Municipal Activities and Service -...

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8.0 Introduction

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Bilaspur City was carried out to review the existing

system of storage, collection, transportation and disposal of MSW and to identify the paucities in

this management system. It involved the participation of different Municipal Authorities of

the State to get relevant information regarding the same, so that a proper implementation

programme can be framed for the coherent & even operation of the MSW management in Bilaspur

City. Based on the findings of the study, the following propositions are made for proper and

scientific disposal of the MSW.

The segregation and collection of MSW are not carried out at source which leads to

unhygienic littering & indiscriminate disposal of solid waste. To control the above situation, the

source segregation and door-to-door collection system for both biodegradable & non-

biodegradable solid waste has to be introduced. This also needs the development and up gradation

of a database regarding MSW characteristics and generation. Initiatives should also be taken for

use of appropriate equipments for collection, transport and disposal of MSW with the adoption of

an appropriate waste disposal and processing methodology viz composting, community vermi-

composting, etc. for the same. The local bodies other than municipalities viz. Municipality,

Notified Authorities, etc. should also take initiative to formulate appropriate waste management

facilities within their jurisdiction and assisting them in their efforts would be considered another

optimistic step in this implementation process.

An effective management of MSW relies much on community participation along with the

provision of improved amenities and service conditions for formal and informal sector workers.

The workforce and the supervisory staff should be exposed and well versed with the modern

methods of waste management through trainings, seminars and field visits. Stakeholders should

also be made aware of the genuine issues regarding waste management.

In order to combat the dearth of a national level policy and inadequate resources,

initiatives should be taken in the formulation of a national policy on SWM along with the fixation

of a rational tariff followed by the imposition of SWM tax to meet City cleaning costs.

8th Chapter

Municipal Activities and Service

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The activities of municipal solid waste management are grouped under six functional

groups:

• Waste generation

• Waste Handling, segregation, storage and processing at source.

• Collection.

• Segregation, processing and transformation.

• Transfer and transport and

• Disposal

Table No. 47

Bilaspur City: Solid Waste Management Scenario

Management scenario Other Indicators

Total Waste Generated/day

(tones)

250 Per Capita Waste Generated

(Grams/day)

480

Waste Collected (tones) 180 Collection Performance (%) 70

No. of Vehicles 28 Vehicle BilaspurCity-(% of

Waste Generated)

40

No. of Labour engaged in

conservancy

300 Road Length/Conservancy Staff

(Meter)

650

No. of Disposal Sites 3 Sanitation Labour / Ward 6

Source: Field Survey, 2010

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Table No.48

Bilaspur City : Municipal Solid Waste Dump Yards

NO. of dump yard with plan 3

Location of the dump yard with plan Sarkanda

Area of dump yard 1.5 Ar

Life expectancy of the dump site 25

Total no. of years in use 25

Waste disposed per day 150 MT

Area available for composting Nil

Is there any open burning 2 Open

burning

Is there any dedicated landfill? Nil


8.1 Bilaspur City Garbage / Container

I m3 & 2m

3 BilaspurCity steel containers, container hydraulic vehicles

4.5m3 steel container & Dumper

45m3 & 2m

3 steel container

Collection by three-wheel Rickshaw and disposed at dumping ground by vehicles. Present

status of Hotel & Restaurant site, Collected by hard cattle & three wheel riksha at primary

collection centre.

Market side collection by sweeper & disposed at primary collection centre, Collection by

steel container and dump at the dumping side deep burial process.

Waste produced from individual households is removed initially by the owner or an

employee and later by municipal staff. In the case of community bin system adopted in most

of the City, waste is collected and taken to the community bin by the house owner where it is

removed by conservancy staff. Waste from industries are collected and taken to the specific

collection and disposal site by the industry itself. In house to house collection system as

adopted in most of the developed City but Bilaspur City not here not door to door collect the

waste material.

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Table No. 49

Bilaspur City: Existing Manpower available with MSWM

Sanitary Zone 11 No of Sanitary Inspector 10

Total No of Wards 55 No of Supervisors 1/ward

No of Wards under

NGO/Pvt

30 No of Sweepers 250

Under Municipal 25 No of Wards door to door

collected

14


8.2 House hold storage: Solid waste is broadly comprised of non-hazardous domestic,

commercial and industrial refuse including household organic waste, hospital and institutional

garbage, street sweepings, and construction wastes (Zerboc 2003). In house to house

collection system, waste is collected in containers, bins, or plastic sacks, these containers are

directly emptied in the collection vehicles. Plastic buckets of 5-7 liter Bilaspurcities which are

adequate for an average family when daily collection of waste is carried out. 1.5 MT

BilaspurCity garbage road side and other blank place to storage wastage material then

transport waste to another place from residential area.

8.3 Rapidly growing Slum population and Solid Waste

8.3.1 Growth in slums with no waste management system

Urbanization in the developing nations is accompanied by the expansion of slum areas and

the creation of new ones as the migrants usually come from poorer regions and do not have

the ability to live in /buy decent housing in the City, which leads to the development of slums.

The pressure of ever-growing population on urban infrastructure in many cities overburdens

the provision of urban services. 4.( Gupta, S., Krishna, M., Prasad, R.K., Gupta, S., Kansal,

A.,;1998) Urban municipal governments are under intense pressure to meet the demand for

basic services such as water, sanitation and solid waste management. Most of the slums grow

in an unplanned manner, and the local municipalities are ill prepared to provide basic facilities

(like garbage collection) to the ever growing population. This causes garbage to be dumped in

open spaces, leading to disastrous effect on the social, economic and environmental health of

the area .

8.4 Solid Waste Management by Corporation of Bilaspur City

In cach ward of the city cleaning, Sweeping and waste collection is carried out with the

help of one supervisor and 6 labours. Maximum source of waste generation is residential.

From each ward 1.25M.T waste is collected. Other segments of solid waste management are:

8.4.1 Source Segregation: Clearly marked biohazards waste disposal container should be

conveniently located within all areas in which bio-hazardous waste generated. Each facility

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should develop a plan for bio waste segregation and ensure that all staff involved with waste

segregation has received adequate training and education.

