44
MULTIPURPOSE BUILDING FOR EDUCATIONAL AND COMMUNITY SERVICES CASE STUDY IN ISRAEL Dr. ELYAHU KENT ESTHER RESHEF BETTY POLlTl May, 1995
MULTIPURPOSE BUILDING FOR EDUCATIONAL
AND COMMUNITY SERVICES
CASE STUDY IN ISRAEL
Dr. ELYAHU KENT ESTHER RESHEF
BETTY POLlTl
May, 1995
1. FORMULATION OF A MODEL FOR THE MULTI-PURPOSE BUILDING
The Model of the complex is made up of two principal components:
l A PROGRAMMATIC COMPONENT, which contains a group of programmes for a variety of educational and community services. Selection and determination of a maximum uniform size for such programmes, as well as working them up in a process of controlled flexibilisa tion which gives them a measure of modularity, ability to alternate and integrate between functions. A certain degree of uniformity has been created among the various programmes, making it possible to recognize shared likenesses.
l A PHYSICAL COMPONENT, which includes the physical characterisation of the infrastructures of the buildings designated to serve educational needs and those of the community. These structures can be planned for a variety of construction methods.
The interrelationship in the formulation processes of these two components, together with the use of modular planning, made it possible to present examples of different programmes, having the feature of permitting alternation -- with investment of minimal resources, a structure can be converted for any other function within the group of services chosen. By this method, when the plans are properly superimposed one on the other, it is possible to discern the lines of similarity in the direction of their common vertical axis, which constitutes the planning’s third dimension. Thus, an optimal “reflection” of the various programmes becomes possible on one physical infrastructure. This infrastructure constitutes a common denominator for the basic physical requirements of each one of the programmes.
For example, it is possible to see how a kindergarten or a children’s day-care centre and such-like, could, in the future, serve as a day-care centre for the elderly, as an extension of a community centre or a social-services department. The modularity of the plans also permits construction of the buildings, or their future expansion to be carried out in stages, all with a minimum investment of resources. Further clarification of the modular concept of the complex becomes possible through study of its formulation process, as presented hereunder:
FORMULATION OF OBJECTIVES
l Identifying a wide variety of potential community services requiring a relatively small building for its purposes, considering the nature and/or scope of the services offered.
l Controlled and sensible flexibilisation of the usual programmes for building the services in such a way as to permit alternating between them and their additions, and on condition that such flexibilisation does not lead to significant deviation from the accepted programmes: total amount of area required in a programme, the area required for each function and the connections between the functions.
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A total area of 300-320 sq.m. was found to be optimal. l formulation of a general physical model of a structure having a total area which suits the
common denominator of as many services as possible. l The physical infrastructure of the building is functionally suitable for the programmes of the
various services. l It is relatively easy to convert from one purpose to another, (especially by changing the
internal partitioning). l It is possible to house a number of services within a building, all working at the same time,
each in its own allotted section, without disturbing one another. l The building can be constructed using a variety of methods, both conventional and high
speed.
LOCATING THE POTENTIAL SERVICES
o A general list was compiled of educational and community services likely to be needed in new residential sites, the initial point of departure being large residential sites (1,000 or more dwelling unit). In preparing the list, care was taken to include a variety of services: l Services for which the building could most likely be a permanent solution, and services
which could find in the building a solution of any kind -- partial, temporary or even permanent.
l Services which are likely to be required immediately on the new residential site and services which are likely to be required there in the future (to examine the possibili ties of converting).
l Services which could interact functionally and services separate from one another (to examine the possibilities of combining). The list also included all the basic commercial services, the assump tion being that in certain residential sites, some sort of solution - even a temporary one - might be required, for these services as well.
o Preliminary classification of the services appearing in the list, excluding those in which the minimum area of the building requiring them is especially large and deviates significantly from most of the others in the list. Those services remaining therein had primary potential for being included in the model.
ANALYSIS OF THE PROGRAMMES OF THE ALTERNATIVE SERVICES
For each of the alternative services, an acceptable programme was found for their construction. The programmes were analysed in order to identify: l A common denominator among them - as to the total area required for constructing them,
the functions required in each, the links between functions and the possibilities of combining a number of services in a single building, either as a temporary solution or a permanent one.
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l The possibility of making the programmes flexible from those aspects, increasing their common denominator to within limits where there would be no significant deviation from the original programme or impairment of the function of the service.
Services passing these tests were included in the model’s framework.
ADAPTATION OF CONSTRUCTION METHODS
Parallel to analysing the programmes, the suitability of the various construction methods - both conventional and rapid - was also examined, with two objectives in mind:
l Characterisation of the basic physical infrastructure of the intended building, to meet the various requirements of these construction methods.
l Examination of the direct implications which the various methods of construction could have for the basic physical infrastructure of the designated building.
PREPARATION OF A PRELIMINARY PHYSICAL MODEL
On the basis of the programme of services included in the framework of the model after stage three and examination of the suitability of the construction methods in stage four, a process began, of formulating the preliminary model of the designated building.
This process examined two key issues:
l What is the physical system held in common, and what are the basic components which could best suit all the programmes and possible combinations among them, and yet having consideration for the needs of the various construction methods? Relating to the the various stages of each project and to the various projects utilising the same physical infrastructure is like looking at a number of transparencies laid one on top of the other, so that maximum matching exists between them. Discovering the common denominator among the required plans - as a proposed planning scheme - led to greater correspondence between programme requirements and accordingly to greater flexibility in the planning.
l What is the measure of flexibility required in each of the programmes in order for each to converge into a physical system common to the other programmes?
FLEXIBILISAITON OF THE PROGRAMMES AND THE PHYSICAL MODEL
Examination was made of a representative sampling of programmes included in the model - to what extent does the degree of flexibility meet each one’s requirements according to the preliminary model, within the limits of the flexibilisation found in the preparatory analysis?
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l In situations where the requirements of the preliminary model were found to be within those limits, flexibilisation was carried out.
l In situations where the requirements were found to exceed the limits, examination of the model was repeated, the objective being to find a reasonable solution to the needs of the programme through flexibilisation of the physical model.
l Cases where deviations from the accepted programme were too great, or for which no suitable physical solution could be found within the framework of the model, were not included in the framework.
FINAL FORMULATION OF THE MODEL FOR THE COMPLEX
The final formulation included: l A list of specifications of flexible programmes and the possible combinations among them,
which were examined and found suitable for the multi-purpose building. l Physical characterisation of the multi-purpose building and the units comprising it.
Hereunder is the flow-chart illustrating the formulation process for the complex model:
f A. FORMULATEOBJECTIVES
1
B. IDENTWYTHEPOTETIALSERVICES I
\
f I D. ADAPTCONSTRUCTlONMETHODS C.ANALYSEPROGRAMME
I I I
I -----
I
SERVICES EXCLUDED FROMTHE MODEL
i
--T-+
I I E. PREPAREPRELIMINARYPHYSICALMODEL ) I
I --
\ \ I I I
FL PROGRAMM'SADAPTATION
G. FORML'LATIONOFTHEFINAL MODELOFTHECOMPLEX
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2. PROGRAMMATIC CHARACTERISATION OF THE BUILDING
A. SERVICES INCLUDED IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE MODEL
From a list of potential services, we examined those within the model’s frame of reference and found that they passed three main tests: 0 They require a relatively small area; o They have a programmatic common denominator with other services; o Their programmes can be flexibilised within reasonable limits.
These services are: o A day-creche for ages O-3 years. o Kindergartens - both pre-school and compulsory. o Young children’s wing in a primary school. o Community club, youth club or branch of a community centre. o Family-health station. 0 Small clinic. o Day centre for the elderly. o Social services department/bureau. o Basic postal services. o Central laundry services (could be required in temporary residen tial sites). o Mini-market. o Reception of public for various matters (National Insurance, immigrant absorption,
employment etc.).
It is important to note that this list does not cover the complete range of services which could be included in the model. It is most likely that, after suitable examination, more services could be added, which pass the required tests. We felt that this list was sufficiently large and varied to permit crystallization of the model’s concept. Additional services, likely to suit the framework of the model, can be found in the original list.
B. PROGRAMMES SUITABLE TO THE FRAMEWORK OF THE MODEL
Eleven programmes were prepared for the complex. Some of them are meant to utilise the building fully for a single service, and some combine a number of services in one structure.
Most of the programmes are based upon publications (some of them official) dealing with guidelines for the planning of services (the sources are indicated in the notes of each programme).
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The programmes are presented here in processed form and suitable to the model. As a rule, one can say that suitability to the model finds expression in three main subjects:
o Flexibilisation, within reasonable (in our opinion) limits (compared to the original programme), of the area required for each function and adapting it to the possibility of modular planning in various modules.
o Providing an opportunity of combining a number of services in one building, on condition that functional disturbances from any quarter are to be prevented (the solution to this problem could be found in the physical component of the model). In the (few) cases where the programme arranged by us deviates from the original one in noteworthy subjects, we shall be sure to point this out.
All the programmes total up to a net area of 300-320 sq.m. This area was found to serve as a common denominator for a variety of programmes accepted for .constrbction of service structures having smaller areas. The functional areas of each programme are suited to the alternative requirements among them .tid to the possibilities of modular planning of the structure.
It should be noted that on the basis of the principles of the model, additional programmes can be prepared for the structure, combining the various services in different ways or adding others.
Notes:
1. The reader’s attention is drawn to the sources used in preparation of the programme. Any attempt to apply the model requires careful study of them.
2. Some of the programmes upon which we based ourselves, are, in these days, undergoing review and updating as part of the Institute’s routine activities. One should therefore take into account a possibility that the updated programmes might require further modifications and amendments to suit the frameworks of the models.
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A. Day-Care Centre (3 classrooms)
Function
Classrooms
Net Area No. of Spaces Total Net Notes sq.m Needed Area-sq.m.
60 3 180
Storerooms 1 10-12 1 3 1 30-36 1 stosto;rhedtoeach
Kitchen, Larder, Laundry
1 25-30 1 1 I 25-30 I In commonPublic Area
Head’s room + Individual Activity
15-18 1 15-18 In common Public Area
Lobby 20-30 1 20-30 Common Public Area
Total Net Area I I I 300-320 1
Additional Requirements: o An activities yard of about 200 sq.m., adjacent to each classroom, with possibility of direct
exit to it from the classroom.
o A kitchen-yard adjacent to the kitchen, with possibility of direct exit to it from the kitchen, and with easy accessibility for unloading goods and produce.
Sources: n Ministry of Labour and Welfare, Programme and Guidelines for Planning of Day-Care
Centres for Toddlers (Feb., 1990).
Principal Deviations from the Original Programme The classroom areas in the original programme: 70 sq.m. (a babies’ room: 65 sq.m. + covered porch). Total net area in the original programme: 332 sq.m.
A. Schematic Representation of Linkage Between the function
n Yard
Possible commection between the two classroom
3 Yard
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B . Kindergarten (3 Classrooms)
Function
Classrooms
Storerooms
Toilets
Kitchenette*
Teacher’s room*
Treatment classroom
Lobbies
Total Net Area
I I I Net Area
I No. of Spaces Total Net
I Notes
sq.m Needed Area-sq.m.
60 3 I 180 I
lo-12 3 30-36 stores attached to each classroom
lo-12 3 30-36 Toilets adjacent to each classroom
5-6 3 15-18 Adjacent to each classroom
5-6 3 15-18 Adjacent to each classroom
10-18 I I lo-18
10-12 I 1 I 30-36 I Separate entrance & lobbv for each classroom
1 310-320 (
Additional Requirements: o A 200 sq.m. activity yard, adjacent to each classroom, directly accessible from the
classroom. o It is desirable to locate the toilets near the exit to the yard.
Sources: n Ministry of Education and Culture, Director General’s Circular Letter, Special Circular A
(5748) Programmes for Planning of Kindergartens and Primary Schools, September, 1987.
Main Deviations from the Original Programme: * A special education class is not included at this time in the programme of the Ministry of
Education and Culture, but there are those who insist that this function is an essential part of the job of a Kindergarten.
* It is possible not to put the store rooms adjacent to the classrooms, despite the call for this in . the original programme.
* The total net area in the original programme is 285 sq.m.
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-_.-
Note:
In view of the current trend toward cooperation between classes in Pre-school Education, it is possible to concentrate the ares designated as the teacher’s corner into a common staff-room and the storage areas into one common area. These possibilities make the programme much more flexible.
B. Schematic Representation of Linkage Between the function
3 Yard
/
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C. Child’s care center and kindergarten classroom
Function I I
I Net Area I
No. of Spaces Total Net I
Notes sq.m Needed Area-sq.m.
Classrooms
Storerooms
Toilets
Kitchenette
Teachers room
Teacher’s assistant
60 3
lo-12 3
lo-12 3
5-6 2
5-6 2
lo-12 1
Kitchenette & Laundry
1 lo-12 ( 1
Lobby
Total Net Area l-=-F
I
180 The classrooms are connected
30-32 stores attached to each
30-36 Toilets adjacent to each classrcx3m
lo-12 Adjacent to the kindergarten area
lo-12 Adjacent to the kindergarten area
lo-12
1@12 I At the child’s care unit
30-36 Each classroom a separated entrance
310-320 I
Additional Requirements: o A 200 sq.m. activity yard, adjacent to, and directly accessible from each classroom. o It is desirable to locate the toilets near the exit to the yard. o The day-care center requires a kithen-yard adjacent to the kitchen, with convenient access for
unloading goods.
Sources: n See Programmes A and B.
Note: In view of the current trend toward cooperation between classes in R-e-school Education, it is possible to concentrate the ares designated as the teacher’s comer into a common staff-room and the storage areas into one common area. These possibilities make the programme much more flexible.
C. Schematic Representation of Linkage Between the function
Day - care class
Kmdergarten class
.
/ [ Classroom 1 ,. ..
L Exit to
t the Yard
Yard )
Kindergarten class
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D. Building Designated as a Kindergarten Class + Small Children’s Division (Pair of Kindergartens + 1st Grade) or Small Children’s Division (Kindergarten + 1st and 2nd Grades) and Small Family- Health Station.
Function
Junior school
Teacher’s room
Toilets
Storage
Kitchenette*
Lobby
Net Area sq.m
120
lo-12
l&12
lo-12
5-6
lo-24
No. of Spaces Total Net Notes Needed Area-sq.m.
1 120
1 10-12
2 20-24
1 lo-12
1 5-6
1 20-24
Kindergarten
Classroom
Teacher’s room*
Toilets
Storage
Kitchenette*
Lobby
Family Health
Station
Nurse’sDoctor
room
Waiting mom
Toilets
60 1
5-6 1
lo-12 1
lo-12 1
5-6 1
lo-12 1
20-24 1
5-6 1
5-6 1
100-110
60
5-6
lo-12
lo-12
5-6
lo-12
30-36 Includes lab & storage
20-24 aIra
5-6
5-6
Total Net Area 315-320
* Can be combined with the clasroom
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Additional Requirements: o It is essential that it be possible to completely separate the three main functions, including
the entrances. But it is also desirable to prepare for the possibility of linking them. o The Small Children’s Division and the Kindergarten require (separate) play yards, with the
possibility of direct exit to them from the classroom. It is desirable to locate the toilets near the exit to the yard.
Sources: n Ministry of Education and Culture, Director General’s Special Circular A (5748):
Programmes for Planning of Kindergartens and Primary Schools, September, 1987. n The Institute for Development of Educational and Welfare Facili ties, Small Children’s
Division, September, 1986. n The Technion, Centre for Urban and Regional Study, Land Alloca tions for Planning, part
3: Health Services.
17 15
Family
D. Schematic Representation of Linkage Between the function
Healfh Station Lh “!
( Kitchen )‘ /.
Junior School
.: “‘.., .
Kindergarten ‘,.
0 Yard
III 16
E. Building Designated as Minimarket, Meeting-hall (Clubroom), and for other Community Functions.
Function
Mini market
Meeting hall
Multi-purpose hall
Storage
Others communit functions
Social worker
Post Office
Laundry club
Public toilets
Lobby and Passageways
Total Net Area
Net Area Notes sq.m
140 Separate entrance
80-85
70-75 Including cafeteria
10-12 Adjacent to hall
10-12
15-18
20-24
10-12
25-30
300-320
Additional Requirements: o The Meeting hall needs a yard with direct access from the hall.
Sport installations can also be planned for in the yard. o The Minimarket needs parking spaces and vehicular access to stores o With regard to the remaining services, common or separate entrances can be planned for. o Avoid functional interference, mainly between the minimarket and meeting hall.
III 17
E. Schematic Representation of Linkage Between the function
............. ............
................
Mini-Market
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F . Minimarket, Meeting-Hall (clubroom), Family-Health Station, Basic Clinic and Other Community Functions.
Function Net Area Notes sq.m
Mini market 80-85 Separate entrance
Meeting hall 60 Includes Storage & refreshment bay
Health Station 70-80 Separate entrance
Nurse/Doctor’s office (2) 30-36
Waiting area 10-12
Storage 10-12
Toiletss 10-12
Kitchenette & Lab. 10-12
Others community functions Social worker 10-12
Post Office 15-18
Laundry club 15-18
Public Toilets 10-12
Lobby 20-30
Total Net Area 310-320
Separate entrances are being planned for each of the services, then the Lobby area may be added to that of the Meeting-hall.
Additional Requirements: o The Meeting hall needs a yard with direct access from the hall. Sports facilities can also be
planned for the yard. o The Minimarket needs parking spaces and direct vehicular access to storage areas. o Avoid functional interference, mainly between the minimarket and meeting hall.
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Sources: n The Technion, Centre for Urban and Regional Study, Land Allocations for Planning, part
3: Health Services.
F. Schematic Representation of Linkage Between the function
Basic clinic + Family - Health Station
[ Toilette p-[ Etz )
-d Kitchen
Mini-Market g&&$
1 Alternative \ 1 Entrance /
Other Comniunity \ / Functions
G. Minimarket, Meeting-hall (club), and other Community Functions
Function Net Area No. of Spaces Total Net Notes sq.m Needed Area-sq.m.
Meeting hall 190-200 Separate entrance
(club)
Multi-purpose hall 80-85 80-85
Small group
Roms 20-35 2-3 60-95
OffIce lo-12 1 lo-12
Toilets lo-12 1 lo-12
Storage lo-12 Adjacent to the hall
Health Station 70-90
Nurse/Doctor’s
office (2) 30-36
Waiting area 10-12
Storage lo-12
Toiletss lo-12
Kitchenette and Lab. lo-12
Lobby and
Passageways 3040 3040
Total Net Area 300-320
Additional Requirements: o The meeting-hall needs a courtyard with direct access. o Avoid functional disturbances between meeting-hall and clinic.
Sources: n The Technion, Centre for Urban and Regional Study, Land Allocations for Planning, part
3: Health Services.
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G. Schematic Representation of Linkage Between the function
Health Station
[ Labratory J \I’
\ Entrance / \ / AA
Club
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H. Minimarket, Social Services Bureau, Laundry and Post Office
Function Net Area No. of Spaces Total Net Notes sq.m Needed Area-sq.m.
Minimarket 120-140 Separate entrance
Social Services
Bureay 130-160
Entrance lo-12 1 lo-12
Reception lo-12 2 20-24
Waiting ama 5-6 1 5-6 Director’s office lo-12 1 lo-12
Housekeeper lo-12 1 lo-12
Staff Room
(7 workers) 20-24 1 20-24
Duty Social Worker
mom lo-12 1 lo-12
Treatment Room lo-12 1 lo-12
Therapy Room 15-18 1 15-18
Kitchenette 5-6 1 5-6 Storage & Archives l&12 1 lo-12
Toilets lo-12 1 lo-12
Total Net Area 300-320
Additional Requirements: o Complete Separation between the principal functions is essential, especially between the
minimarket and the social services Dept. o It is desirable to plan a small children’s play-yard as part of the social services department.
Sources: n Department of Labour and Welfare, Planning of Buildings for Social Services Departments
- Programmes and Conceptual Plans, January 199 1 (Method B).
Deviations from the programme: The above programme does not include a games room, which, in the original programme, was located in the air-raid shelter.
H. Schematic Representation of Linkage Between the function
Other Community Functions
Mini-Market
Social services Bureau
I. Branch of a Community Centre
Function I
Net Area No. of Spaces Total Net Notes sq.m Needed I Area-sq.m.
Multi-purpose hall I
140
Small group Rooms
Director’s office
Secretariat
Storage
30-35
lo-12
lo-12
lo-12
I lo-12
Lobby and Passageways
Total Net Area I
1 I 140 1
2 I 60-70 I
I lo-12 I
I lo-12 I
I lo-12 I
I 300-320 1
Additional Requirements: o As circumstances and needs dictate, a second small activities room can be added, or the
size of the lobby increased, both at the expense of the multi-purpose hall. o It is possible for activities to take place simultaneously in the hall and the small activity
rooms without disturbing each other. o An external yard is required for outdoor activities (part of this area could be planned for
sport facilities).
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I. Schematic Representation of Linkage Between the function
n Yard - x
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J. A Small Day-Care for the Elderly
Function
Multi-purpose Dining Room Kitchen and Larder
Administmtion Principal’s office
Workshop & Storage
Staffmom Staffs toilets
Activities Room
Restroom
Hairdresser & Pedicure
Net Area sq.m
4045 25-30 10-12
10-12 lo-12
30-35 12-10
lo-12 lo-12
25-30
lo-12
10-12
No. of Spaces Total Net Needed Area-sq.m.
1 1 1 75-87
1 1 20-24
1 4047
1 1 20-24
1 25-30
1 lo-12
1 lo-12
Notes
Toilets & Showers
Cloakroom
General storage
Lobby and Passageways
Total Net Area
lo-12
lo-12
lo-12
20-24
lo-12
lo-12
300-320
One shower
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Additional Requirements: o The centre requires a yard which will include a parking lot, entrance plaza, activities area,
kitchen-yard and garden. Total yard area: 600-800 sq.m. o Stairs should be avoided as far as possible, but where necessary, a ramp/lift should be
planned for wheel-chair traffic. o It is necessary to adapt functions to handicapped persons (including those confined to
wheelchairs). See details in the source. o It is desirable to have the workroom adjoining the dining room, and plan a wide door or a
movable partition between them, so as to permit use of part of the dining-room area for occupational activity.
Source: n The Institute for Development of Educational and Welfare Facili ties Guide for the
Planning and Construction of a Day Centre for the Elderly, Eshel, May 1991.
Deviations from the original programme: Total net area in the original programme was 266 sq.m.
J. Schematic Representation of Linkage Between the function
Yard L
K. Building Designed as a (large) Social Services Department
General Functions Function
Lobby & Corridors I I 25-40
Reception & Secretariat
Director’s OffiCe
Secretary’s Of&X!
Coordinator’s mom
Conference room
Games room
5-6
lo-12
lo-12
lo-12
15-18
lo-12
Team A Team B
I Function
I Team’s room 1 lo-12 1
I Admin. worker OffiCe I I lo-12
Group Terapy mom I -1 15-18
Function
Section Coordinator I I lo-12
Function Function
Team’s room Team’s room
Admin. worker Admin. worker OffiCe OffiCe
Staffs room Staffs room (7 persons) (7 persons)
Duty Social Duty Social Worker’s room Worker’s room
Treatment mom Treatment mom
Net Net Area Area
lo-12 lo-12
lo-12 lo-12
20-24 20-24
lo-12 lo-12
lo-12 lo-12
i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senior Citizens’ Section
Waiting Area Waiting Area - . ? c
~tm-v Reception I I lo-12
J
I 30
Additional Requirements: o It is desirable to plan for a children’s activity yard.
Source: n Ministry of Labour and Welfare, Planning Buildings for Social Services Departments.
See Therein
K. Schematic Representation of Linkage Between the function
n Larder
Admin. Worker OtlkX
stars
x
Coordinator’ Room Room Waiting
Room
Entrance u
3. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISATION OF THE MULTIPURPOSE BUILDING
A. THE BASIC FUNCTIONAL UNITS COMPRISING THE BUILDING
The building’s basic physical infrastructure, including three types of functional units:
l Main Unit - A space having a net area of 60 sq.m. Minimum width is 6.40 m. The ratio of the space’s length to its width must not exceed 3:2. This unit could suitably serve as a day-care creche room, a kindergarten classroom, a small club-room etc.
The number of such main units in a building: three.
Every main unit can be divided into smaller units of varying sizes. Such division enables the area to be converted into small- group meeting rooms, offices, treatment rooms and the like.
Two of the three units will be adjoining along their length, with the possibility of combining them into a single space of 120 sq.m., and in such a way as to retain the above-mentioned 1ength:width ratio. Such a combination can give an area required for a small children’s division, a large meeting hall, a mini market and other similar purposes.
l Attached Unit - having an area of 20-22 sq.m. and a 1ength:width ratio of between 2:l and 3:2.
No. of attached units in the building: three
Every attached unit can be divided into two spaces of lo-12 sq.m. each, with a 1ength:width ratio of between 1: 1 and 1.5: 1. This type of unit is usually meant to be used for service functions or for storage or offices, or as a small lobby adjacent to a certain service requiring its own entrance, and so forth. Every attached unit should adjoin a main unit along its length and it should also be possible to attach it to the main unit in order to obtain a larger, but not necessarily rectangular, space (80 sq.m.). Joining the attached unit to the above main unit will make possible the following:
- Attachment of the restrooms, storerooms and other similar type areas, to the main area of activity, for which they could be essential (e.g. day creche, kindergarten etc.);
- Enlargement of the large hall areas, such as the meeting- hall, minimarket and others;
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-
- Creation of autonomous functional wings for external services combined under one roof (minimarket, meeting-hall, family-health station and clinic and other similar func tions).
l Public Unit - Has a net area of 80 sq.m., which can be planned as a combination of a Main Unit (60 sq.m.) and an Attached Unit (20-22 sq.m.).
The Public unit serves as the connecting link between the three Main Units so as to make possible:
- Attachment of parts of its area to each one of the Main Units, in order to enlarge the functional area of autonomous services combined in one building (e.g. additional storage space for three kindergarten classrooms or additional kitchen space for a creche, combined together with other services in a single structure etc.).
- Utilization of part of its area as an entrance lobby for a specific service (creche, community centre branch, day centre for the elderly, social services department and others).
- Utilization of parts of its area for functions common to all parts of the building (e.g. administration, kitchen, public restrooms and so on).
- Use of parts of its area for autonomous services which are especially small compared to others integrated into the building (laundry, post office, office receiving the public, small family-health station).
- Use of its area in the same way that Main and Attached Units are used, as described above (e.g. addition to small-group- activity rooms in a community centre branch, one of the divisions of a social services department, or of a day-care centre for the elderly, and other similar functions).
The Public Unit, too, is also divisible into smaller units of varying sizes.
cl 33
Conceptual Planning of the Units
Possibility of Combining the
ATTACHED I
assageway to .ttached Unit
VI Passageway to Attached Unit
JNIT ATTACHED tiNIT
I /-\ I \ Atta&ed
ATTACHED UN1 T
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Schematic Example of a Structure Built by Attaching Modular Units
I ATTACHEDUNIT
rl MAINUNIT
Schematic Example of a Structure Built by the Rectangular “Warehouse” Method
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Types of Components of Modular Structures and How the Main Unit Relates to Them.
Wall
Wall
Connection Between Units
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THE SITE
The building, as we studied it, is suitable for single level, ground storey construction on a site having an area of 4.8-6.0 acres (1.2-1.5 dunams) on topographically flat ground. We did not examine the impact multi-storey building (such as constructing one complex on another). Application of the model in districts suffering from a severe shortage of sites for the construction of public buildings and in topographically mountainous areas would require closer examination.
It is essential that the shape of the site and its dimensions permit planning of three courtyards, each one adjacent to the Main Unit. The minimum area of each yard should be about 200 sq.m., all in one piece. The yards should be separated or joined according to the specific programme of the complex.
In addition to the courtyards, it is desirable to set aside another area of about 200 sq.m., adjacent to the Public Unit, giving greater flexibility to the physical solutions required for the various programmes.
Each one of the courtyards, as well as the entire site, can be fenced off, according to the safety requirements of the various services and/or the demands of the authorities.
Division of the Site-Courtyard to Each Unit
Boundary Fence
UNIT II
UNIT I PUBLIC UNIT
Boundary Fence
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C. TECHNICAL CHARACTERISATION OF THE STRUCTURE
l General
The large degree of flexibility demanded of the building (when switching from function to function), and its modularity, make it essential that special attention be paid to the requirements of its basic brief of specifications.
Any construction method chosen for execution of the buildings - whether it be the industrial method of construction, or the conventional one, or the method using modular spaces, or a single large space divided up by the Warehouse method - must comply with these requirements. Solutions put forward by a designer when planning the building will be different, each one suited to the construction method chosen. In the technical characterisa tion to be presented hereunder, we shall relate to the various methods of construction, while giving special emphasis to salient issues raised in one method or another.
l Standards, Specifications, General Specifications and Guidelines
It is suggested that the planning and execution of the building project be subject to the Planning and Construction Law and all the existing standards and specifications for the planned function.
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Technical Characterisation of the Building: Special Requirement
FRAME
General
Wall common to 2 units designed to connect to ahall
From bldgs based on bearing walls
Floor basing
GENERAL DEMANDS
No bearing walls/ pillars in the central span of ca. 80% RHEVN.
In this area, the ceiling will be supported by an overhead beam.
Preparations can be made for a beam, in the early stages.
Possible to break open additional openings in external walls if planned by an architect.
One solid, continuous sheet of flooring is preferred: A concrete slab laid on the ground
SPECIAL DEMANDS FOR MODULAR PLANNING
Bearing Walls/ Pillars on Perimeter of every functional unit
In transported pre-cast modules placed side-by-side, some of the walls will be double. Details of lintels, partitions and doors in these walls must be coordinated.
Continuity of the intmodular seam must be ensured by joint streng- thening of the unit floors. Floor covering will be continuous such that the seams will not be noticed.
SPECIAL DEMANDS FOR RECTANGULAR PLANNING (Warehouse Scheme)
Bearing Pillars/Wa.lls
It is reasonable that the supporting construction consist ofaframe (steel/concrete) over a decorative/ acoustic/iisulating ceiling.
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GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
External Walls
Openings (doors, windows) Possible to make additional openings or close existing ones in the structure.
Function change
General
Possibility of an external wall becoming an internal one.
The walls must meet the usual criteria re vandalism, erosion, water penetration, aesthetic ageing and thermal insulation.
Internal Walls
General Because of the great flexibility required, use of Gypsum - or equivalent - partitions is recommended, installed on a light internal frame.
Special care must be taken:
making 1 .To plan internal reinforcements so as to permit
openings later on. 2. In joining the partitions to the external walls, due to
the tendency toward cracking.
Acoustic Insulation The partitions must touch the roof of the building (including the space above the acous tic ceiling), as one single unit or by means of acoustic blocking above the lowered ceiling.
either More than one layer of gypsum can be installed on side of the partition + elastic restraining straight-edge + insulating fill material, all according to acoustic require- ments.
Finish
Flooring Use of continuous flooring throughout the entire building is recommended, in order to enable rapid modifications to be made when dividing it up by means of dry partitions, such as gypsum partitions, which will be constructed on the surface of the flooring without disrupt ing it.
Rigid/Decorative Ceiling One continuous cover throughout the entire structure is recommended, for the same reasons given above.
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GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Vandalism Use should be made of methods and materials resistant to vandalistic attack, or of materi als easily repaired or renewed after such attacks.
Sanitary Installations
A permanent location should be reserved in all the various programmes, for toilets and wash basins, or modifications made according to expected changes: 1. Preparing dugouts in potential locations which will
be inaccessible in the future 2. Preparing sleeves in the cast concrete, through which
piping can be inserted at a later date.
Electrical System
Wall Connections: Outlets, Switches, Antenna Connections, Computer Connections
Main ElectricaI Control Panel
The wall connections and switches should be located on the structure’s permanent walls. If there are no such walls, the electrical wiring should be passed over the acoustic ceiling and run through the gypsum walls.
The location of the control panel is to remain permanent throughout all the various programmes. It is desirable to locate it in the vicinity of the lobby which does not change. It is recommended to make preparations for load increases on the panel, including preparations for air conditioning.
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Conceptual Model for Programme A’
An Example of Planning by the Modular Methood
PROGRAMME A’ j-Room Day-Care Centre
Yard
Yard
Yard A
v Yard Main
Entrance
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Conceptual Model for Programme A’
An Example of Planning by the Rectangular Methood
PROGRAMME A’ 3-Room Day-Care Centre
Yard Yard
Toil&k
8 Cllasroom Cllasroom
1 Toil&e -
b -
I Lobby - - I -
-II Clbsroom -haITToik i-l-
Toilette -
T;7 Yard
I I Main
Entrance
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4. ISSUES INVOLVED IN THE MODEL’S APPLICATION
Estimation of Requirements for Construction of The Multipurpose Building
Estimation of the requirements entails careful study of the physical characteristics of the site and the demographic characteristics of the population.
We shall point here, to some physical factors which are meaningful in determination of the number of building a the site, their location, the planning of the services in each one of them and the type of construction:
l The site master plan and both the short-term and the long-term building plans for the public buildings therein: This information impacts on the decisions as to whether the building constitutes a temporary or a permanent solution to the services designated for it in the immediate future, and where to situate it when taking into consideration its long-term purposes.
l The location of the site: The distance between it and the nearest population centre, and the mutual accessibility of the two. This factor has significance when determining which services must be located on the site itself, and which can be got from the institutions already found in the nearby population centre (subject to a potential increase in the scope of those services).
l Available vacant buildings on the site: which can be converted for use with various services, as temporary or permanent solution. The possibility of converting existing buildings could, in certain circumstances, prove to be preferable to that of erecting a new complex.
l The purpose of the site: Temporary or permanent residences. This factor has relevance in a decision as to whether to plan the complex as a permanent structure or a temporary one. On a site designated for temporary residences - it is reasonable to plan the complexes thereon as temporary facilities, or alternatively, to consider the possibilities of utilising it when the site returns to being what it was originally intended.
l The number of residential units on the site.
l Distribution of the residential units over the site: The disposi tion is influenced by the size of the site and the type of construction - ground-hugging or saturated. This data must be taken into account in any consideration of deployment of the complexes and the services each one will house. For example, on a site having extensive distribution, it will be necessary to scatter the complexes more widely and to determine the services in each of them according to its accessibility to the target population.
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