MULTICULTURAL INFLUENCES IN HRD

(DCE5130)

SEMESTER TWO 2013/2014F2F I (12 Feb 2014)

.

Part 1: Key elements of My Own Culture and other cultures in Malaysia

COURSE CONTENT

o An awareness and understanding of one's own set of values and cultural assumptions, symbols, rituals, and role models

o An understanding of values of people from different ethnic groups in the country (Malays, Chinese, Indians and Others).

o Cultural Similarities and Differences among Malaysians

FACE TO FACE 1

Learning outcomes: The students are able to: 1) Analyse five cultural dimensions2) Identify and elaborate cultural dimensions of his/her own culture and other cultures in Malaysia/own country

DirectorCenter for Industrial Relations and Networking

(CiRNeT) &

Assoc. Prof., Department of Professional Development & Continuing Education (JPPPL)Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra

Malaysia  

Tel: office: 03-89471193 hp:019-2196581azizanas@putra.upm.edu.my

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azizan Asmuni

Working experience  1) Deputy Director

Malaysia Japan University Center (MJUC)

2) Deputy Director (Extension),

Centre for Extension, Entrepreneurship and Professional Advancement (APEEC)

3) Deputy Director

Distance Education and Learning(IDEAL)/

Center for External Education.

4) Deputy Dean (Student Affairs & Alumni)Faculty of Educational Studies

5) HONORARY SECRETARY, ACADEMICS ASSOCIATION OF UPM

• Bachelor of Agriculture Science, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (UPM), (1981).

• Master of Science (Agric.) Ehime University, Japan (1990)

• Doctor of Philosophy (Extension), Ehime University, Japan (1993).

Qualifications

(SPECIALIZATION: Adult education and extension education)

 Graduate Level:1)         Principles of Adult Education2)         Multicultural Influence in HRD3)         Extension Education

4) Extension Program Evaluation5)         Distance Education Undergraduate Level:6)         Andragogy7)         Extension Administration8)         Policy Development

9) Change Management

10) Multicultural Influence in Organization

11)        Japanese Language

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this course, the students are able to:• Identify and elaborate key elements of his/her own

culture and other cultures in Malaysia/own country

• Analyze and relate key elements of culture (cultural dimension) to the intracultural, intercultural, and crosscultural Malaysian workplace

• Discuss and provide solution to issues and challenges in working across cultures,

• This course emphasises the influence of multiculture on human resource development, the sensitivity of multiculture on labour force in Malaysia and at the international level, cross-cultural and intercultural management of international corporations).

SYNOPSIS:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Abdullah_Badawi.JPG

EVALUATION OF MULTICULTURAL INFLUENCES IN HRD

(DCE5130)

1. Assignment 1 10%

2. Assignment 2 (Article Review)10%

3. Assignment 3 15%

4. Assignment 4 (Case Study)

(Group) 25 %

3. Final exam 30%

ASSIGMENT 1  • What is your understanding of your own value in your

culture? • Identify your core value (can be more than one values). • Describe the value/s by using the key elements of

culture (underlying assumption, value, symbol, ritual and hero). The assignment should be based on your own observation and experience. Some references may be useful.

• (At least 10 pages. 1.5 spacing) • Due date: 2nd Face to Face

ASSIGMENT 2 (Individual)• Search for ONE research article related to multicultural

influences in HRD/organization. • Review and discuss your chosen article based on your

understanding of cultural dimensions. Please read and compare with the following article (given in the VODPPL):

“FACILITATING HARMONY IN DIVERSITY: USING DELIGHTS, PUZZLES AND IRRITATIONS TO MEET THE CHALLENGE OF DIVERSITY” (provided in the file or at www.amauta-international.com/iaf2000/Abdullah2.PDF)

• (At least 3 pages. 1.5 spacing)• Due date: 3rd Face to Face

ASSIGMENT 3  • How Malaysian manager manage the organization?

(intracultural or intercultural organization?• Select one or two cases/activities on how manager

manage the organization from cultural perpective (in terms of leadership, communication, motivating, managing conflict etc.) The assignment can be either based on your own experience or others or a research article.

• (At least 10 pages. 1.5 spacing)• Due date: 3rd Face to Face

ASSIGMENT 4CASE STUDY (GROUP ASSIGMENT)

• How foreigners manage and need to know about managing in Malaysia (Cross-cultural Organization)?

• The students are expected to do a series of interview the foreigners (particular from western countries, Japan, Korea, Taiwan or Africa’s) who worked in Malaysian organizations (company, NGO, government).

