Date post: | 02-Jul-2015 |
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MULTI-FUNCTION PHASED ARRAY RADAR
Satyanarayana S
AGENDA
• Evolution of RADAR Technology
• Issues and Challenges
• Phased Array RADARS
• Components of a Phased Array RADAR
• Future Technologies
CONVENTIONAL RADAR
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• Centralized Transmitter• Produce beam pattern by reflector• Scanning achieved by physically moving the antenna• Surveillance and tracking method
– Surveillance: Fan-based beam– Tracking: Pencil beam
DISPLAY
TARGET
Transmit and Receive beam feed
ROTATING JOINT
TRANSMITTER
DUPLEX
RECEIVER
PROCESSOR
Data to System
DISH
Continuous Rotation
SINGLE FUNCTION RADARS
PASSIVE PHASED ARRAY RADAR
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• Beam shaping without mechanical movement– Phase shifters, Attenuators and Switching elements
HIGH-POWER VARIABLE PHASE SHIFTERS AND ATTENUATORS
DISPLAY
TARGET
Planar Array (Example of 9 radiators, but usually 1000+)
Dist
ribut
ion
TRANSMITTER
DUPLEX
RECEIVER
PROCESSOR
Data to System
Operator / System Requirement
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
Computer Beam ControlControl
ISSUES & CHALLENGES
• ISSUES
– 80% of the effective RF power is lost
– 95% of prime power is lost
– 20% of RF power is used for detection
• CHALLENGES
– Intense jamming
– Severe clutter
– Very low RADAR cross section
– Rapid reaction/updates
– Multiple Targets
– Mobility/Transportability
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ACTIVE PHASED ARRAY RADAR
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• T/R module behind each radiating element• Transmitter power distributed through many Power Amplifiers (HPA) • Small signal loss between HPA and LNA (Low-noise Amplifier)
PASSIVE ANTENNA CONNECTS TO HPA & LNA
HPA
LNA
HPA
LNA
TRM1
TARGET
Planar Array
Phase and Amp Control
Beam Steering Computer
Exciter
TRMn
Down Converter
Transmit / Receive Losses
Signal Processing
ADVANTAGES
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• Waveguide can be replaced with low-loss cables
• No tube warm-up time
• Replace tube technologies with solid-state technology
• Improved detection sensitivity by improving noise figure
• MTBF better for solid-state electronics than tubes
• Graceful degradation performance with component failures
• Improved detection sensitivity in the presence of clutter
• Prime power requirements are also greatly reduced
ACTIVE SYSTEMS WITH HIGH DUTY CYCLE / LOW PEAK POWER
EVOLUTION
During 1960 – 1970New technologies developed for Space and Military applications
Oct-14 Mistral Confidential 8
For Commercial applications
Military & Space applications
During 2010 – 2020New technologies developed for commercial applications such as wireless / base station
T/R MODULES
• Receive Path : High Power Switch, Low Noise Amplifier & Band Pass filters• Common Arm : Digital Phase Shifter, Digital Attenuator• Transmit Path : Driver Amplifier and Power Amplifier• DC Power Conditioning : EMI Filter, Buck converters and LDOs• Digital Controls : Phase Shifters, Attenuators, Switches
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Switch
High Power Switch
Power AmplifierSwitch
Low Noise Amplifier
Transmitter Path
Receiver PathControls DC Power Conditioning
Switch
50 V
Common Arm
EFFICIENT AND LOW NOISE
ADVANCEMENTS
• GaN Devices– High efficiency (PAE)
– Higher gain per stage
– Easier Impedance matching
– Wider Bandwidth
– High power SPDT
– Low noise Amplifiers
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COMPLETE SOLID-STATE
SUB-ARRAY CONCEPT
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DIGITAL AT SUB ARRAY LEVEL
Sub array T/R Modules
Beam steering
(Phase & Amplitude)
On-array Components
Receiver (1 … N)Down Converter
ADC
Digital Beam former
Exciter
Digital Signal processor
Sum Beam Difference Beam
Control Computer
FUTURE ACTIVE ANTENNA
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T/R Modules Beam steering (Phase and Amplitude)
On-array Components
Transceiver 1 … M per element
Digital Beam former
Digital Signal processor
Control Computer
DIGITAL AT ELEMENT LEVEL
BENEFITS OF DIGITAL BEAM FORMING
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INCREASE IN DYNAMIC RANGE DUE TO DISTRIBUTED ADCs
HPA
LNA
HPA
LNA
HPA
LNA
HPA
LNA
RECE
IVER
RECE
IVER
RECE
IVER
RECE
IVER
ADC
ADC
ADC
ADC
Digital Beam Forming
Sum Beam
X1 X2 Xn….
Beam forming
on Digital data
• System Dynamic Range is n times the ADC Dynamic Range
HPA
LNA
HPA
LNA
HPA
LNA
HPA
LNA
Beam Forming
Sum Beam
X1 X2 Xn….
Beam forming on
Analog (RF)
signals
RECEIVER
ADC
• System Dynamic Range is limited by ADC Dynamic Range
MULTI FUNCTIONS
• Enables MPAR to rapidly and adaptively survey the atmosphere, while serving aviation needs
• Simultaneous tracking on multiple targets coming from many directions
• Enables multiple beams at different frequencies in the band, simultaneously
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4 Active antenna Fixed Faces (top
view)
Mission A Mission B Mission C
Face 1 Face 3 Face 2 Face 4
Mission D
∆f1 ∆f2 ∆f3 ∆f4
f1 f2 f3 f4
x MHz
y MHz
COST OPTIMIZATION
• Scalable Array size– Enables same array hardware for multiple aperture configurations
• Tile architecture– Reduce interconnections, simplify assembly and test processes
• Low-peak Power– Allows standard surface mount packages
• Exploit Wireless Industry Technology– Leverages commercial manufacturing and test processes
• Replace existing RADARs that are used for weather and aircraft surveillance with MPAR
– Reduced maintenance and improved availability [Higher power transmitter and mechanism for pointing the antenna]
– Savings in uniform maintenance can be very substantial
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PHASED ARRAY RADAR ARCHITECTURE
• Difference in the construction of– Transmitter– Antenna– Receiver Chain
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ModulesArray
RADAR Manager
Digital Beam Forming
Array Rx * s
Transmit Signal Generation
Power and Cooling
Signal Processing
Tracking Filters To Weapon Systems
SMALL RADAR TECHNOLOGY
• Placement of short-range RADARS about 30kms apart arranged in a network
• Achieves improved weather surveillance compared to todays long range RADAR technologies
• Can be installed next to existing towers and roof tops
• Long-range RADARS fundamentally incapable of providing comprehensive low-level coverage owing to the curvature of the earth
• Short range RADARS require less than 100 watt of average transmit power
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Image Courtsey: AFFORDABLE PHASED ARRAY WEATHER RADARS: STARTING TO BECOME A REALITY, by Prof. David J. McLaughlin, Engineering Research Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Massachusetts
ARRAY SPECIFICATION
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Frequency X-Band
Array 1m x 1m
Average Beam Width 2o x 2o
Azimuth Scan Range ± 45o to ±60o
Elevation Scan Range 0o – 20o (< 3 km)0o – 56o (22 km coverage)
Dual linear transmit and receive polarization
Performs electronic beam steering in azimuth direction while mechanically steering (tilting) the antenna in the elevation direction
TR ModulesPS
APS
APS
APS
APS
APS
A
Passive Antenna
Power Divider / CombinerReference: AFFORDABLE PHASED ARRAY WEATHER RADARS: STARTING TO BECOME A REALITY, by Prof. David J. McLaughlin, Engineering Research Center for
Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Massachusetts
DTRM FROM MISTRAL
• GaN based Dual Transmit Receive Module (DTRM)• RF Frequency Range : 3.1 to 3.5 GHz• Transmit Output Power Level : 100W• Receiver Input Power protection : 100 W, 200usec, 20%Duty• Dimensions (in mm for DTRM) : 220x93x33mm• Weight (DTRM) : < 1000 grams• Operating Temperature : -20C to +55C• Cooling : Surface finish for Liquid cooling
on an external cold plate
Oct-14 19Mistral Confidential
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
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Complex Application Platforms
Liquid-cooled, Air-cooled and Conduction-cooled systems
Integration of Multi-Vendor COTS Solutions, SW, HW and RF Engineering
Qualification and Field Trials
Production, Deployment and Maintenance
1
2
3
45
Electronic Warfare
Airborne Telemetry
SONAR
RADAR
SERVICES OFFERED
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Complex Application Platforms
Liquid-cooled, Air-cooled and Conduction-cooled systems
Integration of Multi-Vendor COTS Solutions, SW, HW and RF Engineering
Qualification and Field Trials
Production, Deployment and Maintenance
1
2
3
45
THANK YOU
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Mistral Solutions Pvt. Ltd.,No.60, 'Adarsh Regent', 100 Ft. Ring Road, Domlur Ext, Bangalore - 56 0 071 IndiaTel: +91-80-3091 2600
Mistral Solutions Inc.,4633 Old Ironsides Drive, Suite 410, Santa Clara, CA 95054, USAPhone: +1-408-705-2240
E-mail: [email protected]