MULTISIM

CHAPTER 3: MULTISIM

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO MULTISIM

Multisim is a virtual electronic circuit design, analysis, and simulation programme that design and analyse analogue, digital and mixed mode circuits on a PC using virtual instruments. Virtual instruments are used to measure circuit behaviour such as voltage, current, power, frequency and signals on a scope. They look just like real instruments without fear of damaging the circuit components or the instruments.The basic virtual instruments in Multisim are:

a) Multimeter It measures resistance, ac/dc voltage and ac/dc current.

b) Function GeneratorIt produces sinewave, squarewave and triangular wave signals of adjustable frequencies and amplitudes.c) Wattmeter

It measures the power in watts consumed in a circuit.

d) Oscilloscopes (2-ch and 4-ch). They display the traces of a peak-to-peak voltage signal in a circuit.e) Bode Plotter

It produces a graph of the circuits frequency response. It is useful for analysing electronic filter circuits.f) Frequency Counter

It measures the frequency of an ac voltage signal.Other virtual instruments in Multisim include a Word Generator, a Logic Analyzer, a Logic Converter, an IV Analyzer, a Distortion Analyzer, a Spectrum Analyzer, a Network Analyzer, a virtual Agilent Function Generator, Multimeter, and Oscilloscope.

Types of electronic components that are available to build circuits in Multisim are:a) DC and AC power sources, single phase and three phaseb) Resistors, resistor packs, potentiometersc) Capacitors, single value and variabled) Inductors, single value and variablee) Switches, Connectors, Relays, Motors, Solenoids, Timers f) Transformersg) Diodes, LEDs, Zener

h) Transistors, NPN, PNP, JFET, MOSFET Operational Amplifiers, A-to-D and D-to-A Convertersi) IC chips, 7400 TTL series, 4000 CMOS seriesj) Lamps, LED indicators, Bar graphsk) Voltage Regulators, Transducers, Crystals, Vacuum tubes, Fusesl) And many more components in component libraries

3.2 INTRODUCTION TO MULTISIM INTERFACE

Multisim user's interface is shown below:

Figure 1: Multisim user's interface3.2.1 Design Bar

The design bar is central components of Multisim that guides user go through building, simulating, analysing and exporting design.

The Component design button is selected by default.

The Component Editing allows user to add or modify the components in Multisim.

The Instrument design button is selected by default.

The Simulate button runs/stops/pauses the simulation. The green sine wave line moves while the simulation is running.

The Analysis button allows user to choose the type of circuit analysis.

The Postprocessor allows user to perform further operation on the simulation results.

The VHDL/Verilog HDL button allows user to work with VHDL modelling.

The Report button allows user to print the reports about circuit.

The Transfer button allows user to communicate with and convert to PCB layout programme.

3.2.2 Controlling Circuit Display

Figure 2: Controlling Circuit Display

3.2.3 Components Toolbar

Figure 3: Components Toolbar3.3 PLACING COMPONENTS

3.3.1 Placing a Battery

Step 1: Place a Battery

1. To place the first component (a 5 volt battery):

Place the cursor on the Sources Parts Bin button and click. The contents of the Sources Parts Bin appear:

2. Click on the DC Voltage Source button and move your cursor to the circuit window. Your cursor changes to indicate a part is ready to be placed.

3. Move to the top left corner of the circuit window to place the battery. Click in this general area or, to be more precise, use the page borders as a guide and click in the intersection of row A and column 1. The battery appears on your circuit window:

Step 2: Change the Batterys Value

By default, the battery is a 12V battery, but our circuit calls for a 5V battery.

To change the batterys value:

1. Double-click on the battery. The batterys properties screen appears, with the Value tab displayed.

2. Change the 12 to a 5 and click OK.

3.3.2 Placing a Resistor

Step 1: Place a Resistor

To place the first resistor:

1. Place your cursor on the Basic Parts Bin button and, from the toolbar that appears, click the Resistor button. The Component Browser screen appears:

2. Scroll through the Component List to find the 100ohm resistor we need for our circuit.3. Select the 100ohm resistor and click OK or double click on the component value. The cursor will appear on the circuit window as a ghost image of the resistor.4. Move your cursor to approximately A5 and click to place the component.Step 2: Rotate the Resistor

The resistor needs to be rotated in order to set up conveniently into a circuit.1. Right-click on the resistor. A pop-up menu appears.2. Choose 90 Counter CW from the menu. The results look like this:

3.4 EDITING A BASIC SCHEMATIC WITH MULTISIM1. Click Tools ( Edit Components

2. From the Database Name list, the database of the component that needs to be edited can be chose.

3. From the Family Name list, the family of the component that needs to be edited can be chose.

4. From the Component Name list, the component that needs to be edited can be chose.

5. To edit, click Edit (to cancel, click Exit).

3.5 VIRTUAL COMPONENTS

The instrument toolbar is displayed by default.

To choose any of the virtual components, click the Instruments button.

3.6 LOGIC GATES AND COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS

A combinational circuit consists of logic gates whose outputs at any time are determined from the present combination of inputs. A combinational circuit performs an operation that can be specified logically by a set of Boolean functions. A combinational circuit comprises of input variables, logic gates and output variables.

3.6.1 The InverterOperation:

When the input is LOW, The output is HIGH; when the input is HIGH, the output is LOW, thereby producing an inverted output pulse.

Symbol:

Truth Table:

INPUT (A)OUTPUT (Y)

01

10

3.6.2 The AND Gate

Operation:

For a 2-input AND gate, output Y is HIGH if both input A and B are HIGH; Y is LOW if either A or B is LOW, or both A and B are LOW.

Symbol:Truth Table:

INPUT (A)INPUT (B)OUTPUT (Y)

000

010

100

111

3.6.3 The OR Gate

Operation:

For a 2-input OR gate, output Y is HIGH if either input A or B is HIGH, or if both A and B are HIGH; Y is LOW if both A and B are LOW.

Symbols:

Truth Table:

INPUT (A)INPUT (B)OUTPUT (Y)

000

011

101

111

3.6.4 The NAND gate

Operation:

For a 2-input NAND gate, output Y is LOW if input A and B are HIGH; Y is HIGH if either A or B are LOW, or if both A and B are LOW.

Symbols:

Truth Table:

INPUT (A)INPUT (B)OUTPUT (Y)

001

011

101

110

3.6.5 The NOR Gate

Operation:

For a 2-input NOR gate, output Y is LOW if either input A or B is HIGH, or if both A and B are HIGH; Y is HIGH if both A and B are LOW.

Symbols:Truth Table:

INPUT (A)INPUT (B)OUTPUT (Y)

001

010

100

110

3.6.6 The XOR Gate

Operation:

For an exclusive-OR gate, output Y is HIGH if input A is LOW and input B is HIGH, or if input A is HIGH and input B is LOW; Y is LOW if A and B are both HIGH or both LOW. Symbols:

Truth Table:

INPUT (A)INPUT (B)OUTPUT (Y)

000

011

101

110

3.6.7 The XNOR Gate

Operation:

For an exclusive-NOR gate, output Y is LOW if input A is LOW and input B is HIGH, or if input A is HIGH and input B is LOW; Y is HIGH if A and B are both HIGH or both LOW.

Symbols:

Truth Table:

INPUT (A)INPUT (B)OUTPUT (Y)

001

010

100

111

3.7 Basic Combinational Logic Circuits

3.7.1

AND-OR LogicFor a 4-input AND-OR logic circuit, the output X is high (1) if both input A and B are high (1), or both input C and D are high (1).

3.7.2 AND-OR-Invert LogicFor a 4-input AND-OR-Invert logic circuit, the output X is LOW (0) if both input A and input B are HIGH (1) or both input C and input D are HIGH (1)

3.7.3 Exclusive-OR Logic

3.7.4 Exclusive-NOR Logic

3.8 Functions of Combinational Logic

3.8.1 Multiplexer

A multiplexer is a device that allows digital information from several sources to be routed onto a single line for transmission over that line to a common destination. The basic multiplexer has several data-input lines and a single output lines. Below is the logic symbol for a 4-input multiplexer (MUX). There are two data-select lines because with two select bits, any one of four data-input lines can be selected.

A 2-bit code on the data-select (S) input will allow the data on the selected data input to pass through to the data output as table below:Data-select InputsInput selected

S1S0

00D0

01D1

10D2

11D3

The data output is equal to the state of the selected data input

The total expression for the data output is

Y = D0S1S0 + D1S1S0 + D2S1S0 + D3S1S0 This can be implemented by the circuit below:

Because the data can be selected from any one of the input lines, this circuit is also referred to as a data selector The select bits of multiplexer depend on the data input, 2n.3.8.2 Demultiplexer

The DEMUX is a reverse multiplexer function. It takes digital information from one line and distributes it to a given number of output lines. It is known as data distributors. Below is the 1-line-to-4-line demultiplexer circuit.

The data input line goes to all of the AND gates. The two data-select lines enable only one gate at a time and the data appearing on the data-input online will pass through the selected gate to the associated data-output line3.8.3 Decoder A decoder is a logic circuit that accepts a set of inputs that represents a binary number and activates only the output that corresponds to that input number. An AND gate can be used as a basic decoding element because it produces a HIGH output only when all inputs are HIGH.

As example, to decode a binary number, 1001, make sure that all the inputs to the AND gate are HIGH: If a NAND gate is used in place of AND gate, a LOW output will indicate the presence of the proper binary code

Below is the diagram of a general decoder with N inputs and M outputs:

N inputs

M outputs

2N input codes

only one output is high for eachinput code

Since each of the N inputs can be either 0 or 1, there are 2N possible input combinations or codes. For each of these input combinations only one of the M outputs will be active (HIGH); all other outputs are LOW. In order to decode all possible combinations of 4-bits, 16 decoding gates are required (24 = 16). This type of decoder is called a 4-line-to-16-line decoder (because there 4 inputs and 16 outputs) or a 1-of-16-decoder (because for any given code on the inputs, one of the 16 is activated). An AND gate can be used to produce active-HIGH outputs and NAND gate to produce active-LOW output. Below is the logic symbol for a 4-line-to16-line decoder with active-LOW output. The BIN/DEC label indicates that a binary input makes the corresponding decimal output active. The input labels 8,4,2,1 represent the binary weights of the input bits.

Some decoders have one or more ENABLE inputs that are used to control the operation of the decoder. With the ENABLE line held HIGH, the decoder will function normally. With ENABLE held LOW, all the outputs will be forced to the LOW state regardless of the levels at the inputs. Thus, the decoder is enabled only if ENABLE is HIGH.3.8.3.1 BCD to- Decimal Decoder

The BCD-to-decimal decoder converts each BCD code into one of the 10 position decimal digit indications. This decoder also is preferred as a 4-line-to-10-line decoder or a 1-of-10-line decoder.

Only 10 decoding gates are required because the BCD code represent only 10 decimal digits, 0-9. For input combinations that are invalid BCD, none of the output will be activated. The BCD-to-7-Segment Decoder- accepts the BCD code on its input and provides outputs to drive-7-segment display devices to produce a decimal readout.3.8.4 Encoder

An encoder accepts an active level on one of its inputs representing a digit, such as decimal or octal digit, and converts it to a coded output, such as BCD or binary

The process of converting from familiar symbols or numbers to a coded format is called encoding. 3.8.4.1 The Decimal-to-BCD Encoder

This type of encoder has 10 inputs- one for each decimal digit- and four output corresponding to the BCD code as below:

This is 10-line-to-4-line encoder

Decimal NumbersBCD

A3 A2 A1 A0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1

0 0 1 0

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

1 0 0 1

Refer to the table above, the MSB of BCD code; A3 is always a 1 for decimal digit 8 or 9. An OR expression for bit A3 in terms of decimal digits: A3 = 8 + 9