• At least three foreigners of managerial level should be interviewed.

• Focus of the paper is how foreigners manage the organization from the cultural perspective, the issues and problems, their expectation, misunderstanding, etc.

• (At least 15 pages. 1.5 spacing)• Due date: Final Exam for Master Program

FINAL EXAM

•  Focus will be given on the ability of students to analyse key dimensions/elements of own culture and other cultures, and relate and propose solutions to issues and challenges in the multicultural workplace contexts.

REFERENCES MAIN:

• Asma Abdullah (1996). Going Glocal. Malaysian Institute of Management. Shah Alam. Malaysia (Asma Abdullah (2006). Ke arah glokal : dimensi budaya dalam pengurusan Malaysia. Penterjemah Zol Azlan Hamidin. Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur:)

• Asma Abdullah And Aric Low (2001). Understanding the Malaysian Workforce. Guidelines for Managers. Malaysian Institute of Management. Shah Alam. Malaysia.

• Asma Abdullah( 2001). Pengaruh Nilai Kebudayaan Melayu Dalam Pengurusan Di Malaysia. Ph.D Dissertation. Fakulti Sains Kemasyarakatan Dan Kemanusiaan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HD58.7 .A86 2001)

REFERENCES 

• OTHERS1. Adler, N.J. and Gundersen, A. (2008). International Dimension of

Organizational Behavior. (Fifth Edition.). South-Western, Canada.

2. Asma Abdullah and Paul B. Pedersen (2003). Understanding Multicultural Malaysia : Delights, Puzzles & Irritations. Prentice Hall, Petaling Jaya. 2003

3. Hofstede, G.H. and Hoftede, G.J. (2005). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. Revised and Expanded 2nd edition, UK: McGraw Hill.

4. Schein, E.H. (1997). Organizational Culture and Leadership, Jossey-Bass, UK

4 PARTS

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Part 3 (FACE TO FACE 3)Issues and challenges in working across cultures, namely:

- when Malaysians go abroad to work - when foreigners come to live and work in Malaysia.

Part 2 (FACE TO FACE 2)Relating at the intra cultural, intercultural, cross cultural

Malaysian workplace

Part 1: (FACE TO FACE 1)

Key elements of My Own Culture and other cultures in Malaysia

COURSE CONTENT

.

Part 1: Key elements of My Own Culture and other cultures in Malaysia

COURSE CONTENT

o An awareness and understanding of one's own set of values and cultural assumptions, symbols, rituals, and role models

o An understanding of values of people from different ethnic groups in the country (Malays, Chinese, Indians and Others).

o Cultural Similarities and Differences among Malaysians

FACE TO FACE 1

Learning outcomes: The students are able to: 1) Analyse five cultural dimensions2) Identify and elaborate cultural dimensions of his/her own culture and other cultures in Malaysia/own country

.

Part 2 Relating at the intra cultural, intercultural, cross cultural Malaysian workplace

COURSE CONTENT

O Similarities and differences in values and underlying assumptions of people from different ethnic groups and how they are expressed through managerial practices

O A working knowledge of the business approaches, protocol, etiquette and sensitivities as observed by each ethnic group at the workplace

O Acquire appropriate skills, strategies and techniques to interact with people from different ethnic groups and cultures for business and social purposes

O Forces of Change: Industrialization, Westernization, Modernization, Islamization, Vision 2020, Globalization and their impact in business

O Types of workplaces: Intracultural, intercultural and cross cultural

O Issues and challenges at the Malaysian workplace

FACE TO FACE 2

Learning outcomes: The students are able to: 1)compare underlying assumptions (similarities and differences) among people from different ethnic groups in organization2)assess the HRD practices/activities in organization from multicultural perspectives (in terms of leadership, communication, motivating, managing conflict etc.)

.

COURSE CONTENT

o An awareness and understanding of values and underlying assumptions of people from different cultures in business settings (Americans, Japanese, Australians, Canadians, Germans, Swedes, etc)

o A knowledge of work practices as observed in different cultures: concept of time, completed staff work, ethics, work relationships, protocol, etiquette and sensitivities as observed by each culture

o Acquire appropriate skills, strategies and techniques to interact with the host culture for business and social purposes

o Issues and challenges of international management

o Managing cross cultural interactions in business settings

Part 3 Issues and challenges in working across cultures, namely:

- when Malaysians go abroad to work - when foreigners come to live and work in Malaysia.

FACE TO FACE 3

Learning outcomes: The students are able to: 1)Analyze cultural dimensions to multicultural workplace2)Discuss and provide solution to issues and challenges in working across cultures

CULTURE-DEFINITION

CULTURE-definitions (Sociologists )

• as regularities based on interaction — norms for behavior, long standing and widely held values, beliefs and practices -as stable.

• Society -social relationships existing at a given point in time

• Boudon et. al 1989

• as including THINGS as well as the attitudes, values, and beliefs

• behavioral traits + all produced artifacts - tools, art, books and texts etc

• Not stable - constant process of change

• Malinowski (founders of Anthropology)

CULTURE-definitions (Anthropologists )

How do Cultures?I. Growth

technological growthpopulation growthevolution?Knowledge developmentInternal contradictions (feminism, civil rights movement)

II. Culture contact (change (cultural diffusion))diffusion - spread, trade, war Invasion succession

acculturationassimilation

III.Decay Cultural GenocideTransformation into something differentDecline and decadence

CULTURE-definitions (Anthropologists )

• cult (Latin)-tend, care for• Cultus -care cultivation• "An educated man is not always a cultured man,

although a cultured man is usually educated ... the cultured man is not merely the knowledgeable man, but the man who uses his knowledge humanely“(Ashley Montagu)

• a study of achievement and development or the higher aspects of civilization- arts, architecture, music, dance, literature, history, and philosophy etc.

CULTURE-definitions (Humanities )(CARE)

• "The total, generally organized way of life, including values, norms, institutions, and artifacts, that is passed on from generation to generation by learning alone."

• http://courses.ed.asu.edu/margolis/spf301.html

• Koentjaraningrat (1970) • Kebudayaan berasal daripada perkataan Sanskrit

'buddhayah' iaitu bentuk jamak dari 'buddhi' yang bererti 'budi' atau 'akal'. Kebudayaan dapat diertikan sebagai 'hal-hal yang bersangkutan dengan akal'.

• "keseluruhan dari kelakuan dan hasil kelakuan manusia yang teratur oleh tatakelakuan yang harus diperoleh dengan cara belajar."

• Edward B. Taylor ( 1871) "satu keseluruhan sistem yang kompleks yang mengandungi ilmu pengetahuan, kepercayaan, kesenian, kesusilaan, undang-undang ,adat resam dan kebolehan-kebolehan lain, serta kebiasaan yang diperoleh oleh manusia sebagai anggota masyarakatnya."

• Lucy Mair (1965) "milik bersama sesuatu masyarakat yang mempunyai tradisi yang sama."Horskovit "is a way of life atau satu cara hidup."

• Budaya itu adalah satu cara hidup yang merujuk kepada tamadun sesuatu masyarakat yang diwarisi dan bersifat dinamik. Di samping itu ada unsur-unsur menerima dan menolak yang dipraktikkan oleh sesuatu masyarakat dalam satu keseluruhan kehidupan yang meliputi ilmu pengetahuan, kepercayaan, kesenian, kesusilaan, adat resam, undang-undang, ekonomi, dan sistem simbol yang menjadi milik bersama.

SCHEIN’S definition of culture

• shared solutions to universal problems of external adaptation (how to survive) and internal integration (how to stay together) - which have evolved over time and are handed down from one generation to the next– Schein, 1985

• emic, universal problems where the solution is unique for a particular group , etic

• why do people behave as they do?• Basic assumption, WELTANSCHAUUNG

……. the collective programming of the body, mind and spirit which distinguishes members of one group (nation, ethnic group, company or category) of people from another. (born into, assimilation, acculturation, immersion)(Asmah, 1996)

DEFINING CULTURE

is learned behavior and is transmitted by education

KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE

1. Symbols (Simbol) 2. Rituals (Upacara amal)3. Heroes (Peranan

Ketua/Wira)4. Values (Nilai)5. Underlying Assumptions

(Andaian Dasar)

ICEBERG

THE ICEBERG ANALOGY OF CULTURE

Puzzles and Irritations

Seen, Explicit

Unseen, Implicit

Values and Underlying Assumptions

Symbols, Rituals and heroes

Delights

The rootsAkar umbi

UnconsciousValues andUnderlying assumptions

ConsciousSymbols, rituals and role models

1. SYMBOLS

2. RITUALS

Lim Goh Tong

3. HEROES

KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE

VALUESWhat we believe in..

shoulds, oughts, and musts inferred from our behaviours

PRACTICES Overt behaviors to demonstrate values

PRACTICESOvert behaviors to

demonstrate values

ROLE MODELS

RITUALSHow do we do things…meetings, celebrations

SYMBOLSWhat we can see and hear…language, objects, jargon, objects, ways of

dressing

Who are our heroes/heroines

UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONSways of perceiving, thinking and evaluating the world around us

