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Starter
In pairs, label your muscle man with as many muscles as you can
remember
No notes!
Homework
1. Flexion of the wrist
2. Extension of the wrist
3. Flexion of the elbow
4. Extension of the elbow
5. Flexion of the spine
6. Extension of the spine
7. Flexion of the hip
8. Extension of the hip
9. Flexion of the knee
10.Extension of the knee
11. Horizontal flexion of the shoulder
12. Horizontal extension of the shoulder
13. Abduction of the shoulder
14. Adduction of the shoulder
15. Abduction of the hip
16. Adduction of the hip
17. Rotation of the shoulder
18. Rotation of the hip
19. Circumduction of the shoulder
20. Lateral flexion of the spine
For each of the actions below, give at least one sporting action that demonstrates the movement
Learning objectivesTo know and understand:• The name and location of the major muscles that cause
movement at the major joints • The movement caused by these muscles at the joints• The 3 types of muscular contraction
To be able to:• Identify the location of the major muscles of the body• Identify the origin and insertion of each muscle• Explain the function of the agonist, antagonist and fixator
muscles• Explain the 3 different types of muscular contraction
Key terms
AGONIST MUSCLE
ANTAGONIST MUSCLE
FIXATOR MUSCLE
The muscle that is directly responsible for the movement at the joint.Shortens and pulls on the bone to cause movement
The muscle that has an action opposite to that of the agonist and helps in the production of co-ordinated movement
Stabilises one part of the body, allowing movement to occur in anotherPrevents any unnecessary movement
Antagonistic Pairs
During elbow flexion...... During elbow extension......
Agonist = Agonist =
Antagonist = Antagonist =
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Biceps brachii
Key terms
ORIGIN
INSERTION
The point of attachment of a muscle to a bone, where the bone is stationary during muscular contraction
The point of attachment of a muscle to bone, where the bone moves during muscular contraction
ANTERIOR VIEW POSTERIOR VIEW
Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Gluteus medius and
minimus
Gluteus maximus
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Soleus
Gastrocnemius
Wrist extensors
Triceps Brachii
Biceps Brachii
Deltoid
Pronator teres
Iliopsoas
Abductor longus
Adductor magnus
Pectoralis minor
Pectoralis major
Rectus abdominis
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
Tibialis anterior
Wrist flexors External obliques
Internal obliques
Supinator
Infraspinatus &teres minor
Teres major & subscapularis
Erector spinae group
ElbowFlexion
Biceps brachii
Extension
Triceps brachii
WristFlexion
Extension
Wrist flexor
Wrist extensor
Radio-ulnarPronation
Supination
Pronator teres
Supinator
Ankle
Soleus
Gastrocnemius
Dorsiflexion Tibialis anterior
Plantar flexion
Knee
Hamstrings
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
ExtensionQuadriceps
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Flexion
Spine 1Flexion
Rectus abdominus
Extension
Erector spinae group
Spine 2
Rotation
Internal & external obliques
Lateral flexion
Internal & external obliques
HipFlexion
Iliopsoas
Extension
Gluteus maximus
HipAbduction Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Adduction Adductor group
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Shoulder 1Flexion
Deltoid (anterior)
Extension
Deltoid (posterior)
Shoulder 2Abduction
Deltoid (middle)
Adduction
Latissimus dorsi
Shoulder 3Horizontal flexion
Pectoralis major
Horizontal extension
Trapezius
Shoulder 4Lateral rotation Teres minor
Infraspinatus
Medial rotation Teres major
Subscapularis
Task
Complete the movement analysis table to show the agonist and antagonist for each of the movements at each joint
Muscles for Support• The function of some
muscle is to provided support and stability rather than movement
• E.g. The multifidus and transverse abdominis are responsible for maintaining posture and core stability, which are important for many sports
Muscles for supportE.g. The Rotator Cuff muscles
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres Minor• The glenoid fossa of the
scapula is relatively shallow therefore there is a higher risk of dislocation
• The rotator cuff muscles have their origin at the scapula and their insertion on the head of the humerus
• Increase the stability of the shoulder joint.
The role of muscular contraction
Electrical stimulus
Muscular contraction (tension) occurs as a result of an electrical stimulus being sent
from the brain through the nervous system to a specific muscle (agonist)
Types of muscular contraction
3 types of muscular contraction
ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
Tension develops in muscle but there is no change in muscle length. It is a static
contraction as no movement occurs at the joint
ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
Tension is produced in the muscles while there is a change in muscle length. It is a dynamic contraction
because movement occurs at the joint
MUSCULAR CONTRACTION
Tension develops in a muscle
CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION
Tension develops while muscle
shortens
Causes joint movement
ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION
Tension develops while muscle
lengthens
Controls joint movement
ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
Stops joint movement
3 types of muscular contractionREMEMBER:
• Muscular contraction does not mean that the muscle is shortening, just that there is tension!
• When muscles contract they may be shortening, lengthening or staying the same length
• Muscular contraction can– Cause joint movement– Control joint movement– Stop joint movement
Types of contraction
ConcentricIsometric
Eccentric
RememberIn dynamic movements….
• Agonist = concentric contraction
• Antagonist = eccentric contraction
Remember• If the examiner asks about an explosive
sporting action or technique, the type of contraction is likely to be concentric
• If the examiner asks about an action that involves working against gravity (decelerating or lowering a body part slowly/working to control movement), the type of contraction is likely to be eccentric
Antagonistic muscle action
Eccentric Contraction
• The quadriceps muscle group contracts eccentrically as you descend stairs or a hill. The quadriceps contract eccentrically to keep the knee from collapsing too fast or too far.
• In racquet sports, you are constantly swinging a heavy “weight” — the end of the racquet. That weight would drag your wrist into deep flexion with every swing if not for eccentric contraction of the muscles on the back of the arm.
Eccentric contraction
Can you answer yes to the following questions?
• Is the muscle producing tension while lengthening?
• Is the muscle working to control the movement?
Type of contraction
Eccentric contraction of rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius
But this is a static movement.....
Plyometric training
Involves movements that produce an eccentric contraction immediately followed by a concentric contraction
Plyometrics is used to increase the speed or force of muscular contractions, providing explosiveness for a variety of sport-specific
activities.
Eccentric contraction occurring in the quadriceps to control the
landing position
RememberIn dynamic movements….
• Agonist = concentric contraction
• Antagonist = eccentric contraction
Isotonic contraction
Eccentric
Isometric contractionConcentric
• Concentric contraction in the biceps brachii during the upward phase of exercise
• Biceps brachii produces tension and shortens
• It pulls the forearm upwards to cause flexion of the elbow
• Eccentric contraction in the biceps brachii during the downward phase of exercise
• Biceps brachii produces tension and lengthens
• It slows the lowering of the forearm and controls extension of the elbow
• Isometric contraction occurs in the biceps brachii when the muscle is holding the weight still
• Biceps brachii develops tension and stays the same length
•It stops flexion and extension of the elbow
TASK
• Write how the three types of muscular contraction can be applied to the biceps brachii during a bicep curl
• Give at least two examples of each type of contraction from sporting actions.
• Complete task 14 on page 29
Type of contraction?IsometricGymnastic rings
Type of contraction?
Rectus abdominus
Sit up (downwards phase) Eccentric
Type of contraction?Scoring a try Concentric
Type of contraction?Weight lifting – hold
positionIsometric
Type of contraction?Penalty kick Concentric
Type of contraction?Press up Eccentric
Triceps brachii
Task• Pair up the muscles that work together
antagonistically
• Record in your notes
Movement AnalysisJoint Type
Type of movement
Agonist muscle
Antagonist muscle
Type of muscle contraction
Articulating bones
Movement analysis
Joint Joint type
Type of movement
Agonist Antagonist Type of movement
Main muscle fibre type
Knee Extension
Articulating bones
May 2008
Player performing a basketball lay-up shot
Use your anatomical and physiological knowledge to complete the table below for the players right knee
Movement analysis
Joint Joint type
Type of movement
Agonist Antagonist Type of movement
Main muscle fibre type
Knee Extension
May 2009 Exam – Question 1
[5 marks]
HingeRectus femoris, vastus
lateralis, vastus
medialis, vastus
intermedius
Biceps femoris,
Semi-tendinosus,
Semi-membranosus
Concentric Femur tibia
fibula
Articulating bones
Movement analysis
• Select a picture of a sporting action and complete a full movement analysis
HOMEWORK
• Complete the movement analysis exam questions (try to complete without using your textbook or movement analysis table)
• Read textbook pages 32-33 – Muscle fibre types
Specimen paper 2000
Explain the differences in flexibility between the shoulder joint and the hip joint in terms of….
(i) the structure of the joint;(ii) the difference between swimmers and
gymnasts.[4 marks]
Ball and socket jointsUse your understanding of the structure of the
shoulder and hip joints to explain which allows the greatest range of movement
The hip joint
Shoulder Joint
• The socket on the scapula (glenoid fossa) is small and shallow making the joint less stable
• The joint capsule is very loose (allowing seperation between the two bones) allowing more movement
• The head of the humerus is rounded but not as ball-like as the head of the femur, therefore it does not sit as deeply into the glenoid fossa
• The shoulder joint is stabilised by the rotator cuff muscles but these are not as strong as the muscles surrounding the hip.
• It is relatively easy to dislocate a shoulder
Hip joint
• The socket on the pelvis (acetabulum) is deep and cup-like in shape making the joint more stable
• A rim of fibrocartilage adds depth to the acetabulum, adding to stability
• The head of the femur is very spherical and fits snugly into the acetabulum
• The joint is supported by 5 strong ligaments
• The hip joint is surrounded by large muscle groups that aid stability, e.g. Gluteus maximus
• It is relatively difficult to dislocate the hip
Specimen paper 2000
Explain the differences in flexibility measurements given for the shoulder joint and the hip joint in terms of….
(i) the structure of the joint;(ii) the difference between swimmers
and gymnasts.
Specimen paper 2000
(b) 1 mark for each of• The glenoid fossa at the shoulder joint is very shallow and allows
more movement than the hip• The acetabelum on the hip joint is quite deep giving more
stability and less movement.• The muscles and connective tissue surrounding the shoulder
joint are less restrictive than the hip as stability is not essential• Any relevant comment regarding the difference in technique for
swimmers or gymnasts• Any relevant comment concerning training for swimmers or
gymnasts
[max 4]
Exam question – Jan 2008
Identify two structures of a synovial joint and describe the role of one of these structures during physical performance
(3 marks)
Skeletal Muscle Fibres
• Muscle fibre – a long cylindrical muscle cell. Muscle fibres are held together in bundles to make up an individual skeletal muscle
Characteristics of Muscle Fibres
• Excitability – muscles reacting to a stimulus• Contractility – muscles contract and apply force• Extensibility – the extent to which muscles can
stretch• Elasticity – muscle returning to their original
length