6 22.1 6.6 5.6 4.9 6.2 8.2
Listed in order of % Marketable. 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test. ... / continued
CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL CELLO TYPES - 2013 - continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
Ex
tern
al C
olo
ur
Ex
tern
al C
olo
ur
Rat
ing
Inte
rnal
Co
lou
r
Inte
rnal
Co
lou
r R
atin
g
% C
ore
of
To
tal
Wid
th
Bli
gh
t R
atin
g
Sco
re
% C
avit
y S
po
t &
Deg
ree
Sh
ape
of
Cro
wn
ENVY Sto O 6.0 LO 8.0 43.5 cde* 7.5 ef 6.24 bc 80L efg CC
CROFTON RZ O 7.3 O 7.0 36.1 a 8.0 def 6.62 ab 65LM bcd CC
ENTERPRISE Sto O 6.7 O 7.0 37.6 ab 9.0 abc 6.52 ab 63LM bcd CV
CAROCHOICE CELLO UNF O 7.0 O 6.0 43.0 cde 8.5 bcd 6.48 ab 72LM def CC
NILAND Bejo LO 6.7 O 5.7 49.0 f 8.7 bcd 6.81 ab 47LM a CC
SV 2384 Sem O 6.3 LO 5.7 43.4 cde 9.3 ab 5.76 c 68LM cde CV
CR 2289 Sem O 6.7 LO 6.0 41.3 bcd 8.8 a-d 5.76 c 92LM gh CV
CELLOBUNCH Sto LO 5.7 O 6.7 43.1 cde 8.0 def 5.71 c 83LM fgh CV
Listed in order of % Marketable. 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL CELLO TYPES - 2013 - continued
... / continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
Ex
tern
al C
olo
ur
Ex
tern
al C
olo
ur
Rat
ing
Inte
rnal
Co
lou
r
Inte
rnal
Co
lou
r R
atin
g
% C
ore
of
To
tal
Wid
th
Bli
gh
t R
atin
g
Sco
re
% C
avit
y S
po
t &
Deg
ree
Sh
ape
of
Cro
wn
NAVAL Bejo O 7.0 O 6.3 47.2 ef* 9.7 a 6.95 a 55L ab CC
YOSEMITE Vil DO 7.0 O 6.3 38.4 ab 8.8 a-d 6.67 ab 78LM ef CV
MOE Sol DO 8.0 O 8.0 44.1 de 8.3 cde 6.90 a 83LM fgh CV
TEXTO Vil O 7.0 O 7.7 44.0 de 8.8 a-d 6.90 a 58L abc CC
NERJA Bejo O 6.7 O 5.7 39.1 abc 8.0 def 6.19 bc 58L abc CC
OLYMPUS Sto DO 7.0 O 7.7 40.7 a-d 9.7 a 6.33 abc 93M h CV
NEW HALL CELLO Bejo O 6.7 O 6.3 44.2 de 7.3 f 6.38 abc 70LM cde CV
Trial Average 6.8 6.7 42.3 8.6 6.42 71LM
Listed in order of % Marketable. 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL CELLO TYPES - 2013 - continued
... / continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
Ro
ot
Len
gth
(cm
)
Ro
ot
Wid
th (
cm)
Sta
nd
per
Fo
ot
To
p L
eng
th (
cm)
Lea
f C
olo
ur
% W
eev
il D
amag
e
% R
ust
Fly
Dam
age
Av
erag
e #
of
See
der
s
% A
ster
Yel
low
s
ENVY Sto 19.2 de* 3.7 ab 17 def 48.1 a G 5.3 abc 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.0
CROFTON RZ 19.5 d 3.5 b-e 17 def 43.5 b-e LG 6.7 c 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.0
ENTERPRISE Sto 21.4 bc 3.3 de 20 cde 47.6 ab G 6.3 bc 0.9 ab 3.3 a 0.0
CAROCHOICE CELLO UNF 21.9 b 4.1 a 20 c-f 45.1 a-d G 3.0 ab 0.0 a 1.3 a 0.0
NILAND Bejo 16.8 f 3.7 bc 24 bc 43.8 a-d G 3.2 abc 0.0 a 3.7 a 0.0
SV 2384 Sem 21.6 b 3.3 cde 16 ef 43.6 bcd G 10.8 d 0.0 a 1.0 a 0.0
CR 2289 Sem 19.8 cd 3.4 b-e 17 def 47.6 ab G 3.4 abc 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.8
CELLOBUNCH Sto 18.9 de 3.5 b-e 18 def 47.5 abc G 3.5 abc 0.0 a 3.0 a 0.0
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL CELLO TYPES - 2013 - continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
Ro
ot
Len
gth
(cm
)
Ro
ot
Wid
th (
cm)
Sta
nd
per
Fo
ot
To
p L
eng
th (
cm)
Lea
f C
olo
ur
% W
eev
il D
amag
e
% R
ust
Fly
Dam
age
Av
erag
e #
of
See
der
s
% A
ster
Yel
low
s
NAVAL Bejo 17.1 f 3.6 bcd 26 ab 45.6 abc DG 3.7 abc 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.0
YOSEMITE Vil 22.7 ab 3.1 e 20 c-f 40.8 de LG 2.1 a 0.5 ab 5.7 a 0.0
MOE Sol 23.9 a 3.3 cde 14 f 43.2 cde G 3.1 abc 0.7 ab 3.7 a 0.0
TEXTO Vil 16.9 f 3.6 bcd 22 bcd 46.7 abc LG 2.5 a 0.2 ab 0.0 a 0.0
NERJA Bejo 16.3 f 3.3 de 32 a 39.1 e G 3.2 abc 0.0 a 0.3 a 0.0
OLYMPUS Sto 19.6 d 3.4 b-e 24 bc 45.8 abc G 3.8 abc 1.0 b 1.7 a 0.0
NEW HALL CELLO Bejo 17.6 ef 3.7 bc 15 ef 46.9 abc G 5.1 abc 0.0 a 0.3 a 0.0
Trial Average 19.6 3.5 20 45.0 4.4 0.2 1.6 0.1
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL CELLO TYPES - 2013 - continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
# C
arro
ts H
arv
este
d
#
> 4
.4 c
m
# 2
.0 t
o 4
.4 c
m
To
tal
Har
ves
t W
eig
ht
(kg
)
Wei
gh
t >
4.4
cm
(k
g)
Wei
gh
t 2
.0 t
o 4
.4 c
m (
kg
)
Mar
ket
able
Yie
ld t
/ha
Mar
ket
able
Yie
ld B
/A
JERADA RZ 102 30 b* 62 cd 22.68 ab 9.27 cd 11.20 d 102.4 1648 ab
CAROCHOICE JUMBO UNF 78 29 b 28 ab 17.73 ab 12.19 a-d 3.77 ab 79.8 1285 b-e
FIDRA RZ 120 27 b 70 d 19.53 ab 7.42 d 9.65 cd 85.4 1374 b-e
FONTANA Bejo 134 54 a 43 a-d 22.86 ab 14.16 abc 5.40 abc 97.8 1575 abc
BASTIA Bejo 103 47 ab 32 abc 19.68 ab 12.67 a-d 4.12 ab 84.0 1352 b-e
BERMUDA Bejo 121 48 ab 45 a-d 25.86 a 15.23 abc 6.48 abc 108.6 1748 a
WARMIA SN 123 44 ab 46 a-d 17.31 b 9.80 bcd 4.74 ab 72.7 1170 e
BERLIN Bejo 107 63 a 14 a 22.63 ab 16.64 a 1.91 a 92.8 1494 a-e
BELGRADO Bejo 126 56 a 27 ab 24.35 ab 15.39 ab 3.71 ab 95.5 1538 a-d
COSTELLO Sol 124 29 b 61 cd 20.61 ab 7.79 d 7.75 bcd 77.7 1251 cde
NEW HALL JUMBO Bejo 100 28 b 48 bcd 19.57 ab 8.06 d 6.41 abc 72.3 1165 e
ACHIEVE Sto 87 41 ab 18 ab 21.03 ab 12.64 a-d 2.39 a 75.2 1210 de
BERN Bejo 121 45 ab 22 ab 22.55 ab 12.27 a-d 3.12 a 76.9 1239 cde
Trial Average 111 42 40 21.26 11.81 5.44 86.2 1388
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test. ... / continued
CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL JUMBO TYPES - 2013
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
% M
ark
etab
le
% O
ver
size
Maj
ori
ty o
f C
ull
s
Sh
ape
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f S
hap
e
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f W
idth
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f L
eng
th
Ap
pea
ran
ce
Res
ista
nce
to
Gre
enin
g
JERADA RZ 90.8 a* 41.7 bc F CYL 9.3 8.3 7.0 6.7 abc 6.0 ab
CAROCHOICE JUMBO UNF 90.2 ab 69.3 a F Imp 6.7 6.7 5.3 6.7 abc 7.0 ab
FIDRA RZ 87.0 ab 37.2 c F N 8.7 8.0 6.3 7.0 abc 7.3 ab
FONTANA Bejo 85.7 abc 62.0 ab SM GP 5.7 6.0 5.3 5.3 c 6.3 ab
BASTIA Bejo 84.8 abc 64.4 a SM GP 6.0 6.0 4.7 6.3 abc 7.0 ab
BERMUDA Bejo 84.0 abc 59.0 abc SM N 7.0 6.7 5.0 7.0 abc 6.0 ab
WARMIA SN 83.9 abc 56.5 abc SM SP 6.7 7.3 6.3 5.7 bc 7.7 ab
BERLIN Bejo 82.1 abc 73.6 a SM GP 5.0 5.7 4.7 6.3 abc 6.3 ab
BELGRADO Bejo 78.1 abc 63.2 ab SM D 5.3 6.7 4.3 6.3 abc 6.0 ab
COSTELLO Sol 75.5 abc 37.7 c SP CYL 6.3 8.3 5.3 7.3 ab 6.7 ab
NEW HALL JUMBO Bejo 74.4 abc 41.9 bc SP GPN 7.0 7.7 6.0 8.0 a 5.0 b
ACHIEVE Sto 71.7 bc 60.2 ab SP GP 5.7 5.7 5.3 6.7 abc 8.3 a
BERN Bejo 67.9 c 54.2 abc SM GP 6.3 6.3 5.0 6.3 abc 5.0 b
Trial Average 81.2 55.5 6.6 6.9 5.4 6.6 6.5
Listed in order of % Marketable. 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test. ... / continued
CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL JUMBO TYPES - 2013 - continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
Ex
tern
al C
olo
ur
Ex
tern
al C
olo
ur
Rat
ing
Inte
rnal
Co
lou
r
Inte
rnal
Co
lou
r R
atin
g
% C
ore
of
To
tal
Wid
th
Bli
gh
t R
atin
g
Sco
re
% C
avit
y S
po
t &
Deg
ree
Sh
ape
of
Cro
wn
JERADA RZ LO 7.3 LO 5.7 43.1 ef* 9.0 a 7.19 a 77LM bcd CC
CAROCHOICE JUMBO UNF O 6.7 O 6.0 52.9 bcd 8.7 a 6.43 ab 68LM abc CC
FIDRA RZ O 7.0 O 5.7 41.4 f 8.0 ab 7.14 a 87LM d CC
FONTANA Bejo LO 5.7 LO 6.0 50.3 cd 6.3 b 5.76 b 65L ab CC
BASTIA Bejo O 6.3 O 7.3 53.7 bcd 8.8 a 6.24 ab 88LM d CC
BERMUDA Bejo LO 8.3 LO 5.0 55.7 bc 8.5 a 6.43 ab 78LM bcd CC
WARMIA SN DO 6.0 O 5.7 52.4 bcd 8.3 ab 6.48 ab 82LM cd CV
BERLIN Bejo O 7.7 O 6.0 59.0 b 8.8 a 5.95 b 80L bcd CC
BELGRADO Bejo O 6.7 LO 5.7 57.2 b 7.3 ab 5.86 b 60LM a CC
COSTELLO Sol O 7.0 O 5.7 58.8 b 8.2 ab 6.67 ab 78LM bcd CC
NEW HALL JUMBO Bejo O 7.7 O 6.3 48.4 de 8.0 ab 6.81 ab 73L a-d CV
ACHIEVE Sto O 6.7 O 7.0 55.9 bc 8.5 a 6.48 ab 82LM cd CC
BERN Bejo LO 6.0 O 4.7 66.0 a 8.7 a 5.67 b 83M cd CV
Trial Average 6.8 5.9 53.4 8.2 6.39 77M
Listed in order of % Marketable. 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test. ... / continued
CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL JUMBO TYPES - 2013 - continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
Ro
ot
Len
gth
(cm
)
Ro
ot
Wid
th (
cm)
Sta
nd
per
Fo
ot
To
p L
eng
th (
cm)
Lea
f C
olo
ur
% W
eev
il D
amag
e
% R
ust
Fly
Dam
age
Av
erag
e #
of
See
der
s
% A
ster
Yel
low
s
JERADA RZ 22.6 ab* 4.8 c 13 ab 42.6 b-e DG 1.9 a 0.3 a 0.3 a 0.0
CAROCHOICE JUMBO UNF 23.9 ab 5.4 ab 10 b 41.9 cde G 5.3 abc 0.0 a 3.0 a 0.0
FIDRA RZ 19.7 cde 4.8 c 16 ab 39.0 e G 3.6 ab 0.9 a 1.3 a 0.0
FONTANA Bejo 20.1 b-e 5.1 abc 18 ab 48.8 abc LG 5.2 abc 0.0 a 0.7 a 0.0
BASTIA Bejo 20.3 b-e 5.3 ab 14 ab 44.7 b-e LG 1.9 a 0.0 a 0.7 a 0.0
BERMUDA Bejo 20.1 b-e 5.3 ab 16 ab 46.2 bcd G 5.0 abc 0.0 a 0.3 a 0.0
WARMIA SN 20.7 bcd 5.1 abc 16 ab 49.2 ab LG 2.8 a 0.3 a 0.0 a 0.0
BERLIN Bejo 17.9 e 5.5 ab 14 ab 44.3 b-e G 2.8 a 0.0 a 1.3 a 0.0
BELGRADO Bejo 18.7 de 5.5 a 17 a 46.7 bcd G 5.1 abc 0.0 a 1.7 a 0.0
COSTELLO Sol 19.9 cde 5.1 abc 16 ab 39.9 de LG 2.4 a 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.0
NEW HALL JUMBO Bejo 20.7 bcd 5.0 bc 13 ab 44.0 b-e G 6.4 abc 0.3 a 1.7 a 0.0
ACHIEVE Sto 21.6 abc 5.5 ab 11 ab 54.7 a G 11.2 bc 0.4 a 1.7 a 0.0
BERN Bejo 18.3 de 5.4 ab 16 ab 42.4 b-e G 12.9 c 0.0 a 2.7 a 0.0
Trial Average 20.3 5.2 15 45.0 5.1 0.2 1.2 0.0
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL JUMBO TYPES - 2013 - continued
MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL CELLO TYPES EVALUATION NOTES - 2013
Envy: Average length but uneven, Bit short overall, Average to good width but a little uneven, Tapered tips, Rough appearance,
Average weight, Exterior colour uneven, Poor smoothness, Uniformity of shape uneven, Cavity spot odd one noticeable, 1
to 2 cavity spots per root, Carrot is ringy, Good interior blending, Red ring around core (10-40%), Translucency throughout
core (20%), Large core size, Some roots have Gull, Good Jumbo with tapered ends.
Crofton: Slicer potential, Nantes style of carrot, Uniformity of shape even, Fair exterior colour, Good length but uneven, Average
width and even, Good weight, Fairly smooth, 1 to 2 cavity spots per root, Some bends and curves, Lenticels odd one
noticeable, Odd ringy carrot, Good interior blending, Dead center of core translucent (50-70%), Core blends average, Full
tips, Average to good appearance, Small to average core size, Yellow ring around core (10-40%).
Enterprise: Good length but uneven, Average width but uneven, Some carrots to thin, Slightly tapered tips but full, Average appearance,
Average weight, Exterior colour uneven, Fairly smooth, A few bends and curves, Uniformity of shape uneven, 1 to 2 cavity
spots per root, A touch ringy, Good interior blending, Red ring around core (50-60%), Small to average core size.
Carochoice cello:Good length but uneven, Average to good width, Tapered tips, Average appearance, Average weight, Good exterior colour,
Fairly smooth, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, 1 to 2 cavity spots per root, Odd ringy carrot, Poorish interior blending,
Yellow ring around core (40%), Large core size, Good Jumbo but tapered ends.
Niland: Nantes carrot, Okay length, Good width, Some bit short, Full tips, Average appearance, Good weight, Exterior colour a
little uneven, Fairly smooth, Uniformity of shape even, 1 to 2 cavity spots per root, Odd ringy carrot, Average interior
blending, Translucency throughout core (10-40%), Green ring around core (10-20%), Large core size, Good Jumbo.
…/continued
MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL CELLO TYPES EVALUATION NOTES - 2013 - continued
SV 2384: Good length but very uneven, Average width but quite uneven, Tapered and full tips, A little rough appearance, Average
weight, Good exterior colour, Poor smoothness, Uniformity of shape uneven, Some bends and curves, Odd noticeable
cavity spot, 1 to 3 cavity spots per root, Ringy carrots, Average interior blending, Red ring around core (40-50%), Average
core size, Odd carrot with Gull, Slicer potential?
