Multi-Cellular OrganismsSarah Jones

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Organs and their FunctionOrgans perform functions necessary for us to stay alive OR they contribute to our wellbeing.

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BLADDER - A hollow muscular organ that stores urine before expelling it from the body.

BONES - The bones provide 5 functions. They protect other vital organs. Support the body in an upright position. They are attached to muscles to help provide movement of the body. Bone marrow produces blood and stores salt.http://ellerbruch.nmu.edu/classes/cs255w03/cs255students/nsovey/p4/facts2.html

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BRAIN - The brain is the master control centre of the body. It receives information through the senses from inside and outside of the body. It analyses this information then sends messages to the body that controls its functions and actions.

EARS - The ear converts sound which enters the ear canal, from mechanical vibrations into electrical signals that the brain interprets. The ear also contains a fluid that is vital for balance.

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - The endocrine system is a collection of glands that secrete chemical messages called hormones.

EPITHELAIL TISSUE - Membranous tissue composed of one or more layers of cells forming the covering of most internal and external surfaces of the body and its organs.

EYES - The eyes collect light and then sends a message to the brain for integration.

GALL BLADDER - A small, pear-shaped muscular sac, located under the right lobe of the liver, in which bile secreted by the liver is stored until needed by the body for digestion.

HEART - The chambered muscular organ that pumps blood received from the veins into the arteries, thereby maintaining the flow of blood through the entire circulatory system to supply oxygen to the body.

KIDNEYS - A pair of organs functioning to maintain proper water and electrolyte balance, regulate acid-base concentration, and filter the blood of metabolic wastes, which are then excreted as urine.

LARGE INTESTINES - Beginning with the cecum and ending with the rectum; includes the cecum and the colon and the rectum; extracts moisture from food residues which are later excreted as faeces.

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LIVER - A large, reddish-brown, organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity that secretes bile and is active in the formation of certain blood proteins and in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

LUNGS – Two spongy, saclike respiratory organs in most vertebrates, occupying the chest cavity together with the heart and functioning to remove carbon dioxide from the blood and provide it with oxygen.

MUSCLES - A tissue composed of fibres capable of contracting to effect bodily movement.

NERVOUS SYSTEM - The system of cells, tissues, and organs that regulates the body's responses to internal and external stimuli.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_en.svg

NOSE – Contains the nostrils and organs of smell and forms the beginning of the respiratory tract.

PANCREAS - A long, irregularly shaped gland in vertebrates, lying behind the stomach, that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum and insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin into the bloodstream.

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SKIN - The membranous tissue forming the external covering or integument of an animal and consisting of the epidermis and dermis.

SMALL INTERTINES - The upper portion of the bowel, in which the process of digestion is practically completed. It is narrow and contorted, and consists of three parts, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skin_layers.svg

SPINAL CORD - The thick, whitish cord of nerve tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata down through the spinal column and from which the spinal nerves branch off to various parts of the body.

STOMACH – One of the principal organs of digestion, located between the oesophagus and the small intestine.

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Comparing Digestive Systems

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Feature 

Herbivore Carnivore Nectar Feeder

Major chemical composition of diet

Complex carbohydrates including cellulose

Proteins, fats Simple sugars, protein

Teeth Large grinding molars to crush food

Sharp canines and molars for catching and holding prey

Few teeth

Time in mouth Chewed for a long period of time

Rapidly swallowed Rapidly swallowed

Feature Herbivore Carnivore Nectar FeederTime spent eating Most of the day Short feeding

periodHoney possums can drink up to 20% of their body mass in minutes

Stomach Foregut fermenters (ruminants e.g. cattle) have four chambered stomach for breakdown of cellulose

Small, one chambered stomach

Two chambered stomach, one may be for nectar storage

Intestines Hindgut fermenters have enlarged caecum for breakdown of cellulose

Short and unspecialised

Large and small intestines indistinguishable, no caecum

http://wordpress.as.edu.au/hmcphie/2013/05/22/comparison-of-mammals-digestive-systems/

Circulatory System• Heart• Blood Vessels • Blood

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel

• Oxygen that is required for respiration is transported to the body's cells.

• Carbon dioxide is carried away from the body's cells.

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The Heart

Double Circulation

• Left side of the heart pumps oxygen rich blood to the body.• Oxygen poor blood travels from the body to the rights

side of the heart.• The right side pumps the oxygen poor blood to the

lungs.• Oxygen rich blood returns to the left side of the heart.• Called double circulation because during a single

circuit of the body blood passes through the heart twice.

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Comparing Respiratory Systems

http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system

http://home.telfort.nl/lucienbal/morphology4.html

Asexual Reproduction

Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single parent, and inherit the genes of that parent only, it is reproduction which does not involve meiosis, ploidy reduction or fertilisation.

https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Asexual_reproduction.html

b4fa.org

Sexual Reproduction

Sexual reproduction is characterised by processes that pass a combination of genetic material to offspring, resulting in increased genetic diversity. The two main processes are: meiosis, involving the halving of the number of chromosomes; and fertilization, involving the fusion of two gametes and the restoration of the original number of chromosomes.

http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Sexual_reproduction.html

http://csls-text.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/active/12_01.html