Multiple identity 1

Rowing without an Oar:Rowing without an Oar:Identity Reconstruction Following Identity Reconstruction Following

Organizational and Occupational LossOrganizational and Occupational Lossgg

HamdanHamdan Said, PhDSaid, PhD(Student Development)(Student Development)(Student Development)(Student Development)

Higher Education AdministrationHigher Education Administration

“A Tale To Tell”“A Tale To Tell”I have a little tale to tellI have a little tale to tellIt’s called my working lifeIt’s called my working lifeMy skills I soon will have to sellMy skills I soon will have to sell

I don’t know how to sign onI don’t know how to sign on

My skills I soon will have to sellMy skills I soon will have to sellShut up demanding wife!!!Shut up demanding wife!!!

The job I have has paid me wellThe job I have has paid me well ggI’ve always earnt a crustI’ve always earnt a crustBut moving on to pastures newBut moving on to pastures newCertainly seems a must…Certainly seems a must…

The job I have has paid me wellThe job I have has paid me wellI thought it was for goodI thought it was for goodI don’t know what to do right nowI don’t know what to do right nowI’ve only 12 months leftI’ve only 12 months left yy

You’ve heard my little taleYou’ve heard my little taleOf my shortened working lifeOf my shortened working life

I ve only 12 months leftI ve only 12 months left

Painter, decoratorPainter, decoratorCandlestick makerCandlestick maker y gy g

Well, so long Norsk HydroWell, so long Norsk HydroI thought it was for life.I thought it was for life.

Which one will suit me best?Which one will suit me best?

3/30/07 May Meaning Meeting 2

–– Beesley, Beesley, MeltdownMeltdown, 2004, 2004

Job Loss as Identity LossJob Loss as Identity LossBenefits of working Benefits of working (Jahoda, 1982)(Jahoda, 1982)

E i d h l i l b fitE i d h l i l b fitEconomic and psychological benefitsEconomic and psychological benefitsAmong psychological benefits are individual Among psychological benefits are individual identitidentit and stat sand stat sidentityidentity and status and status

Work is a core domain of people’s livesWork is a core domain of people’s livesWork is a core domain of people s lives Work is a core domain of people s lives (Casey, 1995; Wrzesniewski, McCauley, Rozin & Schwartz, 1997)(Casey, 1995; Wrzesniewski, McCauley, Rozin & Schwartz, 1997)

One way people define themselves is in One way people define themselves is in terms of their work terms of their work (Ashforth & Mael, 1989; Pratt, 1998) (Ashforth & Mael, 1989; Pratt, 1998)


Collective Identity at WorkCollective Identity at WorkTwo primary collective identity Two primary collective identity referentsreferents, or , or groups to which the individual may form agroups to which the individual may form agroups to which the individual may form a groups to which the individual may form a selfself--defining attachment:defining attachment:

Organizations Organizations (Ashforth & Mael, 1989)(Ashforth & Mael, 1989)gg ( )( )

Occupations Occupations (Van Maanen & Barley, 1984)(Van Maanen & Barley, 1984)

Wh t d t f id tifi ti ?Wh t d t f id tifi ti ?What do we get from group identification?What do we get from group identification?Meet needs for assimilation and differentiation Meet needs for assimilation and differentiation (Brewer 1991)(Brewer 1991)(Brewer, 1991)(Brewer, 1991)

Inform attitudes, values and behavior Inform attitudes, values and behavior (Tajfel & (Tajfel & Turner, 1982)Turner, 1982)

A t i li ith i ti ’ i t tA t i li ith i ti ’ i t t3/30/07 May Meaning Meeting 4

Act in line with organization’s interest Act in line with organization’s interest (Pratt, 1998)(Pratt, 1998)

Loss of Collective ReferentsLoss of Collective ReferentsPrimary assumption of social identity theory Primary assumption of social identity theory is that referents are stable and enduringis that referents are stable and enduring (Glynn(Glynnis that referents are stable and enduring is that referents are stable and enduring (Glynn, (Glynn, 1998; Somers, 1994)1998; Somers, 1994)

Ch t d k l tiCh t d k l tiChanges to modern workplace question Changes to modern workplace question these assumptions these assumptions (Sennett, 1998, 2006; Friedman, 2005; (Sennett, 1998, 2006; Friedman, 2005; Ciulla, 2000)Ciulla, 2000), ), )

ShortShort--term commitment by organizationsterm commitment by organizations

Wh h h i iWh h h i iWhat happens when an organization or What happens when an organization or occupation goes away? occupation goes away?