8.4.2 Door to door collection: These systems are extremely popular with the public because

they dispense with the need to take the recycling to special recycling centre. Large section of

some ward does not collection door to door. They got to the individual house to collect the

containers and empty them in refuse vehicle.

8.4.3 Open storage: It is partially achieved by the removal of community bins from the City.

The numbers of City dustbin were clear each ward during day and some case are storage

another outside space of City.

8.4.4 Daily sweeping of the City: Municipality corporation employees are sweeping in the

City at least once in a day using brooms, brushes, wheel bins, wheel barrow, long brooms,

sanitary workers, public holidays and lack of financial support.

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Waste dumping in Sarkhanda, Bilaspur(C.G)

Inadequate Storing Paper, Wooden Board Waste, Near buses stand, Bilaspur(C.G)

Home side storage residential area, bad habits of Urban People in Bilaspur(C.G)

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Table No. 50

Bilaspur City : Area wise waste generation MT/Day


Table No. 51

Bilaspur City: Commercial Waste Generation, 2010

Units K.g/Day % of Quantity

Office 1000 02.70

Shops 6350 17.63

Hotel 3700 10.28

Restaurants 9560 26.55

Marriage Hall 2090 05.80

Park/Garden 1500 04.20

Market Place 11800 32.84

Source: Field Survey 2010

Area Mt/Day % of Quantity

Commercial Area 81.00 37.40

Slum Area 25.00 11.55

Residential 97.00 44.83

Construction 10.60 04.80

Industrial 02.25 01.20

Religious Centre 00.75 00.22

Area wise waste generation, 2010

Fig No.17 Bilaspur City: Area wise waste generation, 2010


Commercial Waste Generation, 2010

Fig No.18


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Area wise waste generation, 2010

Bilaspur City: Area wise waste generation, 2010

Commercial Waste Generation, 2010

18 Bilaspur City: Commercial Waste Generation, 2010

Bilaspur City: Area wise waste generation, 2010

Bilaspur City: Commercial Waste Generation, 2010

Bilaspur City: Residential Garbage Quantity, 2010


Residential Garbage Quantity, 2010

Fig No. 19 Bilaspur City: Residential Garbage Quantity, 2010


Waste Material

Vegetable and Rubbish

Textile

Metal

Leather

Food

Plastic/Paper

Glass/Can/Building

Material

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Table No.52


Residential Garbage Quantity, 2010


K.G/Bin % of waste quantity

500.00 50.00

50.00 05.00

70.00 07.00

30.00 03.00

145.00 14.50

80.00 08.00

125.00 12.50


% of waste quantity

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8.4.5 Classification

1. Residential Includes waste generated in household units, such as food and fruit peels,

rubbish, ashes etc.

2. Industrial Has two components hazardous, which is toxic; corrosive; flammable; a strong

sensitizer or irritant and may pose a substantial present or potential danger to human health or

the environment when improperly processed, stored, transported, or disposed of or otherwise

managed. 8.(Mor, S., Ravindra, K., Visscher, A.D., Dahiya, R.P., Chandra, A., ;2006)Non-

hazardous which includes inert and essentially insoluble industrial solid, usually including,

but not limited to, materials such as rock, brick, glass, dirt, and certain plastics and rubber,

etc., that are not readily decomposable

3. Commercial Waste produced by wholesale, retail or service establishments, such as

restaurants, stores, markets, theatres, hotels and warehouses.

4. Institutional Waste that originates in schools, hospitals, research institutions and public

buildings.

5. Construction and demolition Waste building material and rubble resulting from

construction, remodelling, repair, and demolition operations on houses, commercial buildings,

pavements and other structures

6. Municipal services Sludge from a sewage treatment plant which has been digested and

dewatered and does not require liquid handling equipment etc.

7. Process Treatment plant wastes principally composed of residual sludge and

8. Agricultural Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, rubbish, hazardous wastes.

8.4.6 Equipment for City cleaning

(A) Brooms: (i) these are mainly one consist of a bunch of long and flexible fibers and is used

by the workers standing. Good for sweeping light material such as paper etc. does not remove

heavy material like sand, silt,

(ii) Second of a wooden handle to which a large number of short filaments are bound. Large

amount of dust will get air borne posing danger to the health of the workers.

(B) Shovels: The material collected at a place is to be lifted which is carried out by using a

shovel. It is observed that light materials like tree, paper, rubbished etc to fall off.

(C) Hand-Carts : The hand carts is common use are of three types single wheeled, double

wheeled , and three wheeled. In single and double wheeled hand carts, the workers has to

exert force both in horizontal and vertical direction for transporting the material. In three

wheeled hand cart, vertical force only and horizontal force is needed.

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Separated into the basis categories of wet waste collected by the municipal corporation,

arrangements must be made for the recyclable material to be sorted on a picking belt and for

each material then to be recycled etc.

8.4.7 Collection and Transportation Facility

Improper handling and disposal of solid waste has multi-dimensional impact on human and

environmental well being. Improper dumping can lead to pollution of air, soil, and water,

(i) contamination of surface and ground water supplies,

(ii) clogging of drains,

(iii) creation of stagnant water for insect breeding,

(iv) floods in the plains and

a. landslides in the hilly areas during rainy seasons

If materials have to be sorted for two weeks before collection, then it is important that the

containers have properly felting lids in order to reduce smells, flies, etc.4.( Gupta, S.,

Krishna, M., Prasad, R.K., Gupta, S., Kansal, A.,;1998). For this reason the wheeled bin

system of refuse storage is attractive and is rapidly gaining favors throughout the City.

However many development do land themselves to basic separation at source.

8.5 EXISTING TECHNICAL AND NON-TECHNICAL MANPOWER IN SWM SYSTEM:

The solid waste management is done by the Health Department of Municipal Corporation

Bilaspur. The Administrative set-up of the solid waste management wing has been given below.

The different sources of municipal solid waste generation are residential area (including

City wards, slum areas, village wards), commercial area (including commercial complexes, hotels,

restaurants), Health Care Establishment (municipal refuse), Marriage Halls & Community Halls,

Religious places, Construction & Demolition, Gardens, Industries (non hazardous waste).

