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Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA) approach: Cross-Country MODA Study
METHODOLOGY & TANZANIA COUNTRY OUTPUT
Office of Research at Innocenti and Division of Policy and Strategy UNICEF
Chris de Neubourg, Jingqing Chai, Marlous de Milliano, Ize Plavgo, Ziru Wei
4
MODA is a tool
designed to guide equity related policy interventions
• by providing a systematic procedure to identify deprived children by providing details
• on the type of deprivations (incidences and depth)• on systematic coincidences of deprivations
(overlap)• on the profiles of the deprived children and the
families they live in
• by pointing towards the mechanisms to be understood to design effective policy instruments
• building on previous studies in multidimensional poverty and deprivation
Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
5
MODA enhances
• A holistic view (vs. sectorial view)• deprived children: the number and nature of single and combined
deprivations from which they suffer;• Equity analysis: • comparing the severity, breadth and composition of deprivations according
to geographic location and socio-economic characteristics of children and households;
• Policy efficiency: • designing integrated interventions to reduce multiple deprivation
simultaneously, if common inequity-generating mechanisms and common barriers and bottlenecks are identified;
• Life-cycle approach, • considering children in age-groups and acknowledging that children’s
needs differ depending on their age.
Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
6
MODA can be applied at various levels
• International comparative level (CC-MODA)
• National specific level (N-MODA)
• Sub-national level (Local L-MODA)
• The basic methodology is the same, but the details and outcomes of the analysis can differ depending on the data used
Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
8
Methodology
• International standards are used as guiding principles to select dimensions of child well-being
Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
Survival and Development Rights
Survival
Food, nutrition (Art.24) Water (Art.24) Health care (Art.24) Shelter (Art.27) Environment/Pollution (Art.24)
Development
Education (Art.28) Leisure (Art.31) Cultural activities (Art.31) Information (Art.13, 17)
Protection Rights
Protection Exploitation, Child Labor (Art.32) Other forms of exploitation (Art.33-36)
Protection Cruelty, violence (Art.19, 37) Violence at school (Art.28)
Protection Social Security (Art 16, 26, 27) Protection/
Participation Birth registration, Nationality (Art. 7, 8)
Participation Rights Participation Information (Art.13, 17)
Participation Freedom of expression, views, opinions; being heard; freedom of association (Art.12-15)
9
CC-MODA methodology
• Data limitations shape the choice of dimensions
• The two main data sources used in the CC-MODA are the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS)
Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
10
CC-MODA Methodology
Dimensions
Indicators available in DHS
Indicators available in MICS
Food, nutrition Only for children under 5 Only for children under 5
Water Yes Yes
Health care Only for children under 5 Only for children under 5
Shelter Yes Yes
Environment/Pollution X X
Education Yes Yes
Leisure X X
Cultural activities X Yes
Information Yes Yes
Exploitation, Child Labor X Yes
Other forms of exploitation X X
Cruelty, violenceExposure to violence,
experienced by the motherExposure to violence,
experienced by the mother
Violence at school X X
Social Security X X
Birth registration, Nationality Only for some countries Yes
Freedom of expression, views, opinions; being heard; freedom of association
X X
Table 2.2 Availability of relevant dimensions in DHS and MICS
Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
11
Methodology
• A life-cycle approach has been further employed to capture children’s age-specific needs
• An inference approach can also be applied, covering all the dimensions for all children disregarding their age
