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Transformer is a very vital device in all the industries

and it is one of the most important and expensivedevice in the power industries.

Any failure in this component may lead to serveconsequence as to economic and safety aspect.

But now a day when the industries and running 247,there is a change of heating down the transformer, due

to the increase in oil temperature used in thetransformer .

We cannot afford this development, because this leadsto loss of money and time.

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HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

AT89C51 IC

LCD TEMPERATUR SENSOR

LED

TRANSFORMER

REGULATOR

ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

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SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

KEIL C COMPILER

AT89C51 IC PROGRAMMER

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AT89C51 MICROCONTROLLER Compatible with MCS-51 Products

4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory

Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

128 x 8-bit Internal RAM

32 Programmable I/O Lines

Two 16-bit Timer/Counters

Six Interrupt Sources

Programmable Serial Channel

Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

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Liquid crystal displays, abbreviated as LCDs are passive

displays, i.e. they will not actually generate the light but

they modify the existing light. They convert or modulate the

light under the electrical stimulus. Hence LCDS are light

controllers and they require external source of light.

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The Typical characteristics of

LCDS arE:

They do not actively generate light and depend fortheir operation on ambient or black lighting; theymodify light in such away as to perform the displayfunction.

They consume very low power and good contrast ratio.

They can operate in a reflective or transmissiveconfiguration.

They are either light scattering or light absorbingdevices.

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Temperature SENSOR(LM35) These sensors use a solid-state technique to determine

the temperature.

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit

temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearlyproportional to the Celsius (centigrade) temperature.

LM35 does not required any external calibration.

The LM35s low output impedance, linear output, and

precise inherent calibration make interfacing toreadout.

It can be used with single power supplies.

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Importance of LM35 sensor

The sensor circuitry is sealed and not subjected tooxidation, etc.

You can measure temperature more accurately than

using a thermostat. The LM35 generate a higher output voltage than

thermocouple and may not require that the outputvoltage be amplified.

Rated for full -55 to +150C range.

Operates from 4 to 30 volts.

Low cost due to wafer-level trimming.

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Light-emitting diode( )A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light

source.

LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices andare increasingly used for other lighting.

Introduced as a practical electronic component in1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, butmodern versions are available acrossthevisible, ultraviolet, and infraredwavelengths, withvery high brightness.

Light-emitting diodes are used in applications asdiverse as aviation lighting, automotive lighting,

advertising, general lighting, and traffic signals.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_lightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_lightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor

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TRANSFORMER A transformer consists of two coils (often called

'windings') linked by an iron core.

There is no electrical connection between the coils,instead they are linked by a magnetic field created in

the core. Transformers are used to convert electricity from one

voltage to another with minimal loss of power.

They only work with AC (alternating current) becausethey require a changing magnetic field to be created intheir core.

Transformers can increase voltage (step-up) as well as

reduce voltage (step-down).

http://www.tech-vogue.com/Electronics/advanced/8051/BasicCircuits.htmlhttp://www.tech-vogue.com/Electronics/advanced/8051/BasicCircuits.html

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An ideal transformer

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BRIDGE RECTIFIERAdiode bridge or bridge rectifier is an arrangement

of four diodes in a bridge configuration that providesthe same polarity of output voltage for either polarityof input voltage.

When used in its most common application, forconversion of alternating current (AC) inputinto direct current (DC) output, it is known as abridge rectifier.

http://www.tech-vogue.com/Electronics/advanced/8051/BasicCircuits.htmlhttp://www.tech-vogue.com/Electronics/advanced/8051/BasicCircuits.html

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REGULATORVoltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically

5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18 and 24V) or variable outputvoltages.

They are also rated by the maximum current they canpass. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainlyfor use in dual supplies.

Most regulators include some automatic protectionfrom excessive current ('overload protection') andoverheating ('thermal protection').

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The regulated DC output is very smooth with no

ripple. It is suitable for all electronic circuits.

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The Keil C51 C Compiler for the 8051 microcontroller is

the most popular 8051 C compiler in the world.

It provides more features than any other 8051 Ccompiler available today.

Nine basic data types, including 32-bit IEEE floating-point.

Flexible variable allocationwith bit, data, bdata, idata, xdata, and

pdata memory types. Interrupt functions may be written in C.

Full use of the 8051 register banks.

Complete symbol and type information for source-level debugging.

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Using this programmer you can program the internalflash of the microcontroller AT89C2051 from Atmel.

The AT89C2051 programmer is connected via the serialRS232 interface to a PC.

In comparison with other programmers, you do notneed a special software, a terminal program is

sufficient. So there are no platform dependent limitations and it

can be used universally.

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Generally the programmer supportstwo different modes:

1. User mode: The desired operation Program(including Erase), Verify, Read or Lockbits can beselected via a BCD switch and started by pressing abutton.

2. Remote mode: In remote mode, the BCD switchand the button are not required, because theoperations are selected via special remote commandsfrom RS232 interface, followed by the binary datalike in user mode.

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For measuring the temperature of the oil in the

transformer, we are using a temperature sensor LM-35,which acts a primary sensing element that measuresthe temperature.

the measured temperature is in analog form, so ADC is

used which converts the analog signal into digital formthat is fed to the microcontroller (AT89C51).

The external peripheral like LCD, and relays areconnected to the microcontroller.

If the measuring the temperature is more than theset-point temperature that is feed by the Keil-Ccompiler than the buzzer will produce on audiblesound and the control relay will break the connectionfrom the load.

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General Block Diagram of

Project

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In this project we have presented a design of a systembased on microcontroller that is used to monitor andcontrol the temperature of a distribution transformer.

The proposed system which has been designed tomonitor the transformers essential parameterscontinuously monitors the parameters throughout itsoperation.

If the microcontroller recognizes any increase in thelevel of temperature values the control relay will breakthe circuit in order to prevent it from further damages.

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IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil Immersed PowerTransformers, IEEE Standard C57.91, Institute ofElectrical and Electronic Engineers, New York NY,

1995. L. L. Grigsby, editor, The Electric Power Engineering

Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2001.

Adaptive Transformer Thermal Overload Protection,

Final Report of IEEE Power System RelayingCommittee Working Group K3, IEEE PowerEngineering Society Power System Relay CommitteeReport, January, 1999.

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