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Table No. 53

Bilaspur City: Staff position of Municipal Corporation

Sanitation workers deployed

for collection

150 Sweeper / population ratio in

each ward

1:1500

Sanitation workers deployed

for transportation

90 Sweeper / road length in each

ward

5:2Km

Sanitation workers/Wards 5 Sweeper / supervisor in each

ward

20:1


Table No. 54

BilaspurCity: Transportation of MSW

No of vehicles 35 Quantity of waste transport in

each shift

25MT

No of trips/one shift 5 Waste transported each day 250

No of vehicles used in each shift 14 No of area notified each day 14

No of trips made to the disposal

site

8 No of bin clear during the day 20


8.5.1 EQUIPMENT FOR MANAGEMENT

(A) Brooms

i) These are mainly one consist of a bunch of long and flexible fibres and is used

by the workers standing. Good for sweeping light material such as paper etc.

does not remove heavy material like sand, silt.

ii) Second of a wooden handle, to which a large number of short filaments are

bound. Large amount of dust will get air borne danger to the health of the

workers.

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Commissioner

Deputy Municipal Commissioner Workshop

Health Officer - 01 Executive Engineer – 01

Sr. Sanitary Inspector – 02 Garage

Safai Kormi – 05 Assistant Engineers – 01

Safai Kormi Sub-Engineer - 01

(Daily wages) – 03

Sweeper – Regular – 206 Drivers - 32

Daily wages 110

Contractor’s Sweeper – 331 Helper - 02

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Table No. 55

Bilaspur City : Major Roads, Sub Roads and their Proposed Width

S. Name of Major Road Name of Sub Road

Proposed

No.

Width (Mts.) 1. Nehru Chowk to

Government High School

a. Nehru Chowk to Gol Bazar

b. Gol Bazar Inner Circular Road

c. City Kotwali to Pradhan Sound Services

d. Pradhan Sound Services to Nagorao Sheikh

School e. Nagorao Sheikh School to Gandhi Putla

Chowk

f. Gandhi Putla Chowk to Government High

School

18

11

18

12

18

24

2. Post Office to Kali Mandir a. Post Office Chowk to Madhya Nagriya Chowk

b. Madhya Nagriya Chowk to Kali Mandir

18

09

3. New Arpa Bridge to

Antulal Petrol Pump

a. New Arpa Bridge to Antulal Petrol Pump Chowk 09

4. Ramdas Petrol Pump to

Madhuvan

a. Ramdas Petrol Pump to Sanichari Bazar Rupta

Chowk b. Sanichari Bazar Rupta Chowk to

Madhuvan

18

09

5. Nehru Chowk to New

Arpa Bridge

a. Nehru Chowk to New Arpa Bridge 24

6. Brihaspati Bazar Chowk to

Old Sarkanda Bridge

a. Brihaspati Bazar Chowk to Devkinandan Chowk

b. Devkinandan Chowk to Old Sarkanda Bridge

12

24

7. Idgah Chowk to

PWD Store

a. Idgah Chowk to Raghwendra Meeting Hall b.

Raghwendra Meeting Hall to PWD Store

18

12

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8. Santosh Lodge to

Sanichari Road

a. Santosh Lodge to Sanichari Road 12

9. Madhya Nagriya Chowk to

Sanichari Road

a. Madhya Nagriya Chowk to Sanichari Road 12

10. Kali Mandir Chowk to

Sanichari Road Chowk

a. Kotwali to CMD Chowk

b. Kotwali Chowk to Sanichari Marg Chowk

24

18

11. Syam Talkiz Chowk to

Arpa New Rapta Chowk

a. Syam Talkiz to New Arpa Rapta Chowk via

Meat Market

18

12. Pradhan Sound Services to

Pachari Ghat

a. Pradhan Sound Services to Pachari Ghat 09

13. Nagorao School to

Arpa River

a. Nagorao School to Arpa River 09

14. Government High School

to Madhuvan

a. Government High School to Madhuvan 09

15. Shiwerinarayan Muth to

Narmal School

a. Shiwerinarayan Muth to Narmal School 09

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Table No.56

Bilaspur City : Tools and Equipments

Sl.No. Type of Equipment Existing Number Present condition

1. Long handed brooms 150 Good

2. Shovels NIL NIL

3. Handcarts 50 Good

4. Tricycles 40 Good

5. Auto NIL NIL

6. Bins 190 Good

7. Waste containers (4.5 m3) 25 Good

8. Waste containers (6.5 m3) 25 Good

9. Waste containers (6.5 m3) NIL NIL


(B) Shovels

The materials collected at a place is to be lifted which is carried out by using a

shovel. It is observed that light materials like tree, paper, rubbished etc. to fall

of.

(C) Hand Carts

The hand carts is common used are of three types single wheeled, double

wheeled and three wheeled. In single and double wheeled hand carts, the

workers have to exert free both in horizontal and vertical direction for

transporting the material. In three wheeled hand cart, vertical free only and

horizontal force is needed.

Separated into the bans categories of wet waste collected by the municipal

corporation, arrangement must be made for the recyclable material to be sorted

on a picking belt and for each material then to be recycled etc.

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8.6 COLLECTION

8.6.1 Primary collection

Primary collection of waste is the second essential step of Solid Waste Management activity.

Primary collection system is necessary to ensure that waste at source is collected regularly

and it is not disposed of on the streets, water bodies, etc., and this should be well

synchronized with waste storage at source3.(Gohil M.B. ;2000);

• Wet waste needs to be collected daily.

• Recyclable waste may be collected at longer regular intervals.

• Domestic hazardous waste needs to be placed by people in five special bins kept in the City

for disposal.

Special containers/bins (black coloured) with a label indicating hazardous materials may be

placed in the town at some designated spots which are within reach of the general public like

market area, commercial complexes, etc. . 1. (Chakrabarty, P., Srivastava, V.K., Chakrabarti,

S.N., ;1995)

Table No.57

Bilaspur City: Tools & Equipments required for solid waste management

Tools & equipments for storage of waste in commercial market places

Serial No. Total required Already

available

To be procured

1 Litter bins 300 100 200


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Table No.58

Bilaspur City: Containers required for collection of waste

Sl.

No.

Sources of

waste

generation

Metallic Containers required

2 m3 4.5 m

3 7 m

3

Actual Spare Actual Spare Actual Spare

1. Residential 130 5

2. Slums 96 4

3. Markets (Vegetable, fruit

market, Met/Fish market)

21

4. Commercial areas 20 4

TOTAL 100 135 45


Table No.59

Bilaspur City: Tools and Equipments for Primary collection of Waste

Serial

No.

Total required Already

available

To be procured

1 Containerised tricycles 130 30 100

2. Containers for tricycles

8 per tricycle.

1040 1040


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Table No. 60

Bilaspur City: Primary collection of waste from residential areas

Tools/

Equipment.

Collection Procedure

Containerised

handcarts.

Handcarts with 6 detachable containers may be used. A bell may be

affixed to the cart or the sanitary worker may be provided with a whistle.

Containerised handcart may be used in the thickly populated City wards

and also in slum wards. One sanitary worker would be associated with

one handcart. In addition to collection of waste, another sanitary worker

would also be employed for sweeping of roads in the residential area.

One sanitary worker with a handcart may be able to cover 50-60 houses

in a day.

In case of slums, sanitary worker may move along the main access-lanes

ringing the bell continuously. Residents may be directed to bring their

waste from their houses to handcart.

Containerised

tricycles

In case of containerized tricycles (6 detachable containers), one sanitary

worker may be employed. In addition, another sanitary worker may do

the seeping of the roads. One sanitary worker with containerized tricycle

may be able to cover 120-150 houses in a day.

Motorised vans In case of Motorised vans, driver may blow the horn intermittently

announcing his arrival. Householders may be directed to place their wet

waste directly into the containers. One motorized van may be able to

cover 600 to 800 houses.

Community

carrier

A community bin carrier having a BilaspurCity to carry 40 containers in

a two tier arrangement may be used to pick bins from village wards. In

community carrier, one driver and a sanitary worker may be employed.

8.6.2 COMMERCIAL AREAS, INSTITUTION, MARKETS

The following waste management system is recommended for commercial areas, institutions,

markets & Health Care Establishments etc.

Storage at

source

Description

Shops, offices,

institu-tions, etc.

There are around 8000 shops, around 50 Government offices, schools, and

colleges in Bilaspur town. All these establishments should be directed to

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keep their waste in separate bags (wet waste & dry waste). In case of shops,

Wet waste may be stored in green polythene bags and kept outside the

shops before the market closes in the night. Dry waste may be stored in a

white polythene bag and kept inside the shop. These bags may be

distributed by the municipal corporation to all shopkeepers on payment

basis. For the commercial complexes, office complexes, Liftable

community bins may be placed. It is recommended to keep one community

waste bin in every commercial/office complex. The Municipality may

install such a bin on cost recovery basis. A provision of Rs.100/- penalty

for throwing waste on road should be incorporated in the municipal rules.

Hotels and

Restaurants

There are around 400 hotels and restaurants in Bilaspur town. All of them

may be advised to store their waste on-site in large (100 litres) steel/plastic

containers. Dry and wet waste may be stored in smaller containers on

plastic bags.

Vegetable &

Fruit markets

There are three main vegetable & fruit markets Sanichari Bazar, Chantidih,

Brihaspati Bazar. In addition to these there are small daily, by-weekly and

weekly markets in different residential areas of the town. These markets

produce wastes, which are ideal for production of compost. In view of this,

it is desirable that all vegetable market waste be stored separately. The

vegetable/fruit market shops may be clearly instructed not to throw their

waste on road/street side as this causes nuisance due to faster degradation

rate and also attracts stray animals. Around two Community containers

bins of BilaspurCity 4.5 m3 litres may be placed in each main market and

small community containers of 100 litres BilaspurCity may be placed

within each vegetable market for placing only vegetable or fruit waste by

the shopkeepers. These containers should be such that tilting it can empty

them and they should be fixed at suitable location.

Meat & Fish

markets

There is one main fish and meat market in ward No.22. Shopkeepers may

be advised to store wastes in bins and transfer them in one community

container bin (closed from the top) of BilaspurCity 4.5 m3.

Health care

Establish-ments

Bilaspur has one 500 bedded medical college hospital (CIMS) and 400

bedded Apollo Hospital and also about 60 private nursing homes

&hospitals in different areas in the City. The total bed numbers are about

1200. Two types of waste are generated from these establishments. One is

municipal refuse and other is bio-medical waste. These two types of waste

may be stored separately. Municipal waste may stored in black polythene

bag or in black coloured buckets. Biomedical waste may be stored

separately in different coloured container bins according to type as

Biomedical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998.

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II. Primary Collection

Shops, offices,

institutions etc.

Sanitary workers while sweeping the roads in the morning may pick the

waste bags containing wet waste placed outside the shops and collect them

in their handcarts containing detachable containers. For collection of

recyclable waste, waste collectors (rag pickers) may be organized. Working

arrangements should be made such that it is suitable to shops and

establishment. It is preferable; if the waste collectors collect waste in the

evening as by evening the shopkeepers might have collected waste, which

they would not like to store overnight.

Hotels & Restau-

rants

Hotelier may be advised to hand over the waste to the sanitary workers

doing doorstep waste collection in their area.

Meat & Fish

markets.

Waste from meat and fish market emanates very bad smell and therefore it

is desirable that these wastes are collected daily by the sanitary workers.

The waste shall be collected in metallic container the sanitary worker may

collect waste, if any, from the market and transfer into the metallic

container.

Health Care

Establish-

ments.

The municipal refuse generated from the establishment may be placed by

their personnel in a community bin placed in their area. Biomedical waste

has to be managed as per Biomedical waste (Management & Handling)

rules, 1998. The present system may be continued and it should adhere to

the rules.