• Moreover, a ‘whole-child’ perspective is adopted. This means that for each age group the following is calculated:• the number of deprivations each child experiences simultaneously • the headcount of children deprived in 1, 2, 3…6 dimensions (H) • the deprivation intensity (A)
• the intensity adjusted headcount (M0)
Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
12
Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
Age 0-4
Nutrition
Health
Water
Sanitation
Housing
Exposure to violence
Age 5-17
Education
Information
Water
Sanitation
Housing
Exposure to
violence
Figure 1 The Life-cycle approach: selection of dimensions for each age group
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Country Case: Tanzania (DHS 2010)(simple headcounts by dimensions)
Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
Figure 2.1 Deprivation headcount (%) of each MODA dimension, by age group
Note: all children included, even those with missing dimensions for consistency purpose
Nutrition
Health
Water
Sanitation
Housing
Domestic to violence38%
23%
67%
86%
48%
13%
Age 0-4
Education
Information
Water
Sanitation
Housing
Domestic to violence
18%29%
65%
83%
44%
9%
Age 5-17
16
Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
Figure 2.2 Deprivation headcount (%) of each MODA indicator
Height for age (0-4)
Mortality (0-4)
School attendance (5-17)
Distance to water
Toliet type
Overcrowding
0% 10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
35.2%4.4%
17.9%7.9%
6.7%11.7%
29.4%
55.3%29.5%
84.2%
9.2%40.8%
10.0%
Nutrition [
Education [
Information -
Water [
Sanitation -
Housing [
Violence -
Health [
Exposure to violence
Simple headcount by indicators
17
Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
D=0
D=1
D=2
D=3
D=4
D=5
D=6
40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Age 0-4
Children from rural areas Children from urban areas
D=0
D=1
D=2
D=3
D=4
D=5
D=6
40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Age 5-17
Children from rural areasChildren from urban areas
Figure 2.3 Deprivation pyramids based on the number of deprivations per child, urban vs. rural(D = Number of dimensions deprived in)
Note: All children of the reference age are included, with missing dimensions treated as non-deprived.
Cumulative deprivation in groups
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Age 0-4
Deprivation cut-off
Deprivation headcount (H)
Average intensity acrossthe deprived (A)
Adjusted deprivation headcount(M0=H*A)
≥ 1 dimension 95.0% 55.3% 0.458≥ 2 dimensions 82.8% 52.9% 0.438≥ 3 dimensions 59.9% 60.3% 0.362≥ 4 dimensions 28.5% 71.7% 0.205≥ 5 dimensions 7.7% 85.3% 0.066≥ 6 dimensions 0.9% 100.0% 0.009
Age 5-17
Deprivation cut-off
Deprivation headcount (H)
Average intensity across
the deprived (A)
Adjusted deprivation headcount(M0=H*A)
≥ 1 dimension 92.2% 54.4% 0.413≥ 2 dimensions 76.0% 50.8% 0.386≥ 3 dimensions 50.2% 59.8% 0.301≥ 4 dimensions 23.5% 71.0% 0.167≥ 5 dimensions 5.7% 84.5% 0.048≥ 6 dimensions 0.4% 100.0% 0.004
Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
Table 2.1 Multi-dimensional deprivation indices, based on different cut-offs
Exploiting mathematical properties allowing flexibility
20
Age 0-4
Share of children with the following characteristics, as % of the total deprivation level
Low deprivation(Deprived in 1 or 2
dimensions)
High deprivation(Deprived in 5 or 6
dimensions)Locate in rural area 71.9% 95.6%Gender of the child is girl 50.9% 50.2%No birth certificate 76.2% 95.5%Child number in the household ≥5 57.9% 64.9%Mother has no primary education 15.9% 44.2%Wealth index among the lowest 20% * 3.9% 56.9%Wealth index among the richest 20% * 21.8% 0.1%
Age 5-17
Share of children with the following characteristics, as % of the total deprivation level
Low deprivation(Deprived in 1 or 2
dimensions)
High deprivation(Deprived in 5 or 6
dimensions)Locate in rural area 75.2% 97.1%Gender of the child is girl 50.9% 48.1%Child number in the household ≥5 69.2% 70.8%Mother has no primary education 17.0% 43.4%Wealth index among the lowest 20%* 1.5% 81.5%Wealth index among the richest 20% * 19.4% 0.0%
Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