O i ti l d thO i ti l d th3/30/07 May Meaning Meeting 5

Organizational deathOrganizational death (Harris & Sutton, 1986; Sutton, 1987)(Harris & Sutton, 1986; Sutton, 1987)

Research QuestionsResearch QuestionsWhen people have lost a collective social When people have lost a collective social identity referent what resources do theyidentity referent what resources do theyidentity referent, what resources do they identity referent, what resources do they draw upon to reconstruct their identities?draw upon to reconstruct their identities?

Specifically concerned with the loss of theSpecifically concerned with the loss of theSpecifically concerned with the loss of the Specifically concerned with the loss of the work work organizationorganization or or occupationoccupation

How do the resources utilized relate toHow do the resources utilized relate toHow do the resources utilized relate to How do the resources utilized relate to psychological health and success in the psychological health and success in the domain of the lost referent?domain of the lost referent?domain of the lost referent? domain of the lost referent?

Specifically Specifically wellwell--beingbeing and and career successcareer success


Identity ContentIdentity ContentResourcesResources –– “forms of wealth…supplies “forms of wealth…supplies (e g money or goods) or supports (e g(e g money or goods) or supports (e g(e.g., money or goods) or supports (e.g., (e.g., money or goods) or supports (e.g., information, status, affiliation or love) information, status, affiliation or love) having economic social or emotionalhaving economic social or emotionalhaving economic, social or emotional having economic, social or emotional value” value” (Rousseau & Ling, 2007: 374) (Rousseau & Ling, 2007: 374)

Recent interest in Recent interest in contentcontent as well as as well as process of identity constructionprocess of identity construction (M Ad 1985(M Ad 1985process of identity construction process of identity construction (McAdams, 1985; (McAdams, 1985; Pratt, Kaufmann & Rockmann, 2006) Pratt, Kaufmann & Rockmann, 2006)


Identity ConstructionIdentity ConstructionIn developmental psychology:In developmental psychology:

Id tit t ti i i l i d lId tit t ti i i l i d lIdentity construction is crucial in adolescence, Identity construction is crucial in adolescence, although a lifelong pursuit although a lifelong pursuit (Erikson, 1959; 1963)(Erikson, 1959; 1963)

In organizational behavior:In organizational behavior:Professional identity constructionProfessional identity construction (Ibarra 1999 Pratt(Ibarra 1999 PrattProfessional identity construction Professional identity construction (Ibarra, 1999; Pratt, (Ibarra, 1999; Pratt, Kaufmann & Rockmann, 2006)Kaufmann & Rockmann, 2006)

Identity work Identity work (Sveningsson & Alvesson, 2003)(Sveningsson & Alvesson, 2003)yyAlthough a burgeoning topic, identity Although a burgeoning topic, identity construction remains relatively unexploredconstruction remains relatively unexplored


Identity ReconstructionIdentity ReconstructionIn clinical psychology:In clinical psychology:

Loss of a Loss of a relationalrelational identity referent (e.g., spouse, child, identity referent (e.g., spouse, child, y ( g py ( g pparent) parent) (Bagnoli, 2003; Riches & Dawson, 1996)(Bagnoli, 2003; Riches & Dawson, 1996)

In social and personality psychology:In social and personality psychology:In social and personality psychology:In social and personality psychology:Construction of a Construction of a life storylife story creates continuity out of creates continuity out of instability instability (McAdams, 1985, 1996)(McAdams, 1985, 1996)

Contexts: divorce Contexts: divorce (King & Raspin, 2004)(King & Raspin, 2004), career and religion , career and religion change change (Bauer & McAdams, 2004)(Bauer & McAdams, 2004)

In sociology of health and illness:In sociology of health and illness:Loss of a Loss of a valuedvalued self (e.g., healthy person) self (e.g., healthy person) (Yoshida, 1993; (Yoshida, 1993;


( g , y p )( g , y p ) ( , ;( , ;Radley, 1989)Radley, 1989)

Identity ResourcesIdentity ResourcesDeath of significant other causes all other Death of significant other causes all other relationships to be reexamined relationships to be reexamined ((BagnoliBagnoli, 2003), 2003)pp

Having multiple identities to draw upon may Having multiple identities to draw upon may b ff th l fb ff th l fbuffer the loss of any one buffer the loss of any one ((SieberSieber, 1974; Koch & , 1974; Koch & Sheppard, 2004)Sheppard, 2004)

Identification with extant collective referents Identification with extant collective referents will will positivelypositively relate to SWB and career relate to SWB and career successsuccess

Occupation if organization lostOccupation if organization lost


Organization if occupation lostOrganization if occupation lost

Identity ResourcesIdentity ResourcesPeople differ in their ability to balance “old” People differ in their ability to balance “old” and “new” views of the self following the lossand “new” views of the self following the lossand new views of the self following the loss and new views of the self following the loss of a valued self of a valued self (King & Raspin, 2004; Yoshida, 1993; Radley, (King & Raspin, 2004; Yoshida, 1993; Radley, 1989)1989)

Possible selves are personalized Possible selves are personalized representations of goals; investment in arepresentations of goals; investment in arepresentations of goals; investment in a representations of goals; investment in a future that is unlikely to happen is maladaptive future that is unlikely to happen is maladaptive (King & Raspin, 2004; King & Smith, 2004)(King & Raspin, 2004; King & Smith, 2004)

Salience of new possible self will Salience of new possible self will positively positively relate to SWB and career successrelate to SWB and career success


relate to SWB and career successrelate to SWB and career success

Identity ResourcesIdentity ResourcesPeople differ in their narration of turning People differ in their narration of turning points as being redemptive versuspoints as being redemptive versuspoints as being redemptive versus points as being redemptive versus contaminative contaminative (McAdams et al., 1997; McAdams et al., 2001; (McAdams et al., 1997; McAdams et al., 2001; McAdams & Bowman, 2001)McAdams & Bowman, 2001)

Importance of finding positive meaning Importance of finding positive meaning despite adverse circumstances in rebuildingdespite adverse circumstances in rebuildingdespite adverse circumstances in rebuilding despite adverse circumstances in rebuilding identity following loss identity following loss (Bagnoli, 2003; Yoshida, 1993; (Bagnoli, 2003; Yoshida, 1993; Affleck & Tennen, 1996; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1995) Affleck & Tennen, 1996; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1995)

Redemptive turning points will Redemptive turning points will positivelypositivelyrelate to SWB and career successrelate to SWB and career success


relate to SWB and career successrelate to SWB and career success

Identity ResourcesIdentity ResourcesTwo dominant themes tend to emerge in life Two dominant themes tend to emerge in life stories stories (McAdams, 1985, 1996)(McAdams, 1985, 1996)::

Agency = highlight power of the individual relative to all Agency = highlight power of the individual relative to all othersothersC i h i i ti d tiC i h i i ti d tiCommunion = emphasize intimacy and connection Communion = emphasize intimacy and connection

Emphasizing connection to other people is Emphasizing connection to other people is positively related to wellpositively related to well being while agency isbeing while agency ispositively related to wellpositively related to well--being, while agency is being, while agency is not related not related (Bauer & McAdams, 2004; McAdams et al., 2001; (Bauer & McAdams, 2004; McAdams et al., 2001; Riches & Dawson, 1996)Riches & Dawson, 1996)

Narratives of communion will Narratives of communion will positivelypositively relate to relate to SWB dSWB d


SWB and career successSWB and career success

Hypothesized ModelHypothesized Model

Investment in the Lost Referent Subjective_Investment in the Lost Referent• Identification

• Work Centrality

Subjective Well-Being

+

Career SuccessIDENTITY RESOURCES

_

++

Career Success• Objective• Subjective

IDENTITY RESOURCES• Identification w/ Extant Referent

• New Possible Self• Redemptive Turning Point

+

Redemptive Turning Point• Communal Themes


Proposed ApproachProposed ApproachStudy 1Study 1

Interviews with people who have lost their Interviews with people who have lost their e e s peop e o a e os ee e s peop e o a e os eorganization or occupation (2 separate samples)organization or occupation (2 separate samples)Purpose: gain an understanding from Purpose: gain an understanding from p g gp g gparticipants of what resources are used and in participants of what resources are used and in what combination; inform Study 2 what combination; inform Study 2 (Sieber, 1973)(Sieber, 1973)

