MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY ANALYSIS APPLIED TO THE ROMA
Andrey Ivanov, Senior Policy Advisor, UNDP BRCEschborn, 14 July 2013
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis presentation summarizes some preliminary results of an ongoing research based on the data come primarily from The regional Roma survey 2011 supported by the
European Union (DG Regional Policy), implemented by UNDP and the World Bank and administered by IPSOS, Serbia and
The regional Roma survey 2004, supported by UNDP and administered by BBSS-Gallup, Bulgaria, TARKI, Hungary and Focus, Czech Republic.
The data sets and the research papers based on the data available from the UNDP website: http://europeandcis.undp.org/ourwork/roma
Andrey Ivanov, UNDP: Applying multidimensional poverty analysis to Roma, 14 June 2013
WHY FOCUS ON ROMA? “The largest European minority” – between 8 and 12
Mil people (or more?) Represent an ultimate development challenge
A fundamental reformulation from “human rights” issue into “rights based development” issue
“Schizophrenic combination” of “developing world” level of deprivation and “developed world” context
Heavily overrepresented among the poor Huge resources allocated already (and more to come
under “Europe 2020”) A way of going “beyond NTL averages” What work for Roma might work for other similarly
deprivedgroups
WHY MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY? Roma deprivation is not just a
monetary poverty issue Individual dimensions contribute
differently to the overall deprivation outcome (status)
Makes possible building an integrated posture of the status (and thus link to the outrcomes of interventions)
DEFINING THE TARGET: POSSIBLE OPTIONS Self-identification (asking people, “Are you Roma?”)
Convenient and politically safe (nothing is imposed on the respondent)…
…but doesn’t yield relevant data because of the vagueness of the question triggering additional ones in respondents’ minds, like
If yes, does it mean I am not Romanian, Bulgarian, Slovak?
Why do they ask – maybe to frame me? External (‘imposed’) identification
By non-Roma – verges on segregationist attitudes By Roma – “you may not know who we are – but we do”
Combined (multi-stage approach) – used in the surveys of UNDP (2004 and 2011) and of FRA (2011)
Andrey Ivanov, UNDP: Applying multidimensional poverty analysis to Roma, 14 June 2013
THE UNDP/WB AND FRA REGIONAL SURVEYS
Provide quantifiable and comparable picture of the current situation of living conditions of Roma in the EU and non-EU countries (what is the status) Based on this, they send a message to policy-makers,
Illustrate the dynamics over time of some basic indicators (what has changed since 2004) …to provide the ground for progress evaluation,
Suggest possible correlations and causalities (what drives the status) …to help answer the “why this status?” question
Inform policymakers on possible priorities …to suggest “what can be done” to achieve change
Andrey Ivanov, UNDP: Applying multidimensional poverty analysis to Roma, 14 June 2013
…AND IN OTHER COUNTRIES AS WELL
Andrey Ivanov, UNDP: Applying multidimensional poverty analysis to Roma, 14 June 2013
THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY ANALYSIS
Data allows calculating multidimensional poverty rates and index – an aggregate measure of deprivation in 4 dimensions reflecting the priority areas of the Decade of Roma Inclusion Health Education Housing and Standard of Living
Follows Alkire/Foster methodology Based on 12 indicators, 3 for each dimension A person is considered poor if s/he is deprived in at
least 6 of the 12 indicators and severely poor if deprived in 9 out of 12 indicators
Andrey Ivanov, UNDP: Applying multidimensional poverty analysis to Roma, 14 June 2013
HEALTH DIMENSION Shares of the population not having access to
essential drugs (1/12) Any HH member living in a HH responding "yes" to the
question "were there any periods in the past 12 months when your HH could not afford to buy medicines prescribed by a doctor”
Perceived vaccination rate (1/12) Any child aged 0-6 years old who has not received any
or some of the obligatory vaccinations Malnutrition (1/12)
Any HH member living in a HH that experienced that in the past month somebody ever went to bed hungry because they could not afford enough food for them
EDUCATIONAL DIMENSION Highest completed education (1/12)
Any HH member of higher than primary education age with uncompleted primary education
Number of years in education (1/12) Any HH member with less than 5 years in
education Gross enrolment rate in compulsory
education (1/12) Any HH member aged 7-15 who is not
attending school or training
“BASIC INFRASTRUCTURES” DIMENSION Shares of the population not having access
to improved water source (1/12) Any HH member living in HHs not having piped
water inside the dwelling or in the garden/yard Shares of the population not having access
to improved sanitation (1/12) Any HH member living in a HH without toilet or
bathroom inside the house Access to electricity (1/12)
Any HH member living in a HH with no access to electricity in their dwelling
“STANDARD OF LIVING” DIMENSION Shares of the population not having access to
secure housing (1/12) Any HH member living in "ruined houses" or "slums"
(as assessed by the enumerator) Access to various HH amenities (1/12)
Any HH member living in a HH, which doesn't posses four of six categories falling in "UNDP material deprivation" index
Absolute poverty rate (1/12) Any HH member living in a HH living in the households
where the equivalent per capita income/expenditures are below $2.15 or $4.3 poverty lines
MONETARY AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY
Andrey Ivanov, UNDP: Applying multidimensional poverty analysis to Roma, 14 June 2013
POVERTY DYNAMICS
“POOR” AND “SEVERELY POOR” 2004-2011
NUMBER OF DEPRIVATIONS OF M-POOR, 2011
INDIVIDUAL DIMENSIONS’ CONTRIBUTION, 2011
MORE SUBTLE DETAILS OF DEPRIVATION…
THE OVERALL MESSAGES OF THE DATA Certain progress in regards Roma
inclusion has been made since the launch of the Decade of Roma inclusion But unequal in all areas Unequal between countries
Quantitative data is of paramount importance for establishing reliable and robust progress monitoring systems But quantitative data needs to be properly
contextualized through qualitative researchAndrey Ivanov, UNDP: Applying multidimensional poverty analysis to Roma, 14 June 2013
POLICY RELEVANCE Still potential (hard to go beyond research
and communication campaigns) But promising (unlike 2004) Hopefully will be used for monitoring the
progress in Roma inclusion (both within the Decade of Roma Inclusion and the European Roma Policy Framework)
Involving national institutions is key But difficult to various reasons (incl.
vested interests)