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1. The diagram represents actin and myosin in a muscle cell.
O f f
O n
M y o s i n
M y o s i n h e a d
S w i t c h p r o t e i n( t r o p o m y o s i n )
B i n d i n g s i t e o na c t i n m o l e c u l e
A c t i n
(a) With reference to the diagram:
(i) descrie the part played y calcium ions in muscle contraction!
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(ii) e"plain how the muscle cell contracts.
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(2)
() #escrie how AT$ is used in muscle contraction.
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(Total 5 marks)
2. Muscles contract when some of their cells ecome shorter in length. This shortening is rought
aout when myosin and actin filaments in the cytoplasm of muscle cells slide o%er each other.
&"plain how AT$ and calcium ions ('a) help the myosin and actin filaments to slide o%er eachother during the shortening of a muscle cell.
AT$ ......................................................................................................................................
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'a .......................................................................................................................................
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(Total 4 marks)
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3. The diagram shows the appearance of part of a myofiril from a s*eletal muscle fire when
%iewed with a light microscope.
+, o n e
-
a n d
A a n d
a n d
(a) The muscle fire is rela"ed. When the muscle contracts/ what happens to the appearanceof:
(i) the A and!.......................................................................................................
(ii) the and!.........................................................................................................
(iii) the + ,one0.......................................................................................................(2)
() n which of the regions laelled in the diagram would the following e present0
(i) Myosin.............................................................................................................
(ii) Actin.................................................................................................................(2)
(c) #escrie the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction.
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(Total 6 marks)
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4. S*eletal muscle is made of undles of fires.
(a) #escrie the roles of calcium ions/ AT$ and phosphocreatine in producing contraction of
a muscle fire.
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S () The tale shows some properties of slow and fast muscle fires.
Property of fibre Type I (slow fibres) Type II (fat fibres)
1umer of mitochondria per fire Many 2ew
'oncentration of en,ymes
regulating glycolysis
Moderate +igh
3esistance to fatigue +igh 4ow
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&ndurance athletes/ such as marathon runners/ nearly always ha%e a high proportion of
slow fires in their muscles. &"plain the enefit of this.
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(c) #uring e"ercise/ much heat is generated. #escrie the homeostatic mechanisms that
restore normal ody temperature following %igorous e"ercise.
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(Total 15 marks)
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5. The diagram shows the arrangement of some of the proteins in a myofiril from a s*eletal
muscle. The myofiril is shown in the rela"ed state.
5 l i n e
A a n d . a n d
+ , o n e
S a r c o m e r e
(a) 1ame the protein found in the + ,one.
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() When the muscle contracts/ what happens to the width of
(i) the A and! .......................................................................................................
(ii) the and0 ........................................................................................................(2)
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S (c) The distance etween two 5 lines in a myofiril is 6.7 m. 'alculate the magnification of
the diagram. Show your wor*ing.
Answer ........................................................................................................................(2)
(Total 5 marks)
6. (a) Figre 1 shows part of a myofiril from s*eletal muscle.
5 l i n e 5 l i n e5 l i n e
T h i c * f i l a m e n t T h i n f i l a m e n t
A a n d A a n d
S a r c o m e r e S a r c o m e r e
Figre 1
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(i) #escrie two features/ %isile in the diagram/ which show that the myofiril is
contracted.
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(ii) &"plain the role of calcium ions and AT$ in ringing aout contraction of a muscle
fire.
'alcium ions ..............................................................................................88
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AT$ ....................................................................................................................
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() Figre 2shows the structure of a neuromuscular 9unction. The %esicles contain
acetylcholine.
M o t o rn e u r o n e
$ r e s y n a p t i cm e m r a n e
S y n a p t i cc l e f t
M e m r a n e o f m u s c l e f i r e
: e s i c l e s
Figre 2
(i) An action potential is generated at the cell ody of the motor neurone.
&"plain how this action potential passes along the motor neurone to the
neuromuscular 9unction.
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(3)
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(ii) When the action potential arri%es at the neuromuscular 9unction/ it results in the
secretion of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft. &"plain how.
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(c) Between the ages of ; and ;. Assume that the rate of muscle loss in each age
range is constant.
(3)
(ii) &"plain why e"plosi%e e"ercises/ such as sprinting and weightlifting/ will e more
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affected y this muscle loss than aeroic e"ercises/ such as 9ogging.
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(Total 15 marks)
!. Figre 1 shows part of a single myofiril from a s*eletal muscle fire as it appears under an
optical microscope.
5 @ l i n e 5 @ l i n e
5 @ l i n e5 @ l i n e
F i g r e 1
Figre 2
(a) (i) 'omplete Figre 2 to show the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments in thispart of the myofiril as they would appear under an electron microscope.
4ael the actin and myosin filaments.(2)
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(ii) Why are the details you ha%e drawn in Figre 2 %isile under the electron
microscope ut not under the optical microscope0
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() The myofiril in Figre 1 is magnified >;;;. A muscle fire is ?; m in diameter.
'alculate the numer of myofirils which would fit side y side across the diameter of
the muscle fire. Show your wor*ing.
Answer .............................................. myofirils.(2)
(Total 5 marks)
". The diagram shows part of a myofiril from a rela"ed muscle fire.
A a n d a n d + , o n e
6 . ; m
5 l i n e
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(a) When the muscle fire contracts/ which of the A and/ and and + ,one
(i) remain unchanged in length/ ....................................................................................(1)
(ii) decrease in length0 ...................................................................................................(1)
() &"plain what caused the decrease in length in part (a)(ii).
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(c) The whole muscle fire is C; mm long when rela"ed. &ach sarcomere is .< m long
when contracted. Dse the scale gi%en on the diagram to calculate the length of the
contracted muscle fire in millimetres.
4ength of contracted fire E ...................................... mm(2)
(d) The tale gi%es some properties of the two different types of muscle fire found in
s*eletal muscle.
(i) 'omplete the tale y writing the words FhighG or FlowG for the remaining three
properties of each type of muscle fire.
Type of ms#le fibre
Type 1 Type 2
Speed of contraction high low
2orce generated high low
Acti%ity of the en,ymes of glycolysis high low
1umer of mitochondria
Acti%ity of Hres cycle en,ymes
3ate of fatigue
(3)
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(ii) The myosin@AT$ase of type 1 muscle fires has a faster rate of reaction than that in
type 2 fires. Dse your *nowledge of the mechanism of muscle contraction to
e"plain how this will help type 1 muscle fires to contract faster than type 2.
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S (iii) The lood lea%ing an acti%e muscle with a high percentage of type 1 muscle fires
contained a higher concentration of lactate than that lea%ing a muscle with a high
percentage of type 2 muscle fires. &"plain why.
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(Total 15 marks)
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$. The flow chart outlines an in%estigation to determine from where the calcium ions in%ol%ed in
muscle contraction are released.
'alcium ion transport proteins were
isolated from human tissue.
These proteins were in9ected into a rait.
The rait formed antiodies to the
proteins. These antiodies were collected
and laelled with gold particles.
Muscle tissue was treated with the
laelled antiodies and e"amined with an
electron microscope. +igh concentrations
of gold particles were oser%ed attached
to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
S (a) 4aelled antiodies and an electron microscope can e used to produce images locating
proteins on the surface of organelles/ ut cannot e used to oser%e cross ridge cycling
in muscle cells. &"plain why.
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() #escrie the role of calcium ions and AT$ in muscle contraction.
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(Total 1% marks)
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1%. The diagram shows four stages in the cycle of actinImyosin cross ridge formation which
results in contraction of a muscle.
S t a g e &
S t a g e '
S t a g e (
S t a g e )
+ e a d o f m y o s i nm o l e c u l e a t t a c h e dt o a c t i n
A c t i n f i l a m e n t / m a d eu p o f a c t i n m o l e c u l e s9 o i n e d t o g e t h e r
*
+
A T $
(a) 1ame molecule * and ion +.
* ..........................................................
+ ..........................................................(1)
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() Dse the information in the diagram to e"plain how actin mo%es past myosin. n your
answer/ refer to the stages &/ '/ and . (A description of the roles of calcium ions and
tropomysin is not reJuired.)
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(c) After an animal dies/ respiration stops and no more AT$ is made. The muscles ecome
rigid and fi"ed in their length. Dse the information in the diagram to suggest an
e"planation for this.
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(Total 6 marks)
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11. The diagram shows the stages in one cycle that results in mo%ement of an actin filament in a
muscle sarcomere.
M y o s i n h e a dF r e c o c * s G
u s i n g e n e r g yf r o m A T $
M y o s i n
A c t i n
A T $ i n d sM y o s i n h e a dr o t a t e s
M y o s i nh e a d i n d s
M y o s i n h e a dd e t a c h e s
(a) #escrie how stimulation of a muscle y a ner%e impulse starts the cycle shown in thediagram.
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() &ach cycle reJuires hydrolysis of one molecule of AT$ and mo%es one actin filament
?; nm. #uring contraction of a muscle sarcomere/ a single actin filament mo%es ;.7 m.
'alculate how many molecules of AT$ are reJuired to produce this mo%ement.
Answer ................................................................(2)
(c) After death/ cross ridges etween actin and myosin remain firmly ound resulting in
rigor mortis. Dsing information in the diagram/ e"plain what causes the cross ridges to
remain firmly ound.
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(Total ! marks)