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DRILLING FLUIDSDRILLING FLUIDS
-- AN OVERVIEWAN OVERVIEW
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DRILLING FLUIDS: HISTORYDRILLING FLUIDS: HISTORY
AND DEFINITIONAND DEFINITION::
ANY COMPOSITION, WHICH ISANY COMPOSITION, WHICH IS
USED TO AID IN PRODUCTION ANDUSED TO AID IN PRODUCTION AND
REMOVAL OF CUTTINGS FROM THEREMOVAL OF CUTTINGS FROM THEWELL BORE, IS TERMED AS DRILLINGWELL BORE, IS TERMED AS DRILLING
FLUID.FLUID.
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1 - SELECTION OF RIGHT DRILLING FLUID1 - SELECTION OF RIGHT DRILLING FLUID
AND MAINTENANCE OF RIGHT PROPERTIESAND MAINTENANCE OF RIGHT PROPERTIES
INFLUENCEINFLUENCE2 - THE TOTAL NUMBER OF RIG DAYS REQUIRED2 - THE TOTAL NUMBER OF RIG DAYS REQUIRED
DRILLING A WELL WHICH DEPEND UPONDRILLING A WELL WHICH DEPEND UPON
3 - RATE OF PENETRATION AND AVOIDANCE OF3 - RATE OF PENETRATION AND AVOIDANCE OFDELAYS CAUSED BY STUCK DRILL PIPE,DELAYS CAUSED BY STUCK DRILL PIPE,
SLOUGHING SHALES AND LOSS OFSLOUGHING SHALES AND LOSS OF
CIRCULATION ALL OF WHICH ARE INFLUENCEDCIRCULATION ALL OF WHICH ARE INFLUENCED
BY THE PROPERTIES OF THE MUD.BY THE PROPERTIES OF THE MUD.
..
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FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS
TRANSPORT DRILLED CUTTINGS ANDTRANSPORT DRILLED CUTTINGS ANDCAVINGS TO THE SURFACECAVINGS TO THE SURFACE
SUSPEND DRILLED CUTTINGS AND CAVINGSSUSPEND DRILLED CUTTINGS AND CAVINGS
WHEN CIRCULATION IS STOPPEDWHEN CIRCULATION IS STOPPED CONTROL SUBSURFACE PRESSURECONTROL SUBSURFACE PRESSURE
COOL AND LUBRICATE BIT AND DRILL STRINGCOOL AND LUBRICATE BIT AND DRILL STRING
SUPPORT THE WALLS OF THE WELL BORESUPPORT THE WALLS OF THE WELL BORE
HELP SUSPEND THE WEIGHT OF THE DRILLHELP SUSPEND THE WEIGHT OF THE DRILL
STRING AND CASINGSTRING AND CASING
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FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS
DELIVER HYDRAULIC ENERGY UPONDELIVER HYDRAULIC ENERGY UPON
THE FORMATION BENEATH BIT ANDTHE FORMATION BENEATH BIT AND
PROVIDE SUITABLE MEDIUM FOR WIREPROVIDE SUITABLE MEDIUM FOR WIRE
LINE LOGSLINE LOGS
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TYPES OF WATER BASED MUDTYPES OF WATER BASED MUD
SYSTEMSSYSTEMS CONTD.CONTD.
!"!" FRESH WATER MUDS: TECHNICALLY,FRESH WATER MUDS: TECHNICALLY, FRESHFRESHWATER MUDS ARE DEFINED ASWATER MUDS ARE DEFINED AS ANY WATERANY WATERCLAY MUD CONTAININGCLAY MUD CONTAINING LESS THAN ONELESS THAN ONEPERCENT 1#" SALTPERCENT 1#" SALT AND 12$ PPM CALCIUM.AND 12$ PPM CALCIUM.
THESE ARE OF FOLLOWING TWO TYPES.THESE ARE OF FOLLOWING TWO TYPES.%"%" NATIVE OR SPUD MUDS: IT HAS BEENNATIVE OR SPUD MUDS: IT HAS BEEN
OBSERVED AT MANY DRILLING LOCATIONS THATOBSERVED AT MANY DRILLING LOCATIONS THATWHILE DRILLING THE SHALLOW SUBSURFACEWHILE DRILLING THE SHALLOW SUBSURFACEPORTIONS OF WELL, THE CLAYEY MATTER OFPORTIONS OF WELL, THE CLAYEY MATTER OFFORMATIONS GETS READILY DISPERSED IN THEFORMATIONS GETS READILY DISPERSED IN THEWATER BEING USED FOR DRILLINGWATER BEING USED FOR DRILLING RESULTING INRESULTING INSUSPENSIONS THAT PERFORM WELL AS DRILLINGSUSPENSIONS THAT PERFORM WELL AS DRILLINGFLUIDS. SUCH MUDS ARE, THEREFORE, KNOWNFLUIDS. SUCH MUDS ARE, THEREFORE, KNOWN
AS NATIVE MUDS OR SPUD MUDS.AS NATIVE MUDS OR SPUD MUDS.
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TYPES OF WATER BASED MUDTYPES OF WATER BASED MUD
SYSTEMSSYSTEMS CONTD.CONTD.
&"&" TREATED MUDS: UNLIKE NATIVETREATED MUDS: UNLIKE NATIVEMUDS, CLAY MOSTLY BENTONITE ISMUDS, CLAY MOSTLY BENTONITE IS
ADDED TO FRESH WATER FOLLOWEDADDED TO FRESH WATER FOLLOWED
BY OTHER ADDITIVES.BY OTHER ADDITIVES.
SEVERAL TYPES OF DRILLING FLUIDSSEVERAL TYPES OF DRILLING FLUIDS
CONFIRM TO THIS DEFINITION. THESECONFIRM TO THIS DEFINITION. THESEDRILLING FLUIDS CAN BE PUT INDRILLING FLUIDS CAN BE PUT IN
FOLLOWING FOUR BROADFOLLOWING FOUR BROAD
CATEGORIESCATEGORIES
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TYPES OF WATER BASED MUDTYPES OF WATER BASED MUD
SYSTEMSSYSTEMS CONTD.CONTD. '"'" SALT WATER MUDSSALT WATER MUDS
("(" CALCIUM TREATED MUDSCALCIUM TREATED MUDS
)")" LIGNOSULPHONATE MUDSLIGNOSULPHONATE MUDS
*"*" POLYMER MUDSPOLYMER MUDS
A CAREFUL ANALYSIS OF ABOVE TYPES OFA CAREFUL ANALYSIS OF ABOVE TYPES OFINHIBITIVE MUDS REVEALS THAT A MUD CAN BEINHIBITIVE MUDS REVEALS THAT A MUD CAN BE
CONVERTED TO INHIBITIVE OR INERT TYPES EITHERCONVERTED TO INHIBITIVE OR INERT TYPES EITHER
BY: -BY: -
THE ADDITION OF ELECTROLYTES MONOVALENT ORTHE ADDITION OF ELECTROLYTES MONOVALENT ORPOLYVALENT" TO THE SYSTEM.POLYVALENT" TO THE SYSTEM.
THE ADDITION OF ORGANIC POLYELECTROLYTES.THE ADDITION OF ORGANIC POLYELECTROLYTES.
THE ADDITION OF POLYMERS.THE ADDITION OF POLYMERS.
THE APPLICATION OF COMBINATION OF ANY OF THETHE APPLICATION OF COMBINATION OF ANY OF THE
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POTASSIUM CHLORIDE MUDSPOTASSIUM CHLORIDE MUDS
AN INTERESTING E+AMPLE OF USE OFAN INTERESTING E+AMPLE OF USE OF
POTASSIUM MUD IS KCL-K-LIGNITE SYSTEMPOTASSIUM MUD IS KCL-K-LIGNITE SYSTEM
FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE ONES. KCL USEDFOR HIGH TEMPERATURE ONES. KCL USED
IN THE RAGE OF 3# TO # BY WT." SERVEDIN THE RAGE OF 3# TO # BY WT." SERVED
TO INHIBIT SHALE HYDRATION WHERE AS K-TO INHIBIT SHALE HYDRATION WHERE AS K-LIGNITE IS USED FOR FLUID LOSS CONTROLLIGNITE IS USED FOR FLUID LOSS CONTROL
AT HIGH TEMPERATURES.AT HIGH TEMPERATURES.
IN ALL KCL BASED MUDS, KOH IS USED,IN ALL KCL BASED MUDS, KOH IS USED,INSTEAD OF NAOH FOR CONTROL OF PH TOINSTEAD OF NAOH FOR CONTROL OF PH TO
AVOID ANY CONVERSION OF K TYPE CLAY TOAVOID ANY CONVERSION OF K TYPE CLAY TO
NA TYPE CLAYS.NA TYPE CLAYS.