CR 2289: Good length but very uneven, Average width but quite uneven, Tapered full tips, A little rough appearance, Good weight,
Exterior colour a little uneven, Smoothness is a little poor, Uniformity of shape very uneven, Concern over noticeable cavity
spots, 1 to 5 cavity spots per root, A touch ringy, Average core size, Red ring around core (30-60%), Average interior
blending, Good Jumbo.
Cellobunch: Uniformity of shape uneven, Poor smoothness, A touch ringy, Average length but quite uneven, A few short, Good width
but uneven, Tapered full tips, Slightly rough appearance, Good weight, Exterior colour a little pale and uneven, Lenticels
noticeable on odd carrot, Average core size, Good interior blending, White in cores (20-30%), Red ring around core (10-
40%), Odd noticeable cavity spot, 1 to 2 cavity spots per root, Some roots have Gull, Nice Jumbo.
Naval: Nantes carrot, Average length but uneven, Bit short, Good width, Full tips, Average appearance, Good to excellent
weight, Good even exterior colour, Fairly smooth, Uniformity of shape even, 1 to 2 cavity spots per root, A touch ringy,
Average to large core size, Red ring around core (30-60%), Average interior blending, Good Jumbo but bit short.
Yosemite: Cut & Peel type carrot, Good length but very uneven, Some a bit thin, Average width but uneven, Tapered tips, Average
appearance, Poor to average weight, Fair exterior colour, A touch ringy, Uniformity of shape even, A few bends and
curves, Average core size, 1 to 2 cavity spots per root, Red ring around core (50-60%), Average interior blending.
…/continued
MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL CELLO TYPES EVALUATION NOTES - 2013 - continued
Moe: Cut & Peel blood, Longer thinner carrot, Good length but uneven, Average width but uneven, Tapered tips, Rough to
average appearance, Average weight, Nice even exterior colour, Uniformity of shape even, Some bends and curves,
Noticeable cavity spot a concern, 3 to 5 cavity spots per root, Poor smoothness, A touch ringy, Average to large core size,
Nice interior blending, Red ring around core (40-50%).
Texto: Nantes carrot, Okay length but uneven, Bit short, Odd carrot with Gull, Good width but a little uneven, Full tips, Average
to good appearance, Average weight, Fair exterior colour, Fairly smooth, Uniformity of shape uneven, 1 to 2 cavity spots
per root, Odd ringy carrot, Good interior blending, Green ring around core (10-30%), Average to large core size.
Nerja: Nantes carrot, Okay length but uneven, Bit short, Average width but uneven, Full tips, Average appearance, Average to
good weight, Exterior colour a little uneven, Uniformity of shape even, 1 to 2 cavity spots per root, Ringy, Average interior
blending, Red ring around core (30-60%), Average core size.
Olympus: Good length but very uneven, Average width but uneven, Tapered tips, Appearance a little rough, Average weight, Good
exterior colour even, Poor smoothness, Uniformity of shape uneven, Noticeable cavity spot a concern, 2 to 5+ cavity spots
per root, Ringy, Good to nice interior blending, Red ring around core (40-100%), Average core size, Rot concerns, Odd
carrot with Gull.
New Hall Cello: Nantes carrot, Okay length but uneven, Bit short, Good width, Average weight, Fair exterior colour, Fairly smooth,
Uniformity of shape a little uneven, 1 to 2 cavity spots per root, Average interior blending, Red ring around core (30%),
Translucency throughout core (20%), Full tips, Average appearance, Average to large core size, Odd carrot with Gull, Fair
Jumbo.
MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL JUMBO TYPES EVALUATION NOTES - 2013
Jerada: Slicer potential, Good length & width and even, Full tips, Average appearance, Excellent weight, Exterior colour a little
pale, Fairly smooth, Uniformity of shape very even, 1 to 5 cavity spots per root, Odd ringy carrot, Interior blending is a
little poor, Red ring around core (30%), Dead center of core translucent (10-80%), Large core size.
Carochoice Jumbo: Good length but a little uneven, Good width, Tapered tips, Average appearance, Average weight, Good exterior colour,
Fairly smooth, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, A few bends and curves, 1 to 2 cavity spots per root, Odd ringy carrot,
Average interior blending, Large core size, White in cores (10-30%), Jumbo is an oversized packer with tapered ends.
Fidra: Nantes carrot, Good length but uneven, Good width even, Full tips, Average appearance, Exterior colour a little uneven,
Uniformity of shape very even, 1 to 5 cavity spots per root, A touch ringy, Smoothness poor to fair, Red ring around core
(20-50%), Uneven interior blending, A few noticeable lenticels, Dead center of core translucent (50-70%), Excellent weight,
Average core size.
Fontana: Good weight, Average length but uneven, Good width a little uneven, Tapered & full tips, Appearance is a little rough,
Poor smoothness, Uniformity of shape uneven, 1 to 2 cavity spots per root, A touch ringy, Paler exterior colour and a little
uneven, Most lenticels are noticeable, Poor to average interior blending, Dead center of core translucent (30%), Large core
size, Red ring around core (50-70%), White in cores (30-60%).
Bastia: Good length but uneven, Good width, Full tips, Average appearance, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Cavity spot slight
concern, 3 to 5 cavity spots per root, A few carrots with Rot, Slightly noticeable lenticels, Odd ringy carrot, Good exterior
colour but a little uneven, Fairly smooth, Red ring around core (10-30%), Good interior blending, Good weight, Large core
size, Translucency throughout core (20%), White in cores (20-40%).
…/continued
MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL JUMBO TYPES EVALUATION NOTES – 2013 - continued
Bermuda: Nantes blood, Good length but uneven, Good width even, Full tips, Average to good appearance, Uniformity of shape a
little uneven, Exterior colour a little pale, Odd ringy carrot, Poorish interior blending, Fairly smooth, Excellent weight,
Extra-large core size, Cavity spot slight concern, 1 to 5 cavity spots per root, Translucency throughout core (30-60%), Red
ring around core (10-30%), A few noticeable lenticels, White in cores (10-20%).
Warmia: Good length a little uneven, Good width, Tapered tips, Appearance a little rough, Average weight, Nice exterior colour,
Poor smoothness, Uniformity of shape even, Cavity spot slightly noticeable, Slight concern for cavity spot, 1 to 5 cavity
spots per root, A few noticeable lenticels, A touch ringy, Large core size, Red ring around core (50-80%), Average interior
blending, Heavy shoulders.
Berlin: Nice Jumbo, Excellent weight, Average appearance, Fairly smooth, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, 1 to 2 cavity spots
per root, Slightly noticeable lenticels, Extra-large core size, Good exterior colour but a little uneven, Average interior
blending, A touch ringy, Okay length but uneven, Some a bit short, Good width but a little uneven, White in cores (40-
60%), Full tips, Red ring around core (20%), Translucency throughout core (20%).
Belgrado: Excellent weight, Average appearance, Uniformity of shape uneven, A few noticeable lenticels, Extra-large core size, Fair
exterior colour, 1 to 2 cavity spots per root, Odd ringy carrot, Poor to average interior blending, Fairly smooth, Okay length
but very uneven, Good width, Odd cavity spot noticeable, White in cores (10-70%), Full tips, Red ring around core (20-
40%), Some bit short, Odd carrot with Gull.
Costello: Average length but uneven, Good width even, Full tips, Average to good appearance, Excellent weight, Fairly smooth,
Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Odd noticeable cavity spot, 1 to 5 cavity spots per root, Fair exterior colour, Extra-large
core size, Average interior blending, Translucency throughout core (20-30%), Red ring around core (10-40%), Odd ringy
carrot, A few noticeable lenticels.
…/continued
MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL JUMBO TYPES EVALUATION NOTES – 2013 - continued
New Hall Jumbo: Nantes carrot, Average length but uneven, Odd carrot a bit short, Good width even, Excellent weight, Fair exterior colour,
Fairly smooth, Uniformity of shape even, Odd noticeable cavity spot, 1 to 3 cavity spots per root, Average interior blending,
Red ring around core (10-30%), Translucency throughout core (30%), Full tips, Good to nice appearance, Large core size,
A few noticeable lenticels, Nice Jumbo.
Achieve: Good length & width but uneven, A few short, Good smoothness, Good to excellent weight, Tapered & full tips, Average
appearance, Uniformity of shape uneven, Fair exterior colour even, Large to extra-large core size, 1 to 2 cavity spots per
root, Odd noticeable lenticel, Poor to average interior blending uneven, Red ring around core (50-70%).
Bern: Okay length but uneven, Good width even, Full tips, Average appearance, Excellent weight, Uniformity of shape even, A
little pale exterior colour and uneven, Cavity spot uneven, 1 to 5 cavity spots per root, Odd noticeable lenticel, Extra-large
core size, Poor to average interior blending, Translucency throughout core (20-40%), Odd ringy carrot, Fairly smooth,
White in cores (40-60%).
# YEARS
CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED cm Inches t/ha B/A SCORE *
DOMINION Sto 5 25.4 10.0 92.3 1486 86 6.82
INDIANA Bejo 7 25.3 10.0 73.2 1193 81 7.20
SIX SHOOTER HM 5 24.8 9.8 87.4 1408 82 6.96
NEVADA Bejo 4 24.7 9.7 83.1 1338 75 6.72
ENTERPRISE Sto 9 24.6 9.8 86.3 1405 86 6.85
HY 8520 RZ 4 24.2 9.5 104.8 1687 86 6.81
ENVY Sem 9 23.9 9.6 99.2 1598 88 6.61
ACHIEVE Sto 7 23.8 9.5 98.0 1578 83 6.74
ORANGE PAK Nor 7 23.7 9.3 85.1 1369 87 6.82
MAGNUM HM 4 23.7 9.3 95.3 1534 86 6.75
CARO-CHIEF Sem 4 23.7 9.3 76.1 1359 82 7.25
ORANGETTE Sto 5 23.4 9.2 96.2 1368 87 6.90
CANADA SUPER X Sol 14 23.3 9.2 80.8 1376 83 6.95
SIX PAK HM 20 23.0 9.1 79.0 1273 86 6.98
SUNRISE Cro 15 23.0 9.1 86.0 1438 86 6.82
CELLOBUNCH Sem 24 22.8 9.0 95.0 1563 84 6.65
BASTIA Bejo 9 22.6 9.0 101.7 1638 87 6.84
ORLANDO GOLD Sto 7 22.6 8.9 69.2 1235 86 7.35
FONTANA Bejo 12 22.4 8.9 107.8 1735 88 6.32
LEGEND Sem 4 22.5 8.8 62.7 1119 75 6.80
Listed in order of length. * 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average
MARKETABLE
YIELD %
LONG TERM AVERAGES OF CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS
LENGTH
.../ continued
MARKETABLE
# YEARS
CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED cm Inches t/ha B/A MARKETABLE SCORE *
SIX PAK II HM 15 22.1 8.7 78.0 1328 84 6.80
PRONTO Sem 5 21.9 8.6 90.4 1482 85 7.35
COSTELLO Sol 5 21.7 8.8 74.4 1199 75 6.78
IMPERATOR 58 Cro 9 21.7 8.5 50.3 899 78 6.40
BELGRADO Bejo 6 21.4 8.7 104.2 1677 83 6.19
AVENGER Sem 7 21.5 8.5 81.0 1369 80 6.90
DAWN DEE Sol 4 21.4 8.4 58.0 928 69 7.15
ITHACA Bejo 3 21.4 8.4 78.0 1256 81 7.30
ORANGE SHERBET Sto 10 21.2 8.3 73.4 1310 84 6.75
CAROPAK Sem 8 20.9 8.2 74.1 1323 85 6.85
CHANCELLOR Sem 7 20.9 8.2 76.8 1371 83 6.85
BRADFORD Bejo 4 20.8 8.2 129.6 2087 94 6.75
GOLD PAK 28 FM 12 20.8 8.2 55.9 998 85 6.65
PAK MOR HM 5 20.7 8.2 62.4 1114 81 6.55
PARAMOUNT Sem 7 20.6 8.1 82.1 1467 85 6.75
ABBOTT Sol 4 20.5 8.1 80.7 1298 79 6.63
PROSPECTOR Sem 5 20.2 8.0 95.0 1696 83 7.15
DOMINATOR Nun 13 19.7 7.8 63.9 1141 85 6.80
KLONDIKE NANTES Sto 10 19.6 7.7 72.1 1288 85 6.85
CROFTON RZ 4 19.6 7.7 64.5 1038 84 6.82
Listed in order of length. * 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average
MARKETABLE
YIELD %
LONG TERM AVERAGES OF CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS - continued
LENGTH
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
# C
arro
ts H
arv
este
d
#
> 4
.4 c
m
# 2
.0 t
o 4
.4 c
m
To
tal
Har
ves
t W
eig
ht
(kg
)
Wei
gh
t >
4.4
cm
(k
g)
Wei
gh
t 2
.0 t
o 4
.4 c
m (
kg
)
Mar
ket
able
Yie
ld t
/ha
Mar
ket
able
Yie
ld B
/A
% M
ark
etab
le
% O
ver
size
Maj
ori
ty o
f C
ull
s
SIRROCO SN 118 43 55 24.61 13.80 7.70 107.5 1731 87.4 56.1 F
2951 Bejo 163 38 87 24.73 10.07 10.68 103.8 1670 83.9 40.7 SP
NATUNA Bejo 249 31 135 29.24 9.25 14.29 117.7 1895 80.5 31.6 SM
Listed in order of % Marketable.
CARROT CULTIVAR ADAPTATION TRIAL - 2013
... / continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
Sh
ape
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f S
hap
e
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f W
idth
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f L
eng
th
Ap
pea
ran
ce
Res
ista
nce
to
Gre
enin
g
Ex
tern
al C
olo
ur
Ex
tern
al C
olo
ur
Rat
ing
Inte
rnal
Co
lou
r
Inte
rnal
Co
lou
r R
atin
g
Sco
re
Bli
gh
t R
atin
g
SIRROCO SN IMPCYL 8.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 LO 7.0 LO 7.0 9.00 9.0
2951 Bejo IMP 6.0 5.0 4.0 6.0 9.0 DO 7.0 DO 7.0 6.29 9.0
NATUNA Bejo N 8.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 7.0 LO 7.0 LO 6.0 6.86 9.0
Listed in order of % Marketable.
CARROT CULTIVAR ADAPTATION TRIAL - 2013 - continued
... / continued
10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
% C
ore
of
To
tal
Wid
th
Lea
f L
eng
th (
cm)
% C
avit
y S
po
t &
Deg
ree
Sh
ape
of
Cro
wn
Ro
ot
Len
gth
(cm
)
Ro
ot
Wid
th (
cm)
Sta
nd
per
Fo
ot
Lea
f C
olo
ur
% W
eev
il D
amag
e
% R
ust
Fly
Dam
age
% A
ster
Yel
low
s
Av
erag
e #
of
See
der
s
SIRROCO SN 42.5 35+ 50LM CC 23.8 5.2 16 G 3.4 1.7 0.0 0.0
2951 Bejo 43.6 35+ 70LM CC 21.7 3.6 21 G 4.9 0.0 0.0 0.0
NATUNA Bejo 45.8 35+ 60L CC 16.6 3.6 33 G 2.8 0.0 0.0 3.0
Listed in order of % Marketable.
CARROT CULTIVAR ADAPTATION TRIAL - 2013 - continued
10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average
ADAPTATION CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES - 2013
Sirroco: Good even length & width, Slightly tapered tips but full, Nice appearance, Good weight, Good exterior colour a touch pale,
Nice smoothness, Uniformity of shape even, Large core size, Yellow ring around core (10%), Good interior blending, Nice
packer, Good jumbo, A little marbling on skin.
2951: Good length but uneven, Average width a little uneven, Slightly tapered & full tips, Rough appearance, Average weight,
Nice even exterior colour, Poor smoothness, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Odd noticeable cavity spot some concern,
A little ringy, Average core size, Red ring around core (40%), Nice interior blending, Jumbos okay oversized packer.
Natuna: Nantes carrot, Okay length a little uneven, Good width a little uneven, Full tips, Average weight, Exterior colour a little
poor, Nice appearance, Uniformity of shape is even, Poor to average interior blending, Dead center translucent core (30%),
Yellow/Green ring around core (40%), Good smoothness, Odd lenticel noticeable, Average to large core size, Packer &
Jumbo some to short.
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
% M
ark
etab
le
% W
eig
ht
Lo
ss
% D
ecay
Deg
ree
of
Ro
t *
*
% R
oo
t S
pro
uts
% T
op
Sp
rou
ts
NUMANCIA Bejo 85.4 a* 12.5 b-g 1.6 ab 8.0 a 42 b-f 92 a
CARADEC UNF 85.3 a 9.7 abc 4.3 a-e 7.7 a 48 c-f 100 a
NOTABLE Bejo 84.7 a 11.5 a-f 3.3 abc 7.3 a 38 b-e 99 a
COSTELLO Sol 84.6 a 10.1 a-d 5.0 a-g 8.0 a 28 abc 100 a
NEW HALL JUMBO Bejo 84.6 a 12.5 b-g 2.5 abc 7.5 a 40 b-f 95 a
BELGRADO Bejo 84.5 a 10.5 a-e 4.7 a-f 7.7 a 15 a 97 a
NAVAL Bejo 84.2 a 11.1 a-f 4.2 a-e 7.8 a 55 e-h 99 a
NERJA Bejo 84.1 a 11.6 a-f 3.5 a-d 7.5 a 72 ghi 100 a
CR 2384 Sem 83.5 a 13.0 c-g 2.9 abc 5.0 a 35 a-e 93 a
MORELIA RZ 83.5 a 10.8 a-e 5.2 a-g 7.8 a 80 i 83 a
NEW HALL CELLO Bejo 83.2 a 13.6 d-g 2.7 abc 7.7 a 32 a-d 100 a
CROFTON RZ 82.9 a 13.3 c-g 3.0 abc 7.7 a 37 a-e 96 a
ACHIEVE Sto 82.6 a 10.2 a-d 6.7 c-g 7.0 a 45 c-f 100 a
NILAND Bejo 82.5 a 12.4 b-g 1.2 a 7.7 a 62 f-i 100 a
BERLIN Bejo 82.3 a 8.7 a 8.6 efg 7.3 a 77 hi 100 a
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
** 10.0 = No Disease, 6.0 = Moderate, 1.0 = Severe (liquified)
CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL - 2012 - 2013
… / continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
% M
ark
etab
le
% W
eig
ht
Lo
ss
% D
ecay
Deg
ree
of
Ro
t *
*
% R
oo
t S
pro
uts
% T
op
Sp
rou
ts
DOMINION Sto 82.3 a* 11.3 a-f 6.0 a-g 5.7 a 50 c-g 97 a
BASTIA Bejo 82.1 a 10.9 a-e 6.4 b-g 7.0 a 22 ab 93 a
WARMIA RZ 81.7 a 11.2 a-f 6.7 c-g 8.3 a 28 abc 93 a
FONTANA Bejo 81.6 a 9.2 ab 8.7 efg 6.3 a 15 a 90 a
JERADA RZ 80.9 a 9.1 ab 9.5 fg 7.8 a 32 a-d 97 a
CR 2289 Sem 80.6 a 10.1 a-d 8.4 d-g 6.0 a 48 c-f 96 a
CELLOBUNCH Sto 80.4 a 14.0 efg 5.1 a-g 6.3 a 40 b-f 98 a
55-205 RZ 80.3 a 13.8 d-g 5.6 a-g 7.0 a 53 d-g 98 a
OLYMPUS Sto 80.0 a 10.3 a-e 8.5 efg 8.3 a 78 i 100 a
SS 3320 Sol 79.8 a 14.7 fg 4.6 a-f 5.7 a 43 b-f 97 a
ABBOTT Sol 79.8 a 10.1 a-d 9.8 g 6.8 a 50 c-g 97 a
ENVY Sto 79.0 a 11.3 a-f 9.3 efg 6.3 a 50 c-g 99 a
BEIJING Bejo 78.9 a 11.7 a-f 9.0 efg 7.0 a 50 c-g 95 a
BONFIRE UNF 78.4 a 15.4 g 5.7 a-g 7.3 a 48 c-f 87 a
Trial Average 80.4 11.7 7.4 6.9 43 96
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
** 10.0 = No Disease, 6.0 = Moderate, 1.0 = Severe (liquified)
CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL - 2012 - 2013 - continued
MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES 2012-2013
Numancia: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Top sprouts lengths slightly uneven, Tip & crown rot, Rots are moderately established
and moist, Stored Okay to good.
Caradec: Light amount of top sprouts 0-2.5cm, Top sprouts lengths uneven, Root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Mostly tip rot, Odd
canker & crown rot, Rots are just starting and dry, Stored Okay.
Notable: Top & roots sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Top sprouts lengths uneven, Mostly tip rot, Odd crown & canker rot, Rots are
lightly established and dry, Stored Good.
Costello: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Top sprouts lengths uneven, Majority tip rot, Odd crown & canker rot, Rots are just
starting and dry, Stored Okay to good.
New Hall: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Top sprouts lengths a little uneven, Tip & canker rot,
Jumbo Rots are just starting to lightly established and dry, Stored Good.
Belgrado: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Tip & canker rot, Rots are just starting and dry, Stored Excellent.
Naval: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Top sprouts lengths slightly uneven, Root sprouts uneven, Majority tip rot, Some
crown rot, Rot is just starting and moist, Stored Fair.
.../continued
MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES 2012-2013 - continued
Nerja: Top sprouts just starting and lightly established 0-1cm, Root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Top & root sprouts lengths uneven,
Mostly tip rot, A few crown & canker rot, Rots are just starting and dry, Stored Fair.
CR 2384: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Majority crown rot, Odd canker rot, Rot is moderately established and moist, Stored
Good.
Morelia: Light amount of top & root sprouts 0-2.5cm, Top & root sprouts lengths slightly uneven, Mostly tip rot, Odd crown rot, Rot
is just starting and moist, Stored Fair.
New Hall: Top sprouts just starting to light 0-1cm, Top sprouts lengths a little uneven, Root spouts just starting 0-1cm, Mostly tip rot,
Cello Odd crown rot, Rots are just starting and mix of dry & moist, Stored Okay.
Crofton: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Majority canker rot, Some tip rot, Rots are just starting and moist, Some carrots are
dried out, Stored Okay.
Achieve: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Tip, crown and canker rots, Rots are lightly established and moist, Stored Okay.
Niland: Light amount of top sprouts 0-2.5cm, Root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Top sprouts lengths uneven, Mostly tip rot, A few
canker rot, Rots is just starting, Rots slightly established and dry, Some carrots are dried out, Stored Okay.
.../continued
MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES 2012-2013- continued
Berlin: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Mostly tip rot, A few canker & crown rot, Rot is slightly established and both dry &
moist, Stored Fair.
Dominion: Top sprouts lightly established 0-2.5cm, Root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Top & root sprouts lengths uneven, Mostly tip rot,
Odd crown rot, Rot is lightly established and most, Rot is a slight concern, Stored Fair.
Bastia: Top sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Top sprouts uneven in lengths, Root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Mostly tip rot, Some canker
rot, Rots just starting to lightly established, Rots are dry and moist, Stored Okay.
Warmia: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Mostly tip rot, Odd canker rot, Rots are just starting and dry, Stored Good.
Fontana: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Mostly tip rot, Odd canker rot, Rots are lightly established, Rots are moist, Rot is a
slight concern, Stored Fair.
Jerada: Top & roots sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Top sprouts lengths uneven, All tip rot, Rot is just starting and dry, Stored Good.
CR 2289: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Mostly tip rot, Odd canker rot, Rots are lightly established and both dry & moist,
Stored Okay.
.../continued
MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES 2012-2013- continued
Cellobunch: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Top & root sprouts lengths uneven, Mostly tip rot, Odd canker rot, Rots are slightly
established, Rots are moist, Stored Fair.
55-205: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Mostly tip rot, Odd crown rot, Rot is just starting and dry, Stored Okay to good.
Olympus: Top sprouts are just starting to moderate 0-5cm, Top sprouts lengths uneven, Root sprouts are light 0-2.5cm, All tip rot, Rots
are slightly established and moist, Some carrots are dried out, Stored Poor to fair.
SS 3320: Top & root sprouts are just starting 0-1cm, Mostly tip rot, Some crown & canker rot, Rots are lightly established and moist,
Some carrots are dried out, Stored Okay.
Abbott: Top & root sprouts just starting to lightly established 0-2.5cm, Top & root sprouts lengths uneven, Tip & canker rot, Rots
lightly established and dry, Stored Fair.
Envy: Light top sprouts 0-5cm, Top sprouts lengths uneven, Root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Mostly tip rot, Odd canker rot, Rots
are slightly established and moist, Some carrots are dried out, Stored Poor.
Beijing Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Root sprouts lengths uneven, Split of tip & canker rot, Rots just starting to moderate,
Rots are dry to moist, Stored Okay.
Bonfire: Top & roots sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Mostly canker rot, Odd crown & tip rot, Rots just starting to moderate, Rots are dry,
Some dried out carrots, Stored Okay.
DEGREE*
# YEARS OF
CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED DECAY
SPARTAN CLASSIC 80 Sto 4 5.5
BLAZE Rog 4 4.9
LEGEND Sem 3 5.0
HM 03 HM 3 7.3
KLONDIKE NANTES Sto 4 6.0
PAK MOR HM 6 4.2
ORANGETTE Sto 5 6.3
ORANGE SHERBET Sto 6 4.5
AVENGER Sem 7 7.0
CANADA SUPER X Sol 14 5.5
CARO-CHIEF Sem 5 5.0
ORLANDO GOLD Sto 6 4.2
SIX PAK II HM 15 5.5
DISCOVERY Rog 3 4.3
CHANCELLOR Sem 7 4.2
PROSPECTOR Sem 4 4.3
INFINITY Bejo 5 7.8
FLAME Rog 4 4.6
ENTERPRISE Sem 7 6.9
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* 10.0 = No Disease, 6.0 = Moderate, 1.0 = Severe (liquified)
LONG TERM AVERAGES - CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIALS
%
DECAY
% WEIGHT
LOSS
MARKETABLE
... / continued
91.9
91.3
IN STORAGE
%
93.5
92.4
97.6
95.2
94.7
94.6
93.7
90.8
89.0
87.9
87.7
86.8
86.7
86.7
83.4
82.6
82.2
6.8
10.0
8.4
16.0
8.1
8.5
11.3
11.5
16.8
9.0
11.5
11.9
10.7
10.1
12.7
12.3
2.4
4.8
5.3
5.4
6.3
6.5
7.6
8.1
8.7
9.2
11.0
12.1
12.3
13.2
13.3
13.3
4.9
17.4
7.0
6.3
11.4
11.4
Storage period is approximately 9 months.
DEGREE *
# YEARS OF
CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED DECAY
BRADFORD Bejo 5 7.8
SIX PENCE HM 4 4.0
TRIGGER Sem 4 6.3
BELGRADO Bejo 4 7.2
SIX PAK HM 20 5.8
COSTELLO Sol 4 7.7
CELLOBUNCH Sem 21 6.6
ORANGE PAK Nor 8 6.8
SUNRISE Cro 15 6.8
CAROPAK Sem 4 4.2
INDIANA Bejo 7 7.0
FONTANA Bejo 12 7.0
DOMINION Sem 4 5.8
ACHIEVE Sem 6 6.8
ABBOTT Sol 4 6.1
BASTIA Bejo 8 6.8
SIX SHOOTER HM 5 6.0
NEVADA Bejo 4 5.8
ENVY Sem 9 6.7
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* 10.0 = No Disease, 6.0 = Moderate, 1.0 = Severe (liquified)
LONG TERM AVERAGES - CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIALS - continued
Storage period is approximately 9 months.
%
MARKETABLE
% WEIGHT
LOSS
DECAY
80.4
82.1
81.6
81.6
79.8
78.9
78.6
78.6
77.7
79.0
75.7
75.2
74.9
73.8
73.6
71.5
72.3
69.1
67.4
10.0
IN STORAGE
%
8.4
10.6
11.5
11.7
13.4
13.2
12.8
10.7
12.6
15.4
11.9
13.7
14.0
12.8
11.0
15.5
16.5
13.7
7.9
18.4
7.6
8.6
7.6
7.6
8.1
8.2
22.3
8.2
8.5
12.0
14.2
18.5
12.6
11.1
11.9
13.4
17.5
ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL SEASON SUMMARY – 2013
The weather conditions for the month of April were favourable for a good start to the growing season. The ground frost was
melted by mid-April and soil temperatures were in the 5 to 10°C range at the 5 cm depth by month’s end. Above seasonal temperatures
in May allowed easy land preparation. In the marsh a fair amount of the onion seeding began in the last week of April and continued
into the first week of May. Dry conditions the first week of May allowed for a nice seed bed to be prepared and to seed into.
Temperatures returned to more seasonal levels for the reminder of the growing season. Throughout the growing season a significant
rainfall occurred approximately every two weeks, which decreased the need for irrigation. Compared to the previous 10 year averages,
air temperatures in 2013 were average for June (18.5°C), July (21.3°C), August (19.6°C) and September (15.3°C), and above average
for May (14.8°C). The 10 year average temperatures were: May 12.9°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.7°C, August 19.6°C and September
15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was above the 10 year average for May (113 mm), June (94 mm), July (104 mm), August (87 mm) and
September (83 mm). The 10 year rainfall averages were: May 72 mm, June 71 mm, July 82 mm, August 73 mm and September 77 mm.
The variety trial was seeded on May 6, a few days later than desired. A nice rainfall of 15 mm on May 10 was perfect to moisten
the drying soil and aid in germination. Air temperatures at seeding were above seasonal in the mid-twenties (oC) and night temperatures
were in the teens. However, a significant drop in temperatures occurred 5 days after seeding. This slowed germination and vigour was
affected. Temperatures returned to above average for the rest of the month of May. A heavy rainfall on May 21 of 52 mm created
problems. The onions were in late flag to early first true leaf and became encrusted in muck soil. Some onions did not grow through
this and were lost. The onions struggled to get established and the flag and first true leaf were smaller than normal. The heavy rainfall
appeared to have a detrimental effect on the onions.
The onions were irrigated only once during season. Irrigation water was applied on July 25 (1") to compensate for the lack of
rainfall after the second side dressing of fertilizer and an application of Chateau herbicide. Rainfall occurred in a decent amount and
frequency for the rest of the season. Plant growth was normal for most of the season once the onions recovered from the setback of the
heavy rain on May 21. Bulb development was even throughout August and bulb size was quite nice by August 31.
Early herbicide applications were a little tricky to time. The wet soil conditions after May 21 meant adjusting herbicide
applications and timing. A couple of applications of Pardner were applied in early May for small weeds that had emerged. The wet
weather conditions after May 21 delayed post-emergence herbicide applications. Prowl H2O was applied on June 12, following a nice
rainfall on June 10. A split application of Chateau was applied late in June approximately 10 days apart and this provided good weed
control for the rest of the season. However, the trial was still hand-weeded several times throughout the summer months.
…/continued
ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL SEASON SUMMARY - 2013 – continued
At the Muck Crops Research Station, onion maggot emergence occurred on May 13, slightly earlier than last year. There was a
steady climb in fly numbers til first generation peak of 16 flies/trap/day was reached on June 13. The second and third generation peaks
had numbers of 11 and 5 flies/trap/day respectively. With these high numbers of onion maggot flies there was surprisingly very little
onion maggot damage noticed within the variety trial. Thrips numbers were kept well within the economical threshold of 0.5 thrips/leaf
for the entire season. Leaf diseases made a slight comeback in 2013. The Downy Mildew Forecasting System (DOWNCAST) predicted
the possibility of disease development a few times and downy mildew was found in a few fields in the marsh, but timely fungicide
applications, downy mildew never became an issue in the variety trial. Botrytis leaf blight was first observed in the marsh in June, and
with a regular spray program remained at manageable levels. A very limited number of onions with bacterial rot were noticed.
Stemphylium leaf blight was present in and around the station but was keep at manageable levels.
Favourable conditions in June, July and August led to moderate, steady bulb growth. Lodging took place over a longer period
compared to last season. Cultivars Alpine and Highlander were the first to lodge, beginning July 24. It took approximately four weeks
for the majority (75%) of the cultivars to reach 85% lodged. The average days to harvest for the 2013 season (114 days) was longer
compared to 2012 (99 days) and 2011 (103 days). Onion tops dried at an average rate. No seeders were found in the trial. A sample of
each cultivar was pulled for judging and comparison for Grower Field Day on September 5. By Grower Field Day, all cultivars had
lodged with tops about 50% desiccated. At harvest, which started on September 24, the tops were completely dried out, resulting in
good neck finishes. A harvest sample of each cultivar was placed in storage on October 15 and cured artificially for approximately 24
hours to remove any field moisture.
At evaluation in December, yields were average. The majority of the onion bulbs were in the 3-2½" size range for most
cultivars. The trial average for percentage of jumbos (>3" diameter) was 10.7% which is below average for the last two years. Stand
counts were close to the desired level of approximately 8 to 9 plants per foot. The number of culls slightly increased but still remained
at acceptable levels, and most culls were peewees (< 1 ¾"). The trial had a good percentage of marketable onions. Skin quality was
slightly improved compared to the last few years with most cultivars having good ratings on skin attachment. Skin thickness remained
in the average range for most cultivars. Colour was average with some cultivars having unevenness in colour tones. Greening of the
outer scales, along with yellow or white speckling on the outer skins, was very limited as was the case in 2011 and 2012. The neck
finish was good on most cultivars. A few cultivars had a dry but slightly rough neck finish. The majority of the onions stayed quite firm
from harvest to evaluation which is similar to last year. Uniformity of shape and size was average for most cultivars. Maggot damage to
onion bulbs ranged from 0% to 10.2% in the evaluation samples. This was a little surprising considering the high onion maggot
numbers for the season. The trial average of 2.7% was very close to the same levels as 2012 season when fly numbers were low.
ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL – 2013
MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES
Fertilizer:
90 kg/ha Nitrogen (Ammonium Nitrate 34-0-0) + 80 kg/ha Phosphorous (MAP 11-52-0) + 200 kg/ha Potassium (SOP 0-0-50) + 100 kg/ha K–Mag
(0-0-22) + 35 kg/ha Manganese (15%) + 5 kg/ha Copper (99% Cu) was worked into the soil.
A side dressing of 15 kg/ha Nitrogen + 15 kg/ha Phosphorous (MAP 11-52-0) + 25 kg/ha of Potassium (SOP 0-0-50) + 70 kg /ha Cal-U-Sol was
applied on 17 June.
A second side dressing of 5 kg/ha Nitrogen + 50 kg/ha of Potassium (SOP 0-0-50) + 30 kg/ha of K-Mag (0-0-22) + 70 kg /ha Cal-U-Sol was
applied on 19 July.
Seeded:
All trials were seeded on 6 May. Pelletized onion seed was seeded with a Stanhay Precision Seeder. Raw onion seed was seeded with a V-Belt
seeder equipped with a 5 cm wide scatter shoe. Row spacing was 43 cm. The raw seed was coated with PRO GRO at 60 g/2.3 kg seed plus methyl
cellulose at 100 ml/2.3 kg seed. LORSBAN 15G was applied at 18.5 kg/ha plus DITHANE DG at 8.8 kg/ha in the seed furrow. The Main Trial
was replicated three times.
Weed Control:
Pre-emergence: 2 applications: PARDNER on 9 May (280 ml/ha) and 14 May (140 ml/ha).
Post-emergence: 1 application: PROWL H20 6.6 L/ha on 12 June.
1 application: PARDNER at 140 ml/ha + GOAL at 140 ml/ha and Manganese at 2.0 kg/ha on 15 June.
2 applications: CHATEAU at 70 g/ha on 25 June & 3 July.
Minor Elements: Eight foliar sprays: Supafeed on 4 & 10 June (2.0 kg/ha), 18 & 25 July, 2, 8 & 15 August (3.0 kg/ha), 29 August (4.0 kg/ha)
Seven foliar sprays: Calcimax on 19 & 27 June, 10 July (2.0 L/ha), 18 July (2.5 L/ha), 25 July, 2 & 8 August (3.0 L/ha)
Seven foliar sprays: Mag Max on 4 June (1.0L/ha), 19 & 27 June, 4 July (2.0 L/ha), 18 & 25 July, 8 August (3.0 L/ha)
Six foliar sprays: Manganese Sulfate on 19 June (1.0 kg/ha), 25 July & 8 August (2.0 kg/ha), 4 & 10 July, 15 August (2.5 kg/ha)
Five foliar sprays: Alexin on 4 & 10 July (2.0 L/ha), 8 & 15 August (3.0 L/ha) and 29 August (4.0 L/ha)
Five foliar sprays: Boron Max on 18 & 25 July (500 ml/ha), 2 & 15 August (1.0 L/ha) and 29 August (2.0 L/ha)
Three foliar sprays: Mancozin on 27 June (2.0 L/ha), 18 July & 2 August (3.0 L/ha)
Three foliar sprays: Epsom Salt on 10 July, 2 & 15 August (2.5 kg/ha)
Three foliar sprays: 20-20-20 on 4 June (1.5 kg/ha), 19 & 27 June (2.0 kg/ha)
Two foliar sprays: Zinc Max on 4 & 19 June (2.0 L/ha)
Two foliar sprays: Copper Max on 25 July and 15 August (1.5 L/ha)
.../continued
ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL - 2013 - continued
Insect and Disease Control:
According to IPM recommendations.
BRAVO at 2.5 L/ha + RIPCORD at 175 ml/ha L/ha and Minor Elements on 27 June.
PRISTINE WG at 1.3 kg/ha + DELEGATE at 300 g/ha and Minor Elements on 4 July.
RIDOMIL MZ 2.50 kg/ha + MATADOR at 188 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 10 July.
DITHANE DG at 2.25 kg/ha + QUADRIS TOP at 1.0 L/ha + MOVENTO at 375 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 18 July.
DITHANE DG at 2.25 kg/ha + RIDOMIL MZ 2.50 kg/ha + DELEGATE at 336 g/ha and Minor Elements on 25 July.
PRISTINE WG at 1.3 kg/ha + BRAVO at 1.0 L/ha + MOVENTO at 365 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 2 August.
QUADRIS TOP at 1.0 L/ha + DIBROM at 550 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 8 August.
PENNCOZEB 80 WP at 2.25 kg/ha + RIPCORD at 288 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 15 August.
Harvest:
The Main Trial was pulled on 16 & 17 September and topped on 24, 25 & 27 September. The trial was placed in a forced air and temperature
controlled storage 15 October. The trial was cured for 48 hours (25oC, minimum 65% RH). After curing the temperature was lowered 5
oC per
week until 0oC was attained.
Sprout Inhibition: Royal MH 60SG at 3.75 kg/ha in 550 L/ha water on 16, 23 & 29 August.
EVALUATION PROCEDURES The cultivars were evaluated 25-29 November & 2-13 December after 6 weeks in storage.
# Bulbs Harvested: Total number of onions harvested from 4.66 m of row.
Harvest Weight: Weights from the harvested 4.66 m of row.
.../continued
ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL – 2013 - continued
Marketable Yield B/A:
Number of onions > 76 mm (> 3"), 76 mm to 64 mm (3" to 2 ½") and 64 mm to 32 mm (2 ½" to 1¼").
Majority of Culls:
D = Double PW = Pee Wee R = Rot OC = Off Colours S = Seeders SP = Sprouts
Shape: HG = High Globe FG = Flatten Globe G = Globe Sp = Spindle TD = Tear Drop T = Top
Colour:
LG = Light Golden G = Golden DG = Dark Golden LC = Light Copper C = Copper DC = Dark Copper DR = Dark Red
Skin Thickness: 10.0 = Most Desirable 7.5 = Good 6.0 = Average
Skinning: 10.0 = Most Desirable, skins well attached 7.5 = Good, skins have a few small cracks 6.0 = Average, skins have cracks but still attached
Overall Score:
Based on quality and general appearance.
Score: The average of nine marks at evaluation from Uniformity of Shape to Firmness.
Average Weight/Bulb (g):
The total weight in grams of all bulbs divided by the total number of bulbs. A bulb 51 mm (2") in diameter weighs approximately 70 g. A bulb 57
mm (2¼") in diameter weighs approximately 100 g. A bulb 64 mm (2½") in diameter weighs approximately 135 g.
Days to Harvest:
Numbers of days from seeding until 85% of the tops were down.
Percent Onion Maggot Damage: Percent of onions damaged by onion maggot ranging from pin hole to completely unmarketable that were found in the 4.66 m harvest sample.
.../continued
ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL - 2013 - continued
Top Height (cm):
The average length of 20 random onion tops from the all three replicates from the ground to the tips as taken on 26 July.
50 cm is equal to 20 inches.
Leaf Shape:
B = Leaves are bent or hanging U = Up right leaves, straight
Seeders: There were no seeders found in any cultivar in the 2013 trial.
Irrigation: Irrigation water was applied once on 25 July (1").
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
# B
ulb
s H
arv
este
d
To
tal
Har
ves
t W
eig
ht
(kg
)
Wg
t. J
um
bo
> 7
6 m
m
(kg
)
Wg
t. L
arg
e 7
6-6
4 m
m
(kg
)
Wg
t. M
ediu
m 6
4-3
2 m
m
(kg
)
Mar
ket
able
Yie
ld B
/A
% M
ark
etab
le
Maj
ori
ty o
f C
ull
s
% S
ing
le C
ente
rs
HAMLET Sto 124 c-i* 17.58 1.68 10.25 b-f 5.47 1312 b-g 96.0 a PW 70.0 a
MILESTONE Tak 130 c-i 21.49 5.25 11.08 bcd 4.66 1583 a 95.9 a PW 43.3 a-e
CROCKETT Bejo 103 j 19.06 8.31 7.94 f-m 2.23 1394 a-f 95.5 a D 26.7 d-i
FORTRESS Sto 115 g-j 17.53 1.78 10.29 b-f 4.93 1282 d-i 95.1 ab PW 23.3 e-i
HUNTINGTION SN 121 c-i 15.12 0.36 8.33 e-m 6.17 1121 g-l 95.1 ab PW 0.0 i
SV 9694 Sem 126 c-i 21.57 6.95 11.18 bc 2.83 1580 a 95.0 ab PW 50.0 a-e
SS 1104 Sol 132 c-f 20.18 2.79 11.83 ab 4.51 1443 a-e 94.7 ab R 36.7 c-g
SAFRANE Bejo 126 c-i 20.64 6.63 10.42 b-f 2.90 1505 abc 93.7 abc PW 23.3 e-i
TREKKER Tak 158 a 17.39 0.00 6.88 k-n 10.08 1279 d-i 93.4 a-d PW 46.7 a-e
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
ONION CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL - 2013
.../ continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
# B
ulb
s H
arv
este
d
To
tal
Har
ves
t W
eig
ht
(kg
)
Wg
t. J
um
bo
> 7
6 m
m
(kg
)
Wg
t. L
arg
e 7
6-6
4 m
m
(kg
)
Wg
t. M
ediu
m 6
4-3
2 m
m
(kg
)
Mar
ket
able
Yie
ld B
/A
% M
ark
etab
le
Maj
ori
ty o
f C
ull
s
% S
ing
le C
ente
rs
PATTERSON Bejo 134 cde* 20.95 2.86 13.93 a 3.27 1513 ab 92.8 a-d PW 43.3 a-e
TRAIL BLAZER Tak 136 cde 17.86 3.80 9.46 b-j 4.04 1305 b-g 92.6 a-d PW 6.7 hi
SV 4552 Sem 129 c-i 18.04 2.99 9.88 b-g 4.37 1299 b-g 92.5 a-d R 60.0 abc
LA SALLE Sem 128 c-i 17.10 2.14 8.35 e-m 6.05 1247 e-j 92.4 a-d PW 40.0 b-f
SEDONA Bejo 113 ij 18.59 6.03 8.21 e-m 3.43 1332 b-g 92.3 a-d R 46.7 a-e
FRONTIER Tak 129 c-i 17.93 2.05 10.37 b-f 4.59 1283 d-h 92.3 a-d PW 10.0 ghi
HENDRIX Nun 126 c-i 17.14 2.74 9.48 b-j 4.06 1228 e-j 91.8 a-d R 33.3 c-h
CRUISER UNF 132 c-g 17.38 1.28 8.85 c-l 6.49 1253 e-i 90.9 a-d PW 53.3 a-d
SHERMAN Bejo 124 c-i 19.34 4.81 9.15 c-k 3.58 1323 b-g 90.9 a-d D 26.7 d-i
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
.../ continued
ONION CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL - 2013 - continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
# B
ulb
s H
arv
este
d
To
tal
Har
ves
t W
eig
ht
(kg
)
Wg
t. J
um
bo
> 7
6 m
m
(kg
)
Wg
t. L
arg
e 7
6-6
4 m
m
(kg
)
Wg
t. M
ediu
m 6
4-3
2 m
m
(kg
)
Mar
ket
able
Yie
ld B
/A
% M
ark
etab
le
Maj
ori
ty o
f C
ull
s
% S
ing
le C
ente
rs
SV 5850 Sem 133 c-f* 20.91 5.97 10.07 b-g 3.56 1478 a-d 90.7 a-d PW 66.7 ab
SS 1118 Sol 113 hij 20.03 6.78 9.58 b-h 2.22 1401 a-f 90.0 a-d R 56.7 abc
STANLEY Sol 113 ij 18.11 3.89 9.55 b-i 3.14 1250 e-i 90.0 a-d MIX 6.7 hi
HIGHLANDER Tak 138 bc 17.26 1.70 7.66 g-m 6.38 1187 f-k 89.4 a-e PW 0.0 i
BRADDOCK Bejo 119 e-j 18.52 4.49 9.68 b-g 2.86 1284 d-h 89.3 a-e MIX 13.3 f-i
SCORPION Cro 134 cde 17.12 1.53 7.91 f-m 6.51 1202 f-k 89.1 a-e PW 46.7 a-e
MADRAS Bejo 115 g-j 19.76 6.51 8.58 d-m 3.00 1364 a-f 88.4 a-f R 43.3 a-e
GENESIS Cro 122 c-i 17.40 2.69 9.02 c-k 4.10 1192 f-k 88.2 a-f R 23.3 e-i
SV 7112 Sem 116 f-j 17.94 5.13 7.00 i-m 4.14 1226 e-j 88.2 a-f R 53.3 a-d
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
.../ continued
ONION CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL - 2013 - continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
# B
ulb
s H
arv
este
d
To
tal
Har
ves
t W
eig
ht
(kg
)
Wg
t. J
um
bo
> 7
6 m
m
(kg
)
Wg
t. L
arg
e 7
6-6
4 m
m
(kg
)
Wg
t. M
ediu
m 6
4-3
2 m
m
(kg
)
Mar
ket
able
Yie
ld B
/A
% M
ark
etab
le
Maj
ori
ty o
f C
ull
s
% S
ing
le C
ente
rs
NORSTAR Tak 127 c-i* 15.05 0.59 6.94 j-m 6.55 1062 i-m 88.0 a-f PW 6.7 hi
CORNONA Bejo 121 d-i 18.58 4.75 8.45 e-m 3.87 1288 c-h 87.3 b-f R 10.0 ghi
ALPINE Tak 131 c-g 15.83 2.07 7.07 h-m 5.14 1076 h-m 87.0 b-f R 0.0 i
PRINCE Bejo 129 c-i 19.91 3.36 10.68 b-e 3.41 1316 b-g 85.8 c-f R 23.3 e-i
NUN 7408 Nun 130 c-h 14.12 0.49 6.85 k-n 5.70 983 klm 85.4 def R 26.7 d-i
ADONIS UNF 154 ab 13.51 0.23 4.34 no 7.98 947 lm 81.4 ef PW 53.3 a-d
TENSHIN UNF 138 bc 14.86 0.35 6.32 lmn 6.98 1029 j-m 80.7 f PW 26.7 d-i
SAMANTHA EZ 134 cde 14.38 1.28 6.03 mn 4.40 883 mn 71.6 g PW 0.0 i
OLIVINE EZ 137 bcd 11.59 0.38 3.13 o 5.84 705 o 68.9 g PW 0.0 i
Trial Average 127 17.77 3.18 8.74 4.71 1254 89.5 PW 30.5
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
ONION CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL - 2013 - continued
.../ continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
Sh
ape
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f S
hap
e
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f S
ize
Co
lou
r
Co
lou
r R
atin
g
Sk
in T
hic
kn
ess
Sk
inn
ing
Nec
k F
inis
h
Ov
eral
l S
core
Sco
re
HAMLET Sto HG 6.3 5.3 DG 7.0 6.0 ghi* 9.2 ab 6.3 hi 6.5 6.83 e-i
MILESTONE Tak HG 7.3 7.2 G 7.0 7.3 abc 8.3 bcd 7.3 d-h 7.3 7.40 a-e
CROCKETT Bejo G 6.3 5.7 DG 7.7 6.2 fgh 9.5 a 4.7 k 6.7 6.90 d-h
FORTRESS Sto HG 8.0 7.3 DG 7.0 6.0 ghi 8.7 abc 6.3 hi 7.3 7.31 a-f
HUNTINGTION SN G 7.3 6.7 G 7.7 7.5 ab 7.0 e-h 8.3 bcd 7.2 7.50 abc
SV 9694 Sem HG 6.0 7.0 G 5.0 6.0 ghi 7.0 e-h 6.3 hi 6.0 6.29 i-m
SS 1104 Sol HG 6.3 7.7 G 7.3 7.0 b-e 9.3 ab 8.2 bcd 8.0 7.81 a
SAFRANE Bejo G 5.0 7.0 G 6.3 6.7 c-g 9.3 ab 7.3 d-h 6.5 7.08 b-g
TREKKER Tak HG 6.3 7.0 G 6.3 8.0 a 7.7 c-f 8.7 bc 7.5 7.44 a-d
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
10.0 = Most Desirable, 8.0 = Good, 6.0 = Average
.../ continued
ONION CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL - 2013 - continued
Cu
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ar
So
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Sh
ape
Un
ifo
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f S
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Un
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ize
Co
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r
Co
lou
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atin
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Sk
in T
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Sk
inn
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k F
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h
Ov
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l S
core
Sco
re
PATTERSON Bejo G 6.0 8.3 G 6.7 6.2 fgh* 9.3 ab 6.7 f-i 7.7 7.40 a-e
TRAIL BLAZER Tak G 7.3 5.0 G 8.7 6.3 e-h 9.0 ab 7.7 c-f 7.2 7.44 a-d
SV 4552 Sem G 5.0 7.0 G 6.3 5.7 hij 8.7 abc 7.0 e-i 6.8 6.67 g-j
LA SALLE Sem G 5.0 6.0 G 7.0 6.5 d-g 7.7 c-f 7.3 d-h 6.8 6.77 f-i
SEDONA Bejo G 6.0 5.7 G 6.0 5.2 jk 8.3 bcd 5.0 jk 5.7 6.27 i-m
FRONTIER Tak G 7.3 7.3 G 7.7 6.8 b-f 8.3 bcd 7.7 c-f 7.7 7.67 ab
HENDRIX Nun G 7.7 6.0 G 5.7 5.3 ijk 9.0 ab 7.5 d-g 6.8 6.92 c-h
CRUISER UNF HG 5.3 5.0 G 4.7 6.0 ghi 6.3 g-j 8.0 b-e 6.0 6.08 j-m
SHERMAN Bejo G 4.7 5.0 LG 7.0 5.0 jk 5.3 jk 7.3 d-h 5.7 5.75 m
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
10.0 = Most Desirable, 8.0 = Good, 6.0 = Average
.../ continued
ONION CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL - 2013 - continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
Sh
ape
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f S
hap
e
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f S
ize
Co
lou
r
Co
lou
r R
atin
g
Sk
in T
hic
kn
ess
Sk
inn
ing
Nec
k F
inis
h
Ov
eral
l S
core
Sco
re
SV 5850 Sem G 4.7 6.0 G 5.7 5.3 ijk* 6.3 g-j 6.0 ij 5.3 5.73 m
SS 1118 Sol HG 6.3 7.0 G 6.0 4.7 k 7.8 c-f 6.3 hi 6.7 6.58 g-k
STANLEY Sol G 5.3 6.8 G 5.7 6.3 e-h 8.3 bcd 6.5 ghi 6.3 6.79 f-i
HIGHLANDER Tak SPG 5.0 5.7 LG 8.3 5.0 jk 3.0 l 10.0 a 4.3 5.75 m
BRADDOCK Bejo G 4.7 6.3 LG 6.7 6.0 ghi 9.0 ab 7.3 d-h 6.8 6.85 d-i
SCORPION Cro HG 6.3 5.7 DG 5.0 6.3 e-h 8.7 abc 6.3 hi 6.2 6.48 h-l
MADRAS Bejo HG 6.8 5.0 G 5.7 6.0 ghi 7.0 e-h 6.3 hi 5.7 6.06 klm
GENESIS Cro SP 4.0 5.7 G 6.7 6.0 ghi 9.0 ab 6.7 f-i 6.0 6.38 h-l
SV 7112 Sem HG 6.3 5.0 G 6.0 5.7 hij 7.7 c-f 6.7 f-i 6.0 6.38 h-l
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
10.0 = Most Desirable, 8.0 = Good, 6.0 = Average
.../ continued
ONION CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL - 2013 - continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
Sh
ape
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f S
hap
e
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f S
ize
Co
lou
r
Co
lou
r R
atin
g
Sk
in T
hic
kn
ess
Sk
inn
ing
Nec
k F
inis
h
Ov
eral
l S
core
Sco
re
NORSTAR Tak G 4.7 6.3 G 5.3 5.7 hij* 5.0 k 9.0 ab 5.3 5.96 lm
CORNONA Bejo G 4.7 4.7 LG 7.0 6.3 e-h 6.7 f-i 6.7 f-i 5.7 6.06 klm
ALPINE Tak G 7.0 4.3 LG 8.0 6.0 ghi 3.0 l 10.0 a 4.0 5.92 lm
PRINCE Bejo HG 5.7 5.7 G 7.7 7.2 bcd 8.3 bcd 6.7 f-i 7.0 7.15 b-g
NUN 7408 Nun G 7.3 6.0 G 7.3 5.3 ijk 6.0 h-k 9.0 ab 6.3 6.71 ghi
ADONIS UNF HG 4.7 5.7 G 7.7 6.5 d-g 7.7 c-f 8.3 bcd 7.0 6.90 d-h
TENSHIN UNF HG 7.3 5.3 G 6.0 6.7 c-g 7.3 d-g 7.7 c-f 6.3 6.81 e-i
SAMANTHA EZ TD 7.3 4.0 DG 6.3 6.3 e-h 5.7 ijk 7.3 d-h 6.7 6.42 h-l
OLIVINE EZ TD 7.3 5.0 G 6.7 7.3 abc 6.3 g-j 6.7 f-i 5.3 6.69 ghi
Trial Average 6.1 6.0 6.6 6.2 7.5 7.3 6.4 6.70
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test. .../ continued
ONION CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL - 2013 - continued
10.0 = Most Desirable, 8.0 = Good, 6.0 = Average
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
Fir
mn
ess
at H
arv
est
Fir
mn
ess
Av
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Bu
lb (
g)
Sta
nd
/Fo
ot
Day
s to
Har
ves
t
% O
nio
n M
agg
ot
Dam
age
% J
um
bo
> 7
6 m
m
To
ps
Hei
gh
t (c
m)
Lea
f S
hap
e
Lea
f C
olo
ur
HAMLET Sto 9.8 8.0 b-e* 141.4 e-j 8.1 c-f 116 3.5 a-e 5.4 g-j 68.3 f-j U G
MILESTONE Tak 9.5 7.3 e-h 167.1 a-d 8.5 c-f 121 1.1 abc 15.6 b-f 71.4 def B G
CROCKETT Bejo 10.0 8.5 a-d 190.1 a 6.8 g 124 2.0 a-d 32.9 a 77.2 abc U G
FORTRESS Sto 9.8 7.8 c-f 153.6 c-h 7.5 d-g 121 0.9 abc 6.2 f-j 75.2 a-e U BG
HUNTINGTION SN 10.0 8.3 a-d 124.1 i-l 7.9 c-g 112 1.6 a-d 1.3 ij 61.5 k U BG
SV 9694 Sem 9.3 7.0 f-i 171.3 abc 8.2 c-f 114 0.5 ab 21.4 b 78.5 ab U G
SS 1104 Sol 9.8 8.7 abc 152.8 c-h 8.6 cd 118 1.0 abc 8.9 d-j 71.2 def U BG
SAFRANE Bejo 9.5 8.5 a-d 164.5 b-e 8.2 c-f 121 3.6 a-e 21.0 b 74.9 a-e U G
TREKKER Tak 9.8 8.0 b-e 110.3 klm 10.3 a 106 1.3 abc 0.0 j 64.3 ijk U BG
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
10.0 = Most Desirable, 8.0 = Good, 6.0 = Average
.../ continued
ONION CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL - 2013 - continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
Fir
mn
ess
at H
arv
est
Fir
mn
ess
Av
erag
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Bu
lb (
g)
Sta
nd
/Fo
ot
Day
s to
Har
ves
t
% O
nio
n M
agg
ot
Dam
age
% J
um
bo
> 7
6 m
m
To
ps
Hei
gh
t (c
m)
Lea
f S
hap
e
Lea
f C
olo
ur
PATTERSON Bejo 10.0 8.3 a-d* 156.6 b-g 8.8 cd 120 0.5 ab 8.8 d-j 73.3 b-f U G
TRAIL BLAZER Tak 10.0 8.3 a-d 132.5 h-k 8.9 cd 114 0.3 a 12.8 b-h 64.8 h-k U BG
SV 4552 Sem 9.5 6.8 g-j 139.9 f-j 8.4 cd 113 2.6 b-f 10.1 c-i 74.8 a-e B G
LA SALLE Sem 9.3 7.8 c-f 134.1 g-j 8.4 c-f 112 3.5 a-e 7.4 e-j 71.6 def U LG
SEDONA Bejo 9.7 8.3 a-d 165.2 bcd 7.4 efg 122 4.2 c-f 21.6 b 79.9 a B LG
FRONTIER Tak 9.8 8.5 a-d 139.1 f-j 8.5 cd 116 0.5 a 7.1 e-j 69.1 f-i B BG
HENDRIX Nun 10.0 7.3 e-h 136.6 g-j 8.2 c-f 113 0.8 abc 9.3 c-j 75.4 a-e U BG
CRUISER UNF 10.0 7.3 e-h 132.5 h-k 8.6 cd 116 3.5 a-e 3.9 hij 72.4 c-f U LG
SHERMAN Bejo 9.0 6.0 j 155.4 b-h 8.1 c-f 108 1.1 abc 15.6 b-f 73.3 b-f U G
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
10.0 = Most Desirable, 8.0 = Good, 6.0 = Average
.../ continued
ONION CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL - 2013 - continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
Fir
mn
ess
at H
arv
est
Fir
mn
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Av
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Bu
lb (
g)
Sta
nd
/Fo
ot
Day
s to
Har
ves
t
% O
nio
n M
agg
ot
Dam
age
% J
um
bo
> 7
6 m
m
To
ps
Hei
gh
t (c
m)
Lea
f S
hap
e
Lea
f C
olo
ur
SV 5850 Sem 8.8 6.5 hij* 157.7 b-g 8.7 cd 118 4.0 b-f 18.9 bc 74.7 a-e U G
SS 1118 Sol 9.7 7.8 c-f 177.6 ab 7.4 fg 121 2.6 a-d 22.5 b 80.0 a B G
STANLEY Sol 9.8 9.0 a 161.1 b-f 7.4 efg 121 2.5 a-d 14.1 b-g 70.2 efg U G
HIGHLANDER Tak 8.0 4.7 k 125.1 i-l 9.0 bc 86 0.5 a 5.0 g-j 53.4 l B G
BRADDOCK Bejo 9.7 8.0 b-e 156.5 b-g 7.8 d-g 118 1.2 abc 15.4 b-f 76.5 a-d U LG
SCORPION Cro 9.3 7.3 e-h 127.6 i-l 8.8 bc 116 2.7 a-d 4.8 g-j 72.2 c-f U BG
MADRAS Bejo 9.3 6.0 j 172.6 abc 7.5 d-g 121 7.4 fgh 21.4 b 72.3 c-f B G
GENESIS Cro 9.2 7.0 f-i 143.6 d-i 8.0 d-g 109 1.2 abc 9.2 c-j 73.3 b-f U BG
SV 7112 Sem 9.3 7.7 d-g 155.7 b-h 7.6 d-g 118 3.2 a-e 18.0 bcd 75.8 a-d U G
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
10.0 = Most Desirable, 8.0 = Good, 6.0 = Average
ONION CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL - 2013 - continued
Cu
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ar
So
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Fir
mn
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at H
arv
est
Fir
mn
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Av
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Bu
lb (
g)
Sta
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/Fo
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Day
s to
Har
ves
t
% O
nio
n M
agg
ot
Dam
age
% J
um
bo
> 7
6 m
m
To
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t (c
m)
Lea
f S
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Lea
f C
olo
ur
NORSTAR Tak 8.3 6.3 ij* 118.1 jkl 8.3 c-f 107 0.6 ab 2.1 ij 61.6 k B BG
CORNONA Bejo 9.5 6.8 g-j 155.0 b-h 7.9 c-f 115 10.2 h 16.7 b-e 73.4 b-f B BG
ALPINE Tak 8.0 5.0 k 122.1 i-l 8.6 cde 90 1.3 abc 7.0 e-j 54.8 l B BG
PRINCE Bejo 10.0 9.0 a 154.4 b-h 8.4 c-f 121 1.8 a-d 10.5 c-i 72.7 c-f U BG
NUN 7408 Nun 9.5 6.3 ij 108.1 lmn 8.5 c-f 109 2.8 a-d 1.8 ij 68.2 f-j B G
ADONIS UNF 9.5 7.7 d-g 87.8 mn 10.1 ab 106 4.1 c-f 0.6 ij 63.5 jk B BG
TENSHIN UNF 9.8 7.8 c-f 106.5 lmn 9.0 bc 112 4.8 def 0.9 ij 65.8 g-k U BG
SAMANTHA EZ 10.0 7.7 d-g 107.8 lmn 8.7 cd 116 6.5 efg 4.0 hij 70.1 e-h B G
OLIVINE EZ 10.0 8.8 ab 85.3 n 9.0 bc 113 9.3 gh 1.3 ij 62.4 k U BG
Trial Average 9.5 7.5 141.4 8.3 114 2.7 10.7 70.5
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test. .../ continued
ONION CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL - 2013 - continued
10.0 = Most Desirable, 8.0 = Good, 6.0 = Average
MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES - 2013
Hamlet: Good appearance, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Thick skins, Nice skin quality, Medium to large run size,
Sizes a little uneven, Good firm onion, Average neck finish, Medium sized necks, Odd yellowing on skins, Odd
greening of scales, Colour a little uneven, Good to nice packer, Long term storage onion.
Milestone: Medium to larger run size, Thick skins, Great tight neck finish, Smaller sized necks, Some skin cracking, Pretty
good skin quality, Good to nice appearance, Colour a little uneven, Some white spots on skins, Uniformity of
shape even, Good to nice packer, Good firm onion, Firmness is a little uneven, Mid to longer storage onion.
Crockett: Good appearance, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Thick skins, Nice skin quality, Poor neck finish, Rough
& ripped neck finish, Larger sized necks, Darker colour skins, Larger run size, Good packer, Nice firm & solid
onion, Longer term storage onion.
Fortress: Good appearance, Fairly even colour, Medium to large run size, Odd one with skin cracking, Thick skins,
Pretty good skin quality, Good packer, Good tight neck finish but a bit rough, Medium sized necks, Uniformity
of shape even, Odd yellowing or white spots on skins, Good firm onion, Longer term storage onion.
Huntington: Good appearance, Great tight neck finish, Small sized necks, Some skin cracking, Average skin thickness,
Pretty good skin quality, Colour fairly even, Odd greening of scales, Odd white spots on skin, Good packer,
Small to medium run size, Uniformity of shape even, Good firm onion, Longer term storage onion.
... / continued
MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES - 2013– continued
SV 9694: Average to good appearance, Some skin cracking, Colour uneven, Average neck finish bit rough, Small to
medium sized necks, Good firmness but a little uneven, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Average skin quality
& thickness, Some greening of scales, Average packer, Medium to larger run size, Mid storage onion.
SS 1104: Nice appearance, Great tight neck finish, Small & medium sized necks, Odd skin cracking, Thick skins, Pretty
good skin quality, Some skin rot, Colour a little uneven, Odd greening of scales, Good packer, Medium to large
run size, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Nice even firm & solid onion, Longer term storage onion.
Safrane: Large run size, Nice skin, Good neck finish, Medium sized necks, Odd skin cracking, Odd greening of scales,
Uniformity of shape uneven, Good firm onion, Good appearance, Colour a little uneven, Good packer, Medium
run size, Longer term storage onion.
Trekker: Uniformity of shape uneven, Medium run size, Great tight neck finish, Small sized necks, Good firm onion but a
little uneven, Odd white spots on skin, Colour slightly uneven, Thick skin, Odd one with skin cracking, Nice
appearance, Nice packer, Small run size, Mid to longer storage onion.
Patterson: Nice appearance, Thick skin, Nice skin quality, Colour fairly even, Good neck finish, Medium sized necks,
Nice solid & firm onion, Odd greening of scales, Odd yellowing & white spots on skins, Nice packer,
Uniformity of shape uneven, Medium to large run size, Longer term storage onion.
... / continued
MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES – 2013 – continued
Trail Blazer: Nice appearance, Medium run size but uneven, Odd skin cracking, Good firm & solid onion, Thick skin, Nice
skin quality, Good tight neck finish, Small sized necks, Colour even, Odd greening of scales, Odd white spots
on skin, Nice packer, Uniformity of shape a little even, Longer term storage onion.
SV 4552: Good appearance, Odd one with skin cracking, Colour uneven, Good tight neck finish but a little rough, Small &
medium sized necks, Average firmness, Uniformity of shape uneven, Average skin thickness, Pretty good skin
quality, Some skin rot, Odd greening of scales, Good packer, Medium run size, Sizes vary, Mid storage onion.
La Salle: Good appearance, Medium to large run size, Good tight neck finish, Small sized necks, Odd one skin cracking,
Thick skin, Pretty good skin quality, Uniformity of shape very uneven, Colour a little uneven, Odd greening of
scales, Good packer, Good firm onion, Mid to longer term storage onion.
Sedona: Medium run size, Odd one skin cracking, Average skin thickness & quality, Poor neck finish ripped & rough,
Medium sized necks, Good appearance, Colour a little uneven, Average packer, Uniformity of shape a little
uneven, Skin rot, Firm onion, Longer term storage onion.
Frontier: Medium run size, Odd one with skin cracking, Thick skin, Pretty good skin quality, Colour even, Some white
spots on skin, Good tight neck finish, Small to medium sized necks, Nice even firm onion, Nice packer, Nice
appearance, Uniformity of shape even, Some skin rot, Longer term storage onion.
... / continued
MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES – 2013 – continued
Hendrix: Good appearance, Great tight neck finish, Small & medium sized necks, Odd one with skin cracking, Average
skin thickness, Pretty good skin quality, Some skin rot, Colour a little uneven, Odd greening of scales, Odd
yellowing on skins, Good packer, Medium run size, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Good firm onion, A
little mechanical damage, Mid storage onion.
Cruiser: Good appearance, Great tight neck finish, Small sized necks, Some skin cracking and a concern, Thin to average
skin thickness, Fair to average skin quality, Some skin rot, Colour uneven, Some greening of scales, Average to
good packer, Medium run size but uneven, Uniformity of shape very uneven, Good firmness, A little mechanical
damage, Mid storage onion.
Sherman: Large run size but uneven, Thin skin, Some skin cracking a little concern, Fair skin quality, Good neck finish but
a bit rough, Small sized necks, Colour even, Some greening of scales, Average appearance, Okay packer,
Uniformity of shape very uneven, Average firmness, Suspicion of doubles, A little mechanical damage, Early to
mid storage onion.
SV 5850: Fair appearance, Some skin cracking a concern, Thin to average skin thickness, Average skin quality, Medium
run size, Colour a little uneven, Average neck finish a bit rough, Small & medium sized necks, Uniformity of
shape uneven, Average firmness and uneven, Some greening of scales, Average packer, Some mechanical
damage, Early to mid storage onion.
SS 1118: Nice appearance, Medium run size, Colour a little uneven, Nice thick skin, Medium sized necks, Average neck
finish a bit rough, Odd skin cracking, Average skin thickness & quality, Some skin rot, Uniformity of shape
uneven, Firm onion, Firmness a little uneven, Good packer, Longer term storage onion.
... / continued
MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES -2013 – continued
Stanley: Good to nice appearance, Uniformity of shape uneven, Medium run size, Thick skin, Pretty good skin quality,
Some skin rot, Colour uneven, Average neck finish a little rough, Medium sized necks, Odd one with skin
cracking, Firm & solid onion, Nice and even firmness, Good to nice packer, Longer term storage onion.
Highlander: Thin skin, Colour light & even, Most skin cracking a concern, Poor skin quality, Some skin rot, Soft onion,
Run size very uneven, Small sized necks, Great neck finish, Uniformity of shape uneven, Suspicion of doubles,
Very poor appearance, Poor packer, Some mechanical damage, A lot of greening of scales, Firmness a little
uneven, 10-20% multiple centers, Early storage onion.
