Muhammad Usman

Group MemberGroup Member

Muhammad Usman TE 307-206Muhammad Usman TE 307-206

Muhammad Sohaib Amir TE307-202Muhammad Sohaib Amir TE307-202

Hasnan Badshah TE307-204Hasnan Badshah TE307-204

PresentationPresentation

IntroductionIntroduction A Hydro electric power station is used to supply A Hydro electric power station is used to supply

electrical energy to consumer where water resources electrical energy to consumer where water resources are available.are available.

This type of stations, however, can not be located any This type of stations, however, can not be located any where. Firstly there must be ample quantity of water where. Firstly there must be ample quantity of water available at sufficient head; secondly a suitable site available at sufficient head; secondly a suitable site must be available.must be available.

The energy that can be produced depends upon the The energy that can be produced depends upon the quantity of water available and the rate at which water quantity of water available and the rate at which water is flowingis flowing

Water PowerWater Power

Water is the cheapest source of power . The energy of water Water is the cheapest source of power . The energy of water utilized for hydro-power generation may be kinetic or potential. utilized for hydro-power generation may be kinetic or potential.

Kinetic energy of water is Its energy in motion and is a function Kinetic energy of water is Its energy in motion and is a function of mass and velocity while potential energy is a function of the of mass and velocity while potential energy is a function of the difference in level of water between two points (called the difference in level of water between two points (called the head). head).

In either case continuous availability of water is a basic In either case continuous availability of water is a basic requirement. For this purpose water collected in natural lakes requirement. For this purpose water collected in natural lakes and reservoirs at high altitudes may be made use of or water and reservoirs at high altitudes may be made use of or water may be artificially stored by constructing dams across flowing may be artificially stored by constructing dams across flowing streamsstreams

Selection Of Site For Hydro Power Selection Of Site For Hydro Power PlantPlant

Availability Of WaterAvailability Of Water Water StorageWater Storage

Water HeadWater Head Distance From Load Distance From Load CenterCenter

Accessibily Of Accessibily Of The SiteThe Site

Large Large Catchment AreaCatchment Area

Availability Of Availability Of LandLand

Water PollutionWater Pollution

Hydro Power PlantsHydro Power Plants

The turbine and generator are connected to The turbine and generator are connected to a vertical shaft.a vertical shaft.

The filtered water enters through the gate.The filtered water enters through the gate.

The water flow is controlled by the wicket The water flow is controlled by the wicket gate. gate.

The head (difference between the water The head (difference between the water levels) drives the water through the turbine levels) drives the water through the turbine and rotates the runner at a few hundred rpm.and rotates the runner at a few hundred rpm.

Schematic Arrangements Of Hydro Schematic Arrangements Of Hydro Power PlantsPower Plants

Elements Of Hydro Power PlantsElements Of Hydro Power Plants

1.1. Storage Reservoir:Storage Reservoir:

It is basic requirement of It is basic requirement of hydro power plant.Its purpose is to store hydro power plant.Its purpose is to store water during excess flow water during excess flow

Dam:Dam:

The function of dam is to rise water The function of dam is to rise water surface of the stream to create an artificial surface of the stream to create an artificial head.head.

Forebay:Forebay:

The forebay serves as a The forebay serves as a regulating reservoir storing water regulating reservoir storing water temprarily during lighting load petemprarily during lighting load pe

Spillway:Spillway:

This is constructed to act as This is constructed to act as safety valve.safety valve.

Surge Tank:Surge Tank:

Surge tank work as small Surge tank work as small storage reservoir or tank for receiving the storage reservoir or tank for receiving the rejected flow and relieving the condit pipe rejected flow and relieving the condit pipe of excessive water hammer pressure.of excessive water hammer pressure.

Penstock:Penstock:

It is a closed conduit which connects It is a closed conduit which connects the forebay or surg tank to the scroll case of the forebay or surg tank to the scroll case of turbine.turbine.

Tail Race:Tail Race:

The water after having done its The water after having done its useful work in theturbine is discharged to useful work in theturbine is discharged to the tail race which may lead it to the same the tail race which may lead it to the same stream.stream.

