November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

Multi-frequency Gravitational Wave Astrophysics

Hyung Mok Lee Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI)

and Chunglee Kim

Ewha Womans University

on behalf of the Korean Gravitational Wave Group (KGWG)

November 6th, 2018 The 8th KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

Secular Evolution of Binaries in Quadrupole Approximation (Peters 1964)

• The GW frequency is twice of the orbital frequency:

• The orbit averaged rates of changes of semi-major-axis, and eccentricities are

f =2

Porb

⌧de

dt

�= �304

15eG3m1m2(m1 +m2)

c5a4(1� e2)5/2

✓1 +

121

304e2◆

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⌧da

dt

�= �64

5

G3m1m2(m1 +m2)

c5a3(1� e2)7/2

✓1 +

73

24e2 +

37

96e4◆

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November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

GW frequency and the mass• Duration of the frequency at f (ignoring the eccentricity)

where 𝜂 is symmetric mass ratio:

• We may assume that the merger take place at innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO), then

• The highest frequency for a given binary system is inversely proportional to the mass of the system.

T =f

f=

5

96⇡�8/3 c5

⌘(GM)5/3f�8/3

⌘ ⌘ m1m2

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fISCO ⇡ 1

⇡

✓1

6

◆3/2 c3

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November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

Evolution of GW amplitude during inspiral

• GW amplitude

• Fourier transform

• Characteristic Amplitude and power spectral density:

h(f) / M5/6D�1f�7/6<latexit sha1_base64="UUsQJjpg+DSvb1Uxv8BgrPRJdIA=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="UUsQJjpg+DSvb1Uxv8BgrPRJdIA=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="UUsQJjpg+DSvb1Uxv8BgrPRJdIA=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="UUsQJjpg+DSvb1Uxv8BgrPRJdIA=">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</latexit>

h(t) / M5/3D�1f(t)2/3 / M5/4D�1(tcoal � t)�1/4<latexit sha1_base64="SiVzegIyyrm4ZweknJ0WDWzGd1M=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="SiVzegIyyrm4ZweknJ0WDWzGd1M=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="SiVzegIyyrm4ZweknJ0WDWzGd1M=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="SiVzegIyyrm4ZweknJ0WDWzGd1M=">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</latexit>

hc(f) = 2fh(f);pSh(f) = hc(f)f

�1/2 = 2f1/2h(f)<latexit sha1_base64="5sOaiV7jD/D47SMviPezol2SwWs=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="5sOaiV7jD/D47SMviPezol2SwWs=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="5sOaiV7jD/D47SMviPezol2SwWs=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="5sOaiV7jD/D47SMviPezol2SwWs=">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</latexit>

November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

Sources at different frequencies• High-frequency

• LIGO/Virgo• 30 - 1000 Hz• Stellar mass black holes, neutron stars

• Low Frequency• LISA: 0.01 mHz ~ 0.1 Hz

• White dwarf binaries• Massive black holes (106 Msun)

• Pulsar timing array: nHz • Lower frequencies than LISA• Supermassive black holes (SMBH, 108-9 Msun)

• Mid-Frequency• 0.01 - 1 Hz• Intermediate mass black holes (IMBH, 103-4 Msun)• New concepts are being discussed

November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

LIGO Sensitivity during the first and second observing runs [O1/O2]

https://www.advancedligo.mit.edu

2017.08.14

• We expect higher sensitivity in O3 that will start early next year

November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

GW150914 LVT1501012

GW151226 GW170104 GW170608 GW170814

m1 36 23 14.2 31.2 12 30.5

m2 29 13 7.5 19.4 7 25.3

mfinal 62 35 20.8 48.7 18 53.2

Sfinal 0.67 0.66 0.74 0.64 0.69 0.7

mass ratio, q 1.2 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.2

BBH Detected by the LIGO so far…

• Current ground-based detectors are sensitive to stellar mass black hole (~10 Msun) binaries.

• Most of the detected sources are nearly equal mass non-spinning binaries in circular orbit.

• Inspiral time scales in LIGO band are < 1 sec.

November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

Proposed Future Detectors (not a complete list!)