4. VALUES

• Ex:

• Harmony, Family centeredness

• Respect for elders, Polite behavior

• Humility, Religious, Prosperity

• Hardwork, Shame, Wealth, Risk taking,

• Champion of causes, Teamwork

5. UNDERLYING ASSUMPTION

• We • Harmony • Relationship• Hierarchy• Shame • High context communication• Polychronic time orientation• Religious/Spritual

LINKING KEY ELEMENT OF CULTURE

SAFETY (VALUE)

WEALTH, philanthropy (VALUE)

Symbols Malay house, verandah. color green, salam, songkok, selendang, keris. Kiss hand of elders

Rituals Greetings, salutations, praying slaughtering/halal food, eating with fingers, Open House for Hari Raya, adat formalities protocol

Heroes Penghulus, Imam, village elders, Dr Mahathir Mohamed,

Values Harmony, Family centeredness, Respect for elders, Polite behavior, Humility, Modesty, Showing gratitude, Religious

Underlying assumptions:

Man’s relationship with Nature Eco-friendly, harmony with others

Man’s relationship with people Relationship orientation, Group oriented, Shame driven, Hierarchical

Man’s relationship with God Belief in both acquired and revealed knowledge

KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE: Malay

Symbols Fengshui, Red color, Dragon, Tiger, Lantern, Expensivecars

Rituals Tea ceremony, Lion dance, Cheng beng ceremony, Joystick praying, Reunion dinners

Heroes Confucius, scholars, Educators, Sun Tzu, businesspersons, Parents

Values Education, Prosperity, Harmony, Family centeredness, Respect for elders, Hardwork, Shame,

Wealth, Face saving, Food , Risk taking

Underlying assumptions:

Man’s relationship with Nature Harmony drivenMan’s relationship with people Relationship orientation, Man’s relationship with God Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism

KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE: Chinese

Symbols Banana leaf, coconut leaves, sarees, pottu, kolam

Rituals Offering garlands, chewing beetle leaves, bangle ceremony

Heroes Parents, film stars, spiritual figures, teachers, union leaders

Values God fearing, Spirituality, Harmony, Family centeredness, Respect for elders, Hardwork, Champion of causes

Underlying assumptions:

Man’s relationship with Nature Harmony driven

Man’s relationship with people Relationship orientation, Hierarchical

Man’s relationship with God Karma, Hinduism

KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE: Indians

Symbols Eagle - freedom, strength, individuality, Flag. Big Mac, Disney, Coke

Rituals Holidays. Independence Day, Thanks giving, Going to Churchon Sundays

Heroes Founding fathers, Martin Luther King, Athletes, Entertainers

Values Task orientation, Individualism, Punctuality, Money, Privacy,Competitiveness,

Underlying assumptions:

Man’s relationship with Nature Control, Mastery

Man’s relationship with people Individualism, Task driven, Monochronic time, Low context, Guilt, Equality

Man’s relationship with God Secular

KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE: Americans

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Low Context

Monochronic Time

Equality

Secular

Separated Self

Guilt

Control

Task Relationships

Harmony

Shame

Related Self

Religious

Hierarchy

Polychronic Time

High Context

Indians Chinese Malays

Anglos Malaysians

n: 1000

CULTURAL DIMENSIONS IN UNDERSTANDING MALAYSIANS

@asma

Accommodation AcculturationAffirmative actionAssimilationAssumptionsAttribution theory

CollectivismColonizationConsensus Context: Low/ High ControlCorporateCross culturalCulture

Diversity

EgalitarianEmic-EticEthnocentricism

Face saving

Related self Relationship orientationRitualsRole models/heroes

SecularSensitivitySeparated selfShameSocializationSymbolic conformitySymbols

Task orientation

Uncertainty avoidanceUniversalism

Values

Westernization

GlobalizationGuilt Harmony HierarchyHomogeneityIndigenization IndividualismIndustrialization Ingroup-outgroupInterculturalInternalizationIntracultural

Locus of control: LocalizationModernityModernization Monochronic time Multicultural

ParticularismPolychronic time Power distance

Part 4

Key concepts and theories in the field of cross cultural/multicultural mgt.

Terima KasihTerima Kasih

Thank YouThank You

Xie XieXie Xie

NandreeNandreeShukran

mamnon

@asma

Tashakour (Mammnoun&

Merci )