Over View Hydro Power PlantsOver View Hydro Power Plants

Classification Of Hydro Power Classification Of Hydro Power Plants According To Water HeadPlants According To Water Head

Low Head Power PlantsLow Head Power Plants

Medium Head Power PlantsMedium Head Power Plants

High Head Power PlantsHigh Head Power Plants

Low head Power Plants:Low head Power Plants:

Less than 15 meterUses vertical shaft Francis turbines or Kaplan turbines

Medium Head Power Plants:Medium Head Power Plants:

From 15 to 50 metersUses francis turbineForebey provided at the beginning of pen stock serves as the water reserviour. The forebay draws water from main reserviour through a canal or tunnel.

High Head Power Plants:High Head Power Plants:

Above 50 meters Surge tank is attached to penstock to reduce the water

hammer effect on the pen stock Pelton turbines are used in such power plants

Turbines Of Hydro Power PlantsTurbines Of Hydro Power Plants

1)1) Pelton Wheel Turbine:Pelton Wheel Turbine:

2)2) Francis Turbine:Francis Turbine:

3)3) Kaplan Turbine:Kaplan Turbine:

Pelton Wheel Turbine:Pelton Wheel Turbine:

Also called a Also called a free-jet turbinefree-jet turbine . . Pelton turbines are suited to high head, low flow Pelton turbines are suited to high head, low flow applications. Typically, to work this type of applications. Typically, to work this type of turbine, water is piped down a hillside so that at turbine, water is piped down a hillside so that at the lower end of the pipe it emerges from a the lower end of the pipe it emerges from a narrow nozzle as a jet with very high velocity. narrow nozzle as a jet with very high velocity. The Pelton turbine can be controlled by The Pelton turbine can be controlled by adjusting the flow of water to the buckets .adjusting the flow of water to the buckets .

Francis Turbine:Francis Turbine:

A type of hydropower reaction A type of hydropower reaction turbine that contains a runner that has water turbine that contains a runner that has water passages through it formed by curved vanes or passages through it formed by curved vanes or blades. The runner blades, typically 9 to 19 in blades. The runner blades, typically 9 to 19 in number, cannot be adjusted. As the water number, cannot be adjusted. As the water passes through the runner and over the curved passes through the runner and over the curved surfaces, it causes rotation of the runner. The surfaces, it causes rotation of the runner. The rotational motion is transmitted by a shaft to a rotational motion is transmitted by a shaft to a generator generator

Kaplan Turbine:Kaplan Turbine:

Kaplan turbines are well suited Kaplan turbines are well suited to situations in which there is a low head and a to situations in which there is a low head and a large amount of discharge. The adjustable large amount of discharge. The adjustable runner blades enable high efficiency even in the runner blades enable high efficiency even in the range of partial load, and there is little drop in range of partial load, and there is little drop in efficiency due to head variation or load. efficiency due to head variation or load.

Internal Parts Of Hydro GenraterInternal Parts Of Hydro Genrater

Poles Stator

Rotor

Transmission Lines:Transmission Lines:

Grid StationGrid Station

Advantages:Advantages:

cost of transportation of plant starts quickly in short period of time and take up the load

It can be used as a base load or peak load power plant

Hydraulic turbines can be switched ON and OFF in very short interval of time

fuel No Life of hydral power station is more than thermal

power station For Hydral power station life is about 50 years and for

thermal power plant is 30 years Hydral power

Advantages:Advantages:

Reliability is high Reliability is high Flood control is providedFlood control is providedNon skilled staff can operate the plantNon skilled staff can operate the plant

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:

Civil work is involved which is very costly. There Civil work is involved which is very costly. There is huge initial investment.is huge initial investment.

Long period from foundation to complete Long period from foundation to complete construction usually 10-15 yearsconstruction usually 10-15 years

Hydro-electric sites are very far away from the Hydro-electric sites are very far away from the load center so we need transmission lines load center so we need transmission lines which causes losses and increase in the cost which causes losses and increase in the cost

Uprooting of people is required to vacate the Uprooting of people is required to vacate the areaarea

Construction of HPP will effect the vegetationConstruction of HPP will effect the vegetationEcology of the area is effectedEcology of the area is effected