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TYPES OF WATER BASEDTYPES OF WATER BASED
MUD SYSTEMSMUD SYSTEMS!!"!!" &"&" CALCIUM MUDS INHIBITION BYCALCIUM MUDS INHIBITION BY
POLYVALENT CATIONS"POLYVALENT CATIONS" LIME TREATED MUDS:LIME TREATED MUDS: GYPSUM MUDS:GYPSUM MUDS: CALCIUM CHLORIDE MUDS:CALCIUM CHLORIDE MUDS:
!!"!!" '"'" LIGNOSULFONATE MUDS LIGNOSULFONATE MUDS INHIBITION BY ORGANIC POLYELECTROLYTES":-INHIBITION BY ORGANIC POLYELECTROLYTES":-
THE MOST IMPORTANT E+AMPLE OFTHE MOST IMPORTANT E+AMPLE OF
LIGNOSULFONATE MUDS, WHICH IS MOSTLIGNOSULFONATE MUDS, WHICH IS MOSTCOMMONLY USED, IS CL/CLS SYSTEM. THECOMMONLY USED, IS CL/CLS SYSTEM. THECOMPRISES OF CHROME LIGNITE FOR FLUIDCOMPRISES OF CHROME LIGNITE FOR FLUIDLOSS CONTROL AT HIGH TEMPERATURE,LOSS CONTROL AT HIGH TEMPERATURE,OPTIMUM 0H OF . TO 1$.OPTIMUM 0H OF . TO 1$.
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SHALE STABILIATION IS ANOTHER AREA WHERESHALE STABILIATION IS ANOTHER AREA WHEREPOLYMERS ARE UTILIED. POLYMERS HAVEPOLYMERS ARE UTILIED. POLYMERS HAVEBEEN DEVELOPED THAT ATTACH TO CLAYBEEN DEVELOPED THAT ATTACH TO CLAYPLATELETS ON THE WALLS OF THE BOREHOLESPLATELETS ON THE WALLS OF THE BOREHOLES
AND HELP PREVENT SHALE SLOUGHING ORAND HELP PREVENT SHALE SLOUGHING ORDISPERSING.DISPERSING.
1.1. UNDESIRABLE SOLIDS CAN BE MINIMIEDUNDESIRABLE SOLIDS CAN BE MINIMIED
2.2. DRILLED SOLIDS FINES CAN BE CHEMICALLYDRILLED SOLIDS FINES CAN BE CHEMICALLY
REMOVED THROUGH FLOCCULATION.REMOVED THROUGH FLOCCULATION.3.3. DESIRABLE BENTONITE SOLIDS CAN BE KEPT TODESIRABLE BENTONITE SOLIDS CAN BE KEPT TO
A MINIMUM BECAUSE YIELD IS DOUBLED WITHA MINIMUM BECAUSE YIELD IS DOUBLED WITHPOLYMER BENEFICIATION.POLYMER BENEFICIATION.
LOW SOLIDS NON-DISPERSEDLOW SOLIDS NON-DISPERSED
MUD SYSTEMSMUD SYSTEMS
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4.4. DESIRABLE SPURT LOSS AND REASONABLEDESIRABLE SPURT LOSS AND REASONABLEFLUID LOSSES ARE ATTAINABLE.FLUID LOSSES ARE ATTAINABLE.
.. LOWER SOLIDS ACCUMULATION MEANS LOWERLOWER SOLIDS ACCUMULATION MEANS LOWERFLUID DENSITIES AND LOWER HYDROSTATICFLUID DENSITIES AND LOWER HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURES.PRESSURES.5.5. SHEAR THINNING CHARACTERISTICS PRODUCESHEAR THINNING CHARACTERISTICS PRODUCE
VISCOSITY APPROACHING THAT OF WATER ATVISCOSITY APPROACHING THAT OF WATER ATTHE BIT.THE BIT.
6.6. FLE+IBILITY ENCOURAGES HOLE CLEANINGFLE+IBILITY ENCOURAGES HOLE CLEANINGAND WELL BORE STABILITY.AND WELL BORE STABILITY.
7.7. STABLE AT HIGH BOTTOM-HOLE TEMPERATURE.STABLE AT HIGH BOTTOM-HOLE TEMPERATURE.
LOW SOLIDS NON-DISPERSEDLOW SOLIDS NON-DISPERSED
MUD SYSTEMSMUD SYSTEMS CONTD.CONTD.
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DISADVANTAGES OF LOW SOLIDSDISADVANTAGES OF LOW SOLIDS
NON-DISPERSED MUDSNON-DISPERSED MUDS
1.1. HYDRATABLE SOLIDS IN FAST DRILLINGHYDRATABLE SOLIDS IN FAST DRILLINGAREAS CAN NOT BE SATISFACTORILYAREAS CAN NOT BE SATISFACTORILYCONTROLLED CHEMICALLY ORCONTROLLED CHEMICALLY ORMECHANICALLY FOR EFFECTIVEMECHANICALLY FOR EFFECTIVE
MAINTENANCE.MAINTENANCE.2.2. NON-DISPERSED POLYMER MUDS WILLNON-DISPERSED POLYMER MUDS WILL
NOT TOLERATE SALT CONCENTRATIONSNOT TOLERATE SALT CONCENTRATIONSABOVE 1$,$$$ MG/1ABOVE 1$,$$$ MG/1
3.3. THESE MUDS REQUIRE SOLIDS REMOVALTHESE MUDS REQUIRE SOLIDS REMOVALEQUIPMENT WHICH IS INSUFFICIENT INEQUIPMENT WHICH IS INSUFFICIENT INMOST CASES, IMPROPERLY INSTALLED,MOST CASES, IMPROPERLY INSTALLED,POORLY ARRANGED OR NOT ADEQUATELYPOORLY ARRANGED OR NOT ADEQUATELY
MAINTAINED.MAINTAINED.
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OIL BASE MUD SYSTEM ANDOIL BASE MUD SYSTEM AND
THEIR APPLICATIONSTHEIR APPLICATIONS CONTD.CONTD.
IN ADDITION TO PROVIDING A MEANS FORIN ADDITION TO PROVIDING A MEANS FOR
AVOIDING THESE OB8ECTIONABLE FEATURESAVOIDING THESE OB8ECTIONABLE FEATURES
OF WATER MUDS: OIL MUDS OFFER SOMEOF WATER MUDS: OIL MUDS OFFER SOME
POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES:POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES:
BETTER LUBRICATING PROPERTIESBETTER LUBRICATING PROPERTIES
HIGHER BOILING POINTSHIGHER BOILING POINTS
LOWER FREEING POINTSLOWER FREEING POINTS
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OIL BASE MUD SYSTEMSOIL BASE MUD SYSTEMS
OIL BASE MUDS ARE WATER IN OILOIL BASE MUDS ARE WATER IN OIL
EMULSIONS IN WHICH OIL IS A CONTINUOUSEMULSIONS IN WHICH OIL IS A CONTINUOUSPHASE9 WATER IS A DISPERSED PHASE,PHASE9 WATER IS A DISPERSED PHASE,ELECTRICALLY NON-CONDUCTIVE ANDELECTRICALLY NON-CONDUCTIVE ANDHAVING OIL AS FILTRATE RATHER THANHAVING OIL AS FILTRATE RATHER THANWATER.WATER.
THE TERMS OIL BASE MUD ANDTHE TERMS OIL BASE MUD ANDINVERT EMULSION MUD SOMETIMES USEDINVERT EMULSION MUD SOMETIMES USEDTO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN TYPES OF OILTO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN TYPES OF OILMUDS.MUDS.
A"A" OIL BASE MUDOIL BASE MUD
B"B" INVERT EMULSION MUDINVERT EMULSION MUD
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PROPERTIES OF D/FLUIDSPROPERTIES OF D/FLUIDS
?? WEIGHTING MATERIALS MAY BE ADDEDWEIGHTING MATERIALS MAY BE ADDEDTO THE DRILLING FLUIDS TO INCREASETO THE DRILLING FLUIDS TO INCREASE
THEIR DENSITY SO THAT THE HYDROSTATICTHEIR DENSITY SO THAT THE HYDROSTATIC
HEAD PRESSURE BECOMES CLOSE TO THATHEAD PRESSURE BECOMES CLOSE TO THAT
OF FORMATION PORE PRESSURE. IN ORDEROF FORMATION PORE PRESSURE. IN ORDER
TO PREVENT THE INFLOW OF FORMATIONTO PREVENT THE INFLOW OF FORMATION
FLUIDS AND TO LAY DOWN A THIN, LOWFLUIDS AND TO LAY DOWN A THIN, LOW
PERMEABLE FILTER CAKE ON THE WALLS OFPERMEABLE FILTER CAKE ON THE WALLS OFTHE HOLE, THE PRESSURE OF MUD COLUMNTHE HOLE, THE PRESSURE OF MUD COLUMN
MUST E+CEED THE PORE PRESSURE BY ATMUST E+CEED THE PORE PRESSURE BY AT
LEAST 2$$ PSI 14 K/'>LEAST 2$$ PSI 14 K/'>22".".
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PROPERTIES OF D/FLUIDSPROPERTIES OF D/FLUIDS
THREE TYPES OF SPECIFIC WEIGHTS ORTHREE TYPES OF SPECIFIC WEIGHTS OR
DENSITY" ARE COMMONLY USED IN DRILLINGDENSITY" ARE COMMONLY USED IN DRILLINGFLUID CALCULATIONS: 1" STATIC 2"FLUID CALCULATIONS: 1" STATIC 2"EQUIVALENT CIRCULATION AND 3" ANNULAR.EQUIVALENT CIRCULATION AND 3" ANNULAR.
STATIC OR SURFACE SPECIFIC WEIGHT ISSTATIC OR SURFACE SPECIFIC WEIGHT IS
DETERMINED AT THE SURFACE CONDITIONSDETERMINED AT THE SURFACE CONDITIONSWITH A MUD BALANCE. ON THE OTHER HANDWITH A MUD BALANCE. ON THE OTHER HANDEQUIVALENT CIRCULATING DENSITY ECD" ATEQUIVALENT CIRCULATING DENSITY ECD" ATANY DEPTH IN A HOLE IS A FUNCTION OFANY DEPTH IN A HOLE IS A FUNCTION OFANNULAR PRESSURE LOSS, WHICH IN TURN ISANNULAR PRESSURE LOSS, WHICH IN TURN ISRELATED TO FACTORS SUCH AS CIRCULATIONRELATED TO FACTORS SUCH AS CIRCULATIONRATE AND HOLE CONDITIONS.RATE AND HOLE CONDITIONS.
E.C.D. @ DRILLING FLUID DENSITY ANNULARE.C.D. @ DRILLING FLUID DENSITY ANNULARPRESSURE LOSS + 1/DEPTHPRESSURE LOSS + 1/DEPTH
G G S
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WEIGHTING MATERIALSWEIGHTING MATERIALS
COMMONLY ADDED TO MUDSCOMMONLY ADDED TO MUDSMATERIALMATERIAL S0.G S0.G
CALCIUMCALCIUMCARBONATECARBONATE
2.612.61 ACID SOLUBLE WEIGHTINGACID SOLUBLE WEIGHTINGMATERIAL FOR DRILLING,MATERIAL FOR DRILLING,COMPLETION AND WORK OVERCOMPLETION AND WORK OVERFLUIDS.FLUIDS.
IRONIRONCARBONATECARBONATE 3.3. WEIGHTING AGENT IN WORK OVERWEIGHTING AGENT IN WORK OVERFLUIDSFLUIDS
BARYTESBARYTES 4.24.2 WEIGHTING MATERIAL IN BOTHWEIGHTING MATERIAL IN BOTHWATER AND OIL BASE FLUIDS.WATER AND OIL BASE FLUIDS.
ILIMENITEILIMENITEF)O.T!OF)O.T!O22""4.74.7 WEIGHTING MATERIAL IN BOTHWEIGHTING MATERIAL IN BOTHWATER AND OIL BASE FLUIDS.WATER AND OIL BASE FLUIDS.
HEMATITEHEMATITEF)F)22OO33""
.$.$ WEIGHTING MATERIAL IN BOTHWEIGHTING MATERIAL IN BOTHWATER AND OIL BASE FLUIDS.WATER AND OIL BASE FLUIDS.
GALENAGALENA 5.6-65.6-6 HIGH DENSITY MATERIAL FORHIGH DENSITY MATERIAL FORHIGH WEIGHT MUDS.
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CALIBRATIONCALIBRATION
THE INSTRUMENT SHOULD BETHE INSTRUMENT SHOULD BE
CALIBRATED FREQUENTLY WITH FRESHCALIBRATED FREQUENTLY WITH FRESH
WATER. FRESH WATER SHOULD GIVE AWATER. FRESH WATER SHOULD GIVE A
READING OF 7.33 LB/GAL OR 52.3 ;&/'&.*=.READING OF 7.33 LB/GAL OR 52.3 ;&/'&.*=.
OR 1,$$ >/'&.'>. AT 6$OR 1,$$ >/'&.'>. AT 6$$$F. 21F. 21$$C".C".
IF IT SHOWS WRONG READING THENIF IT SHOWS WRONG READING THEN
THE BALANCING SCREW SHOULD BETHE BALANCING SCREW SHOULD BE
AD8USTED.AD8USTED.
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VISCOSITY GEL STRENGTHVISCOSITY GEL STRENGTH
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VISCOSITY GEL STRENGTHVISCOSITY GEL STRENGTHVISCOSITY IS DEFINED AS THEVISCOSITY IS DEFINED AS THE
RESISTANCE TO FLOW WHILE THE GELRESISTANCE TO FLOW WHILE THE GEL
STRENGTH IS THE THI+OTROPIC PROPERTYSTRENGTH IS THE THI+OTROPIC PROPERTY
OF MUD I.E. MUD TENDS TO THICKEN UP IFOF MUD I.E. MUD TENDS TO THICKEN UP IF
LEFT UNAGGETATED FOR SOME TIME.LEFT UNAGGETATED FOR SOME TIME.
VISCOSITY IS USUALLY MEASURED BYVISCOSITY IS USUALLY MEASURED BY
MARSH FUNNEL. IT IS THE TIMED RATE OFMARSH FUNNEL. IT IS THE TIMED RATE OF
FLOW AND MEASURED IN SECONDS PERFLOW AND MEASURED IN SECONDS PER
QUART OR IN METRIC UNITS, SECONDS PERQUART OR IN METRIC UNITS, SECONDS PER
1$$$ ML. HOWEVER FUNNEL VISCOSITY1$$$ ML. HOWEVER FUNNEL VISCOSITY
DOES NOT REPRESENT THE CORRECT VALUEDOES NOT REPRESENT THE CORRECT VALUE
OF THE ACTUAL VISCOSITY OF MUD.OF THE ACTUAL VISCOSITY OF MUD.
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VISCOSITY GEL STRENGTHVISCOSITY GEL STRENGTH CONTD.CONTD.
MORE MEANINGFUL INFORMATIONMORE MEANINGFUL INFORMATION
CONCERNING VISCOSITY AND ITS CONTROLCONCERNING VISCOSITY AND ITS CONTROLCAN BE OBTAINED WITH A ROTATIONALCAN BE OBTAINED WITH A ROTATIONALVISCOMETER. VISCOSITY AND GELVISCOMETER. VISCOSITY AND GELSTRENGTH INCREASE DURING DRILLINGSTRENGTH INCREASE DURING DRILLING
PENETRATION OF THE FORMATIONS BY THEPENETRATION OF THE FORMATIONS BY THEBIT, CONTRIBUTES THE ACTIVE SOLIDS,BIT, CONTRIBUTES THE ACTIVE SOLIDS,INERT SOLIDS AND CONTAMINANTS TO THEINERT SOLIDS AND CONTAMINANTS TO THESYSTEM. THIS CAN CAUSE INCREASEDSYSTEM. THIS CAN CAUSE INCREASED
VISCOSITY AND / OR GEL STRENGTH TOVISCOSITY AND / OR GEL STRENGTH TOLEVEL, WHICH MAY NOT BE ACCEPTABLE. INLEVEL, WHICH MAY NOT BE ACCEPTABLE. INGENERAL, WHEN THESE INCREASES OCCUR,GENERAL, WHEN THESE INCREASES OCCUR,WATER OR CHEMICALS THINNERS" OR BOTHWATER OR CHEMICALS THINNERS" OR BOTH
MAY BE ADDED TO CONTROL THEM.MAY BE ADDED TO CONTROL THEM.
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MUD ADDITIVES COMMONLY USEDMUD ADDITIVES COMMONLY USED
FOR IMPARTING VISCOSITYFOR IMPARTING VISCOSITY
AND REDUCING VISCOSITYAND REDUCING VISCOSITYNAMENAME FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS
BENTONITEBENTONITECLAYCLAY
VISCOSIFIER AND FLUID LOSSVISCOSIFIER AND FLUID LOSSREDUCER IN FRESH WATER.REDUCER IN FRESH WATER.
ATTAPUL-GITEATTAPUL-GITE VISCOSIFIER AND FLUID LOSSVISCOSIFIER AND FLUID LOSSREDUCER FOR SALT WATER BASEREDUCER FOR SALT WATER BASESYSTEM WHERE SALINITY E+CEEDSSYSTEM WHERE SALINITY E+CEEDS3.#.3.#.
ASBESTOSASBESTOS VISCOSITIES:FRESH AND SALT WATERVISCOSITIES:FRESH AND SALT WATERSYSTEMSYSTEM
CARBO+YCARBO+YMETHYLMETHYLCELLULOSECELLULOSE
SELECTIVE FLOCCULANT, VISCOSITIESSELECTIVE FLOCCULANT, VISCOSITIESAND FLUID LOSS REDUCING AGENT.AND FLUID LOSS REDUCING AGENT.
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MUD ADDITIVES COMMONLY USEDMUD ADDITIVES COMMONLY USED
FOR IMPARTING VISCOSITYFOR IMPARTING VISCOSITY
AND REDUCING VISCOSITYAND REDUCING VISCOSITYNAMENAME FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS
THINNER ORTHINNER ORDISPERSANTSDISPERSANTS
CHEMICALS FOR REDUCINGCHEMICALS FOR REDUCINGVISCOSITYVISCOSITY
FERROCHROMEFERROCHROMELIGNOSULPHONLIGNOSULPHONATEATE
DISPERSANT WHICH CONTRIBUTES TODISPERSANT WHICH CONTRIBUTES TOFLUID LOSS CONTROL AT HIGHETFLUID LOSS CONTROL AT HIGHETTEMPERATUARETEMPERATUARE
CHROME FREECHROME FREELIGNOSULPHONLIGNOSULPHONATEATE
DISPERSANT WHICH CONTRIBUTES TODISPERSANT WHICH CONTRIBUTES TOFLUID LOSS CONTROL AT HIGHERFLUID LOSS CONTROL AT HIGHERTEMPERATURESTEMPERATURES
MODIFIEDMODIFIEDTANNINTANNIN
THINNER FOR FRESH WATER ANDTHINNER FOR FRESH WATER ANDSALT WATER SYSTEMSSALT WATER SYSTEMS
CUTCHCUTCH THINNER FOR HIGH 0H FRESH WATERTHINNER FOR HIGH 0H FRESH WATERBASE SYSTEMBASE SYSTEM
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PLASTIC VISCOSITY P"PLASTIC VISCOSITY P"UNIT OF MEASUREMENT CENTIPOISE :UNIT OF MEASUREMENT CENTIPOISE : MUD IS COMPOSED OF SOLIDS THATMUD IS COMPOSED OF SOLIDS THATCONTRIBUTE TO APPARENT VISCOSITY.CONTRIBUTE TO APPARENT VISCOSITY.
PLASTIC VISCOSITY IS THAT PART OF FLOWPLASTIC VISCOSITY IS THAT PART OF FLOW
RESISTANCE, WHICH IS CAUSED BYRESISTANCE, WHICH IS CAUSED BY
MECHANICAL FRICTION. THIS FRICTIONMECHANICAL FRICTION. THIS FRICTION
OCCURS 1" BETWEEN THE SOLIDS IN MUD 2"OCCURS 1" BETWEEN THE SOLIDS IN MUD 2"
BETWEEN THE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS THATBETWEEN THE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS THAT
SURROUND THEM 3" WITH THE SHEARING OFSURROUND THEM 3" WITH THE SHEARING OFTHE LIQUID ITSELF. FOR PRACTICAL FIELDTHE LIQUID ITSELF. FOR PRACTICAL FIELD
PURPOSE, HOWEVER THE PV DEPENDS UPONPURPOSE, HOWEVER THE PV DEPENDS UPON
THE CONCENTRATION OF MUD SOLIDS.THE CONCENTRATION OF MUD SOLIDS.
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YIELD POINT Y0" YIELD POINT Y0" ::
MEASURED ! ;&/1$$
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YIELD POINT Y0" YIELD POINT Y0" ::
MEASUREDMEASURED ! ;&/1$$
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YIELD POINT Y0" YIELD POINT Y0" ::
MEASURED ! ;&/1$$
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YIELD POINT Y0" YIELD POINT Y0" ::
MEASURED ! ;&/1$$
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APPARENT VISCOSITY:APPARENT VISCOSITY: THE APPARENT VISCOSITY IN CENTIPOISETHE APPARENT VISCOSITY IN CENTIPOISE
EQUALS THE 5$$ 0> READING DIVIDED BY 2EQUALS THE 5$$ 0> READING DIVIDED BY 2A.V. @5$$/2 IN CENTIPOISEJA.V. @5$$/2 IN CENTIPOISEJ
PLASTIC VISCOSITY PV":PLASTIC VISCOSITY PV":
FRICTION FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARTICLESFRICTION FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARTICLESIS KNOWN AS PLASTIC VISCOSITY READINGIS KNOWN AS PLASTIC VISCOSITY READINGAT 5$$ 0> - READING AT 3$$ 0>.AT 5$$ 0> - READING AT 3$$ 0>.P.V. @ 5$$ - 3$$ IN CENTIPOISEJP.V. @ 5$$ - 3$$ IN CENTIPOISEJ
YIELD POINT: YIELD POINT:3$$ 0> READING - PLASTIC VISCOSITY3$$ 0> READING - PLASTIC VISCOSITYY0 @ 3$$ - PV IN ;&/1$$
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APPLICATION OF FANNAPPLICATION OF FANN
VISCOMETERVISCOMETER1.1. DETERMINATION OF APPARENTDETERMINATION OF APPARENTVISCOSITY, PLASTIC VISCOSITY ANDVISCOSITY, PLASTIC VISCOSITY AND
YIELD POINT. YIELD POINT.
2.2. DETERMINATION OF GEL STRENGTH ORDETERMINATION OF GEL STRENGTH ORTHI+OTROPIC PROPERTIES OF THETHI+OTROPIC PROPERTIES OF THE
DRILLING FLUIDS.DRILLING FLUIDS.
GE STRENGTH
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GEL STRENGTHGEL STRENGTHTHI+OTROPY CAN BE ESTIMATED BYTHI+OTROPY CAN BE ESTIMATED BY
OBSERVING THE CHANGE IN STRENGTHOBSERVING THE CHANGE IN STRENGTHTAKING PLACE IN A GEL AS FUNCTION OFTAKING PLACE IN A GEL AS FUNCTION OFTIME. TWO VALUES, THE 1$ SECOND GELTIME. TWO VALUES, THE 1$ SECOND GELSTRENGTH IS KNOWN AS GEL$ AND THE 1$STRENGTH IS KNOWN AS GEL$ AND THE 1$MINUTE STRENGTH IS KNOWN AS GEL1$.MINUTE STRENGTH IS KNOWN AS GEL1$.
THESE TWO VALUES CAN BETHESE TWO VALUES CAN BEDETERMINED AS FOLLOWS. ALLOW THE MUDDETERMINED AS FOLLOWS. ALLOW THE MUDTO STAND UNDISTURBED FOR 1$ SECONDS.TO STAND UNDISTURBED FOR 1$ SECONDS.
THEN SLOWLY AND STEADILY ROTATE AT 3THEN SLOWLY AND STEADILY ROTATE AT 30>. ALLOW THE MUD TO STAND STATIC FOR0>. ALLOW THE MUD TO STAND STATIC FOR1$ MINS. THEN AGAIN SLOWLY ROTATE AT 31$ MINS. THEN AGAIN SLOWLY ROTATE AT 30>. BY THIS CALCULATE GEL$ AND GEL1$0>. BY THIS CALCULATE GEL$ AND GEL1$
IN ;&/1$$
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FILTRATION LOSSFILTRATION LOSS
THE FILTRATION PROPERTY OF A DRILLINGTHE FILTRATION PROPERTY OF A DRILLING
FLUID IS INDICATIVE OF THE ABILITY OF THEFLUID IS INDICATIVE OF THE ABILITY OF THE
SOLID COMPONENTS OF THE MUD TO FORM ASOLID COMPONENTS OF THE MUD TO FORM A
FILTER CAKE AND THE MAGNITUDE OF CAKEFILTER CAKE AND THE MAGNITUDE OF CAKE
PERMEABILITY. THE LOWER THEPERMEABILITY. THE LOWER THEPERMEABILITY, THE THINNER IS THE FILTERPERMEABILITY, THE THINNER IS THE FILTER
CAKE AND LOWERS THE VOLUME OFCAKE AND LOWERS THE VOLUME OF
FILTRATE FROM MUD. FILTRATION PROPERTYFILTRATE FROM MUD. FILTRATION PROPERTYIS DEPENDENT UPON THE AMOUNT ANDIS DEPENDENT UPON THE AMOUNT AND
PHYSICAL STATE OF COLLOIDAL MATERIAL INPHYSICAL STATE OF COLLOIDAL MATERIAL IN
THE MUD.THE MUD.
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FILTRATION LOSSFILTRATION LOSS CONTD.CONTD. IF THE COLLOIDAL CONTENT OF MUD IS LOWIF THE COLLOIDAL CONTENT OF MUD IS LOW
AND THE INERT SOLIDS CONCENTRATION ISAND THE INERT SOLIDS CONCENTRATION IS
HIGH, IT WILL RESULT IN A THICK FILTERHIGH, IT WILL RESULT IN A THICK FILTER
CAKE ON THE WALLS OF THE BOREHOLE. ACAKE ON THE WALLS OF THE BOREHOLE. A
THICK FILTER CAKE IS UNDESIRABLE AS ITTHICK FILTER CAKE IS UNDESIRABLE AS ITCONSTRICTS THE WALLS OF THE BOREHOLECONSTRICTS THE WALLS OF THE BOREHOLE
AND ALLOWS E+CESSIVE AMOUNT OFAND ALLOWS E+CESSIVE AMOUNT OF
FILTRATE TO MOVE INTO THE FORMATIONFILTRATE TO MOVE INTO THE FORMATIONRESULTING IN FURTHER PROBLEMS SUCH ASRESULTING IN FURTHER PROBLEMS SUCH AS
CAVING, TIGHT PULLS, HELD UPS, STUCKUPSCAVING, TIGHT PULLS, HELD UPS, STUCKUPS
ETC.ETC.
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FILTRATION LOSSFILTRATION LOSS CONTD.CONTD. THEREFORE A SATISFACTORY FLUID LOSSTHEREFORE A SATISFACTORY FLUID LOSS
VALUE AND DEPOSITION OF A THIN,VALUE AND DEPOSITION OF A THIN,
IMPERMEABLE FILTER CAKE ARE OFTEN THEIMPERMEABLE FILTER CAKE ARE OFTEN THE
DETERMINING FACTORS FOR SUCCESSFULDETERMINING FACTORS FOR SUCCESSFUL
PERFORMANCE OF A DRILLING FLUID.PERFORMANCE OF A DRILLING FLUID.
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OFTHERE ARE TWO TYPES OF
FILTRATIONS NAMELY DYNAMIC FILTRATION,FILTRATIONS NAMELY DYNAMIC FILTRATION,WHEN THE MUD IS CIRCULATING, AND STATICWHEN THE MUD IS CIRCULATING, AND STATIC
FILTRATION WHEN THE FLUID IS AT REST.FILTRATION WHEN THE FLUID IS AT REST.
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FILTRATION LOSSFILTRATION LOSS CONTD.CONTD. DYNAMIC FILTRATION DIFFERS FROMDYNAMIC FILTRATION DIFFERS FROM
STATIC FILTRATION IN THAT THE FLOW OFSTATIC FILTRATION IN THAT THE FLOW OF
MUD BY THE WALLS OF THE BOREHOLEMUD BY THE WALLS OF THE BOREHOLE
TENDS TO ERODE AWAY THE FILTER CAKE ASTENDS TO ERODE AWAY THE FILTER CAKE AS
THE FILTRATION PROCESS DEPOSITS IT. THETHE FILTRATION PROCESS DEPOSITS IT. THE
FILTRATION CAKE BUILDS UP UNTIL THEFILTRATION CAKE BUILDS UP UNTIL THE
RATE OF DEPOSITION EQUALS THE RATE OFRATE OF DEPOSITION EQUALS THE RATE OF
EROSION. WHEN THE FILTER CAKEEROSION. WHEN THE FILTER CAKE
REACHES AN EQUILIBRIUM THICKNESS THEREACHES AN EQUILIBRIUM THICKNESS THE
RATE OF FILTRATION BECOMES CONSTANT.RATE OF FILTRATION BECOMES CONSTANT.
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FILTRATION LOSSFILTRATION LOSS CONTD.CONTD. HOWEVER IN STATIC FILTRATION THEHOWEVER IN STATIC FILTRATION THE
CAKE CONTINUES TO GROW THICKER WITHCAKE CONTINUES TO GROW THICKER WITH
TIME AND THE RATE OF FILTRATIONTIME AND THE RATE OF FILTRATION
CONTINUES TO DECREASE. IN THE SAMECONTINUES TO DECREASE. IN THE SAME
PERIOD OF TIME, A STATIC FILTER CAKE WILLPERIOD OF TIME, A STATIC FILTER CAKE WILL
BE THICKER THAN A DYNAMIC FILTER CAKEBE THICKER THAN A DYNAMIC FILTER CAKE
AND THE STATIC RATE OF FILTRATION WILLAND THE STATIC RATE OF FILTRATION WILL
BE LESS THAN DYNAMIC RATE.BE LESS THAN DYNAMIC RATE.
SOME CHEMICALS USED FORSOME CHEMICALS USED FOR
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SOME CHEMICALS USED FORSOME CHEMICALS USED FOR
CONTROLLING FLUID LOSSCONTROLLING FLUID LOSSCHEMICALCHEMICAL FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS
CARBO+Y METHYL CELLULOSECARBO+Y METHYL CELLULOSE SELECTIVE FLOCCULANT,SELECTIVE FLOCCULANT,
CMC L.V H.V"CMC L.V H.V" VISCOSIFIER FLUID LOSSVISCOSIFIER FLUID LOSS CONTROL INCONTROL IN
FRESH ANDFRESH AND BRACKISH WATER, IMPARTSBRACKISH WATER, IMPARTS DISPERSINGDISPERSING
PROPERTIES TOPROPERTIES TO
SALT WATER SYSTEM.SALT WATER SYSTEM.
PREGELATINISED STARCHPREGELATINISED STARCH FLUID LOSS CONTROL IN SALTFLUID LOSS CONTROL IN SALT
WATER SYSTEM CALCIUMWATER SYSTEM CALCIUM MUD SYSTEM.MUD SYSTEM.
CARBO+Y METHYL STARCHCARBO+Y METHYL STARCH VISCOSITIES AND FILTRATIONVISCOSITIES AND FILTRATION
REDUCER.REDUCER.
SOME CHEMICALS USED FOR
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SOME CHEMICALS USED FORSOME CHEMICALS USED FOR
CONTROLLING FLUID LOSSCONTROLLING FLUID LOSS CONTD.CONTD. CHEMICALCHEMICAL FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONSPOLYANIONIC CELLULOSEPOLYANIONIC CELLULOSE FLUID LOSS CONTROL INFLUID LOSS CONTROL IN PAC"PAC"
L.VR.G"L.VR.G" FRESH AND SALT WATERFRESH AND SALT WATER SYSTEM ANDSYSTEM AND
VISCOSIFIER.VISCOSIFIER.
HT-STABLE RESIN LIGNITEHT-STABLE RESIN LIGNITE FILTRATION CONTROL UNDERFILTRATION CONTROL UNDER
HIGH TEMPERATUREHIGH TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS.CONDITIONS.
SYNTHETIC POLYMERSSYNTHETIC POLYMERS VISCOSITIES AND FILTRATEVISCOSITIES AND FILTRATE REDUCER.REDUCER.
+-C POLYMER+-C POLYMER PRIMARY VISCOSIFYINGPRIMARY VISCOSIFYING POLYMER FOR ALLPOLYMER FOR ALL
WATERWATER BASE MUDS.BASE MUDS.
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0H:0H:
0H IS THE MEASUREMENT OF RELATIVE0H IS THE MEASUREMENT OF RELATIVE
ACIDITY OR ALKALINITY OF A LIQUID. MUD 0HACIDITY OR ALKALINITY OF A LIQUID. MUD 0H
AFFECTS THE DISPERSIBILITY OF CLAYS,AFFECTS THE DISPERSIBILITY OF CLAYS,
SOLUBILITY OF VARIOUS PRODUCTS ANDSOLUBILITY OF VARIOUS PRODUCTS AND
CHEMICALS CORROSION OF STEELCHEMICALS CORROSION OF STEEL
MATERIALS, AND MUD RHEOLOGICALMATERIALS, AND MUD RHEOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES. TYPICAL 0H RANGE IS .$ TOPROPERTIES. TYPICAL 0H RANGE IS .$ TO1$.9 HOWEVER, HIGH 0H MUDS CAN RANGE1$.9 HOWEVER, HIGH 0H MUDS CAN RANGE
UP TO 12. TO 13.$.UP TO 12. TO 13.$.
PAPER TEST STRIPSPAPER TEST STRIPS
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PAPER TEST STRIPSPAPER TEST STRIPS
DESCRIPTION:DESCRIPTION:THE TEST PAPER IS IMPREGNATED WITHTHE TEST PAPER IS IMPREGNATED WITH
DYES OF SUCH NATURE THAT THE COLOURDYES OF SUCH NATURE THAT THE COLOUR
IS DEPENDENT UPON THE PH OF THEIS DEPENDENT UPON THE PH OF THE
MEDIUM IN WHICH THE PAPER IS PLACED.MEDIUM IN WHICH THE PAPER IS PLACED.
A STANDARD COLOUR CHART IS SUPPLIEDA STANDARD COLOUR CHART IS SUPPLIED
IN A WIDE RANGE TYPE, WHICH PERMITSIN A WIDE RANGE TYPE, WHICH PERMITS
ESTIMATION OF PH TO $. UNIT, AND INESTIMATION OF PH TO $. UNIT, AND INNARROW RANGE PAPERS WITH WHICH THENARROW RANGE PAPERS WITH WHICH THE
PH CAN BE ESTIMATED TO $.2 UNIT.PH CAN BE ESTIMATED TO $.2 UNIT.
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GLASS ELECTRODE 0H METER:GLASS ELECTRODE 0H METER:
DESCRIPTION:DESCRIPTION:
THE GLASS ELECTRODES PH METERTHE GLASS ELECTRODES PH METER
CONSISTS OF A GLASS ELECTRODECONSISTS OF A GLASS ELECTRODE
SYSTEM, AN ELECTRONIC AMPLIFIER AND ASYSTEM, AN ELECTRONIC AMPLIFIER AND A
METER CALIBRATED IN PH UNITS.METER CALIBRATED IN PH UNITS.THE ELECTRODE SYSTEM IS COMPOSED OF:THE ELECTRODE SYSTEM IS COMPOSED OF:
I.I. THE GLASS ELECTRODES, WHICH CONSISTSTHE GLASS ELECTRODES, WHICH CONSISTS
OF A THIN WALLED BULB MADE OF SPECIALOF A THIN WALLED BULB MADE OF SPECIAL
GLASS WITHIN WHICH IS SEALED AGLASS WITHIN WHICH IS SEALED A
SUITABLE ELECTROLYTE AND ELECTRODE.SUITABLE ELECTROLYTE AND ELECTRODE.
GLASS ELECTRODEGLASS ELECTRODE
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GLASS ELECTRODEGLASS ELECTRODE
0H METER0H METER CONTD.CONTD.
II.II. THE REFERENCE ELECTRODE, WHICH IS,THE REFERENCE ELECTRODE, WHICH IS,SATURATED CALOMEL CELL. ELECTRICALSATURATED CALOMEL CELL. ELECTRICAL
CONNECTION WITH THE MUD ISCONNECTION WITH THE MUD IS
ESTABLISHED THROUGH A SATURATEDESTABLISHED THROUGH A SATURATED
SOLUTION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDESOLUTION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
CONTAINED IN A TUBE SURROUNDING THECONTAINED IN A TUBE SURROUNDING THE
CALOMEL CELL. THE ELECTRICALCALOMEL CELL. THE ELECTRICAL
POTENTIAL GENERATED IN THE GLASSPOTENTIAL GENERATED IN THE GLASSELECTRODE SYSTEM BY THE HYDROGENELECTRODE SYSTEM BY THE HYDROGEN
IONS IN THE DRILLING MUD IS AMPLIFIEDIONS IN THE DRILLING MUD IS AMPLIFIED
AND OPERATES THE CALIBRATED METER,AND OPERATES THE CALIBRATED METER,
WHICH INDICATES PH.WHICH INDICATES PH.
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CATION E+CHANGE CAPACITY ORCATION E+CHANGE CAPACITY OR
METHYLELENE BLUE TEST MBT"METHYLELENE BLUE TEST MBT"
IT INDICATES THE AMOUNT OF ACTIVEIT INDICATES THE AMOUNT OF ACTIVE
CLAY IN THE MUD. IT MEASURES THE TOTALCLAY IN THE MUD. IT MEASURES THE TOTAL
CEC OF THE CLAY BY TITRATING WITHCEC OF THE CLAY BY TITRATING WITH
STANDARD METHYLENE BLUE SOLUTION.STANDARD METHYLENE BLUE SOLUTION.
BENTONITE CONTENT ACTIVE CLAY" CAN BEBENTONITE CONTENT ACTIVE CLAY" CAN BE
ESTIMATED IF OTHER ADSORPTIVEESTIMATED IF OTHER ADSORPTIVE
MATERIALS ARE NOT PRESENT", BASED ONMATERIALS ARE NOT PRESENT", BASED ON
AN E+CHANGE CAPACITY OF 6 MILLAN E+CHANGE CAPACITY OF 6 MILL
EQUIVALENT PER1$$ GM OF DRYEQUIVALENT PER1$$ GM OF DRY
BENTONITE.BENTONITE.
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METHYLENE BLUE TEST FORMETHYLENE BLUE TEST FOR
CATION E+CHANGE CAPACITYCATION E+CHANGE CAPACITY
PRECISE DRILLING MUD CONTROLPRECISE DRILLING MUD CONTROLREQUIRES THAT SOME MEASUREMENT BEREQUIRES THAT SOME MEASUREMENT BEMADE TO GIVE INFORMATION ABOUT THEMADE TO GIVE INFORMATION ABOUT THENATURE AND TYPES OF CLAYS THAT ARENATURE AND TYPES OF CLAYS THAT ARE
PRESENT IN MUD, AND THE SAMEPRESENT IN MUD, AND THE SAMEINFORMATION IS REQUIRED ABOUT THEINFORMATION IS REQUIRED ABOUT THECLAYS AND SHALES THAT ARE BEINGCLAYS AND SHALES THAT ARE BEINGDRILLED, SINCE THEY MAY BECOME PART OFDRILLED, SINCE THEY MAY BECOME PART OFTHE MUD SYSTEM.THE MUD SYSTEM.
THE METHYLENE BLUE TEST FOR CATIONTHE METHYLENE BLUE TEST FOR CATIONE+CHANGE CAPACITY OF CLAYS IS SUCH AE+CHANGE CAPACITY OF CLAYS IS SUCH AMEASUREMENT. THE FOLLOWING MATERIALSMEASUREMENT. THE FOLLOWING MATERIALSARE REQUIRED TO ESTIMATE THE CATIONARE REQUIRED TO ESTIMATE THE CATIONE+CHANGE CAPACITY OF DRILLING MUDE+CHANGE CAPACITY OF DRILLING MUDSOLIDS OR CLAYS: -SOLIDS OR CLAYS: -
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METHYLENE BLUE TEST FORMETHYLENE BLUE TEST FOR
CATION E+CHANGE CAPACITYCATION E+CHANGE CAPACITY
I.I. METHYLENE BLUE SOLUTIONMETHYLENE BLUE SOLUTION
3.64 GM U.S.P. GRADE METHYLENE3.64 GM U.S.P. GRADE METHYLENEBLUE PER 1$$$ CUB.CM."BLUE PER 1$$$ CUB.CM."
1CM @ $.$1 MILLE EQUIVALENT.1CM @ $.$1 MILLE EQUIVALENT.HYDROGEN PERO+IDE - 3# SOLUTION.HYDROGEN PERO+IDE - 3# SOLUTION.
II.II. DILUTE SULFURIC ACID APPRO+. N"DILUTE SULFURIC ACID APPRO+. N"
III.III. ONE 2. CUB.CM. OR 3 CUB.CM.ONE 2. CUB.CM. OR 3 CUB.CM.
SYRINGESYRINGEIV.IV. FLASK, BURETTE, GRADUATEDFLASK, BURETTE, GRADUATEDCYLINDER, HOT PLATE, FILTER PAPERCYLINDER, HOT PLATE, FILTER PAPER ETC.ETC.