Table 3.1 Percentage of children with certain characteristics: low vs. highly deprived children
25
Figure 4.2 Composition of the adjusted deprivation headcount ( ≥2 dimensions), by dimension and area
By dimension
By area
National composite M0=0.438
Rural
M0=0.486
Nutrition
H=38%
Housing
H=48%
Urban
M0=0.210
Nutrition
H=30%
Housing
H=14%
(91.6%) (8.4%)
(13%) (19%) (20%) (10%)
Age 0-4
Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
28
Outline – MODA objective – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
Figure 5.2a Overlapping deprivation analysis based on specific dimensions, Age 0-4
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Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
Figure 5.2a Overlapping deprivation analysis based on specific dimensions, Age 0-4
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Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
Figure 5.2a Overlapping deprivation analysis: profiling the children deprived in nutrition, health, and water simultaneously, based on specific characteristics, Age 0-4
31
Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
Figure 5.2a Overlapping deprivation analysis: profiling the children deprived in nutrition, health, and water simultaneously, based on specific characteristics, Age 0-4
32
Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
Figure 5.2b Overlapping deprivation analysis based on specific dimensions, Age 5-17
35
Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
Age 0-4
Deprived in
all 3Deprived in
NutritionDeprived in
HealthDeprived in
WaterTabora
Rukwa
Shinyanga
Tanga
Mara
Dodoma
Manyara
Lindi
Mwanza
Morogoro
Kagera
Kigoma
Iringa
Zanzibar north
Singida
Mbeya
Pwani
Arusha
Mtwara
Ruvuma
Kilimanja-ro
Pemba north
Town west
Pemba south
Zanzibar south
Dar es Salaam
Age 5-17
Deprived in
all 3Deprived in Education
Deprived in Housing
Deprived in Water
Tabora
Lindi
Rukwa
Dodoma
Shinyanga
Mtwara
Mwanza
Manyara
Mbeya
Kigoma
Kagera
Singida
Morogoro
Pwani
Tanga
Mara
Arusha
Zanzibar north
Iringa
Ruvuma
Pemba north
Zanzibar south
Kilimanjaro
Dar es Salaam
Pemba south
Town west
Table 5.1 Regional ranking based on the child deprivation headcount (H) in overlapping deprivations (whole-child approach), compared to ranking based on single sectors
36
.228 - .297
.297 - .389
.389 - .45
.45 - .507
Deprived in Nutrition
• The locational profiling of single-sector deprived child can be quite different from the locational profiling from highly multiple deprived child
Deprivation headcount (H) in nutrition Adjusted Deprivation headcount (M),
K≥4 (including nutrition)
.002 - .068
.068 - .124
.124 - .167
.167 - .254
Deprived in Nutrition & K>=4
Rukwa
Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
38
• UNICEF program focuses on Immunization campaign. • To what extend the children targeted (i.e. those immunized) are also children who are
experiencing higher deprivations?
0 deprivation
1 deprivation
2 deprivations
3 deprivations
4 deprivations
5 deprivations
6 deprivations
40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Age 2-4Not immunized Immunized
Note: When judging whether deprived in Health, immunization indicator is excluded,
therefore only mortality is used, to avoid double-counting problem. Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
39
CC-MODA: Global comparison
Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion
Malawi
Liberia
Kenya
Tanzania
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0.264
0.286
0.310
0.438
Age 0-4
Malawi
Liberia
Kenya
Tanzania
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0.348
0.371
0.386
0.397
Age 5-17
Figure 6.1 Global ranking based on the adjusted deprivation headcount (M0, ≥2 dimensions)
43
Use of the outputs
• A tool in the toolbox for SitAn : equity focused• A instrument for global advocacy messages (especially in the discussion of post-2015 agenda)
• Impact on programming interverntions
44
Continuation of the project
• Analysis for all countries with available MICS 4 and DHS V/VI (50)
• Data dissemination through:• Interactive web portal
• Global report
• N-MODA
• L-MODA
Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion