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Municipal Waste Policy in Japan
Shusaku Yamaya, Professor
Toyo University Japan
1
19 March 2015 ACT Government
1. MSW in Japan
• Definition for MSW in Japan • Features of Waste Management in Japan Many Incinerators Strained Landfill Capacity Many Trash Items for Source Separation Small MSW Volume (g/capita/day) Low Recycling Rates
2
Definition for MSW in Japan
• MSW: Waste excepting Industrial Wastes • Industrial Wastes include C & D Waste ■ Japanese municipalities do not deal with C & D ■Australian municipalities do deal with C & D
3
MSW Treatment in Japan 2013
incineration79.7%
landfill 1.3%
recycling inMRF14.0%
directrecycling
5.0%
4
Sites of Incinerators in Japan
Year Sites 1998 1,769 ■Anti-Dioxin Regulation was strengthened 2003 1,396 2013 1,173
5
Waste Incinerator in Tokyo
6
MSW Landfill Capacity and Residual Years in JPN
145 138 133 130 121 122 116 114 114 112 107
153160165
19.319.719.419.318.718.015.515.614.814.014.013.8
13.212.8
0
100
200
300
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013year
LF capacity(million ㎥)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0 Res years
LF capacity R years
7
Landfill Site: Normal Case
8
Landfill Site: Abnormal Case many kites seek for kitchen food
Many Trash Items for Source Separation
<Standard Case> Garbage Items ・Burnable Garbage ・Non-Burnable Garbage ・Large Trash ・Harmful Garbage Recyclable Items ・Used Paper ・Cloth ・Glass Bottles ・Cans ・Spray Cans ・Metals ・PET Bottles ・Other Plastics
10
Trash Items for Source Separation in Japanese municipalities
11
Numbers of Municipalities
Items for Separation
Refuse Collection: Collective System
12
Refuse Collection: Door-to-Door System
13
14
Refuse Collection Vehicle in Tokyo
Collection of recyclables in Tokyo
15
Collection of recyclables: grass bottles & cans
16
Sorting Line for Recyclable Plastics
17
5,204
4,536 4,5234,487
4,543
5,3705,483
5,420
4,625
4,811
5,082
5,2725,338
5,4275,468
958964976976
994
1,159
1,185 1,1801,1661,163
1,1461,1311,116
1,089
1,033
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Year
10thousand t
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
g/capita/dayMSW total MSW g/capita/day
Small Volume of MSW in Japan
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Low Recycling Rates in Japan
20.6
20.520.619.020.520.320.319.619.017.6
16.815.9
15.014.313.1
12.111.010.39.9
0
5
10
15
20
25
95 96 97 98 99
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
(%)
19
2. Waste Reduction Policy
Main MSW Problems in Japan ① Growing Environmental Impact ② Strained Landfill Capacity ③ High Waste Disposal Cost Waste Reduction
Hierarchy of Waste Management
① Reduce (Source Reduction) ② Reuse (Reusing) ③ Recycle (Material Recycling) ④ Thermal Recovery ⑤ Disposal
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22 22
3 R are important for construction of System Flow of Closed-Loop Society
Reduce
Production
Reuse
Recycle Disposal
Reduce
Reduce
Distribution Consumption
Flow of Dynamic System Flow of Static System
Recycled Material
Reused Component
Reuse Market
3. Visualization for MSW Reduction
<Relation between Visualization and MSW Reduction>
Visualization Non-visualization
Decrease Increase
What are not visualized ?
■garbage itself ■Information on the waste • Environmental impact • Costs for Administration and Citizen • Recyclability of garbage
The Process Citizens Act for Waste Reduction
Recognition Lag
Visualization Recognition Action Lag
Opportunity Promotion Incentive Action
Visualization of Garbage Itself
■Introduction of Transparent Garbage Bag <Effect> Improvement of Source Separation Several Percent of Garbage Reduction ■ Introduction of Door-to-Door Collection System <Effect> Improvement of Source Separation Several Percent of Garbage Reduction
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Provision of Opportunity for Waste Reduction
■Education and Enlightenment ◎ Provision of Original Cloth Bags ◎ Provision of Kitchen Garbage Draining Goods ◎ Provision of Paper Bags for “Mixed Paper” Collection ・Mixed Paper account for 40% of Used Paper in Burnable Garbage
Economic Incentives for Waste Reduction
◎ subsidy for buying composting appliances ◎ subsidy for used paper collection activities by citizen’s groups ◎Paid Collection System
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4. Paid Collection System The Best Visualization and Incentive Program
29 Before Program After Program
Recyclables
Garbage
Source Reduction
Un-separated Recyclables
Garbage
Recyclables
Implementation Rate of Paid Collection by Cities in Japan
(694 cities) (735 cities) (802 cities) (809 cities) (806 cities)
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(813 cities)
Fee Level and Effect on Disposal Waste Reduction Disposal Waste = Burnable + Unburnable + Large
-7.0
-16.2 -18.1
-20.0
-27.4
-8.0
-17.7 -20.0
-23.0
-31.9 -35.0
-30.0
-25.0
-20.0
-15.0
-10.0
-5.0
0.0
next year 5th year
31
10yen-
(N=11)
30yen-
(N=27)
40yen-
(N=24)
50yen-
(N=26)
70yen-
(N=30)
Average Reduction R
ate
(%)
Fee Level and Effect on Household Waste Reduction Household Waste=Disposal Waste + Recyclables
32
10yen-
(N=11)
30yen-
(N=27)
40yen-
(N=24)
50yen-
(N=26)
70yen-
(N=30)
Average Reduction R
ate
(%)
Effect of Paid Collection System in Japan
1. Good reduction effect achieved both on disposal waste and on household waste 2. Reduction effects become better as fee level increase 3. Rebound trend has not been observed and reduction trend continues
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5. Reconfirm the Importance of 3R
■Trend of MSW Reduction has continued, ■Consciousness of 3R has taken root in Japan But, Promotion for More 3R is ‘Must’ Make the Most Use of Visualization Measures ■Zero Waste Strategy is useful for the Visualization of Municipal Waste Reduction Goal
34