• Ground based

•Einstein Telescope (ET)

•Cosmic Explorer (CE)

•Superconducting Omni-directional Gravittional Radiation Observatory (SOGRO)

•Mid-band Atomic Gravitational-Wave Interferometric Sensor (MAGIS)

•Space based

•eLISA (Europe/US)

•Tianqin and Taiji (China)

•DECIGO (Japan)

November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

Gravitational Waves in Wide Spectral Range

http://rhcole.com/apps/GWplotter by Moore, Cole & Berry

mid frequency

high frequency

low frequency

November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

arXiv:1802.05076 Tiburzi

November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

Sources involving massive black holes• Extreme mass ratio inspiral (EMRI)

• q=m1/m2

• m1 ~ 106 Msun (massive black hole), m2 ~ 1-10 Msun (NS, stellar mass BH) —> q > 105

• Initially very eccentric, many cycles before being swallowed by the MBH

• mHz GW, galactic nuclei• Intermediate mass ratio inspiral (IMRI)

• m1 ~ 102-4 Msun (Intermediate mass BH)• q ~ 102-4

• mili to Deci Hz GW, Star Clusters• Nearly circular binaries

November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

IMRI Waveforms: very sensitive to initial eccentricity

Amaro-Seoane 2018

Mid-frequency ground-based detector

November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

Gravity Gradiometer as a GW Detector

• Geodesic deviation equation:

• In weak field limit

• Strain Amplitude

d2xi

dt2= �Ri

0j0xj

Ri0j0 ⇡ @2�

@xi@xj

Ri0j0 = �1

2

@2hij

@t2⇡ 1

2!2hij

November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

Tunable Free Mass GW Detector (Wagoner et al. 1979)• The relative motion of two masses induces

driving emf of resonant L-C circuit• The relative momentum is determined by the

current in the circuits• Can be tuned over a wide frequency range

November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

Superconducting tensor GW Detector (Paik et al. 2016, CQG, 33, 075003)

hii(t) =1

L[x+ii(t)� x�ii(t)]

hij(t) =1

L{[x+ij(t)� x�ij(t)]� [x�ji(t)� x+ji(t)]}

• Superconducting Omni-directional Gravitational Radiation Observatory (SOGRO)

• By detecting all six components of Riemann tensor, the source direction and the polarization can be determined

November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

Advantages of SOGRO▪ SOGRO would fill in the missing

signal band between eLISA and aLIGO/Virgo/KAGRA, 0.1 – 10 Hz.

▪ SOGRO is a tensor detector with all-sky coverage and with the ability to locate the source and determine wave polarization.

▪ SOGRO, a full-tensor detector, has an advantage in rejecting Newtonian Noise

Paik et al. 2016, 30m and 100m baseline

November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

Most plausible sources in the mid-frequency GWs

❖ Intermediate-Mass Black Holes (IMBHs)

❖ Intermediate-Mass Ratio Inspirals (IMRIs)

❖ Nearby stellar-mass BBHs (“nearby” for detectors on Earth)

(total mass < a few hundreds of Msun)

stellar-mass BHs : O(1 - 100) M sun

Intermediate-mass BHs : O(1000 - 105) M sun

November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

❖ IMBH astrophysics : questions to be answered

- formation scenario of IMBHs- evolution of binaries consisting of IMBHs (how a IMBH-IMBH binary or an IMRI could be formed ? in what environment?)

❖ As GW sources we consider IMBH & IMBH (inspiral-merger-ringdown) or IMBH & stellar-mass BH (mainly inspirals)

November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

strain amplitude [1/Hz ½]

10-17

10-21

10-20

10-19

10-18

GW150914 inspiral (430 Mpc)

104 – 104 M sun

Equal-mass BBHs in circular orbit

d=500 Mpc fixed S/N ~ (1/d)

103 – 103 M sun

102 – 102 M sun

0.1 1

GW frequency [Hz]

10

105 – 105 M sun

November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

0.1 1

GW frequency [Hz]

10

strain amplitude [1/Hz ½]

10-17

10-21

10-20

10-19

10-18

104 – 10 M sun (100 Mpc)

Circular orbit IMRIs q =(m2/m1)=10-3

103 – 103 M sun

104 – 10 M sun (500 Mpc)

signal duration within 0.1-10 Hz: minutes ~ days

November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

total mass [Msun]

Luminosity distance [Mpc]

105

10

102

103

104

102 103 104 105

GW150914 65 Msun, 430 Mpc

q =(m 2

/m 1)=1

q =(m 2

/m 1)=1

0-2

redshift

0.01

0.1

1

Horizon Distances of SOGRO

November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

Benefit of low to mid-frequency GW astrophysics• Exploration of the space-time structure of around

the (spinning) massive black holes

• Population of compact stars in the central parts of the galaxies

• Horizon distances are much larger than those of high-frequency sources

• Origin of the intermediate mass black holes

• Growth of the massive black holes

• Early warning to the higher frequency detectors

November 5-9, 2018KIAS Workshop on Cosmology and Structure Formation

Summary• Future detectors will cover wider range of gravitational

wave frequencies, especially lower than current detectors

• Inspiral of binaries of massive black holes is more complex than compact binary coalescence observed by LIGO.

• Lower frequency detectors can probe new population at large distances

• There are many theoretical challenges, such as accurate waveform modeling, possible perturbation by other stars during inspiral, etc.