Study 2Study 2Survey of people who have lost the same Survey of people who have lost the same organization and occupation as in Study 1organization and occupation as in Study 1P h th i t tiP h th i t ti


Purpose: hypothesis testingPurpose: hypothesis testing

SampleSampleFormer accountants for “Audit Corp”Former accountants for “Audit Corp”

Audit, tax and consulting firmAudit, tax and consulting firmud , a a d co su gud , a a d co su gCeased accounting operations in 2002Ceased accounting operations in 2002Audit Corp is gone but accounting remainsAudit Corp is gone but accounting remainsAudit Corp is gone, but accounting remainsAudit Corp is gone, but accounting remains

Former research scientists for “Tech Lab”Former research scientists for “Tech Lab”Industrial research laboratoryIndustrial research laboratoryStrategic change in 2001Strategic change in 2001Strategic change in 2001Strategic change in 2001

2/3 of research science group laid off2/3 of research science group laid offResearch science is gone, but Tech Lab remainsResearch science is gone, but Tech Lab remains


g ,g ,

Measures: DVsMeasures: DVsSubjective WellSubjective Well--BeingBeing

Satisfaction with Life Scale Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin, 1985)(Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin, 1985)

Sense of Coherence Scale Sense of Coherence Scale (Antonovsky, 1987)(Antonovsky, 1987)

Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESCenter for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES--D) D) ScaleScale (Diener Emmons Larsen & Griffin 1985)(Diener Emmons Larsen & Griffin 1985)ScaleScale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin, 1985)(Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin, 1985)

Subjective Career Success Subjective Career Success (Gunz & Heslin, 2005)(Gunz & Heslin, 2005)

“Wh t i d fi iti f ?”“Wh t i d fi iti f ?”“What is your definition of career success?”“What is your definition of career success?”“In general, how satisfied are you with your career thus far?”“In general, how satisfied are you with your career thus far?”

Objective Career SuccessObjective Career SuccessAnnual IncomeAnnual Income


Promotion RatePromotion Rate

Measures: IVsMeasures: IVs

Identification with the Lost ReferentIdentification with the Lost ReferentOrganizational/Occupational Identification Organizational/Occupational Identification Scale Scale (Mael & Ashforth, 1992)(Mael & Ashforth, 1992)

Overlapping Circles Identification Measure Overlapping Circles Identification Measure (Bergami & Bagozzi, 2000)(Bergami & Bagozzi, 2000)

Work Centrality Scale Work Centrality Scale (Paullay, Alliger & Stone(Paullay, Alliger & Stone--Romero, Romero, 1994)1994)


Measures: Identity ResourcesMeasures: Identity ResourcesIdentification with Extant CollectiveIdentification with Extant Collective

Organizational/Occupational Identification Organizational/Occupational Identification g pg pScale Scale (Mael & Ashforth, 1992)(Mael & Ashforth, 1992)

Overlapping Circles Identification Measure Overlapping Circles Identification Measure (B i & B i 2000)(B i & B i 2000)(Bergami & Bagozzi, 2000)(Bergami & Bagozzi, 2000)

Salience of New Possible Self Salience of New Possible Self (King & Raspin, (King & Raspin, ( g p( g p2004)2004)

Possible Self NarrativePossible Self NarrativeH it f t i i lif i thiH it f t i i lif i thiHow easy was it for you to imagine your life in this How easy was it for you to imagine your life in this scenario? scenario? How clear was the mental picture you imagined? How clear was the mental picture you imagined?


p y gp y gHow often do you think about this possible future? How often do you think about this possible future?