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LUBRICITYLUBRICITY
REQUIREMENT FOR LUBRICATION IS CRITICALREQUIREMENT FOR LUBRICATION IS CRITICAL
ESPECIALLY IN DIRECTIONAL WELL" TOESPECIALLY IN DIRECTIONAL WELL" TO
REDUCE TORQUE AND DRAG. LUBRICATINGREDUCE TORQUE AND DRAG. LUBRICATING
TESTERS ARE MODIFIED TO MEASURETESTERS ARE MODIFIED TO MEASURE
LUBRICITY COEFFICIENT AND FILM STRENGTHLUBRICITY COEFFICIENT AND FILM STRENGTH
EP TEST". BASED ON WHICHEP TEST". BASED ON WHICH
RECOMMENDATIONS ARE GIVEN FORRECOMMENDATIONS ARE GIVEN FORTREATMENT OF THE MUD WITH LUBRICATINGTREATMENT OF THE MUD WITH LUBRICATING
AGENTS.AGENTS.
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SAND CONTENTSAND CONTENT
EQUIPMENT:EQUIPMENT:SAND CONTENT OF MUD IS ESTIMATED BYSAND CONTENT OF MUD IS ESTIMATED BY
THE USE OF A SAND SCREEN SET. THE SETTHE USE OF A SAND SCREEN SET. THE SET
CONSISTS OF A 2$$ MESH SIEVE 2 1/2 INCHCONSISTS OF A 2$$ MESH SIEVE 2 1/2 INCH
53. MM" IN DIAMETER, A FUNNEL TO FIT TO53. MM" IN DIAMETER, A FUNNEL TO FIT TOSCREEN AND GLASS MEASURING TUBE. THESCREEN AND GLASS MEASURING TUBE. THE
MEASURING TUBE IS MARKED FOR THEMEASURING TUBE IS MARKED FOR THE
VOLUME OF MUD TO BE ADDED IN ORDER TOVOLUME OF MUD TO BE ADDED IN ORDER TO
READ DIRECTLY THE PERCENTAGE OF SANDREAD DIRECTLY THE PERCENTAGE OF SANDIN THE BOTTOM OF THE TUBE, WHICH ISIN THE BOTTOM OF THE TUBE, WHICH IS
GRADUATED FROM $ TO 2$ PERCENT.GRADUATED FROM $ TO 2$ PERCENT.
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LIQUIDS AND SOLIDSLIQUIDS AND SOLIDS
EQUIPMENT:EQUIPMENT:A RETORT IS USED TO DETERMINE THEA RETORT IS USED TO DETERMINE THEQUANTITY OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS IN THEQUANTITY OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS IN THEDRILLING FLUID.DRILLING FLUID. MUD IS PLACED IN A STEELMUD IS PLACED IN A STEELCONTAINER AND HEATED UNTIL THE LIQUIDCONTAINER AND HEATED UNTIL THE LIQUIDCOMPONENTS HAVE BEEN VAPORIED. THECOMPONENTS HAVE BEEN VAPORIED. THEVAPOURS ARE PASSED THROUGH AVAPOURS ARE PASSED THROUGH ACONDENSER AND COLLECTED IN A GRADUATEDCONDENSER AND COLLECTED IN A GRADUATED
CYLINDER AND THE VOLUME OF LIQUID ISCYLINDER AND THE VOLUME OF LIQUID ISMEASURED. SOLIDS, BOTH SUSPENDED ANDMEASURED. SOLIDS, BOTH SUSPENDED ANDDISSOLVED ARE DETERMINED BY DIFFERENCE.DISSOLVED ARE DETERMINED BY DIFFERENCE.
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FILTRATE ANALYSISFILTRATE ANALYSIS
SUCH CHEMICAL TESTS ARE MADE ONSUCH CHEMICAL TESTS ARE MADE ONMUD FILTRATES TO DETERMINE THE PRESENCEMUD FILTRATES TO DETERMINE THE PRESENCE
OF CONTAMINANTS, SUCH AS SALT OROF CONTAMINANTS, SUCH AS SALT OR
ANHYDRITE, OR TO ASSIST IN THE CONTROL OFANHYDRITE, OR TO ASSIST IN THE CONTROL OF
MUD PROPERTIES. FOR E+AMPLE, THE TESTMUD PROPERTIES. FOR E+AMPLE, THE TEST
FOR ALKALINITY IN HIGH PH MUDS. THE SAMEFOR ALKALINITY IN HIGH PH MUDS. THE SAME
TESTS CAN BE APPLIED TO MAKE UP WATERS,TESTS CAN BE APPLIED TO MAKE UP WATERS,
WHICH IN SOME AREAS CONTAIN DISSOLVEDWHICH IN SOME AREAS CONTAIN DISSOLVEDSALTS, WHICH AFFECT MUD TREATMENT.SALTS, WHICH AFFECT MUD TREATMENT.
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ALKALINITY DETERMINATIONSALKALINITY DETERMINATIONS
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ALKALINITY DETERMINATIONSALKALINITY DETERMINATIONS2.2. ADD 2 TO 3 DROPS OFADD 2 TO 3 DROPS OF
PHENOLPHTHALEIN INDICATORPHENOLPHTHALEIN INDICATORSOLUTION.SOLUTION.
3.3. ADD $.$2 NORMAL N/$" SULFURICADD $.$2 NORMAL N/$" SULFURICACID FROM AN AUTOMATIC BURETTEACID FROM AN AUTOMATIC BURETTE OROR
A PIPETTE, STIRRINGA PIPETTE, STIRRING CONTINUOUSLY,CONTINUOUSLY,UNTIL THE SAMPLEUNTIL THE SAMPLE TURNS FROM PINK TOTURNS FROM PINK TOCOLOUR LESS, IFCOLOUR LESS, IF THE SAMPLE IS SOTHE SAMPLE IS SOCOLOURED WITHCOLOURED WITH CHEMICALS THAT THISCHEMICALS THAT THIS
END POINT ISEND POINT IS MASKED, THE END POINT ISMASKED, THE END POINT ISTHENTHEN TAKEN WHEN THE PH DROPS TOTAKEN WHEN THE PH DROPS TO7.37.3 USING THE GLASS ELECTRODES 0HUSING THE GLASS ELECTRODES 0H
METER.METER.
ALKALINITY DETERMINATIONSALKALINITY DETERMINATIONS
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ALKALINITY DETERMINATIONSALKALINITY DETERMINATIONSTHE NUMBER OF CUB.CMS. OFTHE NUMBER OF CUB.CMS. OF $.$2$.$2
NORMAL N/$" SULFURIC ACID DIVIDEDNORMAL N/$" SULFURIC ACID DIVIDEDBY THE CUB.CMS. OF SAMPLE TAKEN ISBY THE CUB.CMS. OF SAMPLE TAKEN IS
CALLED THE P ALKALINITY OF THECALLED THE P ALKALINITY OF THE
FILTRATE PF".FILTRATE PF".
4.4. TO THE SAMPLE, WHICH HAS BEENTO THE SAMPLE, WHICH HAS BEENTITRATED TO THE P END POINT, ADD 2TITRATED TO THE P END POINT, ADD 2
TO 3 DROPS OF METHYL ORANGETO 3 DROPS OF METHYL ORANGE
INDICATOR SOLUTION. ADD STANDARDINDICATOR SOLUTION. ADD STANDARD
ACID DROP BY DROP FROM THEACID DROP BY DROP FROM THE
PIPETTE WHILE STIRRING UNTIL THEPIPETTE WHILE STIRRING UNTIL THE
COLOUR OF THE SOLUTION CHANGESCOLOUR OF THE SOLUTION CHANGES
FROM ORANGE TO PINK.FROM ORANGE TO PINK.
ALKALINITY DETERMINATIONSALKALINITY DETERMINATIONS
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ALKALINITY DETERMINATIONSALKALINITY DETERMINATIONSRECORD AS MF TO TOTAL VOLUME OFRECORD AS MF TO TOTAL VOLUME OF
ACID IN THE CUB.CMS. USED TO REACHACID IN THE CUB.CMS. USED TO REACHTHE METHYL ORANGE END POINT,THE METHYL ORANGE END POINT,INCLUDING THAT OF THE P END POINT.INCLUDING THAT OF THE P END POINT.IF THE SAMPLE IS SO COLOURED THATIF THE SAMPLE IS SO COLOURED THAT
THE CHANGE IN COLOUR IS NOT EVIDENT,THE CHANGE IN COLOUR IS NOT EVIDENT,THE END POINT IS TAKEN WHEN THE PHTHE END POINT IS TAKEN WHEN THE PHDROPS TO 4.3 AS MEASURED WITH THEDROPS TO 4.3 AS MEASURED WITH THEGLASS ELECTRODE PH METER.GLASS ELECTRODE PH METER.