Bit A2 is always 1 for decimal digit 4, 5, 6, 7 and can be expressed as an OR functions as: A2 = 4+5+6+7

A1 = 2+3+6+7

A0 = 1+3+5+7+9 To implement the logic circuitry required to encoding each decimal digit to a BCD code as follows:

When HIGH appears on one of the decimal digit input lines, the appropriate levels occur on the four BCD output lines. As example, if line 9 is HIGH this condition will produce a HIGH on outputs A0 and A3 and LOW on outputs A1 and A2, which is the BCD code (1001) for decimal 9.3.9 Edge-Triggered Flip-flop

An Edge-Triggered Flip-flop changes state either at the POSITIVE edge (rising edge) or the NEGATIVE edge (falling edge) of the clock pulse.

In this section, 3 types of Edge Triggered Flip-flop: S-R, D and J-K are covered.

Top : Positive edge triggered flip-flop

Bottom : Negative edge triggered flip-flopThe key to identify an edge triggered flip-flop is the triangle inside the block at the clock C input. This triangle is called the Dynamic Input Indicator.

3.9.1 Edge Triggered S-R Flip Flop

Excitation Table

Input SInput RInput CLKOutput QComments

00(NCNo Change

01(0RESET

10(1SET

11(XInvalid

Timing Diagram 3.9.2 Edge Triggered D Flip Flop

Excitation TableInput DInput CLKOutput QComments

0(0SET

1(1RESET

Q follows D at the triggering clock edge.

Timing Diagram

3.9.3 Edge Triggered J-K Flip Flop

Excitation Table

Input JInput KInput CLKOutput QComments

00(NCNo Change

01(0RESET

10(1SET

11(Q

Toggle.

Q is the prior output before clock transition.

Toggle Operation When both inputs are HIGH, the output changes to the opposite state on each successive clock spike (J=1, K=1, Q=1 and 0 repetitively).

A J-K flip-flop connected for toggle operation is sometimes called T flip-flop.

The functioning of J-K flip-flop is similar to S-R flip-flop except that J-K has no invalid state.

Timing Diagram

LAB 3: COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUIT

1.0 Objectives

At the end of this lab session, you should be able to:

explain the logic gates and combinational circuits. construct combinational circuit in Multisim by using Logic Converter.

design a combinational circuit in Multisim.2.0 Logic Tools in Multisim

Figure L3-1

One of the virtual instruments in Multisim is the Logic Converter. The arrow in the figure L3-1 above shows the Logic Converter button.

Figure L3-2

When the Logic Converter button is clicked, the logic converter symbol is shown in the figure L3-2 above.

Figure L3-3

In the logic converter, most of the logic conversions needed is there. For example, if we want to obtain a circuit for the following Boolean expression,

Firstly, enter the Boolean expression into the logic converter as below:

Then, click on the Boolean expression truth table conversions option:

Next, the Boolean expression can be simplified by clicking (Note that for this example, the Boolean expression cannot be simplified anymore).

Finally, click to generate the combinational circuit which shown in figure L3-4 below.

Figure L3-4

3.0 Exercise1. Construct a three-input combinational circuit for f = m (2, 4, 5, 7) with the aid of Multisim. Show and explain all the steps in details.2. Design a four-input combinational circuit for f = m (0, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 14) with the aid of Multisim. Show and explain all the steps in details.

3. AB represents a two-bit binary number that can have any value (00, 01, 10, or 11); for example, when A = 1 and B = 0, the binary number is 10, and so on. Similarly, CD represents another two-bit binary number. Design a logic circuit, using A, B, C, and D inputs, whose output will be HIGH whenever two binary numbers AB are equal and greater than CD. It is impossible for inputs AB and CD to be HIGH at the same time.

a) Draw the logic circuit from the simplified Boolean expression (use AND, OR and NOT gates).

b) Draw the logic circuit from the simplified Boolean expression (use NAND gates).

A

B

Y

Decoder

Logic Converter

button

Logic Converter

Truth table

Truth table conversion

Circuit is generated

_1301999617.unknown

_1301999618.unknown

_1301999616.unknown