Braddock: Medium run size, Thick skin, Odd one with skin cracking, Pretty good skin quality, Medium sized necks, Good
tight neck finish, Odd neck a bit rough, Good appearance, Colour a little uneven, Good firm onion, Uniformity
of shape uneven, Odd yellowing on skins, Good packer, Suspicion of doubles, A few with multiple centers,
Mid to longer term storage onion.
Scorpion: Medium run size but a little uneven, Thicker skin, Pretty good skin quality, Odd one with skin cracking, Some
skin rot, Medium sized necks, Good neck finish, Colour uneven, Good packer, Good appearance, Odd
greening of scales, Uniformity of shape uneven, Good firmness but a little uneven, Mid to longer term storage
onion.
Madras: Average appearance, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Odd one with skin cracking, Average skin thickness,
Average skin quality, Medium sized necks, Average neck finish bit rough, Colour uneven, Odd greening of
scales, Medium to larger run size but uneven, Average packer, Average firmness a little uneven, A little
mechanical damage, Early to mid storage onion.
... / continued
MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES – 2013 – continued
Genesis: Good appearance, Good neck finish, Medium sized necks, Odd one with skin cracking, Average skin thickness,
Pretty good skin quality, Skin rot a concern, Colour uneven, Odd greening of scales, Good packer, Uniformity
of shape very uneven, Medium run size, Sizes a little uneven, Average firmness, Uneven firmness, Mid to
longer term storage onion.
SV 7112: Average appearance, Average neck finish bit rough, Medium sized necks, Average skin thickness & quality,
Some skin cracking, Colour slightly uneven, Odd greening of scales , Average Packer, Medium run size but
uneven, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Average to good firmness, Mid storage onion.
Norstar: Small to medium run size, Great tight neck finish, Small sized necks, Thinner skin, Fair skin quality, Some skin
rot, A lot of skin cracking a concern, Uniformity of shape uneven, Okay appearance, A lot of greening of scales,
Colour a little uneven, Average firmness, A little mechanical damage, Suspicion of doubles, Okay packer, Early
storage onion.
Corona: Average appearance, Medium run size uneven, Good neck finish a bit rough, Small to medium sized necks,
Good firm onion, Suspicion of doubles, Some skin rot, Some skin cracking, Average packer, Uniformity of
shape uneven, Average skin thickness & quality, Average firmness, Firmness a little uneven, Colour slightly
uneven, Some greening of scales, A little mechanical damage, Early to mid storage onion.
Alpine: Skin cracking on most onions a concern, Great tight neck finish, Very small sized necks, Thin skin, Poor skin
quality, Some skin rot, Some greening of scales, Soft onion, Poor appearance, Colour even, Very uneven run
size, Poor packer, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Some mechanical damage, Early storage onion.
... / continued
MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES – 2013 – continued
Prince: Good appearance, Odd one with skin cracking, Thicker skin, Larger run size, Colour even, Nice skin quality,
Good neck finish a bit rough, Medium sized necks, Good packer, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Nice firm
& solid onion, Firmness even, Medium run size, Longer term storage onion.
Nun 7408: Average appearance, Great tight neck finish, Small sized necks, Some skin cracking a little concern, Thin skin,
Average skin quality, A lot of skin rot concern, Colour even, Some greening of scales, Average packer, Small
run size, Uniformity of shape even, Average firmness, Early to mid storage onion.
Adonis: Good packer, Small run size, Good firmness, Pretty good skin quality, Average skin thickness, Some skin
cracking, Great tight neck finish, Small sized necks, Good to nice appearance, Colour even, Odd greening of
scales, Uniformity of shape uneven, Mid storage onion.
Tenshin: Good appearance, Great tight neck finish, Small sized necks, Average skin thickness & quality, Some skin
cracking, Colour a little uneven, Odd yellowing on skins, Some greening of scales, Average packer, Small to
medium run size, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Good firmness, Firmness a little uneven, Longer term
storage onion.
Samantha: Small uneven run size, Good tight neck finish, Small sized necks, Odd one with skin cracking, Average to thick
skin, Pretty good skin quality, Some skin rot, Good appearance, Good firm onion, Good packer, Colour
slightly uneven, Odd one with greening of scales, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Suspicion of doubles
concern, 30-60% multiple centers, Longer term storage onion.
... / continued
MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES – 2013 – continued
Olivine: Small run size, Average to thicker skin, Some skin cracking, Average skin quality, Good tight neck finish,
Small sized necks, Colour even, Average packer, Okay appearance, Odd one with greening of scales,
Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Nice firm & solid onion, Issue with doubles concern, 30% multiple centers,
Longer term storage onion.
# YEARS MARKETABLE YIELD DAYS TO FIRMNESS*
CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED t/ha B/A MATURITY A B
HIGHLANDER Tak 6 65.7 1076 93 8.33 5.96
ALPINE Tak 10 63.2 1023 95 8.54 6.01
HUSTLER HM 11 46.7 832 96 8.10 5.15
PULSAR Nun 7 70.9 1148 102 9.29 7.86
NORSTAR Tak 25 64.0 1098 103 8.11 5.83
SHERMAN Bejo 7 81.9 1325 103 9.13 7.01
ADVANCER HM 11 60.5 1078 104 8.54 6.05
FRONTIER Tak 20 71.2 1162 105 9.86 8.13
RICOCHET Sem 9 68.6 1134 105 9.60 8.02
TRAPP-7 Cro 5 65.5 1166 105 9.79 7.80
TRAIL BLAZER Tak 6 73 1184 106 9.60 8.17
ARSENAL Sem 13 72.9 1232 106 9.58 8.09
LA SALLE Sem 5 76.6 1239 106 9.30 7.61
MOUNTAINEER Tak 9 65.9 1084 107 9.48 8.21
PATTERSON Bejo 7 79.9 1292 108 9.70 8.61
CORONA Bejo 18 74.1 1260 108 9.49 7.17
NEBULA Nun 8 76.8 1242 108 9.46 8.18
TAHOE Bejo 9 75.0 1214 108 9.63 8.21
ROCKET Sem 13 54.6 972 109 NA 6.37
BRADDOCK Bejo 6 79.4 1285 110 9.48 7.65
Listed in order of Days to Maturity.
LONG TERM AVERAGES OF ONION CULTIVAR TRIALS
... / continued* Firmness: A = Evaluated at time of Harvest B = Evaluated in December
* 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average
# YEARS MARKETABLE YIELD DAYS TO FIRMNESS*
CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED t/ha B/A MATURITY A B
MILESTONE Tak 13 81.2 1331 110 9.42 7.00
FLAGSHIP Sto 8 68.8 1195 110 9.89 7.56
STANLEY Sol 16 71.8 1203 111 9.81 8.43
TAURUS Sem 12 54.0 961 111 NA 6.27
HAMLET Sem 20 72.7 1229 111 9.74 8.14
CAPABLE Nun 7 55.3 979 112 8.16 6.39
CAVALIER Sto 6 73.5 1287 112 9.92 8.21
LIVINGSTON Sol 14 67.1 1132 112 9.69 8.26
PARAGON Nun 8 62.5 1110 112 8.85 7.38
TALON Bejo 7 73.7 1192 112 9.64 8.69
TRAPP #8 E.J. 12 57.7 1027 112 8.30 7.72
FORTRESS Sem 20 64.2 1081 113 9.66 7.93
SAFRANE Bejo 8 79.4 1286 115 9.70 8.47
PRINCE Bejo 21 72.6 1234 115 9.82 8.63
BENCHMARK Sem 6 62.3 1087 115 9.85 8.42
FESTIVAL Bejo 6 67.3 1159 115 9.62 8.25
INFINITY Nun 9 68.1 1122 115 9.76 7.70
MILLENNIUM Nun 9 71.2 1228 115 9.89 8.42
TAMARA Bejo 11 68.5 1196 115 9.81 8.55
CANADA MAPLE Sto 17 57.2 1018 116 NA 7.72
Listed in order of Days to Maturity.
* Firmness: A = Evaluated at time of Harvest B = Evaluated in December
LONG TERM AVERAGES OF ONION CULTIVAR TRIALS - continued
* 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
# B
ulb
s H
arv
este
d
To
tal
Har
ves
t W
eig
ht
(kg
)
Wg
t. J
um
bo
> 7
6 m
m
(kg
)
Wg
t. L
arg
e 7
6-6
4 m
m
(kg
)
Wg
t. M
ediu
m 6
4-3
2 m
m
(kg
)
Mar
ket
able
Yie
ld B
/A
% M
ark
etab
le
Maj
ori
ty o
f C
ull
s
% S
ing
le C
ente
rs
% J
um
bo
> 7
6 m
m
Av
erag
e W
eig
ht/
Bu
lb (
g)
% O
nio
n M
agg
ot
Dam
age
Sta
nd
/Fo
ot
23 739 SN 115 9.52 0.78 2.27 3.58 500 56.5 R 60 3.5 82.8 10.4 7.5
23 740 SN 129 15.08 0.76 6.04 3.27 759 64.3 D 10 3.1 116.9 5.4 8.4
Listed in order of % Marketable.
ONION CULTIVAR ADAPTATION TRIAL - 2013
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
Sh
ape
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f S
hap
e
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f S
ize
Co
lou
r
Co
lou
r R
atin
g
Sk
in T
hic
kn
ess
Sk
inn
ing
Nec
k F
inis
h
Ov
eral
l S
core
Sco
re
Fir
mn
ess
Day
s to
Har
ves
t
To
ps
Hei
gh
t (c
m)
Lea
f C
olo
ur
Lea
f S
hap
e
23 739 SN FG 4.0 4.0 DG 6.0 5.0 7.0 3.0 3.0 4.88 7.0 124 71.9 LG B
23 740 SN TDG 6.0 6.0 DG 7.0 6.5 9.0 4.0 6.0 6.44 7.0 122 71.4 LG U
Listed in order of % Marketable.
10.0 = Most Desirable, 8.0 = Good, 6.0 = Average
ONION CULTIVAR ADAPTATION TRIAL - 2013 - continued
ADAPTATION ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES - 2013
23 739: Poor appearance, Very poor rough ripped neck finish, Average skins, Odd one with skin cracking, Dark uneven
colour, Some greening of scales, Poor packer, Small run size, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Average
firmness, Odd mechanical damage, Skin rot issues, Mid term storage onion.
23 740: Average appearance, Odd one with skin cracking, Average skin, Average neck finish, Dark colour fairly even,
Good firmness, Okay packer, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Small run size, Suspicion of doubles a
concern, Some rot, Mid term storage onion.
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
% M
ark
etab
le
% W
eig
ht
Lo
ss
% S
pro
uts
% R
ot
% S
oft
Fir
mn
ess
In *
*
Fir
mn
ess
Ou
t *
*
% S
pro
uti
ng
at
Bas
e
% S
pro
uti
ng
at
To
p
TAHOE Bejo 91.6 a* 4.6 ab 1.7 a 1.5 ab 0.0 a 10.0 7.5 0.0 0.3
FORTRESS Sto 89.4 ab 6.1 a-i 2.0 a 1.7 ab 0.0 a 10.0 7.3 0.0 0.5
STANLEY Sol 88.5 abc 6.2 a-j 3.1 ab 1.2 a 0.0 a 10.0 7.2 0.0 1.3
ADONIS UNF 88.2 abc 5.8 a-i 3.4 ab 1.9 abc 0.0 a 9.2 6.7 3.3 5.7
SCORPION Cro 87.8 a-d 5.6 a-h 1.5 a 4.0 a-h 0.2 a 10.0 7.2 0.0 0.8
HAMELET Sto 87.4 a-d 4.7 ab 4.2 abc 2.9 a-e 0.0 a 9.7 6.7 3.5 0.8
SCORPION UNF 87.1 a-e 5.3 a-f 2.7 ab 3.8 a-g 0.3 a 9.7 7.5 1.0 1.5
LA SALLE Sem 87.1 a-e 5.9 a-i 3.3 ab 2.6 a-d 0.4 a 9.8 6.7 0.2 1.5
ADVENTURE UNF 85.8 a-f 4.5 a 5.0 abc 3.9 a-h 0.0 a 10.0 7.7 2.0 2.5
FRESTIVAL Bejo 85.7 a-g 7.2 g-l 3.9 abc 2.5 abc 0.0 a 9.8 6.3 0.7 1.3
PRINCE Bejo 85.4 a-g 6.1 a-i 3.8 abc 3.9 a-h 0.0 a 10.0 7.0 0.7 2.0
PATTERSON Bejo 85.0 a-g 6.1 a-i 5.3 abc 3.0 a-e 0.0 a 10.0 8.0 3.5 2.7
BRADDOCK Bejo 83.3 b-h 5.1 a-e 7.5 a-d 3.3 a-f 0.0 a 9.3 7.3 1.0 7.3
BGS 297 Bejo 83.1 b-h 5.3 a-f 5.6 abc 5.1 a-j 0.0 a 9.8 7.3 8.7 8.3
Listed in Order of Percent Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
** 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average .../continued
ONION CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL - 2012 - 2013
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
% M
ark
etab
le
% W
eig
ht
Lo
ss
% S
pro
uts
% R
ot
% S
oft
Fir
mn
ess
In *
*
Fir
mn
ess
Ou
t *
*
% S
pro
uti
ng
at
Bas
e
% S
pro
uti
ng
at
To
p
TRAIL BLAZER Tak 83.0 b-h* 4.6 ab 6.6 a-d 4.9 a-j 0.2 a 10.0 7.7 3.3 5.3
PULSA Nun 82.3 b-h* 6.3 b-j 5.5 abc 5.1 a-j 0.1 a 9.5 6.3 2.0 4.3
TREKKER Tak 81.8 b-i 5.8 a-i 5.0 abc 6.2 b-h 0.3 a 10.0 6.3 0.5 3.5
HENDRIX UNF 81.7 b-i 5.6 a-g 2.7 ab 8.8 h-n 0.3 a 9.7 6.5 0.2 2.3
SAFRANE Bejo 80.9 c-i 6.8 e-j 3.3 ab 8.5 g-n 0.0 a 9.8 7.3 0.0 0.8
NUN 7408 Nun 80.0 d-j 6.0 a-i 3.8 abc 9.4 j-p 0.0 a 9.2 6.8 0.3 1.8
MILESTONE Tak 79.2 e-k 5.8 a-i 4.6 abc 9.0 i-o 0.6 a 9.8 5.7 0.3 2.7
EX 18456 Sem 78.9 f-l 5.3 a-f 7.3 a-d 7.5 d-m 0.2 a 9.7 6.3 4.3 4.0
NEBULA Nun 78.8 f-l 5.1 a-d 3.0 ab 12.2 m-q 0.0 a 9.3 7.7 1.3 1.7
HENDRIX Nun 78.4 f-l 6.7 e-j 7.4 a-d 6.7 c-l 0.0 a 10.0 7.3 4.3 4.3
TENSHIN UNF 77.8 g-l 4.9 abc 0.8 a 13.8 opq 1.1 ab 10.0 6.8 0.2 0.0
MADRAS Bejo 76.3 h-m 6.1 a-i 6.1 a-d 10.7 k-p 0.2 a 9.2 6.0 0.8 5.3
CROCKETT Bejo 73.9 i-m 7.4 i-m 15.4 ef 2.6 a-d 0.0 a 9.8 7.0 6.3 13.0
PRONTIAC Cro 72.3 j-m 6.6 d-j 16.1 ef 4.2 a-i 0.0 a 9.5 6.8 14.0 10.7
Listed in Order of Percent Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
** 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average
ONION CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL - 2012 - 2013 - continued
.../continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
% M
ark
etab
le
% W
eig
ht
Lo
ss
% S
pro
uts
% R
ot
% S
oft
Fir
mn
ess
In *
*
Fir
mn
ess
Ou
t *
*
% S
pro
uti
ng
at
Bas
e
% S
pro
uti
ng
at
To
p
SHERMAN Bejo 72.2 j-m* 5.2 a-f 9.5 b-e 11.1 l-p 0.9 ab 9.2 6.3 2.7 7.3
FRONTIER Tak 71.9 klm 7.3 h-m 16.9 ef 3.0 a-e 0.0 a 10.0 7.2 1.7 16.7
EX 18873 Sem 71.1 lmn 6.8 f-k 13.2 de 8.1 f-n 0.0 a 9.5 7.3 5.8 7.7
CORONA Bejo 69.5 mn 6.4 c-j 4.3 abc 17.1 q 2.1 bc 9.5 5.7 5.0 3.3
NORSTAR Tak 63.9 n 7.8 jkl 10.9 cde 16.1 q 0.6 a 8.7 4.3 1.3 10.7
ALPINE Tak 51.7 o 8.7 l 22.0 f 14.2 pq 2.8 c 8.5 3.3 13.3 26.7
HIGHLANDER Tak 51.3 o 5.7 a-h 3.5 abc 31.4 r 7.3 d 8.2 3.7 0.0 1.5
ERIK THE RED Sol 38.3 p 7.2 g-l 39.8 h 13.9 pq 0.0 a 9.5 6.7 28.3 45.0
EX 13323 Sem 31.3 pq 8.4 kl 47.3 h 12.5 n-q 0.0 a 8.7 5.7 31.7 48.3
COOKE Sol 24.1 qr 8.5 kl 63.6 i 3.4 a-f 0.0 a 9.2 6.3 73.3 41.7
SCOUT Cro 17.8 r 10.7 m 63.6 i 7.7 e-n 0.0 a 8.2 5.7 45.0 75.0
AVALON Cro 6.6 s 13.6 n 31.2 g 48.4 s 0.0 a 8.2 5.0 20.0 30.0
Trial Average 72.3 6.4 11.7 8.4 0.4 9.5 6.6 7.3 10.3
Listed in Order of Percent Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
** 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average
ONION CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL - 2012 - 2013 - continued
MAIN ONION STORAGE CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES 2012-2013
Tahoe: Firm onion, Late storage onion, Mostly skin rot, A few internal rot, Basal plates just starting to push out 5-15%,
Stored nice to excellent.
Fortress: Top sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Mostly skin rot, A few internal rot, Firm onion, Late storage onion, Basal
plates just starting to push out 5-40%, Stored excellent.
Stanley: Top sprouts just starting 0-1cm, All skin rot, Basal plates just starting to push out 20-30%, Fairly firm,
Firmness a little uneven, Late storage onion, Stored nice.
Adonis: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, All skin rot, Basal plates just starting to push out 10-15%, Fairly firm,
Mid to late storage onion, Stored good.
Scorpion: Top sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Mostly skin, A few internal rot, Basal plates just starting to push out 15-30%,
Firm onion, Firmness slightly uneven, Late storage onion, Stored nice.
Hamlet: Top & roots sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Firmness slightly uneven, Basal plates just starting to push out 5-60%,
Late storage onion, All skin rot, Stored good.
Scorpion: Top & roots sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Skin & internal rot, Basal plates just starting to push out 10-60%, Firm
onion, Mid to late storage onion, Stored good.
La Salle: Top sprouts just starting 0-1 cm, Mostly skin rot, Some internal rot, Okay firmness, Basal plates just starting to
push out 60-70%, Mid to late storage onion, Stored good.
... / continued
MAIN ONION STORAGE CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES 2012-2013 – continued
Adventure: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1 cm, All skin rot, Firm onion, Firmness slightly uneven, Basal plates just
starting to push out 5-40%, Late storage onion, Stored nice.
Festival: Top sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Skin & internal rot, Firmness slightly uneven, Basal plates pushing out 75-95%,
Mid to late storage onion, Stored fair.
Prince: Top sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Internal & skin rot, Mid to late storage onion, Basal plates just starting to push
out 5-10%, Firmness slightly uneven, Stored good.
Patterson: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1 cm, All skin rot, Some Botrytis rot, Firm onion, Basal plates just starting to
push out 60-75%, Late storage onion, Stored good.
Braddock: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Mostly skin rot, Some internal rot, Firm onion, Firmness slightly
uneven, Basal plates just starting to push out 5-50%, Mid to late storage onion, Stored good.
BGS 297: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1 cm, Mostly internal rot, Some skin rot, Basal plates just starting to push out
20-30%, Fairly firm, Mid to late storage onion, Stored good to nice.
Trail Blazer: Firm onion, All skin rot, Top sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Basal plates just starting to push out 5-25%, Late
storage onion, Stored nice.
Pulsar: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Mostly skin rot, A few internal rot, Basal plates just starting to push out
5-25%, Fairly firm, Firmness slightly uneven, Mid storage onion, Stored good.
... / continued
MAIN ONION STORAGE CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES 2012-2013 – continued
Trekker: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, All skin rot, Basal plates just starting to push out 15-50%, Okay firmness
but uneven, Mid storage onion, Stored okay.
Hendrix: Top sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Skin & internal rot, Basal plates just starting to push out 10-50%, Firmness
slightly uneven, Mid storage onion, Stored good.
Safrane: Top sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Mostly skin rot, A few internal & neck rot, Basal plates just starting to push out
25-35%, Fairly firm, Firmness slightly uneven, Mid to late storage onion, Stored good.
NUN 7408: Top sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Fairly firm, Mostly skin rot, Odd internal rot, Basal plates just starting to push
out 5-20%, Mid to late storage onion, Stored good.
Milestone: Top sprouts just starting to light 0-2.5cm, Mostly skin rot, Odd internal rot, Basal plates pushing out 10-70%,
Firmness slightly uneven, Mid storage onion, Stored okay.
EX 18456: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Okay firmness, Firmness slightly uneven, Basal plates just starting to
push out 35-70%, Mostly Skin rot, Mid storage onion, Stored good.
Nebula: Root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Firm onion, Mostly skin rot, A few internal rot, Basal plates just starting to
push out 5-15%, Concern about rot, Late storage onion, Stored nice.
Hendrix: Light amount of top sprouts approx. 1-2.5cm, Root sprouts just starting to sprout 0-1cm, All skin rot, Basal
plates just starting to push out 10-25%, Firm onion, Firmness slightly uneven, Mid to late storage onion, Stored
good to nice.
... / continued
MAIN ONION STORAGE CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES 2012-2013 – continued
Tenshin: All skin rot, Basal plates just starting to push out 10-40%, Okay firmness uneven, Mid to late storage onion,
Stored okay.
Madras: Light amount of top sprouts approx. 1-2.5cm, Root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, All skin rot, Basal plates just
starting to push out 20-80%, Firmness uneven, Mid storage onion, Stored good.
Crockett: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Mostly skin rot, A few internal rot, Basal plates pushing out 20-40%,
Firmness slightly uneven, Mid to late storage onion, Stored okay.
Pontiac: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Internal& skin rot, Basal plates just starting to push out 10-25%, Firm
onion, Firmness slightly uneven, Mid to late storage onion, Stored good.
Sherman: Top & root sprouting just starting 0-1cm, All skin rot, Basal plates just starting to push out 15-50%, A little soft,
Firmness slightly uneven, Early to mid storage onion, Stored fair.
Frontier: Top sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Fairly firm, Basal plates just starting to push out 20-45%, Mostly skin rot, A
few internal rot, Mid to late storage onion, Stored good.
EX 18873: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Internal & skin rot, Basal plates just starting to push out 10-60%,
Firmness uneven, Mid to late storage onion, Stored good.
Corona: Mostly skin rot, A few internal rot, Firmness uneven, Early to mid storage onion, Basal plates just starting to
push out 30-45%, Stored fair to okay.
... / continued
MAIN ONION STORAGE CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES 2012-2013 – continued
Norstar: Light amount of top sprouts 1-2.5cm, Root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Firmness slightly uneven, Mostly skin
rot, Concern about rot, Basal plates pushing out 75-95%, Early storage onion, Stored a little poor.
Alpine: Firmness uneven & soft, Basal plates pushing out 80%, Top sprouts light to moderate 1-5cm, Root sprouts just
starting 0-1cm, Mostly skin rot, A few internal rot, Botrytis rot, Not a storage onion, Stored poor.
Highlander: Top sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Mostly skin rot, A few internal rot, Rot a big concern, Basal plates pushing out
75-80%, Soft, Not a storage onion, Stored poor.
Erik the Red: Top & root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Sprouting is a concern, Mostly skin rot, Odd internal rot, Rot is a
concern, Mid storage onion, Basal plates just starting to push out 60-80%, Firmness uneven, Stored a little poor.
EX 13323: Top & root sprouts just starting to moderate 0-2.5cm, Sprouting is a concern, Mostly skin rot, A few internal rot,
Okay firmness, Basal plates just starting to push out 10-30%, Early to mid to late storage onion, Stored a little
poor.
Cooke: Top & root sprouts just starting to moderate 0-2.5cm, Sprouting is a concern, Firmness okay, Early to mid
storage onion, Mostly internal rot, A few skin rot, Basal plates just starting to push out 40-80%, Stored a little
poor.
Scout: Top sprouts just starting to moderate 0-2.5cm, Root sprouts just starting 0-1cm, Mostly skin rot, Odd internal rot,
Sprouting is a concern, Basal plates just starting to push out 65-80%, Early storage onion, Stored poor.
Avalon: Light amount of top sprouts 0-2.5cm, Soft, Rot a big concern, Skin, internal & skin rot, Early storage onion,
Basal plates just starting to push out 10-25%, Stored very poor.
% WT LOSS % ROT,
# YEARS % IN SOFT &
CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED MARKETABLE STORAGE SPROUT IN OUT
CAVALIER Sem 6 87.8 6.4 6.9 9.85 7.30
PATTERSON Bejo 5 86.3 5.8 7.3 9.62 7.58
COPRA Bejo 5 86.2 8.6 5.7 8.00 7.25
INFINITY Nun 9 84.6 5.9 8.3 9.68 6.68
TRAIL BLAZER Tak 5 84.5 4.7 10.1 9.52 7.44
FLAGSHIP Sem 7 83.6 6.8 9.6 4.94 7.08
CANADA MAPLE Sto 9 83.3 8.3 8.3 NA 7.40
TAURUS Sem 9 82.9 7.3 9.8 NA 5.85
MILLENNIUM Nun 8 82.8 6.6 10.5 4.95 6.85
TAHOE Bejo 9 82.8 5.0 11.9 9.70 7.68
STANLEY Sol 14 81.1 7.0 11.3 9.81 7.27
PULSAR Nun 7 80.7 5.6 12.9 9.29 7.00
TRAPPS #8 E.J. 9 79.9 8.9 11.3 NA 6.35
BRADDOCK Bejo 8 79.2 6.3 14.1 9.45 6.78
CORTLAND Bejo 5 79.0 7.7 13.6 9.85 6.85
SALEM Bejo 5 79.0 8.1 14.0 9.85 6.80
HAMLET Sem 21 77.4 7.7 15.9 9.55 6.40
NEBULA Nun 8 77.2 5.8 16.3 9.60 7.40
FORTRESS Sem 19 77.1 8.4 14.7 9.45 6.86
LIVINGSTON Sol 13 76.1 6.9 13.8 9.70 6.90
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* 10.0 = Most Desirable, 8.0 = Good, 6.0 = Average
FIRMNESS *
LONG TERM AVERAGES OF ONION STORAGE TRIALS
% WT LOSS % ROT,
# YEARS % IN SOFT &
CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED MARKETABLE STORAGE SPROUT IN OUT
TALON Bejo 6 75.2 5.4 19.0 9.70 6.82
ARSENAL Sem 13 74.7 7.0 18.7 9.65 6.02
TRAPPS # 7 Cro 4 74.2 9.7 18.5 7.30 5.80
MOUNTAINEER Tak 9 73.8 5.8 20.1 9.31 6.69
SAFRANE Bejo 7 73.8 6.6 18.7 9.69 7.30
PRINCE Bejo 20 73.7 9.3 18.2 9.66 6.85
PARAGON Nun 10 73.5 11.2 17.1 9.00 6.90
SPECTRUM Nun 6 73.5 11.2 18.9 8.85 5.50
TAMARA Bejo 9 71.9 9.9 21.8 9.85 6.75
TARMAGON Sto 6 70.5 10.1 19.1 8.25 5.25
BENCHMARK Sem 5 70.5 12.8 21.3 9.45 6.91
MILESTONE Tak 12 70.5 6.1 22.8 9.46 5.89
FRONTIER Tak 18 69.1 7.8 24.5 9.83 7.11
ADVANCER HM 11 65.5 11.0 26.6 8.30 4.00
HUSTLER HM 11 64.1 9.9 27.8 8.00 5.30
AUTUMN KEEPER Cro 5 61.1 12.6 26.4 7.42 5.65
RICOCHET Sem 9 58.0 6.1 33.9 9.60 5.93
MARCO Sol 4 55.9 6.5 37.0 8.38 5.13
CORONA Bejo 17 53.9 10.2 38.8 9.42 5.36
NORSTAR Tak 24 50.2 10.2 40.8 8.19 4.65
Listed in order of % Marketable. Storage period approximately 11 months.
* 10.0 = Most Desirable, 8.0 = Good, 6.0 = Average
FIRMNESS *
LONG TERM AVERAGES OF ONION STORAGE TRIALS - continued
RED ONION TRANSPLANT CULTIVAR TRIAL – 2013
MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES
Seeded:
On 11 & 12 March seeded in seedling trays, 288 plugs/tray, filled with ASB soilless mixture with two seeds/cell. The onion plants were clipped
regularly to a height of 8 cm to promote sturdy plants.
Fertilizer:
Greenhouse – 20-20-20 at a rate of 50 ppm for the first two weeks after emergence then 100 ppm (Ebb & Flow Bench) prior to transplant.
One application of 10-52-10 at a rate of 3.1 kg/1000 L of water just prior to transplant.
Field - 90 kg/ha Nitrogen (Ammonium Nitrate 34-0-0) + 80 kg/ha Phosphorous (MAP 11-52-0) + 100 kg/ha Potassium (SOP 0-0-50) + 100 kg/ha
K–Mag (0-0-22) + 35 kg/ha Manganese (15%) + 5 kg/ha Copper (99% Cu) was worked into the soil.
A side dressing of 15 kg/ha Nitrogen + 15 kg/ha Phosphorous (MAP 11-52-0) + 25 kg/ha of Potassium (SOP 0-0-50) + 30 kg/ha of K-Mag (0-0-
22) + 30 kg /ha Cal-U-Sol was applied on 17 June.
Transplanted:
Three replications were planted in the field on 3 May at a spacing of 43 cm (row) and 12 cm (plant) apart.
A tray drench of Lorsban 4E was applied at 1.6 ml product per 475 ml water per tray 2 days before transplanting on 1 May.
Weed Control:
Post-emergence: 1 application: PROWL 400 at 7.5 L/ha 21 May.
1 application: PROWL H20 at 6.6 L/ha on 13 June.
2 applications: PARDNER at 140 ml/ha + GOAL at 140 ml/ha and Manganese at 2.0 kg/ha on 27 May and 15 June.
.../continued
RED ONION TRANSPLANT CULTIVAR TRIAL - 2013 - continued
Minor Elements: Seven foliar sprays: Supafeed on 4 & 10 July (2.0 kg/ha), 18 & 25 July, 2, 8 & 15 August (3.0 kg/ha)
Seven foliar sprays: Calcimax on 19 & 27 June, 10 July (2.0 L/ha), 18 July (2.5 L/ha), 25 July, 2 & 8 August (3.0 L/ha)
Six foliar sprays: Mag Max on 4 June (1.0 L/ha), 27 June, 4 July (2.0 L/ha), 18 & 25 July, 8 August (3.0 L/ha)
Five foliar sprays: Manganese Sulfate on 25 July & 8 August (2.0 kg/ha), 4 & 10 July, 15 August (2.5 kg/ha)
Four foliar sprays: Alexin on 4 & 10 July (2.0 L/ha), 8 & 15 August (3.0 L/ha)
Four foliar sprays: Boron Max on 18 & 25 July (500 ml/ha), 2 & 15 August (1.0 L/ha)
Four foliar sprays: Mancozin on 19 & 27 June (2.0 L/ha), 18 July & 2 August (3.0 L/ha)
Three foliar sprays: Epsom Salt on 10 July, 2 & 15 August (2.5 kg/ha)
Three foliar sprays: 20-20-20 on 4 June (1.5 kg/ha), 19 & 27 June (2.0 kg/ha)
Two foliar sprays: Zinc Max on 4 & 19 June (2.0 L/ha)
Two foliar sprays: Copper Max on 25 July and 15 August (1.5 L/ha)
One foliar spray: TruPhos on 30 July at 4.0 L/ha
Insect and Disease Control:
According to IPM recommendations.
DITHANE DG at 2.5 kg/ha and Minor Elements on 19 June.
BRAVO at 2.5 L/ha + RIPCORD at 175 ml/ha L/ha and Minor Elements on 27 June.
PRISTINE WG at 1.3 kg/ha + DELEGATE at 300 g/ha and Minor Elements on 4 July.
RIDOMIL MZ 2.50 kg/ha + MATADOR at 188 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 10 July.
DITHANE DG at 2.25 kg/ha + QUADRIS TOP at 1.0 L/ha + MOVENTO at 375 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 18 July.
DITHANE DG at 2.25 kg/ha + RIDOMIL MZ 2.50 kg/ha + DELEGATE at 336 g/ha and Minor Elements on 25 July.
MATADOR at 188 ml/ha and Minor Element on 30 July.
PRISTINE WG at 1.3 kg/ha + BRAVO at 1.0 L/ha + MOVENTO at 365 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 2 August.
QUADRIS TOP at 1.0 L/ha + DIBROM at 550 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 8 August.
PENNCOZEB 80 WP at 2.25 kg/ha + RIPCORD at 288 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 15 August.
Harvest:
The trial was pulled on 9 September and topped on 19 September. The trial was placed in a forced air and temperature controlled storage 15
October. The trial was cured for 24 hours (25oC, minimum 65% RH). After curing the temperature was lowered 5
oC per week until 0
oC was
attained.
Sprout Inhibition: ROYAL MH 60SG at 3.75 kg/ha in 550 L/ha water on 16 August
.../continued
RED ONION TRANSPLANT CULTIVAR TRIAL - 2013 - continued
EVALUATION PROCEDURES The cultivars were evaluated 13-19 November after 5 weeks in storage.
# Bulbs Harvested: Total number of onions harvested from 4.66 m of row.
Harvest Weight: Weights from the harvested 4.66 m of row.
Marketable Yield B/A:
Number of onions > 76 mm (> 3"), 76 mm to 64 mm (3" to 2 ½") and 64 mm to 32 mm (2 ½" to 1¼").
Majority of Culls:
D = Double PW = Pee Wee R = Rot OC = Off Colours S = Seeders SP = Sprouts
Shape: HG = High Globe FG = Flatten Globe G = Globe Sp = Spindle TD = Tear Drop T = Top
Interior & Exterior Colour:
LR = Light Red R = Red DR = Dark Red DEEP = Deep Dark Red
Skin Thickness: 10.0 = Most Desirable 7.5 = Good 6.0 = Average
Skinning: 10.0 = Most Desirable, skins well attached 7.5 = Good, skins have a few small cracks 6.0 = Average, skins have cracks but still attached
.../continued
RED ONION TRANSPLANT CULTIVAR TRIAL - 2013 - continued
Overall Score:
Based on quality and general appearance.
Score: The average of nine marks at evaluation from Uniformity of Shape to Firmness.
Average Weight/Bulb (g):
The total weight in grams of all bulbs divided by the total number of bulbs. A bulb 51 mm (2") in diameter weighs approximately 70 g. A bulb 57
mm (2¼") in diameter weighs approximately 100 g. A bulb 64 mm (2½") in diameter weighs approximately 135 g.
Days to Harvest:
Numbers of days from transplant until 85% of the tops were down.
Percent Onion Maggot Damage: Percent of onions damaged by onion maggot ranging from pin hole to completely unmarketable that were found in the 4.66 m harvest sample.
Seeders: The average number of seeders found in all three replicates of each cultivar.
Top Height (cm):
The average length of 20 random onion tops from the all three replicates from the ground to the tips as taken on 26 July.
50 cm is equal to 20 inches.
Leaf Shape:
B = Leaves are bent or hanging U = Up right leaves, straight
Irrigation: Irrigation water was applied on: 25 July (1").
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
# B
ulb
s H
arv
este
d
To
tal
Har
ves
t W
eig
ht
(kg
)
Wg
t. J
um
bo
> 7
6 m
m
(kg
)
Wg
t. L
arg
e 7
6-6
4 m
m
(kg
)
Wg
t. M
ediu
m 6
4-3
2 m
m
(kg
)
Mar
ket
able
Yie
ld B
/A
% M
ark
etab
le
Maj
ori
ty o
f C
ull
s
Per
cen
t S
ing
le C
entr
es
RED WING Bejo 75 18.28 14.30 a* 3.36 def 0.40 1362 a 98.2 a R 10.0 bcd
RED BULL Bejo 71 15.71 10.26 bc 3.92 b-f 0.80 1130 bcd 95.3 ab R 16.7 bcd
RED SKY Bejo 77 15.98 9.04 cde 5.61 ab 0.59 1149 bc 95.2 ab D 10.0 bcd
RUBY RING Sto 73 13.48 4.50 f 7.41 a 1.00 974 efg 95.0 ab D 26.7 b
MARENGE Nun 73 15.53 11.00 bc 3.02 fg 0.79 1117 b-e 95.0 ab R 23.3 bc
BGS 300 Bejo 77 16.40 9.50 b-e 5.33 bc 0.80 1179 b 94.8 ab D 13.3 bcd
ERIK THE RED Sol 70 16.30 10.92 bc 3.65 b-f 0.69 1150 bc 94.3 ab R 3.3 cd
RED BERET Cro 75 14.17 6.71 ef 5.22 bcd 1.58 1019 c-f 93.8 ab R 53.3 a
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
RED ONION TRANSPLANT CULTIVAR TRIAL - 2013
.../ continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
# B
ulb
s H
arv
este
d
To
tal
Har
ves
t W
eig
ht
(kg
)
Wg
t. J
um
bo
> 7
6 m
m
(kg
)
Wg
t. L
arg
e 7
6-6
4 m
m
(kg
)
Wg
t. M
ediu
m 6
4-3
2 m
m
(kg
)
Mar
ket
able
Yie
ld B
/A
% M
ark
etab
le
Maj
ori
ty o
f C
ull
s
Per
cen
t S
ing
le C
entr
es
NUN 9005 Nun 74 12.32 5.51 f* 4.40 b-f 1.38 852 gh 92.8 ab R 20.0 bcd
PURPLE HAZE Cro 73 14.09 6.80 def 5.14 b-e 0.89 967 fgh 91.3 bc R 73.3 a
MERCURY Sto 72 17.32 10.33 bc 4.29 b-f 1.01 1179 b 90.7 bcd D 6.7 bcd
RED DEVIL Cro 70 15.31 9.31 cde 3.23 ef 1.21 1037 b-f 90.0 bcd R 73.3 a
SV 4643 Sem 72 16.81 12.13 ab 2.53 fg 0.34 1131 bcd 86.6 cd D 20.0 bcd
RED HAWK Bejo 70 15.54 8.84 cde 3.51 c-f 0.82 993 d-g 84.8 d R 20.0 bcd
RED JEWEL Bejo 72 17.74 10.11 bc 2.49 fg 0.39 980 efg 72.6 e D 3.3 cd
RED LABEL Bejo 67 15.66 9.56 bcd 1.18 g 0.19 824 h 69.7 e R 0.0 d
Trial Average 73 15.67 9.30 4.02 0.81 1065 90.0 23.3
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
.../ continued
RED ONION TRANSPLANT CULTIVAR TRIAL - 2013 - continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
Sh
ape
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f S
hap
e
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f S
ize
Ex
teri
or
Co
lou
r
Ex
teri
or
Co
lou
r R
atin
g
Inte
rio
r C
olo
ur
Inte
rio
r C
olo
ur
Rat
ing
Sk
in T
hic
kn
ess
Sk
inn
ing
Nec
k F
inis
h
Ov
eral
l S
core
Sco
re
RED WING Bejo G 6.3 7.3 DR 8.5 DR 6.7 def 7.2 8.00 4.7 7.0 7.04 a
RED BULL Bejo G 6.0 7.0 DR 7.3 R 7.0 cde 6.3 8.67 6.5 7.0 7.06 a
RED SKY Bejo G 5.7 7.0 R 6.7 R 8.3 ab 6.0 6.17 8.0 6.0 6.67 abc
RUBY RING Sto TD 7.3 7.0 R 6.7 R 6.0 efg 6.7 6.33 7.0 6.8 6.83 ab
MARENGE Nun FG 8.0 6.3 DR 7.0 DR 6.7 def 6.3 4.67 7.0 6.3 6.52 bcd
BGS 300 Bejo HG 7.0 6.7 LR 6.7 LR 5.3 gh 6.3 9.00 6.7 7.0 6.83 ab
ERIK THE RED Sol G 5.7 5.7 R 5.7 R 7.7 a-d 7.7 3.67 7.2 5.3 6.17 cde
RED BERET Cro HG 5.3 4.7 DR 6.0 R 5.7 fg 5.0 6.3 5.7 5.7 5.63 f
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test. .../ continued
RED ONION TRANSPLANT CULTIVAR TRIAL - 2013 - continued
10.0 = Most Desirable, 8.0 = Good, 6.0 = Average
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
Sh
ape
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f S
hap
e
Un
ifo
rmit
y o
f S
ize
Ex
teri
or
Co
lou
r
Ex
teri
or
Co
lou
r R
atin
g
Inte
rio
r C
olo
ur
Inte
rio
r C
olo
ur
Rat
ing
Sk
in T
hic
kn
ess
Sk
inn
ing
Nec
k F
inis
h
Ov
eral
l S
core
Sco
re
NUN 9005 Nun TDG 6.3 3.7 DR 6.3 DR 7.3 bcd 5.0 3.3 7.3 4.7 5.59 f
PURPLE HAZE Cro G 5.0 4.7 DR 5.0 R 7.7 a-d 6.0 6.5 7.0 6.0 6.02 def
MERCURY Sto SP 5.0 5.7 LR 5.0 R 4.3 h 7.3 6.67 6.0 6.0 5.87 ef
RED DEVIL Cro FG 4.3 5.0 DR 5.7 R 7.3 bcd 6.0 5.0 5.3 4.7 5.56 f
SV 4643 Sem HG 5.0 7.0 R 4.3 R 5.7 fg 5.3 5.67 6.0 5.3 5.67 ef
RED HAWK Bejo HG 6.0 6.0 DR 7.3 DR 7.7 a-d 5.7 8.33 5.7 6.3 6.56 abc
RED JEWEL Bejo G 5.0 4.3 DR 7.7 DR 8.0 abc 5.0 4.33 5.3 5.0 5.59 f
RED LABEL Bejo TF 6.7 6.3 DR 7.7 DR 8.7 a 5.7 2.0 7.0 3.0 6.00 def
Trial Average 5.9 5.9 6.5 6.9 6.1 5.9 6.4 5.8 6.22
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test. .../ continued
RED ONION TRANSPLANT CULTIVAR TRIAL - 2013 - continued
10.0 = Most Desirable, 8.0 = Good, 6.0 = Average
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
Fir
mn
ess
at H
arv
est
Fir
mn
ess
Av
erag
e W
eig
ht/
Bu
lb (
g)
Sta
nd
/Fo
ot
Day
s to
Har
ves
t
% O
nio
n M
agg
ot
Dam
age
% J
um
bo
> 7
6 m
m
RED WING Bejo 9.5 7.7 a* 244.8 ab 4.9 111 g 0.0 a 68.8 a
RED BULL Bejo 8.8 7.7 a 220.9 b-e 4.6 94 cde 0.0 a 54.4 bc
RED SKY Bejo 8.5 6.2 bcd 207.9 e-h 5.0 78 a 0.0 a 47.9 b-e
RUBY RING Sto 9.7 7.7 a 183.5 hi 4.8 96 def 0.0 a 24.7 f
MARENGE Nun 8.8 6.3 bcd 213.9 def 4.8 102 f 0.0 a 58.3 abc
BGS 300 Bejo 9.2 6.8 abc 212.9 d-g 5.0 91 cde 0.0 a 47.6 b-e
ERIK THE RED Sol 9.2 7.0 ab 231.7 a-e 4.6 89 bcd 0.0 a 56.9 abc
RED BERET Cro 8.8 6.3 bcd 187.9 ghi 4.9 92 cde 0.0 a 34.5 ef
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test. .../ continued
RED ONION TRANSPLANT CULTIVAR TRIAL - 2013 - continued
Cu
ltiv
ar
So
urc
e
Fir
mn
ess
at H
arv
est
Fir
mn
ess
Av
erag
e W
eig
ht/
Bu
lb (
g)
Sta
nd
/Fo
ot
Day
s to
Har
ves
t
% O
nio
n M
agg
ot
Dam
age
% J
um
bo
> 7
6 m
m
NUN 9005 Nun 8.7 6.3 bcd* 165.6 i 4.9 98 ef 0.3 a 32.5 f
PURPLE HAZE Cro 8.5 6.3 bcd 193.8 fgh 4.8 95 c-f 0.0 a 36.2 def
MERCURY Sto 8.3 6.8 abc 241.4 abc 4.69 97 ef 0.0 a 47.8 b-e
RED DEVIL Cro 9.3 6.7 bc 217.9 c-f 4.6 102 f 0.0 a 49.4 bcd
SV 4643 Sem 8.7 6.7 bc 233.5 a-d 4.71 88 bc 0.3 a 61.1 ab
RED HAWK Bejo 8.2 6.0 cd 221.6 b-e 4.60 98 ef 0.3 a 47.1 cde
RED JEWEL Bejo 8.5 5.7 d 247.3 a 4.69 82 ab 0.0 a 47.5 b-e
RED LABEL Bejo 8.8 7.0 ab 233.9 a-d 4.4 80 a 0.0 a 54.6 bc
Trial Average 8.8 6.7 216.2 4.7 93 0.1 48.1
Listed in order of % Marketable.
* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.
RED ONION TRANSPLANT CULTIVAR TRIAL - 2013 - continued
RED ONION TRANSPLANT CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES 2013
Red Wing: Nice appearance, Good tight neck finish but a bit rough, Odd skin cracking, Pretty good skins, Thicker skins,
Dark & even exterior colour, Odd browning on skins, Nice packer, Uniformity of shape uneven, Good even
firmness, Large run size, Dead center white, Interior colour a little uneven, Late storage onion.
Red Bull: Nice appearance, Good tight neck finish but uneven, Odd skin cracking, Pretty good skins, Exterior colour a
little uneven, Odd browning on skins, Good to nice packer, Large run size, Uniformity of shape uneven, Good
firmness, Dead centers white, Interior colour a little uneven, Late storage onion.
Red Sky: Average appearance, Great tight neck finish, A lot of skin cracking a concern, Fair skins, Odd skin rot, Exterior
colour a little uneven, Some browning on skins, Average packer, Medium to large run size, Uniformity of shape
uneven, Odd double onion, Firmness uneven, Interior colour good red & even, A little mechanical damage, Mid
storage onion.
Ruby Ring: Good to nice appearance, Good neck finish odd one rough, Some skin cracking a little concern, Pretty good skins,
Thicker skins, Exterior colour a little uneven, Odd browning on skins, Good to nice packer, Medium run size,
Uniformity of shape even, Suspicion of doubles, Good firmness, Interior colour uneven, Dead centers white,
Longer term storage onion.
Marenge: Good appearance, Good tight neck finish, A lot of skin cracking a concern, Average skins, Thicker skin, Dark
exterior colour and a little uneven, Odd browning on skins, Good packer, Large run size, Uniformity of shape
even, Firmness uneven, Dead centers white, Dark interior colour and a little uneven, Mid storage onion.
BGS 300: Good appearance, Average neck finish, Nice thick skins, Pale exterior colour even, Good packer, Large run
size, Uniformity of shape even, Good firmness, White centers, Interior colour pale & uneven, Mid to late
storage onion.
... / continued
RED ONION TRANSPLANT CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES 2013 - continued
Erik the Red: Poor to okay appearance, Good neck finish but a bit rough, Most have skin cracking a concern, Thin skins,
Exterior colour a little uneven, Some browning on skins, Red even interior colour, Average packer, Medium to
large run size, Uniformity of shape uneven, Suspicion of doubles, Good even firmness, Dead centers white, A
little mechanical damage, Mid to late storage onion.
Red Beret: Average appearance, Average neck finish but a bit rough, Some of skin cracking, Average skins, Dark exterior
colour a little uneven, Odd browning on skins, Average packer, Uniformity of shape uneven, Sizes uneven,
Medium to large run size, Okay firmness but uneven, Interior colour uneven, Mid to late storage onion.
Nun 9005: Fair appearance, Appearance uneven, Good tight neck finish odd one rough, A lot of skin cracking a concern,
Poor skins, Dark exterior colour uneven, Poor to okay packer, Uneven run size, Uniformity of shape a little
uneven, Firmness uneven, A few dead centers white, Interior colour a little uneven, Mid storage onion.
Purple Haze: Average appearance, Average neck finish but a little rough, Odd one with skin cracking, Average skins, Exterior
colour uneven, Some browning on skins, Average packer, Medium run size, Uniformity of shape uneven, Good
firmness but a little uneven, White centers, Interior colour even, Mid storage onion.
Mercury: Average appearance, Average neck finish bit rough, Some skin cracking, Average skins, Exterior colour uneven,
Some browning on skins, Average packer, Medium run size, Suspicion of doubles, Uniformity of shape uneven,
Good firmness, White centers, Interior colour uneven, A little skin rot, A few multiple centers, Mid storage
onion.
Red Devil: Fair appearance, Uneven neck finish a rough, A lot of skin cracking a concern, Fair to Average skins, Exterior
colour a little uneven, Okay packer, Some browning on skins, Medium run size, Uniformity of shape very
uneven, White centers uneven, Interior colour uneven, Mid storage onion.
... / continued
RED ONION TRANSPLANT CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES 2013 - continued
SV 4643: Average appearance, Average neck finish some bit rough, Some skin cracking, Average skins, Exterior colour
very uneven, Odd browning on skins, Average to good packer, Large run size, Uniformity of shape uneven,
Good firmness, Interior colour uneven, Suspicion of doubles, mid to late storage onion.
Red Hawk: Good appearance, Good neck finish bit rough, Odd one with skin cracking, Pretty good skins, Dark even exterior
colour, Good packer, Odd browning on skins, Medium run size, Some skin rot, Uniformity of shape a little
uneven, Okay firmness, Dead centers white, Dark interior colour even, Mid storage onion.
Red Jewel: Poor bit rough appearance, Poor rough neck finish, A lot of skin cracking a concern, Thin poor skins, Dark even
exterior colour, Okay packer, Large run size, Skin rot a concern, Uniformity of shape very uneven, Mechanical
damage a little concern, Firmness uneven, Doubles are a concern, Dead centers white, Dark interior colour,
Multiple centers, Mid storage onion.
Red Label: Very poor appearance, Good tight neck finish, Most skins cracking a concern, Poor thin skins, Dark even
exterior colour, Poor packer, Medium to large run size, A lot of skin rot a concern, Uniformity of shape a little
uneven, A lot of mechanical damage a concern, Good firmness, Multiple centers, Dark interior colour even,
Mid storage onion.
Check out the Muck Crops
Research Station’s Web Page
www.uoguelph.ca/muckcrop/
Grower Field Day & Muck Conference Information
Integrated Pest Management Information Publications
IPM Report Updates Cultivar Trial Results
Weather Data Research Reports
Insect & Disease Forecasting Data Research Documents
Check out the Muck Crops Research Station’s
New Twitter Account
The Muck Crops Research Station launched a Twitter account in
mid-March. The account will be used to communicate brief updates
of the Station’s IPM program along with other information to our
growers, industry reps and academic personnel. The tweets will
consist of important pest alerts, reminders of up and coming events
and other information that we hope will be helpful to our followers.
So take some time, follow us and stay informed.
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