.. REPORT THE METHYL ORANGEREPORT THE METHYL ORANGEALKALINITY OF THE FILTRATE, ML, AS THEALKALINITY OF THE FILTRATE, ML, AS THETOTAL CUB.CMS. OF $.$2 NORMAL ACIDTOTAL CUB.CMS. OF $.$2 NORMAL ACIDPER CUBIC CM OF FILTRATE REQUIRED TOPER CUBIC CM OF FILTRATE REQUIRED TOREACH METHYL ORANGE END POINT.REACH METHYL ORANGE END POINT.
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SALT CONCENTRATIONSALT CONCENTRATION
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SALT CONCENTRATIONSALT CONCENTRATION
CHLORIDEJ TESTCHLORIDEJ TEST
THE TEST IS MADE ON A PORTION OF THETHE TEST IS MADE ON A PORTION OF THE
ORIGINAL FILTRATE, OR ON THE SAMPLEORIGINAL FILTRATE, OR ON THE SAMPLE
FROM THE ALKALINITY TEST TO WHICH AFROM THE ALKALINITY TEST TO WHICH A
PINCH OF CALCIUM CARBONATE HAS BEENPINCH OF CALCIUM CARBONATE HAS BEEN
ADDED. THE CHLORIDE CONTENT TESTADDED. THE CHLORIDE CONTENT TEST
PROCEDURE FOLLOWS: -PROCEDURE FOLLOWS: -
1.1. MEASURE A SAMPLE OF ANYMEASURE A SAMPLE OF ANY
CONVENIENT VOLUME, FROM ONE CCCONVENIENT VOLUME, FROM ONE CC TO 1$TO 1$CC, INTO THE CONICAL FLASKCC, INTO THE CONICAL FLASK AND DILUTE TOAND DILUTE TO
ABOUT $ CC WITHABOUT $ CC WITH DISTILLED WATER.DISTILLED WATER.
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SALT CONCENTRATIONSALT CONCENTRATION
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SALT CONCENTRATIONSALT CONCENTRATION
CHLORIDEJ TESTCHLORIDEJ TEST
4.4. ADD STANDARD SILVER NITRATEADD STANDARD SILVER NITRATE
SOLUTION A DROP AT A TIME STIRRINGSOLUTION A DROP AT A TIME STIRRING
CONTINUOUSLY. THE END POINT OF THECONTINUOUSLY. THE END POINT OF THETITRATION IS REACHED WHEN THETITRATION IS REACHED WHEN THE
SAMPLE FIRST CHANGES TO ORANGE ORSAMPLE FIRST CHANGES TO ORANGE OR
BRICK RED.BRICK RED.
CALCULATE THE CHLORIDE C;" CONTENT ASCALCULATE THE CHLORIDE
C;" CONTENT AS
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CALCULATE THE CHLORIDE C;" CONTENT ASCALCULATE THE CHLORIDE C;" CONTENT ASFOLLOWS: -FOLLOWS: -
C; CONTENT IN > PER LITER OR 0>C; CONTENT IN > PER LITER OR 0>
CC OF SILVER NITRATECC OF SILVER NITRATE + 1,$$$+ 1,$$$
@ -------------------------------------------------- @ -------------------------------------------------- CC OF SAMPLE CC OF SAMPLE
IF IN THE STANDARD SOLUTION.IF IN THE STANDARD SOLUTION.
IF I.$ CC @ 1 MG C;, OR 4.61$ > OF ANOIF I.$ CC @ 1 MG C;, OR 4.61$ > OF ANO33 PER LITER $.$272N"PER LITER $.$272N" OROR
CL - CONTENT IN MG PER LITER OR PPM.CL - CONTENT IN MG PER LITER OR PPM.
CC OF SILVER NITRATECC OF SILVER NITRATE + 1$,$$$+ 1$,$$$
@@ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ CC OF SAMPLECC OF SAMPLE
IF IN THE STANDARD SOLUTIONIF IN THE STANDARD SOLUTION
IF I.$CC @ 1$ > C;, OR 46.1$ > OF ANOIF I.$CC @ 1$ > C;, OR 46.1$ > OF ANO33 ,,
PER LITER $.272N"PER LITER $.272N"
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Hole cleaningHole cleaning
FLUID ANNULAR VELOCITY IS A KEYFLUID ANNULAR VELOCITY IS A KEY
PARAMETER IN CUTTINGSPARAMETER IN CUTTINGS
TRANSPORT. IF AN HOLE CLEANING TRANSPORT. IF AN HOLE CLEANING
PROBLEM EXISTS , CUTTINGPROBLEM EXISTS , CUTTING TRANSPORT MAY BE IMPROVED BY TRANSPORT MAY BE IMPROVED BY
INCREASING FLOW RATE TO ITSINCREASING FLOW RATE TO ITS
MAXIMUM VALUE WITH FLOW REGIMEMAXIMUM VALUE WITH FLOW REGIMEAND PUMP LIMITATIONS.AND PUMP LIMITATIONS.
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IN LAMINAR FLOW , HIGHER YIELDIN LAMINAR FLOW , HIGHER YIELD
POINT / PLASTIC VISCOSITY ( YP / PV )POINT / PLASTIC VISCOSITY ( YP / PV )
RATIOS IMPROVE CUTTINGSRATIOS IMPROVE CUTTINGS
TRANSPORT ; IN TURBULANT FLOW , TRANSPORT ; IN TURBULANT FLOW ,MUD RHEOLOGY HAS LITTLE EFFECTMUD RHEOLOGY HAS LITTLE EFFECT
ON CUTTINGS TRANSPORT. THISON CUTTINGS TRANSPORT. THIS
APPEARS TO BE TRUE IN ALL RANGESAPPEARS TO BE TRUE IN ALL RANGESOF INCLINATION .OF INCLINATION .
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PIPE ECCENTRICITY MAKES CUTTINGSPIPE ECCENTRICITY MAKES CUTTINGS
TRANSPORT MORE DIFFICULT AS FLUID TRANSPORT MORE DIFFICULT AS FLUID
VELOCITY IS REDUCED IN THE MOREVELOCITY IS REDUCED IN THE MORE
NARROW PORTIONS OF THE ANNULAS .NARROW PORTIONS OF THE ANNULAS .
WHEN ANNULAR FLUID IS LAMINAR , THIN ,WHEN ANNULAR FLUID IS LAMINAR , THIN ,
TURBULANT SWEEPS FOLLOWED BY THICK TURBULANT SWEEPS FOLLOWED BY THICK
SWEEPS MAY AID HOLE CLEANING BYSWEEPS MAY AID HOLE CLEANING BY
FIRST STIRRING THE CUTTINGS , THENFIRST STIRRING THE CUTTINGS , THENSWEEPING THEMOUT OF THE HOLE .SWEEPING THEMOUT OF THE HOLE .
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HYDRAULIC HOLE CLEANING MAY BEHYDRAULIC HOLE CLEANING MAY BE
SUPPLEMENTED BY MECHANICALSUPPLEMENTED BY MECHANICAL
MEANS . WIPER TRIPS ANDMEANS . WIPER TRIPS AND
DRILLSTRING ROTATION ( WHENDRILLSTRING ROTATION ( WHENPOSSIBLE ) DISTURB THE CUTTINGSPOSSIBLE ) DISTURB THE CUTTINGS
BED AND ENCOURAGE TRANSPORT .BED AND ENCOURAGE TRANSPORT .
TOP DRIVES ARE BENEFICIAL BY TOP DRIVES ARE BENEFICIAL BYALLOWING PIPE ROTATION ANDALLOWING PIPE ROTATION AND
CIRCULATION WHILE TRIPPING .CIRCULATION WHILE TRIPPING .
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SPE PAPER - 14167 OKRAN@8NI, )=. %;"H;) I';!%=! H;) ';)%!
0 - 450 - Laminar flow with higher YP/PV ratio.Cuttings bed can begin to form on lower side.
45 - 550 - Laminar flow turbulent flow ha!esimilar results. "igher YP/PV ratio hel#s in laminarflow. Cuttings bed ma$ slide down hole.
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H;) I';!%=! H;) ';)%!
55 - %00 - &urbulent flow #ro!idesbetter cuttings
trans#ort.
- "igher YP/PV ratio im#ro!estrans#ort in laminar flow.
- Cuttings beds generall$ willnot slide down hole.