Measures: Identity ResourcesMeasures: Identity ResourcesNarrative of Loss of Organization/ Narrative of Loss of Organization/ OccupationOccupation (McAdams 1985; McAdams et al 2001; Bauer &(McAdams 1985; McAdams et al 2001; Bauer &OccupationOccupation (McAdams, 1985; McAdams et al., 2001; Bauer & (McAdams, 1985; McAdams et al., 2001; Bauer & McAdams, 2004)McAdams, 2004)

“I would like you to think back to the time in your life “I would like you to think back to the time in your life h t d ki t A dit C / hh t d ki t A dit C / hwhen you stopped working at Audit Corp/as a research when you stopped working at Audit Corp/as a research

scientist. It is likely that this event marked the end of scientist. It is likely that this event marked the end of one chapter in your life, and the beginning of another,one chapter in your life, and the beginning of another,one chapter in your life, and the beginning of another, one chapter in your life, and the beginning of another, as is consistent with a “turning point.” In the space as is consistent with a “turning point.” In the space below, please write a description of this time in as below, please write a description of this time in as m ch detail as o can incl ding hat happened hom ch detail as o can incl ding hat happened homuch detail as you can, including what happened, who much detail as you can, including what happened, who was involved, what you were thinking and feeling at the was involved, what you were thinking and feeling at the time, and how (if at all) that experience changed your time, and how (if at all) that experience changed your


( ) p g y( ) p g ylife?”life?”

Measures: Identity ResourcesMeasures: Identity ResourcesRedemptive Turning Points Redemptive Turning Points (McAdams & Bowman, (McAdams & Bowman, 2001)2001)

Negative situation turns positive or results in Negative situation turns positive or results in a positive outcomea positive outcomeE l th l iE l th l iExamples: progress, growth, learning, Examples: progress, growth, learning, recoveryrecovery

Communal Themes Communal Themes (McAdams, 1985)(McAdams, 1985)

Episodes: communication, sharing, sympathy, Episodes: communication, sharing, sympathy, friendship, love, touch, physical closenessfriendship, love, touch, physical closenessCharacters: mother, spouse, teacher, mentorCharacters: mother, spouse, teacher, mentorId l i ibiliId l i ibili


Ideologies: care, responsibilityIdeologies: care, responsibility

What Do I Expect to Find?What Do I Expect to Find?The resources people draw upon to rebuild The resources people draw upon to rebuild identity partially explain differentialidentity partially explain differentialidentity partially explain differential identity partially explain differential outcomes following the loss of an outcomes following the loss of an organization or occupationorganization or occupationorganization or occupationorganization or occupation

Subjective wellSubjective well--beingbeingSubjective and objective career successSubjective and objective career successSubjective and objective career successSubjective and objective career success

Although investment in the lost referentAlthough investment in the lost referentAlthough investment in the lost referent Although investment in the lost referent hurts, identity resources can help! hurts, identity resources can help!


Theoretical ContributionsTheoretical ContributionsIdentity Construction in the Domain of WorkIdentity Construction in the Domain of Work

Better understand the content of individual identities Better understand the content of individual identities at workat workIn turn, individual identities are resources to the In turn, individual identities are resources to the organization and occupationorganization and occupationorganization and occupationorganization and occupation

Identity Construction Following Loss of a Identity Construction Following Loss of a Collective ReferentCollective ReferentCollective ReferentCollective Referent

Can be applied more broadly (e.g., fall of nations, Can be applied more broadly (e.g., fall of nations, ethnic groups, religions)ethnic groups, religions)

Unemployment and Job LossUnemployment and Job LossAdditional lens to understand differential experience Additional lens to understand differential experience


and outcomes of job lossand outcomes of job loss

Limitations of Proposed StudyLimitations of Proposed StudyOneOne--time, crosstime, cross--sectional designsectional design

D t ll t d t dD t ll t d t dDoes not allow us to understand Does not allow us to understand processprocessDirectionalityDirectionality unclear unclear –– do people choose do people choose action that is in line ith their selfaction that is in line ith their self narrati e ornarrati e oraction that is in line with their selfaction that is in line with their self--narrative or narrative or do they construct a narrative postdo they construct a narrative post--hoc based hoc based on course of action?on course of action?on course of action?on course of action?

Asking people to recall an event that Asking people to recall an event that g p pg p poccurred several years prioroccurred several years prior

Susceptible to retrospective biasesSusceptible to retrospective biases3/30/07 May Meaning Meeting 24

Susceptible to retrospective biasesSusceptible to retrospective biases

THANK YOUTHANK YOUAND HAPPY ROWING!AND HAPPY ROWING!AND HAPPY ROWING!AND HAPPY ROWING!


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Multiple identity 1

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