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Poor people’s Collect wastage material for business in Slum area,Bodhyapara

Fig : Household Waste Collect for Business

Paper waste Collecting for Recycling business purpose

- 215 -

Table No. 61

Bilaspur City: MSW Management Scenario

Sl.No. Function/Service provided Time

schedule

1. Street cycling and transportation of waste. Daily

2. Sweeping in bus stands and market. Daily

3. Maintenance and cleaning of public toilets and urinals. Daily

4. Disposal of collected waste in dumpsite. Daily

5. Removal of debris and construction wastes Daily

6. Removal of dead animals. Daily

7. Cleaning of Jam bridge. Daily

8. Cleaning of sewer Daily

9. Cleaning of drains Daily

Source: Health and sanitation department, Bilaspur(C.G)

8.7 SOURCE SEGREGATION

8.7.1 Source Segregation

Clearly marked bio-hazards waste disposal container should be conveniently located

within all areas in which bio-hazardous waste generated. Each facility should develop a

plan for bio waste segregation and ensure that all staff involved with waste segregation

has received adequate training and education.

8.7.2 Door to door collection

These systems are extremely popular with the public because they dispense with the

need to take the recycling to special recycling centre. Large section of some ward has

not collection door to door. They got the individual house to collected the containers

and empty them in refuse vehicle.

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8.7.3 Disposal of solid waste

The Municipality try to dispose the waste in the scientific method. The bio-

degradable wastes are processing to the compost. 1. (Chakrabarty, P., Srivastava,

V.K., Chakrabarti, S.N., ;1995) Bilaspur Municipality using Solution to compost

the garbage’s.

8.7.4 Transportation of waste

Transportation of MSW vehicles covered with fishnets to avoid spillage. There are

different types of vehicles new and old. Time and motion study should be

conducted to reduce the nonproductive idle time of the vehicles and increase

productivity.

Table No.62

Bilaspur City: Transportation fleet

Sl.No. Description Total

required

Already

available

To be

procured

1. Dumper placer 2 m3, 4.5 m

3 9 1 8

2. Dumper placer 7 m3 2 - 2

3. Excavator 5 3 2

4. Auto dumper placer 2 - 2

Source: Field survey, 2011

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Table No.63

Bilaspur City : Transportation of waste

Type of

vehicle

No. of vehicle

available for

transportation

No. of trips

made by

each

Quantity of waste

transported in

each shift

Quantity of waste

transported in

each day

Tri-cycles 40 Collection Work done in

only one shift

Handcarts 50 Collection

Auto

Tractors/

Trolley

8 2 35 MT. 32MT

Trucks/Tipp

er

2 2 16 MT 16 MT

Dumper

Placer

2 3 24 MT 24 MT

Source: Field survey, 2011

8.7.5 Land fillings:

Land fill are lined to prevent leakage and contains system to collect potentially

contaminated surface water runoff. Underground injunction wells are steel and

concrete ensured shafts placed deep in the earth into which waste are deposited

liquid waste are commonly disposed of in underground injection wheels.

8.8 Processing of municipal solid wastes:

• Biodegradable wastes shall be processed by composting, vermin composting,

anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate biological processing for

stablisation of wastes.

• At present, there is no segregation of waste being done and no waste

processing being carried out.

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8.8.1 Treatment/recycling of waste: Composting in the process of decomposition and

stabilization of organic matter under controlled condition. Since Bilaspur City is an

commercial base migrate City, there is a need for popularization of the product,

waste minimization, through segregation of recyclable material like plastics, glass,

metals etc.

8.8.2 Financial Structure: Modernization of SWM system and to improve the financial

status of Municipal Corporation, additional charges can be collected from the

individuals availing house to house collection facility.

Table No.64

Bilaspur City: Solid waste management scenario

Management

scenario

Quantity(MT) Others indicators Description

Total waste

generated

250 Per capita waste

generated gram/day

480

Waste collected

(tones)

28 Road length

(conservancy staff

meter)

650

No. of labour

engaged in

conservancy.

300 Sanitation

labour/ward

6

No. of disposal sites 3

Source : Field survey, 2011

8.8.3 Community participation: In every area, citizen forum should be formed. These

forums should compromise citizen’s representatives, 6.(Kumar S.;2005)social

workers and municipal officers. There various programs should be conducted for

increasing public awareness.

- 219 -

Table No. 65

Bilaspur City: Waste Storage


8.9 Segregation at source

• Segregation of waste is one of the critical activities in the Solid Waste Management as it

saves undue efforts on transportation and disposal of recyclable or inert wastes. The

segregation of such wastes, before they are transported to the processing /disposal site,

should be carried out.

• Waste segregation cannot be introduced without public awareness and should be

implemented in a phased manner. In order to achieve this, the following strategy may be

adopted for promoting public awareness:

Zone/

Wards

Number

Number

of waste

storage

Location

of waste

storage

Type of

Waste

Storage

Depot.

BilaspurCity

Of waste

Storage

Per day

MT.

Remarks

Zone-1

Ward No 1-

10

2 Gayatri

Nagar

Bins/collect-ions

spots are

attended for

daily lifting

of garbage

and deposit

open ground

29.5 MT Whether

lifting of

waste from

dustbin is

manual or

mechanical

(plastic and

paper)

Zone-2

Ward No

11-16

1 Gayatri

Nagar

18

Zone-3

Ward No

17-25

3 Thakur deo

Nagar

50

Zone-4

Ward No

26-30

3 Basant Rai

Patel

nagar

5

Zone-5

Ward No.

31-39

2 Tripur Sundari

Nagar

24

Zone-6

Ward No

40-47

1 Dr.Shyama

Prasad

Mukherjee

38

Zone-7

Ward No.

49-56

1 Tripur Sundari

Nagar

24

- 220 -

• The residents should be educated about appropriate use of biodegradable waste like

kitchen & garden wastes.

• Extensive awareness campaigns have to be organized by SWMC for educating the

public on the aspects related to impacts of solid waste on environment & health, ill effects

of littering & burning of wastes, segregation of municipal solid wastes, proper primary

storage within their house premises, etc. The awareness can be spread through posters,

distribution of pamphlets etc. SWMC may involve NGOs for organizing awareness

programs at project school, hospital etc.

• Residents may be advised to develop the habit of segregating the biodegradable waste

material like kitchen & garden waste and store in a separate bag or a bin installed at their

respective houses.

• The SWMC would educate its sanitary workers about the revenue earning potential of

recyclable waste and various options to earn revenue. The sanitary workers should be

advised to collect such waste separately. 9.(Mema, A.K., (2004).To encourage collection of

recyclables, SWMC may think of devising a plan which can provide some revenue

opportunities for the sanitary workers. Market potential with respect to the forward

linkages for effective disposal of recyclable waste is to be identified and exploited

by the SWMC for the purpose.

• Collection & segregation of hazardous wastes from the workshops viz. used batteries,

transformer oil, used oil, metal scraps etc. and selling them to CPCB registered vendors

having Environmentally Sound Management (ESM) system.

• The operator of waste processing/disposal facility should be advised to carry out inspection

of waste received to further segregate recyclables and sell them to recyclers. If it is not

feasible to segregate recyclables on their own, the processing/disposal facility operator

may allow registered scavengers to enter the premises of the compost plant and pick

recyclable waste. This would ensure reduction in rejects, reducing burden on processing

plant as well as landfill.

• SWMC may register the names of recyclers for the recyclables such as plastics,

newspapers, glass, metals etc. from residential and commercial sources and the

names of registered recyclers should be published or made known to the public residing in

the project / labour colonies / labour sheds.

• SWMC may associate and involve residents, shop owners, hospital & school staff and

NGOs/ Voluntary Organizations of the area working in the field of waste management in

increasing awareness among the people to segregate recyclable material at source and hand

it over to a designated waste collector identified by SWMC. 6.(Kumar S.;2005)

8.10 Primary Storage of Wastes

It is recommended to segregate waste into two categories & store the segregated wastes in

two different containers:

- 221 -

• One container (Green Coloured) for the “Biodegradable Waste” or the “Wet Waste”

and

• Other container (Blue Coloured) for the “Non-biodegradable Wastes” or the “Dry

Waste”.

8.10.1 Wet waste (Biodegradable) includes the following:

• Kitchen waste including food waste of all kinds, cooked and uncooked, including

eggshells and bones

• Flower and fruit waste including juice peels and house-plant waste

• Garden sweeping or yard waste consisting of green/dry leaves

• Sanitary wastes

• Green waste from vegetable & fruit vendors/shops

• Waste from food & tea stalls/shops etc.

8.10.2 Dry waste (Non-biodegradable) includes the following:

• Paper and plastic, all kinds

• Cardboard and cartons

• Containers of all kinds excluding those containing hazardous material

• Packaging of all kinds

• Glass of all kinds

• Metals of all kinds

• Rags, rubber

• House sweeping (dust etc.)

• Ashes

• Foils, wrappings, pouches, sachets and tetra packs (rinsed)

• Discarded electronic items from offices, colonies viz. cassettes, computer diskettes,

printer cartridges and electronic parts.

• Discarded clothing, furniture and equipment

• The wet & dry wastes are to be stored in two different containers as mentioned above.

As the biodegradable waste degrades and generates liquid, it is advisable to use

non-corrosive container with lid for the storage of bio-degradable/wet waste.

• A Green coloured container of 10 liters BilaspurCity for a family of about 5- 6 members

would generally be sufficient for wet waste. However, it is advisable that a household

should keep larger container or standby container to store the additional wastes produced

in 24 hours. The household may have a spare BilaspurCity of 100% to meet unforeseen

delay in clearance or unforeseen extra loads.

• Dry waste can be stored in another Blue coloured container of 10-12 litre BilaspurCity or

plastic bag/Jute Bag/plastic/polymer containers.

• The containers are to be procured by SWMC and provided to individual households in the

project colonies & labour colonies/camps. 3.(Gohil M.B. ;2000); Some containers of bigger

BilaspurCity (0.5 m 3

) will also be kept at public places, as community bins, like offices,

- 222 -

workshops, shops, community centre, school, canteens/ mess, guest houses etc. The

places where community bins have to be placed away from drinking water sources and

preferably on elevated areas where water stagnation is not there during rainy days.

• For the project hospital, separate storage bins are to be arranged, the wastes of which are to

be disposed of through incinerators.

• In addition to the above wastes, another type of waste called “Domestic Hazardous

Waste” may also be generated at household level. These include used aerosol cans,

batteries, household kitchen and drain cleaning agents, car batteries and car care

products, cosmetic items, chemical-based insecticides/rodenticides, light bulbs, tube-lights

and compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), paint, oil, lubricant and their empty containers.

These wastes are to be stored separately, whenever generated and sold for recycling or

handed over to the sanitary workers who come for house-to-house collection.

• To enforce successful implementation, necessary rules/by-laws should be framed by

SWMC to make segregation and storage at source compulsory and also to avoid littering

and burning of wastes at the project sites.

8.11 Collection of Solid Wastes

It is recommended to have a mechanism for door to door collection of waste from the

staff/ labour colonies and labour sheds. 5.(Joseph, K., ;2006). The sanitary workers /

sweepers) will have tricycle with containers or containerized handcarts having ringing bell

and will go for waste collection from individual house at a fixed time every day. The sanitary

workers would ring the bells at the time of reaching the particular area/locality, giving a

signal for waste collection to the residents.

• In labour colonies also, the door-to-door collection of waste would be carried out. The

containerized rickshaws or handcarts would be employed for collection of wastes. The

labourers should be strictly advised to store the wastes in available plastic containers of

suitable size. The waste bins including community bins are to be cleaned daily by the

sanitary workers at an informed timing.

- 223 -

Road side wheel container, near Emlipara Road Bilaspur (C.G)\

Road Side Container, market place Rajivplaza Bilaspur(C.G)

Road Side large Container, Residential Area Bilaspur(C.G)

- 224 -

Inadequate Road Side Container Near Sanichari market, Bilaspur(C.G)

wastage material collecting by four wheel van in Slum area, Talapara Bilaspur(C.G)

Waste Transportation Dumping side Near Dindoyal Park Bilaspur(C.G)

- 225 -

• During collection of wastes from the bins, care shall be taken to avoid waste spillage and it

shall be the responsibility of the sanitary workers to clean & maintain hygienic conditions

at the places where community bins are kept.

8.12 Waste Handling

• As per Municipal Solid Waste (Solid Waste Management & Handling) Rules, 2000; the

manual handling of waste has to be avoided. 9.(Mema, A.K., (2004).As per the

recommended system, the waste from their source of generation is either collected by

sanitary workers during door-to-door collection from the colonies or from community bins.

• The sanitary workers, after primary collection, will transport the waste to the storage

depots from where it will be lifted by dumper placers and transported to the processing &

disposal sites.

• The community bins of size 0.5 m3

are to be lifted manually and unloaded into the

containers kept in the transportation vehicles.

• The sanitary workers involved in manual lifting are to be provided with gloves and masks

and shall be instructed to use them compulsorily while handling waste. It will be the

responsibility of the sanitary supervisors to monitor the proper use of personnel

protective equipment by the workers.

8.13 Transportation of Solid Wastes

• It is recommended to use tricycles/push carts/containerized handcarts, for primary

collection of waste from the individual households, offices and other public places, as

described above, up to the waste storage depots. 7.(Maudgal, S,;1995) The sufficient

number of tri-cycles / push carts/containerized handcarts shall be arranged for effective

door-to-door collection system.

• The wastes collected from the street sweeping & drain cleaning is to be shifted to the

waste storage depots using tricycles/handcarts.

• The transportation of waste from the waste storage depots to the processing and disposal

sites will be done in the covered trucks/dumpers etc. so that the waste is not exposed to

the human population and there is no spillage of waste on the roads during transportation

9.(Mema, A.K., (2004).

• To take care of certain unavoidable circumstances, if it is required to lift waste from some

open place, front-end loaders and tractor trolleys may be used. However, the waste in

tractor trolley has to be covered with LDPE sheet during its transport.

- 226 -

Table No. 66

Bilaspur City: Quantities of SW & Biodegradable Waste

S. No. Description Data

During Construction Phase

1. Per capita SW generation 0.3 kg per capita

per

day 2. Base year population 6000

3. Total waste generation 1800 kg/day

4. Considering the fraction of bio-degradable waste

as 45 % of total SW generated, total quantity of

bio-degradable waste expected (for composting)

810 kg/day

During O&M Stage

5. Projected average population thatwill be located at

the project during O&M stage (assuming 30% of

population during construction)

2000

6. Total waste generation 600 kg/day

7. Considering the fraction of bio-degradable waste

as 45 % of total SW generated, total quantity of

bio-degradable waste expected (for composting)

270 kg/day


8.14 Composting

For biodegradable part of SW, it is recommended to plan a Composting Plant of about 1 ton

per day BilaspurCity. The land requirement etc. could be based on 1 ton per day

BilaspurCity, but initially, the composting process may be started with requirement of

present day only (0.8 ton/day BilaspurCity).The compost plant may follow Windrow

Composting Technology which has been recommended as a suitable technology for Indian

conditions. The windrow composting has the following advantages over other composting

technologies:

• Easy to operate and does not require sophisticated equipment.

• Conventional equipments more familiar to sanitary workers, like front- end loader, can be

used for turning, which are easy to maintain and repair.

- 227 -

• Maintaining the required conditions like temperature, moisture etc. Is relatively easy in

this process.

• Requires minimum training of operators.

• Due to use of simple machines, defects can be repaired locally without any delay.

• In order to handle the present load of biodegradable waste (around 1 ton/day),

around 267 m2

of area would be required for windrow-platform.

8.15 Sanitary Land filling

8.15.1 Basic Design of Sanitary Landfill Facility (SLF)

As per the requirements of the Municipal Solid Waste (Solid Waste Management &

Handling) Rules 2000, land filling would be restricted to non- biodegradable, inert waste and

other waste that are not suitable either for recycling or for biological processing. Land filling shall

also be carried out for residues of waste processing facilities (composting plant). 2.(Datta,

M.;1997) Land filling of mixed waste shall be avoided unless the same is found unsuitable for

waste processing. Land filling shall be done following proper norms and landfill sites shall meet

the specifications as given in these rules.

8.15.2 Estimation of Total Land Requirements for Disposal of Solid Wastes

Table No.67

Bilaspur City: Estimation of Quantity of waste to be disposed to landfill

S. No. Description Data

1. Per capita MSW generation at present (as per

0.3 kg per capita

2. Population during construction stage of the project 6000

3. Total Solid Waste (SW) generation at the rate of 1800 kg/day

4. Considering the fraction of bio-degradable waste 810 kg/day

5. Inorganic waste for disposal (48% of total waste) to 864 kg/day

6. Quantity of rejects generated from the compost 243 kg/day

7. Hence total waste to be disposed in landfill (0.8 + 1107 kg/day say

8. Waste to be disposed to landfill, annually, at 405 tons/year


8.15.2 Site Selection for Landfill Facility

SWMC may obtain the necessary approvals and clearances from State Pollution Control

Board and other concerned regulatory authorities for the landfill sites. It is recommended that

- 228 -

SWMC may take up necessary steps for getting the site notified for development of waste

processing and disposal facility.

8.15.3 Construction of The Landfill Facility

However, it would not be realistic to apply all these regulations to developing countries,

which have neither the financial, and the technical means nor the special know-how to carry out

the requirements of these regulations. Therefore, it is necessary to adapt the construction of

landfill sites to local conditions, i.e. to apply appropriate and, as far as possible, cost effective

technologies in compliance with the Rules without damaging the environment. Keeping this in

view, the basic design of the sanitary landfill has been developed.

8.15.4 Foundation of the Landfill Site

Generally, the foundation of the landfill i.e. the bearing surface should have a minimum

inclination of 3 % in order to enable leachate drainage by gravity. 2.(Datta, M.;1997) In flat areas,

this inclination has to be made artificially or incorporated in the leachate collection pipe work.The

bearing surface must have a sufficient natural consolidation to minimize settling, and sufficient

uniformity to minimise differential settlement, which would be destructive to the liner systems.

The bearing surface has to be well compacted (Proctor density > 97-100%).

8.15.5 Filling of the Waste

The filling of waste should take place by building up horizontal layers, which have to be as

lean in void as much as possible and are adequately compacted. The waste has to be disposed off

in a layer of one meter thickness and well compacted. In order to get the minimum leachate

generation and less interaction of wastes, it is suggested to dispose debris and

construction/demolition waste initially above the lining system. This layer would act as leachate

drainage layer also apart from providing protection to liner system against movement of heavy

machinery in the landfill.

8.15.6 Lining Landfill Site

The principal aim of lining and capping a site is to contain the leachate, thus preventing

pollution of surrounding land and waters. Lining may also assist in leachate control by reducing

groundwater infiltration into the landfill. 2.(Datta, M.;1997) Lined landfill sites can usually accept

a wider range of wastes than would otherwise be possible. Artificial liners are constructed of

materials, which are to all intents and purposes impermeable. Natural lining materials, such as

heavy clay soils, exhibit low permeability.

8.15.7 Landfill Liners

A landfill should have a liner that is designed, constructed, and installed to prevent

migration of wastes or by-products out of the landfill into adjacent subsurface soil, groundwater

or surface water at anytime during the active life and after the closure of the landfill. 2.(Datta,

M.;1997) The liner should be constructed of materials that have chemical properties and sufficient

strength and thickness to prevent failure due to following:

- 229 -

• pressure gradients,

• physical contact with the waste for leachate to which they are exposed,

• climatic conditions,

• the stress of installation, and

• the stress of daily operation.

Therefore considering the above and as per the requirements of the Rules, 1.5 mm thick

High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) laid over 90 cm thick clay liner is recommended as the

bottom and side liners, having permeability coefficient not greater than 10 -7

cm/sec.

8.16 Drainage System

These mineral lining layers in combination with a subsoil quality as specified above will

be sufficient to prevent the seepage of leachate to deeper strata and aquifers. Nevertheless, the

system will only work when the whole surface of the liner system has a sufficient inclination of

>3% and when the whole surface of the liner system is covered by a 30 cm deep layer of coarse

material (particle size 20-50 mm, with no fines) forming the drainage layer which is

important for efficient leachate collection.

In the developing countries HDPE pipes for leachate collections and conveyance are very

expensive. The use of concrete pipes is not recommended, as experience has shown that they

will become corroded quickly by the leachate and break down. If plastic pipes are used, they

have to be well covered by drainage material (cover depth at least twice the diameter of the

pipes) in order to reduce the pressure from the waste, which will be filled on top of it. Also, they

have to be strong enough to bear the pressure of the waste filled upon which can reach an

elevation of 20 m and more. In view of this, it is suggested to provide a slope at the bottom and

collection sump in the landfill to collect and remove the leachate.

8.17 Leachate Management System

Leachate Management is an important aspect in the landfill facility. The leachate will be

generated during and after the operation of the facility. Since the leachate contains high total

dissolved solids, high chemical oxygen demand and toxic constituents, it has to be collected

and treated properly to meet the wastewater discharge standards in the treatment unit. In order to

minimise the leachate generation, it is suggested to avoid waste disposal during heavy rains.

During this period, the active area of the landfill facility has to be covered with plastic/canvas

sheet. The waste, in this period, may be stored at waste processing facility or otherwise the

disposal may be continued only during dry period during monsoon.

8.18 Leachate Collection

A leachate collection and removal system at landfill site must be installed and managed in a

manner that will allow it to be used for all of its projected life. 7.(Maudgal, S,;1995) A leachate

collection and removal system must be:

- 230 -

• Compatible with the characteristics of the leachate to be collected.

• Of sufficient strength to resist collapse by pressure exerted by equipment used at the site

and by the accumulated waste and materials, and

• Bilaspurble of withstanding the hydrostatic pressure.

• Precipitation and runoff are important factors affecting the volume of leachate. External

run-off should be diverted from the landfill site and intermediate and final covers should

help divert the precipitation that falls on the site. Assuming that there is no surface water

infiltration or groundwater moving through the landfill, the only leachate production will

come from the landfill wastes.

Conclusion

Population explosion, coupled with improved life style of people, results in increased

generation of solid wastes in urban as well as rural areas of the country. At present, the

municipal solid waste disposal methods followed in many of the cities and towns are

unsystematic & unscientific and involve dumping in low-lying areas. Most of the disposal sites

are just uncontrolled dumps where a mixture of domestic,commercial, industrial and hospital

wastes is ‘thrown away’ at the dumping sites. 5.(Joseph, K., ;2006). Apart from creating air

pollution, ground water contamination & soil contamination, open dumping of wastes generally

becomes breeding ground for various dreadful disease causing pathogens and vectors,

particularly in the vicinity of the disposal sites. Further, with increasing awareness of

public on environmental and health issues, there is a general opinion that the standard of

services with respect to collection and disposal of municipal solid waste is progressively

declining. It is also true in many cities as half of the solid waste generated remains unattended.

The objective of Solid Waste (SW) Management is to maintain clean and hygienic

conditions and reduce the quantity of SW, which has to be disposed of in Sanitary Landfill

Facility (SLF) after recovery of waste materials and energy from it.

- 231 -

Reference

1. Chakrabarty, P., Srivastava, V.K., Chakrabarti, S.N., (1995) Solid waste disposal and the

environment – a review, Indian Journal of Environmental Protection 15(1), 39-43.

2. Datta, M., (1997) Waste Disposal in Engineered Landfills. Narosa publishing house, New Delhi,

India.

3. Gohil M.B. (2000); Land Treatment of waste water – New Delhi. PP 44-103

4. Gupta, S., Krishna, M., Prasad, R.K., Gupta, S., Kansal, A., (1998). Solid waste management in

India: options and opportunities Resource Conservation and Recycling 24, 137-154.

5. Joseph, K., (2006). Stakeholder participation for sustainable waste management, Journal of Habitat

International 30 (4), 863-871.

6. Kumar S. (2005); Municipal Solid Waste Management in India : Present Practices and Future

Challenge, Scientist, Institute (NEERI), Nagpur.

7. Maudgal, S, (1995). Waste management in India, Journal of Indian Association for Environmental

Management 22 (3), 203-208.

8. Mor, S., Ravindra, K., Visscher, A.D., Dahiya, R.P., Chandra, A., (2006). Municipal solid waste

characterization and its assessment for potential methane generation: a case study. Journal of

Science of the Total Environment 371(1), 1-10.

9. Mema, A.K., (2004). Collection and transport of municipal solid waste. In: Training Program on

Solid Waste Management. Springer, Delhi, India.

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