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International Standard Class PioneeringDepartment of Biology Education
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural ScienceGanesha University of Education
2012
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1013041012 ADI PURUSHA
DAS
1013041012
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MUSCLES
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3 BASIC MECHANISMS
AMEBOID MOVEMENT
MUSCULARMOVEMENT
CILIARY LOCOMOTIONhttp://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk
http://www.microbiologyonline.org.uk
http://medpediamedia.com.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com
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3 BASIC MECHANISMS
1. Extensivechanges in
cell shape2. Flow of
cytoplasm
3. Pseudopodalactivity
AMEBOID MOVEMENT
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3 BASIC MECHANISMS
1. The characteristic way in which ciliatedprotozoans such as paramecium move.
2. Also found in animal phyla. For example:a. Gills – Bivalvesb. Water-vascular system – Echinodermatac. Respiratory passages of air-breathing –
vertebratesd. The sperm – male animals
CILIARY LOCOMOTION
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3 BASIC MECHANISMS
CILIARY & FLAGELLA LOCOMOTIONFrontal cilia of Perna perna(Gill filament)http://ars.els-cdn.com
The spermshttp://www.ejaculationvolume.org
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3 BASIC MECHANISMS
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu
CILIARY & FLAGELLA LOCOMOTION
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MUSCLE, WHAT IT IS?
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MUSCLE STRUCTURE
http://johnbarban.com
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3 BASIC MECHANISMS
MUSCULAR MOVEMENTMUSCLES TISSUES & MAJOR CATAGORIES OF MUSCLES
Striated Muscle Tissue- A tissue composed of
long, cylindrical,multinucleate muscle
fiber, each withtransverse bands andlongitudinal striaevisible light microscopy
A section of striated muscle tissue. Skeletalmuscles are composed of tissue fibers that arestriated or striped. (Photograph by M. Abbey)
http://www.faqs.org
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Striated Muscle Tissue
The diagram shows the fiber arrangement in a striated muscle.http://phelafel.technion.ac.il
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3 BASIC MECHANISMS
MUSCULAR MOVEMENTMUSCLES TISSUES & MAJOR CATAGORIES OF MUSCLES
A section of cardiac muscle tissue.http://www.flashcardmachine.com
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
- Its cell are generallyuninucleate- Cells are separated by
unique boundaries-intercalated disks
- It can contract withoutnervous stimulation- It is innervated by fibers
of the autonomic nervoussystem
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
The diagram shows the fiber arrangement in a cardiac muscle tissue.
http://faculty.etsu.edu
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
The diagram shows the fiber arrangement in a cardiac muscle tissue.
http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us
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3 BASIC MECHANISMS
MUSCULAR MOVEMENTMUSCLES TISSUES & MAJOR CATAGORIES OF MUSCLES
http://www.google.com
Smooth Muscle Tissue
- Its cell are fusiform- Uninucleate- Have myofibrils
- Lack cross striations- Innervated by the
autonomic nervous systemA section of smooth muscle tissue.
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NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
http://www.google.co.id
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NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
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MUSCLE CONTRACTION THEORY
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• 2 chains of actinmolecules
• Also containtropomyosin &troponin:a. Troponin I (TnI)
b. Troponin C (TnC)c. Troponin T (TnT)
http://images2.wikia.nocookie.net
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http://www.unm.edu
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MUSCLE CONTRACTION
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/
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INVERTEBRATE
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Amphiblastula larva of Sycon sp.Photo courtesy Sally Leys, U Alberta
http://google.com
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http://sumnerlebaronbrien.files.wordpress.com
For example is Hydra- Epidermis:
1. Epithelia-muscular
2. Interstitial cell3. Sensory cell4. Nerve cell5. Germ cell6. Knidoblast
- Endodermis/ Gastrodermis :
1. Nutritive cell2. Endothelia-glandular cell3. Interstitial cell4. Sensory cell5. Nerve cell6. Plastids
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http://sumnerlebaronbrien.files.wordpress.com
Nutritive cell
Epithelia-muscular
Stretched&
Shortens
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http://www.google.com
3 classes:a. Turbellaria
b. Trematodac. Cestoda
2 ways for movement:a. Slide ciliab. Slithering circular
muscle &dorsoventral muscle
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http://gurungeblog.files.wordpress.com http://mycozynook.com
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http://www.google.co.id
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Based on Harris (1992), Phylum Mollusca divided into 7 class. Inthis discussion only 3 class we will discuss for their eachlocomotion/ movement.
http://www.itsnature.org
1. CephalopodaFor examples Loligo .spdoing locomotionperformed by sprayingwater through a siphon.While the “hand” usedto capture prey.
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http://www.unet.univie.ac.at
Based on Harris (1992), Phylum Mollusca divided into 7 class. Inthis discussion only 3 class we will discuss for their eachlocomotion/ movement.
2. BivalviaFor examples Anodonta .spIn dorsal:a. Adductor anterior &
adductor posterior muscleclosed & opened shell
b. Retractor anteriorc. Retractor posterior
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http://guardabosqueusb.files.wordpress.com
Based on Harris (1992), Phylum Mollusca divided into 7 class. Inthis discussion only 3 class we will discuss for their eachlocomotion/ movement.
3. GastropodaFor examples Achantina
fulica doing locomotionperformed by . The
mucus produced bypedal gland to help theymove with wrinkled legmuscle longitudinalmuscle fibers.
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http://1.bp.blogspot.com
Asterias
The movement by foot tube/
podia. Each of ambulacralgroove consist of 4 lines of tubefeet. It also serves to capturefood, the organs of respirationand sensory. Tube feet are soft,thin-walled, tubular, structuredretractile (retractable),equipped with suction discterminal or vanity, which servesto attach the suction cup itself to the surface of the substrate.
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http://www.google.co.id
Synchronous muscleThe muscle that contract withsynchronization of the nerve impulse.
For example : dragonflies, moths,butterflies, and grasshopper.
Asynchronization muscle/ Fibrillar muscleThe fast muscles do have nerves, but thenerve impulses arrive at a lowerfrequency than the contraction. It isfound in four insect orders : flies andmosquitoes ( Diptera), wasps and bees(Hymnoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), and
true bugs (Hemiptera).
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VERTEBRATE
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PISCES
3 type of muscles:a. White muscle
• 60% of body mass• 85% of the muscle• A glycolytic fiber type that
is responsible for-highintensity, burst swimming
b. Red muscle• An oxidative fiber type
that support slow, steady-state cruising activity
c. Pink muscle• Intermediate in contractile
properties
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AMPHIBI
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AMPHIBI
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All frogs and toads have the ability to jump,or at the very least, hop.When they jump, theforelimbs push off first, and straighten against the
body, followed by the powerful thrust of the hindlimbs.This action sends the animal in a shallow
arc through the air at a launch angle of about 45degrees. Just before landing, the animal extends itsforelimbs, which flex at the wrist as the animal
lands “hands” first, with the pectoral (shoulder) girdle absorbing the force of the impact.The hind limbs provide the main force in
jumping, and these muscles are particularlypowerful and efficient. A large muscle called thesemimembranosus muscle is connected betweenthe pelvis and a point on the leg just below the
knee.When this muscle contracts, it pulls the
upper part of the hind limb backward.Themuscle generates power throughout its range
of contraction, not just at the beginning; thisis unusual for skeletal muscle in vertebrates.
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Reptile
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Aves
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Aves
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Mamall
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DISCUSSION SESSION