Muscular SystemPart D

Prepared by Alexander Cheroske and W. Rose.

Some figures from Martini et al., Visual A&P,

and Marieb & Hoehn, Human Anat. & Physiol..

Muscles labelled in light gray are not on “Muscles_to_know.html”

and will not be on test.

Portions copyright Pearson Education

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 10.16 1 – 2

Gluteal muscles, posterior view Lateral view of the gluteal region

Iliac crest Sacrum

Gluteus medius(cut)

Gluteus maximus(cut)

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

Tensor fasciae latae

Iliotibial tract

Gluteal Group

Muscles that move the thighOriginate on pelvis & associated ligaments & fascia

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles that move the thigh

A&P Flix: Medial Muscles that Cross the Hip Joint

A&P Flix: Posterior Muscles that Cross the Hip Joint

A&P Flix: Movement at the Hip Joint: An Overview

A&P Flix: Movement at the Hip Joint

A&P Flix: Anterior Muscles that Cross the Hip Joint

A&P Flix: Muscles that Act on the Hip Joint and Femur: An Overview

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles that move the thigh

Sartorius

Tensor Fasciae Latae

Iliiopsoas

Pectineus

Rectus Femoris

Vastus Medialis

Vastus Intermedius

Vastus Lateralis

Gluteus Maximus

Gluteus Medius

Semimembranosus

Semitendinosus

Biceps Femoris

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 10.16 3 – 4

Gluteal Group Iliopsoas Group

Lateral RotatorGroup

Adductor Group

An anterior view showing theisolated iliopsoas musclegroup and the adductor group

A lateral view of a dissection of the gluteal region

Gluteusmaximus

(cut)

Gluteusmedius

(cut)

Gluteusminimus

Tensorfasciaelatae

Psoas major

Iliacus

Piriformis

Superior gemellus

Obturator internus

Obturator externus

Inferior gemellus

Quadratus femoris

Ischial tuberosity

Iliotibial tract

Inguinal ligament

Pectineus

Adductor brevis

Adductor longus

Adductor magnus

Gracilis

L5

Muscles that move the thighOriginate on pelvis & associated ligaments & fascia

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 10.17 1 – 2

Iliac crest

Gluteus medius

Tensor fasciaelatae

Gluteus maximus

Adductor magnus

Gracilis

Iliotibial tract

Flexors of the Knee

Biceps femoris

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

Sartorius

Popliteus

Patellar ligament

Patella

Quadriceps tendon

Vastus medialis

Vastus lateralis

Vastus intermedius(lies deep to therectus femoris andvastus lateralis)

Rectus femoris

Extensors of the Knee(Quadriceps muscles)

Sartorius

Gracilis

Adductor longus

Pectineus

Tensor fasciaelatae

Pubic tubercle

Psoas major

IliacusIliopsoas

Inguinal ligament

Anterior superioriliac spine

Knee flexors: hamstrings& popliteus

Knee extensors: quadriceps femoris

Muscles that move the legOriginate on pelvis & femur

SM+ ST+BF=hamstrings. SM+ST=lat ham.BF=med ham. ST, SM, & BF long head originate on post ischium.BF short head from post femur. Longer distal tendon on ST compared to SM, hence the name. Distally, belly of SM medial to belly of ST.

SMST

BF

Hamstring Muscle Complex: An Imaging Review. Koulouris G, Connell D. RadioGraphics 25: 571-586, 2005. http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/25/3/571.long. Good review of normal hamstring anatomy and function in gait, followed by review of injuries and imaging – mostly MRI with some ultrasound.

Figure 1.  Drawings illustrate the three muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh that together constitute the hamstring muscle complex. The short head of the biceps femoris muscle is deep to the long head. The tendinous nature of the semitendinosus muscle inferiorly is appreciated, as is its raphe. The origin of the semimembranosus muscle is noted to be superolateral to the conjoint tendon. [Right thigh posterior views.]

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles that move the leg

Anterior Knee Extensors

Posterior Knee Flexors/Thigh Extenders

Knee Joint Movement

Medial thigh adductors

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 10.17 4

Thigh cross section

POSTERIOR

ANTERIOR

Semitendinosus

Biceps femoris

Vastus lateralis

Vastus intermedius

Femur

Rectus femoris

Semimembranosus

Sciatic nerve

Adductor magnus

Gracilis

Adductor longus

Great saphenous vein

Sartorius

Vastus medialis

Muscles that move the leg

MEDIAL

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 10.18 1

Multiple muscle layers in posterior leg

Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection

Ankle Extensors

Plantaris

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Popliteus

Calcanealtendon

Calcaneus

Gastrocnemius(cut and removed)

Head of fibula

Ankle Extensors(Deep)

Tibialis posterior

Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis

Digital Flexors

Flexor digitorumlongus

Flexor hallucislongus

Tendon of flexor digitorumlongus

Tendon of fibularis brevis

Tendon of fibularislongus

Muscles that move foot and toes

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Extrinsic muscles that move foot and toes

Muscles that the Act on Ankle and Foot: Overview

Anterior Muscles that Act on the Ankle and Foot

Lateral Muscles that Act on the Ankle and Foot

Posterior Muscles that Act on the Ankle and Foot

Movements of the Ankle and Foot

Animation: Appendicular Muscles: Leg and Foot

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 10.18 2 – 3

Lateral View Medial View

Ankle Extensors

Ankle Flexors

Digital Extensors

Ankle ExtensorsGastrocnemius

Fibularis longus

Soleus

Fibularis brevis

Calcaneal tendon

Superior extensorretinaculum

Inferior extensorretinaculum

Iliotibial tract

Head of fibula

Tibialis anterior

Extensor digitorumlongus

Tendon of extensorhallucis longus

Tendon oftibialis anterior

Patella

Patellarligament

Medial surfaceof tibial shaft

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Tibialis posterior

Superior extensorretinaculum

Inferior extensorretinaculum

Calcaneal tendon

Muscles that move foot and toes

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles that move foot & toes

Tibialis Anterior

Extensor Digitorum Longus

Extensor Hallucis Longus

Fibularis Longus

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Tibialis Posterior

Flexor Digitorum Longus

Flexor Hallucis Longus

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 10.19 1

Superior view of foot showing muscles of foot and toes

Lateral malleolusof fibula

Dorsal interossei

Inferior extensorretinaculum

Tendons of extensordigitorum longus

Tendons of extensordigitorum brevis

Tendon of extensorhallucis longus

Superior extensorretinaculum

Medial malleolusof tibia

Tendon of tibialis anterior

Intrinsic Musclesof the Foot, Great Toe

Extensor hallucis brevis

Abductor hallucis

Intrinsic Musclesof the Foot, Toes 2–5

Clinical Example: 69 y.o. male at E.R.

Wick and Rieger (2008) NEJM 358: 2618

Sx: Stabbing pain & swelling in R leg commenced suddenly, upon standing from sitting position.Hx: At age 13, R Achilles tendon was partially severed. Repair was attempted. R gastrox smaller than L since then, but no pain or loss of mobility until now.Physical exam: Ruptured Achilles tendon suspected.Diagnostic studies: Plain radiographs shows ruptured calcified Achilles tendon.Dx: Ruptured calcified Achilles tendon

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Muscle Actions of the Leg: Summary

Leg muscles:

Plantar flex and evert the foot (lateral compartment)

Plantar flex the foot and flex the toes (posterior compartment)

Dorsiflex the foot and extend the toes (anterior compartment)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Muscle Actions of the Leg: Summary

Figure 10.24b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings