+ All Categories
Home > Documents > Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

Date post: 10-Feb-2018
Category:
Upload: max-parker
View: 224 times
Download: 1 times
Share this document with a friend
437
7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 1/437 TH E T tA U SH R O O I ICU LTIV A TO R A Practical G uide to G row in g M u sh ro o m s a t H om e By P aul S tam ets J.S . C hilton A G A RIIK O N PRESS O LyIvIPIA , W A SH IN G TO N P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i miza tio n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r
Transcript
Page 1: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 1/437

T H ET t A U S H R O OI I C U L T I V A T O R

A P r a c t i c a l G u i d e t oG r o w i n g M u s h r o o m s a t H o m e

B y

P a u l S t a m e t sJ . S . C h i l t o n

A G A R I I K O N P R E S SO L y I v I P I A , W A S H I N G T O N

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 2: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 2/437

Iv

C py r i g h t © 1 9 8 3 P a u l S t a m e t s a n d J . S . Chi l t o n . A l l r i g ht s r e s e r v e d . Npa r t o f t hi s bo o k ma y be r e pr o d u c e d o r t r a n smi t t e d i n a n y fo r m by a n yme a n s w i t ho u t w r i t t e n pe r mi ss o n fr o m t he pu bl i she r , e x c e pt by a r e v i e w e r ,

w ho ma y q u o t e b r i e f pa ss g e s i n a r e v i e w .

P r o d u c e d by P a u l S t a m e t s a n d J . S . Chi l t o n

P u bl i she d by A g a r i k o n P r e s sB o x 2 2 3 3 , O l y m pi a , W a shi n g t o n , 9 8 5 0 7

W e s e r n D s r i bu t i o n b y H o m e s e a d B o o k C .6 1 0 1 2 2 n d A v e . N W . , S e a t t l e , W a . 9 8 1 0 7 , 2 0 6 - 7 8 2 - 4 5 3 2

IS B N 0 - 9 6 1 0 7 9 8 -0 -0L i br a r y o f C n g r e s s C t a l o g C r d N mbe r : 8 3 -0 7 0 5 5 1

P r i n t e d i n H o n g K o n g

T y p e s t by E d i t i n g a n d D si g n S e r v i c e s, In c .3 0 E a s 1 3 t h A v e . , E u g e n e , O r e g o n 9 7 4 0 1D s g n e d by B e t s B o d i n e , E d i t i n g & D s g n

T hi s bo o k w a s w r i t t e n w i t h a w o r d p r o c e sso r a n d e l e c t r o n i c a l l y t r a n sf e r r e dt o a t y p e s t t i n g c o mpu t e r .

T he a u t ho r s i n v i t e c o mme n t s o n T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r a s w e l l a spe r so n a l e x pe r i e n c e s c o n c e r n i n g mu shr o o m c u l t i v a t i o n . A d d r e ss a l l ma i l t o

A g a r i k o n P r e s s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 3: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 3/437

T o

A zu r e u s, S k y e , a n d L a D e n a

V

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 4: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 4/437P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 5: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 5/437

L i q u i d I n o c u l a t i o n T e c h n i q u e s

In c u ba t i o n o f S pa w n

IV T H E M U S H R O O M G R O W I N GS t r u c t u r e a n d G r o w i n g S y s e m s

S t r u c fu r e

S he l v e s

T r a y s

E n v i r o n me n t a l C n t r o l S y s t e ms

Fr e sh A i r

Fa n s

A i r D c t i n g

Fi l t e r s

E x h a u st V n t s

H e a t i n g

3

4

6

1 5

1 6

1 92 32 32 42 52 53 1

3 7

4 1

4 2

4 54 6

4 8

4 9

5 4

5 5

5 7

6 1

6 26 3

6 46 5

6 6

6 66 8

7 07 0

7 2

7 3

VII

T A B L E O F CO NT E NT SFO R E W O R D by D r . A n d r e w W e i l x i

P R E FA C x i i

I. I N T R O D U C T I O N T O M U S H R O O M C U L T U R E

A n O v e r v i e w o f T e c hn i q u e s fo r M u shr o o m C l t i v a t i o n .

M u shr o o ms a n d M u shr o o m C l t u r e

T he M u shr o o m L i fe C c l e

II. S T E R I L E T E C H N I Q U E A N D A G A R C U L T U R E

D e s i g n a n d C n st r u c t i o n o f a S t e r i l e L a bo r a t o r y

P r e p a r a t i o n o f A g a r M e d i a

S t a r t i n g A C l t u r e fr o m S po r e s

T a k i n g a S po r e P r i n t

T e c h n i q u e s fo r S po r e G e r mi n a t i o n

Cha r a c t e r i s i c s o f t he M u shr o o m M y c e l i u m

R a mi fi c a t i o n s o f M u l t i spo r e C l t u r e

S e c t o r i n g : S t r a i n S e l e c t i o n a n d D v e l o p me n t

S t o c k C l t u r e s : M e t ho d s Fo r P r e s r v i n g M u shr o o m S t r a i n s

III. G R A I N C U L T U R E

T h e D v e l o pme n t o f G r a i n S pa w n

P r e pa r a t i o n o f G r a i n S pa w n

S pa w n Fo r mu l a s

In o c u l a t i o n o f S t e r i l i ze d G r a i n fr o m A g a r M e d i a

In o c u l a t i o n o f S t e r i l i ze d G r a i n f r o m G r a i n M a st e r s

A l t e r n a t i v e S pa w n M e d i a

R O O M

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 6: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 6/437

VIII

C o l i n g 7 3

H u mi d i fi c a t i o n 7 4T he r mo s a t s a n d H u mi d i s a t s 7 4

L i g ht i n g 7 4

E n v i r o n me n t a l M o n i t o r i n g E q u i pme n t 7 6

V C O M P O S T P R E P A R A T I O N 7 7P ha se C mpo s i n g 7 8

B a s i c R a w M a t e r i a l s 7 8

S u ppl e me n t s 7 9

Fo r mu l a s 8 1

A mmo n i a 8 2

C r bo n : N t r o g e n R a t i o 8 3W a t e r : A i r 8 3

P r e -W e t t i n g 8 4B u i l d i n g t he P i l e 8 5

T u r n i n g 8 7

T e mpe r a t u r e 8 8

L o n g C m po s i n g 8 9

S ho r t C r n po s i n g 9 0S y n t he t i c C mpo st P r o c e d u r e 9 1

C mpo st i n g T o o l s 9 2

Cha r a c t e r i st i c s o f t he C mpo s a t Fi l l i n g 9 3

S u ppl e me n t a t i o n a t Fi l l i n g 9 5P ha se I C mpo s i n g 9 6

B a si c A i r R e q u i r e m e n t s 9 7

P ha se II R o o m D s g n 9 8

Fi l l i n g P r o c e d u r e s 9 8

D pt h o f Fi l l 9 9

P ha s II P r o c e d u r e s T r a y s o r S he l v e s 1 0 0

P ha se II i n B u l k 1 0 1

B u l k R o o m D s g n F e a t u r e s 1 0 2

B u l k R o o m Fi l l i n g P r o c e d u r e s 1 0 4

B u l k R o o m P ha se II P r o g r a m 1 0 4T e s i n g fo r A mmo n i a 1 0 4

A spe c t o f t he Fi n i she d C mpo s 1 0 5

A l t e r n a t i v e C mpo st s a n d C mpo s i n g P r o c e d u r e s 1 0 6

S u g a r C n e B a g a sse C mpo st 1 0 6

T he Fi v e D y E x pr e ss C mpo s i n g M e t ho d 1 0 6

VI. N O N - C O M P O S T E D S U B S T R A T E S 1 0 9

N t u r a l C l t u r e 1 1 0

W o o d B a s e d S u b st r a t e s 1 1 4

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 7: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 7/437

M o i st u r e C n t e n t

S u bs r a t e T e mpe r a t u r e

D y W e i g ht o f S u bs r a t e

D r a t i o n o f S pa w n R u n

S pa w n i n g M e t ho d s

E n v i r o n me n t a l C n d i t i o n s

S u p e r S pa w n i n gS u ppl e me n t a t i o n a t S pa w n i n g .

S u ppl e me n t a t i o n a t C si n g

VIII. T H E C A S I N G L A Y E RFu n c t i o n

P r o pe r t i e s

M a t e r i a l s

Fo r mu l a s a n d P r e pa r a t i o n

A ppl i c a t i o n

C si n g C l o n i za t i o n

T e mpe r a t u r e

Fl u shi n g P a t t e r n

A i r M o v e me n t

W a t e r i n g

H a r v e s i n g

P r e s r v i n g M u shr o o ms .

X I. G R O W I N G P A R A M E T E R SA g a r i c u s bi t o r q u i s

A g a r i c u s br u n n e s e n s

C pr i n u s c o ma t u s

Fl a mmu l i n a v e l u t i pe s

L e n t i n u se d o d e s

L e pi st a n u d a

P a n a e o l u s c y a n e sc e n s

P a n a e o l u s s bba l t e a t u s

S t r a w

VII. S P A W NING A ND S P A W N R U NNING IN B U L K S U B S T R A T E S

i x

C si n g M o i s u r e a n d M y c e l i a l A ppe a r a n c e

1 2 11 2 2

1 2 2

1 2 2

1 2 4

1 2 4

1 2 5

1 2 6

1 2 6

1 2 6

1 2 71 2 8

1 2 91 3 01 3 21 3 3

1 3 5

1 3 7

1 3 91 4 0

1 4 11 4 6

1 4 7

1 5 91 6 1

1 6 4

1 6 8

1 7 2

1 7 6

1 8 0

1 8 3

I X . S T R A T E G IE S FO R M U S H R O O M FO R M A T I O N ( P I N E A D I NIT I A T I O NB a si c P i n n i n g S t r a t e g y

P r i mo r d i a Fo r ma t i o n P r o c e d u r e sT he R e l a t i o n shi p B e t w e e n P r i mo r d i a Fo r ma t i o n a n d Y i e l d

T he In fl u e n c e o f L i g ht o n P i n he a d In i t i a t i o n

X . E NVIR O NM E N A L FA C O R S : S U S T A INING T H E M U S H R O O M C O P

FO R V R IO U S M U S H R O O M S P E C IE S

1 8 6

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 8: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 8/437

x

P l e u r o t u s o st r e a t u s ( T y p e V r i e t y ) 1 8 9

P l e u r o t u s o st r e a t u s ( Fl o r i d a V r i e t y ) 1 9 3

P si l o c y be c u be n si s 1 9 6

P si l o c y be c y a n e sc e n s 2 0 0

P s l o c y be me x i c a n a 2 0 4

P si l o c y be t a mpa n e n si s 2 0 7

S t r o pha r i a r u g o s -a n r i u l a t a 2 1 0

V l v a r i e l l a v o l v a c e a 2 1 4

X II. C L T IV T I O N P R O B L E M S A ND T H E IR S O L U T I O N :A T R O U B L E S H O O T I NG G U ID 2 1 7

S t e r i l e T e c h n i q u e 2 1 9

A g a r C l t u r e 2 1 9G r a i n C l t u r e 2 2 0

C mpo s P r e pa r a t i o n 2 2 3

P ha s I 2 2 3

P ha s II 2 2 4

S pa w n R u n n i n g 2 2 6

C s R u n n i n g 2 2 7

M u shr o o m Fo r ma t i o n a n d D v e l o pme n t 2 2 9

P i n he a d In i t i a t i o n 2 2 9

C o ppi n g 2 3 1

X I II. T H E CO N A M IN N S O F M U S H R O O M C L T U R E :I D N I FI C T I O N A ND CO N R O L 2 3 3

A K e y t o t he C mmo n C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e 2 3 8

V r u s ( D e -B a c k D s a s ) 2 4 4A c t i n o my c e s ( Fi r e fa n g ) 2 4 6

B a c i l l u s ( W e t S po t ) 2 4 8

P s u d o mo n a s ( B a c t e r i a l B l o t c h & P i t ) 2 5 2

S t r e pt o m y c e s ( Fi r e fa n g ) 2 5 5

A l t e r n a r i a ( B l a c k M o l d ) 2 5 7

A spe r g i l l u s ( G r e e n M o l d ) 2 5 9

B o t r y t i s ( B r o w n M o l d ) 2 6 2Cha e t o mi u m ( O l i v e G r e e n M o l d ) 2 6 4Chr y so spo r i u m ( Y e l l o w M o l d ) 2 6 6

C a d o spo r i u m ( D r k G r e e n M o l d ) 2 6 8

C pr i n u s ( In k y C p) 2 7 0

C y p t o c o c c u s ( C e a m C l o r e d Y e a s ) 2 7 3

D c t y l i u m ( C bw e b M o l d ) 2 7 5D r a t o r my c e s ( B l a c k W hi s e r M o l d ) 2 7 7

E pi c o c c u m ( Y e l l o w M o l d ) 2 7 9

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 9: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 9/437

x i

Fu s r i u m ( P i n k M o l d ) 2 8 1

G e o t r i c hu m ( L i pst i c k M o l d )2 8 4

H u m i c o l a ( G r a y M o l d ) 2 8 6

M o n i l i a ( W hi t e Fl o u r M o l d ) 2 8 8

M u c o r ( B l a c k P i n M o l d ) 2 9 0

M y c e l i a S t e r i l i a ( W hi t e M o l d ) .2 9 2

M y c o g o n e ( W e t B u bbl e ) 2 9 4

N u r o spo r a ( P i n k M o l d 2 9 6

P a pu l o spo r a ( B r o w n P l a st e r M o l d ) 2 9 8

P e n i c i l l i u m ( B l u i sh G r e e n M o l d ) 3 0 0

R hi z pu s ( B l a c k P i n M o l d ) 3 0 2

S c o pu l a r i o ps s ( W hi t e P l a s e r M o l d ) 3 0 4

S e pe d o n i u m ( W hi t e o r Y e l l o w M o l d ) 3 0 6T o r u l a ( B l a c k Y e a s ) 3 0 8

T r i c h o d e r ma ( Fo r e s G r e e n M o l d ) 3 1 0

T r i c h o t he c i u m ( P i n k M o l d ) 3 1 3

V r t i c i l l i u m ( D y B u bbl e ) 3 1 5

X I V T H E P E S T S O F M U S H R O O M C L T U R E 3 1 9

M u shr o o m Fl i e s 3 2 0

Fl y C n t r o l M e a s r e s 3 2 0

S c i a r i d Fl y 3 2 1

P ho r i d Fl y 3 2 3

C c i d Fl y 3 2 5

M i t e s3 2 8

N ma t o d e s ( E e l w o r ms 3 3 1

X V M U S H R O O M G E N T IC 3 3 3

R e pr o d u c t i v e S t r a t e g i e s 3 3 6

Impl i c a t i o n s fo r C l t u r e W o r k 3 3 8

A P P E NDIC S 3 4 3

I. M e d i c i n a l P r o pe r t i e s o f M u shr o o ms 3 4 5

I . L a mi n a r Fl o w S y s e ms 3 4 7

Il l . T he E ffe c t o f B a c t e r i a a n d O t he r M i c r o o r g a n i sms o n Fr u i t i n g2 5 3

IV T he U se o f M u shr o o m E x t r a c t s t o In d u c e Fr u i t i n g 3 5 7

V D t a C l l e c t i o n a n d E n v i r o n me n t a l M o n i t o r i n g R e c o r d s 3 5 9

VI. A n a l y s s o f B a s c M a t e r i a l s U se d i n S u bs r a t e P r e p a r a t i o n 3 6 9

VII. R e s u r c e s Fo r M u shr o o m G r o w i n g E q u i pme n t a n d S u ppl i e s 3 8 4

VIII. E n g l i sh t o M e t r i c C n v e r s o n T a bl e s 3 8 6

G L O S S A R Y3 8 9

B IB L IO G R A P H Y

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 10: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 10/437

X II

INDE X . 4 0 9H O T O G R A P H Y A ND IL L U S T R A T I O N C E DIT S 4 1 4

A C NO W L E DG E M E N S 4 1 5

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 11: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 11/437

Page 12: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 12/437

x i v

U n l i k e e x pe r t s o f t he pa sf ( a n d s me o f t he pr e se n t ) , t he y a r e w i l l i n g a n d r e a d y t o sha r e t he i r k n o w -

l e d g e a n d pr a c t i c a l i n fo r ma t i o n w i t h a l l l o v e r s o f mu shr o o ms, w he t he r t he y a r e a ma t e u r s o r pr o fe s-s o n a l s, d e v o t e e s o f P s / o c y b e o r o f P / e u r o fu s

T H E M U S H R O O M C L T V T O R i s i n d e e d " A P r a c t i c a l G u i d e t o G r o w i n g M u s hr o o m s a tH o me ," a s i t s su bt i t l e i n d i c a t e s It c o v e r s e v e r y a spe c t o f t he su bj e c t i n a r e a d a bl e st y l e a n d i n s ffi -

c i e n t d e t a i l t o e n a bl e bo t h r a n k a ma t e u r s a n d se r i o u s my c o l o g i st s t o su c c e e d a t g r o w i n g t he mu sh-r o o ms t he y l i k e . B y i n c l u d i n g a w e a l t h o f e x c e l l e n t i l l u st r a t i o n s, i n fo r ma t i o n o n o bt a i n i n g e q u i pme n t

a n d su ppl i e s, a n d st e p-by -s e p d i r e c t i o n s fo r e v e r y pr o c e d u r e , fr o m st a r t i n g spo r e c u l t u r e s t o ha r -

v e st i n g fr u i t i n g bo d i e s t o d e a l i n g w i t h c o n t a mi n a n t s a n d pe st s, t he a u t ho r s d e my s i fy t he a r t o fmu shr o o m c u l t i v a t i o n a n d pu t ma st e r y o f i t w i t hi n e v e r y o n e 's r e a c h. It i s a pl e a su r e t o i n t r o d u c e t hi s

fi n e bo o k . If y o u ha v e be e n se a r c hi n g fo r i n fo r ma t i o n o n t hi s t o pi c , y o u w i l l fi n d i t t o be a l l t ha t y o u

ha v e be e n l o o k i n g fo r a n d mo r e .

A n d r e w W e i l , M . D , F. L . S .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 13: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 13/437

Page 14: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 14/437

x v i

t r i a l s by mu shr o o ms g r o w e r s a n d r e s a r c he r s It i s t he si n c e r e ho pe o f t he a u t ho r s t ha t t hi s

w o r k w i l l r e -o pe n t he d o o r t o t he fa sc i n a t i n g w o r l d o f mu shr o o m c u l t u r e . T he M u shr o o m

C l t i v a t o r i s d e d i c a t e d t o t hi s g o a l a s w e pu r su e t he A r t a n d S c i e n c e o f mu shr o o m c u l t i v a t i o n .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 15: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 15/437

In t r o d u c fi o n t o M u shr o o m C l t u r e / i

CH A P T E R 1

I N T R O D U C T I O N T OM U S H R O O M C U L T U R E

Fi g u r e 0 W a Il o f P / e u r o t u s o s r e a t u s fr u i t bo d i e s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 16: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 16/437

2 / T he M u shr o o m C l i v a fo r

S T E R IL I Z A T I O N A ND P O U R INO F A G A R M E DIU M

/

C L U M NC L T U R E

Fi g u r e 1 D a g r a m i l l u st r a t i n g o v e r v i e w o f g e n e r a l t e c hn i q u e s fo r t he c u l t i v a t i o n o fmu shr o o ms

P R O P A G A T I O N O F P U R E C L T U R E S

S T E R IL I Z A T I O NO F G R A IN M E DIA

G E R M I N T IO N O F S P O R E SA N D IS O L A T IO N O F M U S H R O O M

M Y C L IU M FR O M C N A M IN N S

IN C L A T I O N O F G R A IN

IN C L A T I O N O N O W O O D D W E L L S

P L U G G IN L O G SA Y I N O U T O F S P A W N

C S I N W IT H S O IL -L I K E M IX T U R E

IN C L A T I O N O F B U L K S U B S T R A T E )

L O G C L T U R E

B A G

C L T U R E

R A C

C L T U R E

M O U N D( B E D C L T U R E

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 17: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 17/437

In t r o d u c t i o n t o M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 3

A N O VE R VIE W O F T E CH NIQ U E SFO R M U S H R O O M CU L T IVA T IO N

T e c hn i q u e s fo r c u l t i v a t i n g mu shr o o ms, w ha t e v e r t he spe c i e s, fo l l o w t he s me ba si c p a t t e r n .

W he r e a s t w o spe c i e s ma y d i ffe r i n t e mpe r a t u r e r e q u i r e me n t s, pH pr e fe r e n c e s o r t he su bst r a t e

o n w hi c h t he y g r o w , t he s e ps l e a d i n g t o fr u i t i n g a r e e sse n t i a l l y t he sa me . T he y c a n be s mma r i ze d

a s fo l l o w s:

1 . P r e pa r a t i o n a n d po u r i n g o f a g a r me d i a i n t o pe fr i d i she s.

2 . G e r mi n a t i o n o f spo r e s a n d i so l a t i o n o f pu r e mu shr o o m my c e l i u m.

3 . E x pa n si o n o f my c e l i a l ma ss o n a g a r me d i a .

4 . P r e p a r a t i o n o f g r a i n m e d i a .

5 . In o c u l a t i o n o f g r a i n m e d i a w i t h pu r e m y c e l i u m g r o w n o n a g a r me d i a .

6 . In c u ba t i o n o f i n o c u l a t e d g r a i n me d i a ( spa w n ) .

7 . A . L a y i n g o u t g r a i n spa w n o n t o t r a y s.

o r

B . In o c u l a t i o n o f g r a i n spa w n i n t o bu l k su bs r a t e s.

8 . C si n g — c o v e r i n g o f su bs r a t e w i t h a mo i st mi x t u r e o f pe a t a n d o t he r ma t e r i a l s.

9 . In i t i a t i o n — l o w e r i n g t e mpe r a t u r e , i n c r e a si n g hu mi d i t y t o 9 5 % , i n c r e a s n g a i r c i r c u l a t i o n ,

d e c r e a s n g c a r bo n d i o x i d e a n d / o r i n t r o d u c i n g l i g ht .

1 0 . C o p pi n g — ma i n t a i n i n g t e mpe r a t u r e , l o w e r i n g hu mi d i t y t o 8 5 -9 2 % , ma i n t a i n i n g a i r c i r -c u l a t i o n , c a r bo n d i o x i d e a n d / o r l i g ht l e v e l s.

W i t h ma n y s pe c i e s mo d e r a t e c r o p s c a n be pr o d u c e d o n c a s d g r a i n c u l t u r e s O r , t he c u l t i v a t o r

c a n g o o n e st e p fu r t he r a n d i n o c u l a t e c o mpo s , st r a w o r w o o d . In e i t he r c a se , t he fr u i t i n g o f mu sh-

r o o ms r e q u i r e s a hi g h hu mi d i t y e n v i r o n me n t t ha t c a n be r e a d i l y c o n t r o l l e d . W i t ho u t pr o pe r mo i s-

t u r e , mu shr o o ms d o n 't g r o w .

In t he s bs q u e n t c h a pt e r s s a n d a r d me t ho d s fo r g e r mi n a t i n g spo r e s a r e d i sc u sse d , fo l l o w e d by

t e c h n i q u e s fo r g r o w i n g my c e l i u m o n a g a r , pr o d u c i n g g r a i n a n d / o r br a n " spa w n " , pr e p a r i n g c o r n -

po s e d a n d n o n -c o mpo st e d s bst r a t e s, spa w n r u n n i n g , c a si n g a n d pi n he a d fo r ma t i o n . W i t h t hi s l a st

s e p t he me t ho d s fo r fr u i t i n g v a r i o u s spe c i e s d i v e r g e a n d t e c hn i q u e s spe c i fi c t o e a c h mu shr o o m a r e

i n d i v i d u a l l y o u t l i n e d . A t r o u bl e -sho o t i n g g u i d e he l ps c u l t i v a t o r s i d e n t i fy a n d s l v e pr o bl e ms t ha t a r e

c o mmo n l y e n c o u n t e r e d . T hi s i s fo l l o w e d by a t ho r o u g h a n a l y s s o f t he c o n t a mi n a n t s a n d pe st s o f

mu shr o o m c u l t u r e a n d a c ha pt e r e x pl a i n i n g t he n a t u r e o f mu shr o o m g e n e t i c s. In a l l , t he bo o k i s a

s st e m o f k n o w l e d g e t ha t i n t e g r a t e s t he v a r i o u s t e c hn i q u e s d e v e l o pe d by c o mme r c i a l g r o w e r sw o r l d w i d e a n d ma k e s t he c u l t i v a t i o n o f mu shr o o ms a t ho me a pr a c t i c a l e n d e a v o r .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 18: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 18/437

Page 19: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 19/437

F i g u r e 2 T h e M u s h r o o m L i f e C y c l e .

r i t r o d u c t i o n t o M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 5

P I N E A D

S P O R E

C M P A T A B L E H Y P H A E

S P O R U L A T IO N

H Y P H A L K N T

FR U IT B O D

P R IM O R DIU M

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 20: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 20/437

6 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

T he c a p i s s ppo r t e d by a pi l l a r -l i k e s e m t ha t e l e v a t e s t he g i l l s a bo v e g r o u n d w he r e t he spo r e s c a n

be c a r r i e d o ff by t he sl i g ht e s w i n d c u r r e n t s C e a r l y , e v e r y pa r t o f t he mu shr o o m fr u i t bo d y i s d e -

s g n e d t o g i v e t he spo r e s t he be s o p po r t u n i t y t o ma t u r e a n d spr e a d i n a n e x t e r n a l e n v i r o n me n t t ha ti s o ft e n ha r sh a n d d r a st i c a l l y fl u c t u a t i n g .

A s t he mu shr o o m ma t u r e s, spo r e pr o d u c t i o n sl o w s a n d e v e n t u a l l y st o ps. A t t hi s t i me mu sh-

r o o ms a r e i n t he i r l a st ho u r s o f l i fe . S o o n d e c a y fr o m ba c t e r i a a n d o t he r fu n g i se t s i n , r e d u c i n g t he

o n c e ma j e st i c mu shr o o m i n t o a so g g y ma ss o f fe t i d t i ss e t ha t me l t s i n t o t he g r o u n d fr o m w hi c h i t

spr u n g .

T H E M U S H R O O M L I F E C Y C L EC u l t i v a t i n g m u s h r o o m s i s o n e o f t h e b e s t w a y s t o o b s e r v e t h e e n t i r e t y o f t h e M u s h r o o m L i f e

C c l e . T he l i fe c y c l e fi r st st a r t s w i t h a spo r e w hi c h pr o d u c e s a pr i ma r y m y c e l i u m . W he n t he my c e -hu m o r i g i n a t i n g fr o m Iw o spo r e s ma t e s, a s c o n d a r y m y c e l i u m i s pr o d u c e d . T hi s my c e l i u m c o n -

t i n u e s t o g r o w v e g e t a t i v e l y . W he n v e g e t a t i v e my c e l i u m ha s ma t u r e d , i t s c e l l s a r e c a pa bl e o f aphe n o me n a l r a t e o f r e pr o d u c t i o n w hi c h c u l mi n a t e s i n t he e r e c t i o n o f mu shr o o m fr u i t bo d y . T hi sr e pr e s n t s t he l a s fu n c t i o n a l c h a n g e a n d i t ha s be c o me , i n e ffe c t , t e r t i a r y my c e hi u m. T he s t y p e s o f

my c e hi a r e pr e se n t t he t hr e e ma j o r p ha se s i n t he pr o g r e ss o n o f t he mu shr o o m l i fe c y c l e .

M o s mu shr o o ms pr o d u c e spo r e s t ha t a r e u n i n u c l e a t e a n d g e n e t i c a l l y h a pl o i d ( 1 N . T hi s

me a n s e a c h spo r e c o n t a i n s o n e n u c l e u s a n d ha s ha l f t he c o mpl e me n t o f c hr o mo so me s fo r t hespe c i e s. T hu s spo r e s ha v e a " se x " i n t ha t e a c h ha s t o ma t e w i t h my c e hi a fr o m a n o t he r spo r e t y pe t o

be fe r t i l e fo r pr o d u c i n g o ffspr i n g . W he n spo r e s a r e fi r st r e l e a s d t he y a r e fu l l y i n fl a t e d " mo i st " c e l l s

t ha t c a n e a s l y g e r mi n a t e . S o o n t he y d e hy d r a t e , c o l l a psi n g a t t he i r c e n t e r s a n d i n t hi s pha se t he y c a nsi t d o r ma n t t hr o u g h l o n g pe r i o d s o f d r y w e a t he r o r s v e r e d r o u g ht . W he n w e a t he r c o n d i t i o n s pr o -

F i g u r e 3 S c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n m i c r o g r a p h F i g u r e 4 S c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n m i c r o g r a p ho f R u s s u l a spo r e s. o f E n t o l o ma spo r e s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 21: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 21/437

In t r o d u c t i o n t o M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 7

v i d e a s ffi c i e n t l y mo i st e n v i r o n me n t , t he spo r e s r e hy d r a t e a n d fu l l y i n fl a t e . O n l y t he n i s g e r mi n a t i o n

po ss bl e .

S po r e s w i t hi n a n i n d i v i d u a l spe c i e s a r e f a i r l y c o n st a n t i n t he i r sha pe a n d s r u c t u r e . H o w e v e r ,

ma n y . mu shr o o m spe c i e s d i ffe r r e ma r k a bl y i n t he i r spo r e t y pe s. S o me a r e smo o t h a n d l e mo nsha pe d ( i n t he g e n u s C pe l a n d i a , fo r i n st a n c e ) ; ma n y a r e e l l i ps i d ( a s i n t he g e n u s P si l o c y be ) ;

w hi l e o t he r s a r e hi g hl y o r n a me n t e d a n d i r r e g u l a r l y sha pe d ( s c h a s t ho se i n L a c t a r i u s o r E n t o l o ma ) .

A fe a t u r e c o mmo n t o t he spo r e s o f ma n y mu shr o o ms, pa r t i c u l a r l y t h e psi l o c y bi a n spe c i e s, i s t h e

fo r ma t i o n o f a n a pi c a l g e r m po r e .

T he g e r m po r e , a c i r c u l a r d e pr e ss o n a t o n e e n d o f t he spo r e , i s t he s t e o f g e r mi n a t i o n fr o m

w hi c h a ha pl o i d st r a n d o f my c e l i u m c a l l e d a hy pha e ma n a t e s T hi s hy pha c o n t i n u e s t o g r o w ,br a n c he s a n d be c o me s a my c e l i a l n e t w o r k . W he n t w o s x u a l l y c o mpl e me n t a r y h y p ha l n e t w o r k s

i n t e r c e pt o n e a n o t he r a n d ma k e c o n t a c t , c e l l w a l l s se pa r a t i n g t he t w o hy pha l sy st e m s d i sso l v e a n d

c y t o pl a smi c a n d g e n e t i c m a t e r i a l s a r e e x c ha n g e d . E r o t i c o r n o t , t hi s i s " mu shr o o m se x " . H e n c e -

fo r t h, a l l r e s l t i n g my c e l i u m i s bi n u c l e a t e a n d d i k a r y o t i c . T hi s me a n s e a c h c e l l ha s t w o n u c l e i

a n d a fu l l c o mpl e me n t o f c hr o mo s me s W i t h fe w e x c e pt i o n s, o n l y m a t e d ( d i k a r y o fi c ) my c e l i a i s

fe r t i l e a n d c a pa bl e o f pr o d u c i n g fr u i t bo d i e s. T y pi c a l l y , d i k a r y o t i c my c e l i a i s fa st e r r u n n i n g a n d mo r e

Fi g u r e 5 H i g h r e s l u t i o n s a n n i n g e l e c t r o n mi c r o g r a ph sho w i n g g e r m po r e s o f

P s l o c y be pe l l i c u l o sa spo r e s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 22: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 22/437

8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

v i g o r o u s t ha n u n ma t e d , mo n o k a r y o t i c my c e l i a . O n c e a my c e l i u m ha s e n t e r e d i n t o t he d i k a r y o -

pha s , fr u i t i n g c a n o c c u r sho r t l y t he r e a ft e r . In P si / o c y be c u be n si s, t he t i me be t w e e n spo r e g e r mi n a -

t i o n a n d fr u i t bo d y i n i t i a l s c a n be a s br i e f a s t w o w e e k s i n s me P a n a e o l u s spe c i e s o n l y a w e e k

t r a n spi r e s be fo r e mu shr o o ms a ppe a r . M o s mu shr o o m spe c i e s, ho w e v e r , t a k e se v e r a l w e e k s o r

mo n t hs be fo r e mu shr o o ms c a n be g e n e r a t e d fr o m t he t i me o f spo r e g e r mi n a t i o n .

C l t i v a t o r s i n t e r e s e d i n d e v e l o pi n g n e w st r a i n s by c r o ssi n g si n g l e spo r e i so l a t e s t a k e a d v a n t a g e

o f t he o c c u r r e n c e o f c l a mp c o n n e c t i o n s t o t e l l w he t he r o r n o t ma t i n g ha s t a k e n pl a c e . C a mpc o n n e c t i o n s a r e m i c r o sc o pi c b r i d g e s t ha t pr o t r u d e fr o m o n e a d j o i n i n g c e l l t o a n o t he r a n d a r e o n l y

fo u n d i n d i k a r y o t i c my c e l i a . C a mps c a n be r e a d i l y se e n w i t h a l i g ht mi c r o sc o pe a t 1 0 0 4 0 0 Xma g n i fi c a t i o n . N t a l l spe c i e s fo r m c l a mp c o n n e c t i o n s. ( A g a r i c u s br u n n e sc e n s d o e s n o t ; mo st a l l

P si l o c y be a n d P a n a e o l u s spe c i e s d o ) . In c o n t r a st , my c e l i a r e s l t i n g fr o m ha pl o i d spo r e s l a c k

c l a mps. T hi s fe a t u r e i s a n i n v a l u a bl e t o o l fo r t he r e s a r c h e r d e v e l o pi n g n e w s r a i n s. ( Fo r mo r e i n fo r -

ma t i o n o n br e e d i n g s r a t e g i e s, s e Cha pt e r X V )

T w o d i k a r y o t i c m y c e l i a l n e t w o r k s c a n a l s g r o w t o g e t he r , e x c ha n g e g e n e t i c m a t e r i a l a n d fo r m

a n e w s r a i n . S u c h a n e n c o u n t e r , w he r e t w o hy pha l s st e m s fu se , i s k n o w n a s a n a st o m o si s. W he n

t w o i n c o mpa t i bl e c o l o n i e s o f my c e l i a me e t , a z n e o f i n hi bi t e d g r o w t h fr e q u e n t l y f o r ms. O n a g a r

me d i a , t hi s zo n e o f i n c o mpa t i bi l i t y i s v i s bl e t o t he u n a i d e d e y e .

Fi g u r e 6 S c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n mi c r o g r a ph o f a P s l o c y be ba e o c y s i s spo r e g e r mi n a t i n g .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 23: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 23/437

In t r o d u c t i o n t o M u shr o o m C l t u r e 9

W he n a my c e l i u m pr o d u c e s mu shr o o ms, s v e r a l r a d i c a l c h a n g e s i n i t s me t a bo l i sm o c c u r s. U p

t o t hi s po i n t , t he my c e l i u m ha s be e n g r o w i n g v e g e t a t i v e l y . In t he v e g e t a t i v e st a t e , hy pha l c e l l s a r e

a ma ssi n g n u t r i e n t s. C r i o u s y , fhe r e i s a g r a d u a l i n c r e a se i n t he n u mbe r o f n u c l e i pe r c e l l , s me -

t i me s t o a s ma n y a s t e n j u st pr i o r t o t he fo r m a t i o n o f mu shr o o ms. Imme d i a t e l y be fo r e fr u i t bo d i e s

fo r m, n e w c e l l w a l l s d i v i d e t he n u c l e i , r e d u c i n g t he i r n u mbe r pe r c e l l t o a n a v e r a g e o f t w o . T he hi g h

n u mbe r o f n u c l e i pe r c e l l i n pr e -g e n e r a t i v e my c e l i a s e ms t o be a pr e r e q u i s t e fo r fr u i t i n g i n ma n y

mu shr o o m spe c i e s.

A s t he g i l l s ma t u r e , ba si d i a c e l l s e me r g e i n e v e r i n c r e a s n g n u mbe r s, fi r s a ppe a r i n g a s sma l l

bu bbl e -l i k e c e l l s a n d r e se mbl i n g c o bbl e s o n e s o n a s r e e t . T he ba s d i a a r e t he fo c a l po i n t i n t he r e -

pr o d u c t i v e pha se o f t he mu shr o o m l i fe c y c l e . T he ba si d i a , ho w e v e r , d o n o t ma t u r e a l l a t o n c e . In

t he g e n u s P a n a e o l u s fo r i n st a n c e , t he ba si d i a c e l l s ma t u r e r e g i o n a l l y , g i v i n g t he g i l l su r fa c e a

spo t t e d l o o k . T he c e l l s g i v i n g r i s t o t he ba s d i a a r e t y pi c a l l y bi n u c l e a t e , e a c h n u c l e u s i s ha pl o i d

( 1 N a n d t he c e l l i s s i d t o be d i k a r y o t i c . T he c o mpo s t i o n o f t he y o u n g ba si d i a c e l l s a r e si mi l a r . A t a

spe c i fi c po i n t i n t i me , t he t w o n u c l e i i n t he ba si d i u m mi g r a t e t o w a r d s o n e a n o t he r a n d me r g e i n t o a

s n g l e d i pl o i d ( 2 N n u c l e u s T hi s e v e n t i s k n o w n a s k a r y o g a my . S o o n t he r e a ft e r , t he d i pl o i d n u -

c l e u s u n d e r g o e s me i o si s a n d t y pi c a l l y pr o d u c e s fo u r ha pl o i d d a u g ht e r c e l l s.

Fi g u r e 7 S c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n mi c r o g r a ph o f hy pha e e ma n a t i n g f r o m a be d o f g e r mi n a t -i n g P si l o c y b e c u be n s s spo r e s

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 24: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 24/437

1 0 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

-"

. -

-

c u be n si s. N t e hy pha l c r o ssi n g s a n d c l a mp c o n n e c t i o n s.Fi g u r e 8 , 9 , & 1 0 S c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n mi c r o g r a phs o f t h e my c e l i a l n e t w o r k o f P si l o c y be

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 25: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 25/437

In t r o d u c t i o n t o M u shr o o m C l t u r e / i l

O n t he su r fa c e o f t he ba si d i a , a r m-l i k e pr o j e c t i o n s c a l l e d s e r i g ma t a e a r i s t hr o u g h w hi c ht he s n u c l e i t he n mi g r a t e . In mo st spe c i e s fo u r spo r e s fo r m a t t he t i ps o f t he s pr o j e c t i o n s T he

spo r e s c o n t i n u e t o d e v e l o p u n t i l t he y a r e fo r c e fu l l y l i be r a t e d fr o m t he ba si d i a a n d pr o pe l l e d i n t o fr e e

spa c e . T he me c ha n i sm fo r spo r e r e l e a s ha s n o t y e t be e n pr o v e n . B u t , t he mo d e l mo st w i d e l y a c -

c e pt e d w i t hi n t he my c o l o g i c a l c o mmu n i t y i s o n e w he r e a " g a s bu bbl e " fo r ms a t t he j u n c t i o n o f t he

spo r e a n d t he st e r i g ma fa . T hi s g a s bu bbl e i n fl a t e s, v i o l e n t l y e x pl o d e s a n d j e t t i so n s t he spo r e i n t o t he

c a v i t y b e t w e e n t he g i l l s w he r e i t i s t a k e n a w a y b y a i r c u r r e n t s M o st c o mmo n l y , s t s o f o ppo si n g

spo r e s a r e r e l e a s d i n t hi s ma n n e r . W i t h spo r e r e l e a se , t he l i fe c y c l e i s c o mpl e t e d .

N t a l l mu shr o o m spe c i e s ha v e ba s d i a t ha t pr o d u c e f o u r ha pl o i d spo r e s. A g a r i c u s

br u n n e s e n s ( = A g a r i c u s bi spo r u s , t he c o mmo n bu t t o n mu shr o o m, ha s ba si d i a w i t h t w o d i pl o i d

( 2 N s po r e s T hi s me a n s e a c h spo r e c a n e v o l v e i n t o a my c e l i u m t ha t i s fu l l y c a pa bl e o f pr o d u c i n g

mu shr o o ms A g a r i c u s br u n n e sc e n s i s o n e e x a mpl e o f a d i pl o i d bi po l a r spe c i e s. S o me C pe l a n d i a n

P a n a e o l i ( t he st r o n g l y b l u i n g spe c i e s i n t he g e n u s P a n a e o l u s) a r e t w o spo r e d a n d ha v e ma t i n gpr o pe r t i e s si mi l a r t o A g a r i c u s br u n n e sc e n s. O t he r mu shr o o o m spe c i e s ha v e e x c l u si v e l y t hr e e

spo r e d ba s d i a ; so me ha v e fi v e spo r e d ba s d i a ; a n d a fe w , l i k e t he c q mmo n Cha n t a r e l l e , ha v e a s

ma n y a s e i g ht spo r e s pe r b a si d i u m

A n a w a r e n e ss o f t he l i fe c y c l e w i l l g r e a t l y a i d be g i n n i n g c u l t i v a t o r s i n t he i r i n i t i a l a t t e mpt s t o

c u l t i v a t e mu shr o o ms O n c e a ba s c u n d e r s a n d i n g o f mu shr o o m c u l t u r e a n d t he l i fe pr o c e sse s o f

t he s o r g a n i sms i s a c hi e v e d , c u l t i v a t o r s c a n pr o g r e ss t o mo r e a d v a n c e d su bj e c t s l i k e g e n e t i c s, st r a i n

s l e c t i o n a n d br e e d i n g . T hi s w ho l i s i c a ppr o a c h i n c r e a se s t he d e pt h o f o n e 's u n d e r st a n d i n g a n d

fa c i l i t a t e s d e v e l o pme n t o f i n n o v a t i v e a ppr o a c he s t o m u shr o o m c u l t i v a t i o n .

Fi g u r e 1 1 , 1 2 & 1 3 S c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n mi c r o g r a phs sho w i n g t he d e v e l o pme n t o t t heba s d i u m a n d spo r e s i n R a ma r i a Io n g i spo r a , a c o r a l fu n g u s

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 26: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 26/437

1 2 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

SFi g u r e 1 5 a , L a S c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n mi c r o g r a phs sho w i n g ba si d i u m o f P si l o c y be

pe l l i c u l o sa . N t e spo r e / st e r i g ma t a j u n c t i o n .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 27: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 27/437

In t r o d u c t i o n t o M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 1 3

Fi g u r e 1 6 S c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n mi c r o g r a ph o f t w o spo r e d ba s d i u m o f a n a s y e t u n pu b-l i she d spe c i e s c l o se l y r e l a t e d t o C pe l a n d i a c y a n e sc e n s. N t e " s ha d o w " n u c l e i v i si bl e

w i t hi n e a c h spo r e .

Fi g u r e 1 7 S c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n mi c r o g r a ph o f t he g i l l s r fa c e o f C n t ha r e l l u s c i ba r i u s.N t e s x a n d e i g ht spo r e d ba s d i a .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 28: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 28/437

1 4 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 29: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 29/437

S t e r i l e T e c h n i q u e a n d A g a r C l fu r e / 1 5

CH A P T E RI I

S T E R I L E T E C H N J Q U EA N D A G A R C U L T U R E

Fi q u r e 1 8 A ho me c u l t i v a t o r 's pa n t r y c o n v e r t e d i n t o a st e r i l e l a bo r a t o r y .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 30: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 30/437

Page 31: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 31/437

Page 32: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 32/437

1 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

a n d i s so me t i me s e q u i ppe d w i t h r u bbe r g l o v e s i n t o w hi c h t he c u l t i v a t o r i n se r t s hi s ha n d s.

O ft e n , i n pl a c e o f g l o v e s, t he fr o n t fa c e i s c o v e r e d w i t h a r e mo v a bl e c o t t o n c l o t h t ha t i s pe r i -

o d i c a l l y s e r i l i z d . T he ma i n a d v a n t a g e o f a g l o v e bo x i s t ha t i t pr o v i d e s a n i n e x pe n si v e , e a s-i l y c l e a n e d a r e a w he r e c u l t u r e w o r k c a n t a k e pl a c e w i t h l i t t l e o r n o a i r mo v e me n t .

3 . M o d e r n l a bo r a t o r i e s so l v e t he pr o bl e m o f a i r bo r n e c o n t a m i n a t i o n by i n s a l l i n g H i g h E ffi -c i e n c y P a r t i c u l a t e A i r ( H E P A ) fi l t e r s T he se fi l t e r s s r e e e n o u t a l l pa r t i c u l a t e s e x c e e d i n g

0 . 1 -0 . 3 mi c r o n s i n d i a me t e r , sma l l e r t ha n t he spo r e s o f a l l fu n g i a n d pr a c t i c a l l y a l l ba c t e r i a .

H E P A fi l t e r s a r e bu i l t i n t o w ha t i s c o mmo n l y k n o w n a s a l a mi n a r fl o w ho o d . S o me s e r i l e

l a bo r a t o r i e s ha v e a n e n t i r e w a l l o r c e i l i n g c o n st r u c t e d o f H E P A fi l t e r s t hr o u g h w hi c h pr e s-

su r i z d a i r i s fo r c e d fr o m t he o u t si d e . In e ffe c t , po si t i v e pr e ssu r e , st e r i l e e n v i r o n me n t i s

c r e a t e d . S pe c i fi c d a t a r e g a r d i n g t he bu i l d i n g a n d d e si g n o f l a mi n a r fl o w s st e ms i s d i s-

c u ss d i n g r e a t e r d e t a i l i n A ppe n d i x IV

S o me c u l t i v a t o r s ha v e fe w pr o bl e ms w i t h c o n t a mi n a n t s w hi l e w o r k i n g i n w ha t se e ms l i k e t hemo s pr i mi t i v e c o n d i t i o n s O t he r s e n c o u n t e r pr o n o u n c e d c o n t a mi n a t i o n l e v e l s a n d ha v e t o i n v e st i n

hi g h t e c hn o l o g y c o n t r o l s E a c h c i r c u ms a n c e d i c t a t e s a n a ppr o pr i a t e c o u r i t e r -me a su r e . W he t he r

o n e i s a ho me c u l t i v a t o r o r a spa w n ma k e r i n a c o mme r c i a l l a bo r a t o r y , t he pr o bl e ms e n c o u n t e r e d

a r e si mi l a r , d i ffe r i n g n o t i n k i n d , bu t i n d e g r e e .

Fi g u r e 1 9 A e r o -d i si n fe c t o r f o r r e d u c i n g Fi g u r e 2 0 L a mi n a r fl o w ho o d .c o n t a mi n a n t spo r e l o a d i n l a bo r a t o r y .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 33: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 33/437

S t e r i l e T e c hn i q u e a n d A g a r C l t u r e / 1 9

P R E P A R A T I O N O F A G A R M E D I A

O n c e t he s e r i l e l a bo r a t o r y i s c o mpl e t e d , t he n e x t st e p i s t he pr e pa r a t i o n o f n u t r i fi e d a g a r me -

d i a . D r i v e d fr o m s a w e e d , a g a r i s a s l i d i fy i n g a g e n t si mi l a r t o bu t mo r e e ffe c t i v e t ha n g e l a t i n .

T he r e a r e ma n y r e c i pe s fo r pr o d u c i n g e n r i c he d a g a r me d i a s i t a bl e fo r mu shr o o m c u l t u r e . T he

st a n d a r d fo r mu l a s ha v e be e n P o t a t o e D x t r o se A g a r ( P D ) a n d M a l t E x t r a c t A g a r ( M E A ) t o w hi c h

y e a st i s o ft e n a d d e d a s a n u t r i t i o n a l su ppl e me n t . M a n y o f t he my c o l o g i c a l j o u r n a l s l i st a g a r me d i a

c o n t a i n i n g pe pt o n e o r n e o pe pt o n e , t w o e a si l y a c c e ss d so u r c e s o f pr o t e i n fo r mu shr o o m my c e -

hu m. A n o t he r t y pe o f a g a r me d i a t ha t t he a u t ho r s r e c o mme n d i s a br o t h ma d e fr o m bo i l i n g w he a t

o r r y e k e r n e l s w hi c h i s t he n su ppl e me n t e d w i t h ma l t su g a r .

If a hi g h r a t e o f c o n t a mi n a t i o n fr o m ba c t e r i a i s e x pe r i e n c e d , t he a d d i t i o n o f a n t i bi o t i c s t o t he

c u l t u r e me d i a w i l l pr e v e n t t he i r g r o w t h. M o st a n t i bi o t i c s, l i k e st r e pt o my c i n , a r e n o t a u t o c l a v a bl e a n d

mu st be a d d e d t o t he a g a r me d i a a ft e r s e r i l i z t i o n w hi l e i t i s st i l l mo l t e n . O n e a n t i bi o t i c , g e n t a my c i nsu l fa t e , su r v i v e s a u t o c l a v i n g a n d i s e ffe c t i v e a g a i n st a br o a d r a n g e o f ba c t e r i a . A n t i bi o t i c s sho u l d be

u s d spa r i n g l y a n d o n l y a s a t e mpo r a r y c o n t r o l u n t i l t he so u r c e s o f ba c t e r i a c a n be e l i mi n a t e d . T he

my c e hi a o f s me mu shr o o m spe c i e s a r e a d v e r s l y a ffe c t e d by a n t i bi o t i c s

D z n s o f e n r i c he d a g a r me d i a ha v e be e n u s d su c c e ssfu l l y i n t he c u l t i v a t i o n o f fu n g i a n d

e v e r y c u l t i v a t o r d e v e l o ps d i st i n c t pr e fe r e n c e s ba s d o n e x pe r i e n c e . R e g a r d l e s s o f t he t y p e o f a g a r

me d i u m e mpl o y e d , a ma j o r c o n si d e r a t i o n i s i t s pH , a l o g a r i t hmi c s a l e d e n o t i n g t he l e v e l o f a c i d i t y

o r a l k a l i n i t y i n a r a n g e fr o m 0 ( hi g hl y a c i d i c ) t o 1 4 ( hi g hl y ba s c ) w i t h 7 be i n g n e u t r a l . S pe c i e s o f

P si l o c y be t hr i v e i n me d i a ba l a n c e d be t w e e n 6 0 -7 . 0 w he r e a s A g a r i c u s br u n n e sc e n s a n d a l l i e s

g r o w be t t e r i n n e a r n e u t r a l me d i a . M o st my c e l i a a r e fa i r l y t o l e r a n t a n d g r o w w e l l i n t he 5 . 5 -7 . 5 pH

Fi g u r e 2 1S t a n d a r dg l o v e bo x .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 34: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 34/437

Page 35: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 35/437

Page 36: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 36/437

2 2 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

ma n u fa c t u r e r ' s r e c o mme n d a t i o n s A n d so me e x t r a t i me mu st be a l l o w e d fo r a d e q u a t e pe n e t r a t i o n

o f s e a m, e spe c i a l l y i n d e n s l y pa c k e d , l a r g e a u t o c l a v e s.

O n c e st e r i l i ze d , pl a c e t he c o o k e r i n t he l a bo r a t o r y o r i n a se mi st e r i l e r o o m a n d a l l o w t he pr e s-su r e t o r e t u r n t o 1 psi be fo r e o pe n i n g . O n e l i t e r o f a g a r me d i a c a n g e n e r o u s y fi l l t hi r t y 1 0 0 x 1 5

mm. pe t r i d i she s T e c hn i q u e s fo r po u r i n g v a r y w i t h t he c u l t i v a t o r . If o n l y o n e o r t w o sl e e v e s o f pe t r i

d i she s a r e be i n g pr e pa r e d , t he pl a t e s s ho u l d be l a i d o u t s d e by si d e o n t he w o r k i n g s r fa c e . If mo r e

t ha n t w o sl e e v e s a r e be i n g po u r e d o r t a bl e spa c e i s l i mi t e d , po u r i n g t he st e r i l e pe t r i d i she s i n a v e r t i -

c a l st a c k i s u s a l l y mo r e c o n v e n i e n t .

B e fo r e po u r i n g , v i g o r o u sl y sha k e t he mo l t e n me d i a t o e v e n l y d i st r i bu t e i t s i n g r e d i e n t s. E x pe r i -

e n c e d c u l t i v a t o r s fi l l t he pl a t e s r hy t hmi c a l l y a n d w i t ho u t i n t e r r u pt i o n . A l l o w t he a g a r me d i a t o c o o l

a n d so l i d i fy be fo r e u si n g . C n d e n sa t i o n o ft e n fo r ms o n t he i n si d e su r fa c e o f t he u ppe r l i d o f a pe t r i

d i sh w he n t he a g a r me d i a be i n g po u r e d i s st i l l a t a hi g h t e m pe r a t u r e . T o r e d u c e c o n d e n sa t i o n , o n e

c a n w a i f a pe r i o d o f t i me be fo r e po u r i n g . If t he pr e ssu r e c o o k e r s i t s fo r 4 5 mi n u t e s a ft e r r e a c hi n g 1ps , a l i t e r o f l i q u i d me d i a c a n be po u r e d w i t h l i t t l e d i s o mfo r t t o u n pr o t e c t e d ha n d s.

T w o t y p e s o f c u l t u r e s c a n be o bt a i n e d fr o m a se l e c t e d mu shr o o m: o n e fr o m i t s spo r e s a n d t he

o t he r fr o m l i v i n g t i ss e o f a mu shr o o m. E i t he r t y p e c a n pr o d u c e a v i a bl e st r a i n o f my c e l i a . E a c hha s a d v a n t a g e s a n d d i s d v a n t a g e s.

Fi g u r e 2 2 & 2 3 P o u r i n g a g a r me d i a i n t o st e r i l epe t r i d i she s. A t l e ft , v e r t i c a l st a c k t e c hn i q u e .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 37: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 37/437

S t e r i l e T e c hn i q u e a n d A g a r C l t u r e / 2 3

S T A R T ING A C U L T U R E F R O M S P O R E S

A mu shr o o m c u l t u r e c a n be st a r t e d i n o n e o f t w o w a y s. M o s g r o w e r s st a r t a c u l t u r e fr o mspo r e s. T he a d v a n t a g e o f u si n g spo r e s i s t ha t t he y a r e v i a bl e fo r w e e k s t o mo n t hs a ft e r t he mu sh-

r o o m ha s d e c o mpo s d . T he o t he r w a y o f o bt a i n i n g a c u l t u r e i s t o c u t a pi e c e o f i n t e r i o r t i ssu e fr o m

a l i v e spe c i me n , i n e ffe c t a c l o n e . T i ss e c u l t u r e s mu st be t a k e n w i t hi n a d a y o r t w o fr o m t h e t i m e

t he mu shr o o m ha s be e n pi c k e d , a ft e r w hi c h a he a l t hy c l o n e be c o me s i n c r e a s n g l y d i ffi c u l t t o e st a b-

l i s h .

T a k i n g a S p o r e P r i n tT o c o l l e c t spo r e s, s v e r t he c a p fr o m t he st e m o f a fr e sh, w e l l c l e a n e d mu shr o o m a n d pl a c e i t

g i l l s d o w n o n a pi e c e o f c l e a n w hi t e pa pe r o r a c l e a n g l a ss su r f a c e su c h a s a mi c r o sc o pe sl i d e . If aspe c i me n i s pa r t i a l l y d r i e d , a d d a d r o p o r t w o o f w a t e r t o t he c a p s r fa c e t o a i d i n t he r e l e a se o f

spo r e s T o l e sse n e v a po r a t i o n a n d d i st u r b a n c e fr o m a i r c u r r e n t s, pl a c e a c u p o r g l a ss o v e r t he

mu shr o o m c a p. A ft e r a fe w ho u r s, t he spo r e s w i l l ha v e fa l l e n a c c o r d i n g t o t he r a d i a t i n g sy m me t r y o f

t he g i l l s. If t he spo r e pr i n t ha s be e n t a k e n o n pa pe r , c u t i t o u t , fo l d i t i n ha l f, se a l i n a n a i r t i g ht c o n -

t a i n e r a n d l a be l t he pr i n t w i t h t he d a t e , spe c i e s a n d c o l l e c t i o n n u mbe r . W he n u si n g mi c r o s c o pe

sl i d e s, t he spo r e s c a n be sa n d w i c he d be t w e e n t w o pi e c e s o f g l a ss a n d t a pe d a l o n g t he e d g e s t o

pr e v e n t t he e n t r y o f c o n t a mi n a n t spo r e s A spo r e pr i n t c a r e l e ssl y t a k e n o r st o r e d c a n e a si l y be c o me

c o n t a mi n a t e d , d e c r e a si n g t he c h a n c e o f a c q u i r i n g a pu r e c u l t u r e .

Fi g u r e 2 4 a T a k i n g a spo r e pr i n t o n t y p i n g pa pe r .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 38: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 38/437

2 4 / T he M u sh r o o m C l t i v a t o r

A g a r i c u s br u n n e sc e n s, P si l o c y be c u be n si s a n d ma n y o t he r mu shr o o m spe c i e s ha v e a pa r t i a l

v e i l — a t hi n l a y e r o f t i ss e e x t e n d i n g fr o m t he c a p ma r g i n t o t he st e m. T hi s v e i l c a n be a n a i d i n t he

pr o c u r e me n t o f n e a r l y c o n t a m i n a n t -fr e e spo r e s. T he v e i l s a l s t he g i l l fr o m t he o u t s d e , c r e a t i n g a

se mi -st e r i l e c ha mbe r fr o m w hi c h spo r e s c a n be r e mo v e d w i t h l i t t l e d a n g e r o f c o n t a mi n a t i o n . B yc ho o s n g a he a l t hy , y o u n g spe c i me n w i t h t he v e i l i n t a c t , a n d t he n by c a r e fu l l y r e mo v i n g t he v e i l

t i ss e u n d e r a se pt i c c o n d i t i o n s, a n e a r l y pu r e spo r e pr i n t i s o bt a i n e d . T hi s i s t he i d e a l w a y t o st a r t a

mu l t i spo r e c u l t u r e .

T e c h n i q u e s f o r S p o r e G e r m i n a t i o nO n c e a spo r e p r i n t i s o bt a i n e d , mu shr o o m c u l t u r e c a n be g i n . S t e r i l i z a n i n o c u l a t i n g l o o p o r

sc a l pe l by ho l d i n g i t o v e r t he fl a me o f a n a l c o ho l l a mp o r bu t a n e t o r c h fo r fi v e o r t e n se c o n d s u n t i l i t

i s r e d ho t . ( If a bu t a n e t o r c h i s u se d , t u r n i t d o w n t o t he l o w e s po ss bl e s t t i n g t o mi n i mi ze a i r d i s-

t u r ba n c e ) . C o l t he t i p by i n s r t i n g i t i n t o t he st e r i l e me d i a i n a pe t r i d i sh a n d s r a pe s me spo r e s o ff

t he pr i n t . T r a n sfe r t he spo r e s by st r e a k i n g t he t i p o f t he t r a n sfe r t o o l a c r o ss t he a g a r s u r fa c e . A si mi -

l a r me t ho d c a l l s fo r s r a pi n g t he spo r e pr i n t a bo v e a n o pe n e d pe t r i d i sh a n d a l l o w i n g t he m t o f r e e -

fa l l o n t o t he me d i u m. W he n st a r t i n g a n e w c u l t u r e fr o m spo r e s, i t i s be st t o i n o c u l a t e a t l e a st t hr e e

me d i a d i she s t o i mpr o v e t he c ha n c e s o f g e t t i n g a s c c e ssfu l g e r mi n a t i o n . M y c e l i u m st a r t e d i n t hi s

ma n n e r i s c a l l e d a mu l t i spo r e c u l t u r e .

W he n fi r st pr o d u c e d , spo r e s a r e mo i st , i n fl a t e d c e l l s w i t h a r e l a t i v e l y hi g h r a t e o f g e r mi n a t i o n .

A s t i me pa ss s, t he y d r y , c o l l a pse a t t he i r c e n t e r s a n d c a n n o t e a si l y g e r mi n a t e . T he pr o ba bi l i t y o f

g e r mi n a t i n g d e hy d r a t e d spo r e s i n c r e a se s by s a k i n g t he m i n s e r i l i z d w a t e r . Fo r 3 0 mi n u t e s a t 1 5

ps , st e r i l i ze a n e y e d r o ppe r o r si mi l a r d e v i c e ( sy r i n g e o r pi pe t t e ) a n d a w a t e r fi l l e d t e st t u be o r

Fi g u r e 2 4 b T a k i n g a spo r e pr i n t o n a st e r i l e pe t r id i sh a n d o n g l a ss mi c r o s o pe s i d e s

Fi g u r e 2 5 S t e r i l i zi n g t w o sc a l pe l s spe e d s u pa g a r t r a n sfe r t e c hn i q u e .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 39: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 39/437

Page 40: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 40/437

2 6 / T he M u shr o o m C ffi v a fo r

Fi g u r e 2 6 S t r o pha r i a spo r e s g e r mi n a t i n g .

Fi g u r e 2 7 P si l o c y be c u be n s s my c e l i u m g r o w i n g fr o m a g a r w e d g e , t r a n sfe r r e d fr o m amu l t i spo r e g e r mi n a t i o n . N t e t w o t y p e s o f my c e l i a l g r o w t h.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 41: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 41/437

S t e r i l e T e c h n i q u e a n d A g a r C l t u r e / 2 7

c u l t u r e s fr o m w i l d spe c i me n s ma y fr u i t v e r y po o r l y i n a n a r t i fi c i a l e n v i r o n me n t . J u s a s w i t h w i l d

pl a n t s, st r a i n s o f w i l d mu shr o o ms mu st be se l e c t i v e l y d e v e l o pe d .

O f t he ma n y n e w l y c r e a t e d s r a i n s i n t r i n s c t o mu l t i spo r e g e r mi n a t i o n , so me ma y be o n l y c a pa -

bl e o f v e g e t a t i v e g r o w t h. S u c h my c e l i a c a n a ss mi l a t e n u t r i e n t s bu t c a n n o t fo r m a mu shr o o m fr u i t -

bo d y ( t he pr o d u c t o f g e n e r a t i v e g r o w t h) . A n e t w o r k o f c e l l s c o mi n g fr o m a s n g l e spo r e i s c a l l e d a

mo n o k a r y o n . A s a r u l e , mo n o k a r y o n s a r e n o t c a pa bl e o f pr o d u c i n g fe r t i l e spo r e - be a r i n g mu sh-

r o o ms. W he n t w o c o mpa t i bl e mo n o k a r y o n s e n c o u n t e r o n e a n o t he r a n d ma t e , c y t o pl a smi c a n d g e -

n e t i c ma t e r i a l i s e x c ha n g e d . T he r e su l t a n t my c e l i u m i s a d i k a r y o n t ha t c a n pr o d u c e fe r t i l e o ff-

spr i n g i n t he fo r m o f mu shr o o ms B r a n c hi n g o r n e t w o r k i n g be t w e e n d i ffe r e n t d i k a r y o t i c st r a i n s i sk n o w n a s a n a s o m o s s. T hi s pr o c e ss o f r e c o mbi n a t i o n c a n o c c u r a t a n y s a g e o f t he c u l t i v a t i o n

pr o c e ss o n a g a r ; o n g r a i n ; o r o n bu l k s u bs r a t e s. T he c r o ssi n g o f d i ffe r e n t mu shr o o m st r a i n s i s a n a -

l o g o u s t o t he c r e a t i o n o f hy br i d s i n ho r t i c u l t u r e .

A n o t he r me t ho d fo r s a r t i n g c u l t u r e s i s t he c r e a t i o n o f s n g l e spo r e i s l a t e s a n d i s a c c o mpl i she d

by d i l u t i n g spo r e s i n a v o l u me o f st e r i l e w a t e r . T hi s spo r e so l u t i o n i s fu r t he r d i l u t e d i n t o l a r g e r v o l -

u me s o f s e r i l e w a t e r w hi c h i s i n t u r n u se d t o i n o c u l a t e me d i a d i she s. In t hi s w a y , c u l t i v a t o r s c a n o b-

Fi g u r e 2 8 Fo u r st r a i n s o f P si l o c y be c u b e n si s my c e l i u m: ( c l o c k w i se , u p pe r r i g h t ) M a t i a sR o me r o ; M i sa n t l a ; A ma z n i a n ; a n d P a l e n q u e .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 42: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 42/437

2 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

se r v e i n d i v i d u a l mo n o k a r y o n s a n d i n a c o n t r o l l e d ma n n e r i n st i t u t e a ma t i n g s he d u l e fo r t he d e v e l -

o pme n t o f hi g h y i e l d i n g s r a i n s Fo r c u l t i v a t o r s i n t e r e s e d s l e l y i n o bt a i n i n g a v i a bl e c u l t u r e , t hi s

t e c hn i q u e i s u n n e c e ss r y a n d mu l t i spo r e g e r mi n a t i o n s g e n e r a l l y s ffi c e . B u t fo r t ho se i n t e r e st e d i nc r o ss n g mo n o k a r y o t i c s r a i n s a n d s u d y i n g ma t i n g c ha r a c t e r i st i c s, t hi s me t ho d i s o f g r e a t v a l u e .

K e e p i n mi n d t ha t fo r e v e r y o n e hu n d r e d spo r e s , o n l y a n a v e r a g e o f o n e t o fi v e g e r mi n a t e . Fo r amo r e d e t a i l e d e x pl a n a t i o n o f st r a i n s a n d st r a i n g e n e t i c s, s e Cha pt e r X V

T he g r e a t e s t d a n g e r o f d o i n g c o n c e n t r a t e d mu l t i spo r e g e r mi n a t i o n s i s t he i n c r e a s d po ssi bi l i t y

o f c o n t a mi n a t i o n , e spe c i a l l y fr o m ba c t e r i a . S o me ba c t e r i a pa r a s t i z t he c e l l w a l l s o f t he my c e l i u m,

w hi l e o t he r s s i mu l a t e spo r e g e r mi n a t i o n o n l y t o be c a r r i e d u po n a n d t o s l o w l y d i g e s t he r e s l t i n g

my c e l i a . H e n c e , s me s r a i n s a r e i n he r e n t l y u n he a l t hy a n d t e n d t o be a sso c i a t e d w i t h a hi g h pe r c e n -

t a g e o f c o n t a mi n a t i o n . T he se i n fe c t e d spo r e s, i n c r e a s t he l i k e l i ho o d o f d i se a s spr e a d i n g t o n e i g h-

bo r i n g spo r e s w he n g e r mi n a t i o n i s a t t e mpt e d i n s c h hi g h n u mbe r s.

M a n y f u n g i , ho w e v e r , ha v e d e v e l o pe d a u n i q u e sy mbi o t i c r e l a t i o n shi p w i t h o t he r mi c r o o r g a n -i sms. S o me ba c t e r i a a n d y e a st s a c t u a l l y s t i mu l a t e spo r e g e r mi n a t i o n i n mu shr o o ms t ha t o t he r w i se

a r e d i ffi c u l t t o g r o w i n s e r i l e c u l t u r e . T he spo r e s o f C n t ha r e l l u s c i ba n u s, t he c o mmo n a n d hi g hl y

pr i ze d Cha n t r e l l e , d o n o t g e r mi n a t e u n d e r a r t i fi c i a l c o n d i t i o n s, r e s s i n g t he e ffo r t s o f w o r l d 's mo st

e x pe r i e n c e d my c o l o g i st s. R e c e n t l y , N l s Fr i e s ( 1 9 7 9 ) , a S w e d i sh my c o l o g i s , d i sc o v e r e d t ha t w he n

a c t i v a t e d c ha r c o a l a n d a r e d y e a st , R ho d o t o r u l a g l u fi n i s ( Fr e s . ) H a r r i so n , w e r e a d d e d t o t he me d i a ,

spo r e g e r mi n a t i o n s o n fo l l o w e d . ( A c t i v a t e d c ha r c o a l i s r e c o mme n d e d fo r a n y mu shr o o m w ho sespo r e s d o n o t e a si l y g e r mi n a t e . )

Fi g u r e 2 9 P si o c y be c u be n si s spo r e s i n fe c t e d w i t h r o d sha pe d ba c t e r i a .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 43: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 43/437

Page 44: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 44/437

3 0 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Fi g u r e 3 0 S pl i t t i n gt he mu shr o o m st e mt o e x po se i n t e r i o r

t i ss e .

Fi g u r e 3 1 C t t i n gi n t o mu shr o o m fl e shw i t h a c o o l e d , fl a me

st e r i l i z d sc a l pe l .

Fi g u r e 3 2 E x c i si n g

a pi e c e o f t i ssu e fo r

t r a n sfe r i n t o a pe t r id i s h.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 45: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 45/437

Page 46: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 46/437

3 2 / T he M u sh r o o m C l t i v a t o r

Fi g u r e 3 3 B a c t e r i a g r o w i n g fr o m c o n - Fi g u r e 3 4 R hi zo 'mo r phi c my c e l i u m.t a mi n a t e d mu shr o o m my c e l i u m. N t e d i v e r g e n t r o p e y st r a n d s

Fi g u r e 3 5 I n t e r me d i a t e l i n e a r t y p e my c e - Fi g u r e 3 6 R hi zo mo r p h i c my c e l i a w i t h t o -hu m. N t e l o n g i t u d i n a l l y r a d i a l fi n e me n t o s ( c o t t o n y ) se c t o r ( o f A g a r i c u ss r a n d s ( P s / o c y be c y a n e s e n s my c e l i u m) . br u n n e s e n s .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 47: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 47/437

S t e r i l e T e c hn i q u e a n d A g a r C l t u r e / 3 3

s i d t o be s c t o r i n g . A se c t o r i s d e f i n e d so l e l y i n c o n t r a s t o t he su r r o u n d i n g , pr e d o mi n a n t

my c e l i a . T he r e a r e t w o ma j o r c l a ss s o f my c e l i a l s c t o r s: r hi zo mo r phi c ( st r a n d y ) a n d t o me n t o se

( c o t t o n y ) . A l so , a n i n t e r m e d i a t e t y p e o f my c e l i u m o c c u r s w hi c h g r o w s l i n e a r l y ( l o n g i t u d i n a l l y r a d i a l )bu t d o e s n o t ha v e t w i st e d st r a n d s o f i n t e r w o v e n hy pha e t ha t c ha r a c t e r i ze t he r hi z mo r p hi c k i n d .

R hi zo mo r phi c my c e l i u m i s mo r e a pt t o pr o d u c e pr i mo r d i a . L i n e a r m y c e l i u m c a n a l so pr o d u c e

a bu n d a n t pr i mo r d i a bu t t hi s u s a l l y o c c u r s so o n a ft e r i t fo r ms r hi z mo r phs. K e e p i n mi n d , ho w e v e r ,

t ha t c h a r a c t e r i st i c s o f fr u i t i n g my c e l i u m a r e o ft e n spe c i e s spe c i fi c a n d ma y n o t c o n fo r m pr e c i s l y t o

t he c a t e g o r i e s o u t l i n e d he r e .

In a d i sh t ha t i s l a r g e l y c o v e r e d w i t h a c o t t o n y my c e l i a , a fa n o f s r a n d y my c e l i a w o u l d be c a l l e d

a r h i zo mo r p hi c se c t o r , a n d v i c e v e r sa . S e c t o r s a r e c o mmo n i n mu shr o o m c u l t u r e a n d a l t ho u g h l i t t l e

i s k n o w n a s t o t he i r c a u s o r fu n c t i o n , i t i s c l e a r t ha t g e n e t i c s, n u t r i t i o n a n d a g e o f t he my c e l i u m pl a y

i mpo r t a n t r o l e s

A c c o r d i n g t o S t o l l e r ( 1 9 6 2 ) t he g r o w t h o f fl u ffy s c t o r s i s e n c o u r a g e d by br o k e n a n d e x pl o d e dk e r n e l s w hi c h i n c r e a s t he a v a i l a bi l i t y o f st a r c h i n t he spa w n me d i a . W o r k i n g w i t h A g a r i c u s

br u n n e sc e n s, S t o l l e r n o t e d t ha t a l t ho u g h my c e l i a l g r o w t h i s fa st e r a t hi g h pH l e v e l s ( 7 . 5 ) t ha n a t

sl i g ht l y a c i d pH l e v e l s ( 6 . 5 ) , se c t o r i n g i s mo r e fr e q u e n t . H e fo u n d t ha t se c t o r s o n g r a i n c o u l d be r e -

. 4

Fi g u r e 3 7 P si o c y be c u b e n s i s m y c e l i a w i t h c o t t o n y a n d r hi zo mo r phi c se c t o r s. N t et ha t pr i mo r d i a fo r m a bu n d a n t l y o n r hi z mo r phi c my c e l i u m bu t n o t o n t he c o t t o n y

t y pe .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 48: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 48/437

3 4 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Fi g u r e 3 9 P r i mo r d i a o f P si o c y be c u be n si s fo r mi n g o n ma l t a g a r me d i a .

Fi g u r e 3 8 H y pha l a g g r e g a t e s o f A g a r i c u s bi t o r q u i s fo r mi n g o n ma l t a g a r me d i a .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 49: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 49/437

3 6 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 50: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 50/437

H o me c u l t i v a t o r s c a n s l e c t i v e l y d e v e l o p mu shr o o m s r a i n s by r a t i n g my c e l i a a c c o r d i n g t o se v -

e r a l c ha r a c t e r i s i c s T he s c ha r a c t e r i s i c s a r e :

1 . R hi zo mo r phi sm— fa st g r o w i n g v e g e t a t i v e my c e l i u m.2 . P u r i t y o f t he st r a i n — l a c k o f c o t t o n y se c t o r s.

3 . C e a n l i n e ss o f t he my c e l i a — l a c k o f a ss c i a t e d c o mpe t i t o r o r g a n i sms ( ba c t e r i a , mo l d s a n d

mi t e s .

4 . R e spo n se t i me t o pr i mo d i a fo r ma t i o n c o n d i t i o n s.

5 . N mbe r o f pr i mo r d i a fo r m e d .

6 . P r o po r t i o n o f pr i mo r d i a fo r me d t ha t g r o w t o m a t u r i t y .

7 . S i ze , sha pe a n d / o r c o l o r o f fr u i t bo d i e s.

8 . T o t a l y i e l d .

9 . D se a se r e s st a n c e .

1 0 . C 2 t o l e r a n c e / se n si t i v i t y .

1 1 . T e mpe r a t u r e l i mi t s.

1 2 . E a se o f ha r v e s i n g .

U si n g t he se c ha r a c t e r i s i c s, mu shr o o m br e e d e r s c a n q u a l i t a t i v e l y j u d g e s r a i n s a n d se l e c t o n e s

o v e r a pe r i o d o f t i me a c c o r d i n g t o ho w w e l l t he y c o n fo r m t o a g r o w e r 's pr e fe r e n c e s.

Fi g u r e 4 0 M a t u r e

st a n d o f P si o c y bec u be n s s o n ma l ta g a r me d i a .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 51: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 51/437

3 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 52: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 52/437

Fi g u r e 4 2 In o c u l a t i n g a t e st t u be sl a n t w i t h a pi e c e o f my c e l i u m.

c o o k e rFi g u r e 4 1 Fi l l i n g t e st t u be s w i t h l i q u i d a g a r me d i a pr i o r t o st e r i l i za t i o n i n a pr e ssu r e

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

S t e r i l e T e c hn i q u e a n d A g a r C l t u r e / 3 9

Page 53: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 53/437

A l t ho u g h a st r a i n ma y be pr e se r v e d o v e r t he l o n g t e r m u si n g t hi s me t ho d , w i l l i t be a s pr o d u c -

t i v e a s w he n i t w a s fi r s st o r e d ? O t he r st u d i e s ha v e c o n c l u d e d t ha t st r a i n s s v e d fo r mo r e t ha n 5

y e a r s u n d e r mi n e r a l o i l sho w e d d i s i n c t s g n s o f d e g e n e r a t i o n w hi l e t he s sa me st r a i n s w e r e j u st a spr o d u c t i v e a t 2 ½ y e a r s a s t he d a y t he y w e r e pr e se r v e d . N v e r t he l e ss, i t i s n o t u n r e a so n a bl e t o

pr e s me , ba se d o n t he se st u d i e s, t ha t c u l t u r e s c a n be s o r e d u p t o t w o y e a r s w i t ho u t se r i o u s

i mpa i r me n t t o t he i r v i t a l i t y .

Fo u r o t he r m e t ho d s o f pr e se r v a t i o n i n c l u d e : t he i mme r si o n o f sl a n t s i n t o l i q u i d n i t r o g e n ( a n e x -

pe n si v e pr o c e d u r e ) ; t he i n o c u l a t i o n o f w a she d st e r i l i ze d ho r se ma n u r e / s r a w c o mpo st t ha t i s t he n

k e pt a t 3 6 -3 8 F. ( S e e Cha pt e r V o n c o mpo s pr e pa r a t i o n ) ; t he i n o c u l a t i o n o f s w d u st / br a n me d i a

fo r w o o d d e c o mpo s r s ( s e s c t i o n i n Cha pt e r III o n a l t e r n a t i v e spa w n me d i a ) ; o r s a v i n g spo r e s

a c e pt i c a l l y u n d e r r e fr i g e r a t e d c o n d i t i o n s— pe r ha ps t he si mpl e st m e t ho d fo r ho me c u l t i v a t o r s .

W ha t e v e r m e t ho d i s u se d , r e me mbe r t h a t t he mu shr o o m's n a t u r e i s t o fr u i t , spo r u l a t e a n d

e v o l v e . C l t i v a t i o n t e c hn i q u e s sho u l d e v o l v e w i t h t he mu shr o o m a n d t he c u l t i v a t o r mu st se l e c t i v e l yi so l a t e a n d ma i n t a i n pr o mi si n g st r a i n s a s t he y d e v e l o p. S o d o n 't be t o o s r pr i s d i f fi v e y e a r s d o w n

t he l i n e a s o r e d st r a i n po o r l y r e se mbl e s t he o r i g i n a l i n i t s fr u i t i n g po t e n t i a l o r f o r m.

Fi g u r e 4 3 C l t u r e sl a n t o f he a l t hy my c e l i u mr e a d y f o r c o o l s o r a g e .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

4 0 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 54: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 54/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r a i n C l t u r e / 4 1

Page 55: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 55/437

C H A P T E R I I I

G R A I N C U L T U R E

Fi g u r e 4 4 H a l f g a l l o n sp a w n j a r s a t 3 a n d 8 d a y s a ft e r i n o c u l a t i o n .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 56: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 56/437

G r a i n C l t u r e / 4 3

Page 57: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 57/437

W H E A T : W o r k s e q u a l l y w e l l a s r y e fo r spa w n ma k i n g a n d fr u i t bo d y p r o d u c t i o n .

W H E A T G R A S S a n d R Y E G R A S S S E E D : B o t h ha v e ma n y mo r e k e r n e l s pe r g r a m t ha n

g r a i n . T he d i s d v a n t a g e o f se e d i s t he t e n d e n c y t o l o s i t s mo i s u r e a n d i t s i n a bi l i t y t o se pa -r a t e i n t o i n d i v i d u a l k e r n e l s, ma k i n g i t d i ffi c u l t t o sha k e . ( R y e g r a ss a n d w he a t g r a ss se e d a r e

w i d e l y u se d t o p r o mo t e s c l e r o t i a fo r ma t i o n i n P si l o c y be fa mpa n e n s s, P si l o c y be me x i c a n a

a n d P s l o c y be a r ma n d i i . P e r e n n i a l o r a n n u a l c a n be u se d a l t ho u g h a n n u a l i s fa r c h e a pe r .

S e e t he spe c i e s pa r a me t e r s fo r t he se spe c i e s i n Cha pt e r X l . )

R Y E : It s a v a i l a bi l i t y , l o w c o s a n d a bi l i t y t o s pa r a t e i n t o i n d i v i d u a l k e r n e l s a r e a l l fe a t u r e s

r e c o mme n d i n g i t s u s a s a spa w n a n d fr u i t i n g me d i u m.

T H E C E R E A L G R A I N S A N D T H E I R P H Y S I C A L P R O P E R T I E S( t e s t s r u n by t he a u t ho r s

T Y P E K E R N L S / G R A M G R A M S / 1 0 0 M L % M O IS T U R E

C M M E R CIA L 3 0 7 5 1 5 %

Fft D R Y E

C M M E R CIA L 4 0 7 2 1 3 %

M U S H R O O M R Y E

O R G A N IC 5 5 7 6 1 1 %

C -O P R Y E

O R G A NIC W H E A T 3 4 9 0 1 0 %

S H O R T G R A I N 3 9 1 0 0 2 6 %

B R O W N R ICL O N G R A I N 4 5 8 6 1 5 %

B R O W N R IC

S O R G H U M ( M IL O ) 3 3 9 3 1 5 %

P E R E NNIA L W H E A T 4 5 0 4 3 1 6 %

G R A S S S E E D

P E R E NNIA L R Y E 4 1 5 3 9 1 2 %

G R A S S S E E D

M IL L E T 1 6 6 8 3 1 3 %

In a s n g l e g r a m o f c o mme r c i a l r y e , S e c a l e c e r e a l e , t he r e i s a n e st i ma t e d c e l l c o u n t o f5 0 ,0 0 0 -1 0 0 ,0 0 0 ba c t e r i a , mo r e t ha n 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 a c t i n o my c e s, 1 2 ,0 0 0 fu n g i a n d a l a r g e n u mbe r o fy e a s s. T o s e r i l i z o n e g r a m o f g r a i n w o u l d r e q u i r e , i n e ffe c t , t he d e st r u c t i o n o f mo r e t ha n 3 0 0 ,0 0 0

c o n t a mi n a n t s In a spa w n j a r c o n t a i n i n g i n e x c e ss o f a hu n d r e d g r a m s o f g r a i n , a n d w i t h t he a d d i t i o n

o f w a t e r , t he c e l l po pu l a t i o n s a r s t o a s r o n o mi c a l fi g u r e s.

O f a l l t he g r o u ps o f t he s o r g a n i sms, ba c t e r i a a r e t he mo st pe r n i c i o u s. B a c t e r i a c a n d i v i d e

e v e r y t w e n t y o r so mi n u t e s a t r o o m t e mpe r a t u r e . A t t hi s r a t e , a s n g l e ba c t e r i u m mu l t i pl i e s i n t o

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 58: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 58/437

G r a i n C l t u r e / 4 5

Page 59: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 59/437

T he n r e w e i g h t he sa me g r a i n a ft e r i t ha s be e n d r i e d i n a n o v e n ( 2 5 0 O F. fo r 3 ho u r s) a n d su bt r a c t

t hi s n e w w e i g ht fr o m t he o r i g i n a l 1 0 0 g r a ms. T he r e su l t a n t fi g u r e i s t he pe r c e n t a g e o f mo i st u r e n a t -

u r a l l y bo u n d w i t hi n t he g r a i n .

P R E P A R A T I O N O F G R A I N S P A W NT h e o pt i mu m mo i st u r e c o n t e n t fo r g r a i n i n t he pr o d u c t i o n o f spa w n i s be t w e e n 4 9 -5 4 % . T he

fo l l o w i n g fo r mu l a s a r e ba se d o n c e r e a l r y e g r a i n , S e c a l e c e r e a l e , w hi c h u s a l l y ha s a mo i st u r e

c o n t e n t o f 1 1 % . S o me v a r i a t i o n sho u l d be e x p e c t e d d e pe n d i n g o n t he br a n d , k e r n e l si ze , g e o -

g r a p hi c a l o r i g i n a n d t he w a y t he g r a i n h a s be e n s o r e d .

T he s a n d a r d s pa w n c o n t a i n e r fo r t he ho me c u l t i v a t o r i s t he q u a r t ma so n j a r w hi l e t hec o mme r c i a l spa w n ma k e r pr e fe r s t he g a l l o n j a r . W i d e mo u t h ma so n j a r s ha v e be e n e x t e n si v e l y

u se d by ho me c u l t i v a t o r s be c a u s o f se v e r a l bo o k s po pu l a r i zi n g fr u i t bo d y pr o d u c t i o n i n t he se j a r sW i d e mo u t h j a r s ha v e be e n pr e fe r r e d be c a u s mu shr o o ms g r o w n i n t he m a r e e a s e r t o ha r v e st t ha n

t ho se i n n a r r o w mo u t h o n e s N t o n l y i s t hi s me t ho d o f g r o w i n g mu shr o o ms o u t d a t e d , bu t w i d e

mo u t h j a r s ha v e s v e r a l d i s d v a n t a g e s fo r spa w n pr o d u c t i o n a n d he n c e a r e n o t r e c o mme n d e d .

N r r o w mo u t he d c o n t a i n e r s ha v e l e ss c h a n c e o f c o n t a mi n a t i n g fr o m a i r bo r n e spo r e s be c a u se o f

t he i r sma l l e r o pe n i n g s a n d a r e mo r e s i t e d t o u s w i t h s n t he t i c fi l t e r d i s s T he pu r po se o f t he

spa w n c o n t a i n e r i s t o t e mpo r a r i l y ho u se t he i n c u ba t i n g my c e l i u m be fo r e i t i s l a i d o u t i n t r a y s o r u se d

t o i n o c u l a t e bu l k su bst r a t e s. J a r s a r e n o t w e l l su i t e d a s a fr u i t i n g c o n t a i n e r .

M o st c o mme r c i a l spa w n ma k e r s c a p t he i r spa w n bo t t l e s w i t h sy n t he t i c fi l t e r d i sc s w hi c h a l l o w

a i r pe n e t r a t i o n a n d g a s o u s e x c ha n g e bu t n o t t he fr e e pa ssa g e o f c o n t a mi n a t i n g spo r e s . H o me

c u l t i v a t o r s , o n t he o t he r ha n d , ha v e u s d i n v e r t e d ma s n l i d s w hi c h i mpe r fe c t l y se a l a n d a l l o w so me

Fi g u r e 4 5 T w o j a r so f g r a i n me d i a ,

b e fo r e a n d a f t e ra u t o c l a v i n g u si n g t hea bo v e fo r mu l a s

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

4 6 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 60: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 60/437

a i r e x c ha n g e . T hi s me t ho d w o r k s fi n e u n d e r st e r i l e c o n d i t i o n s a l t ho u g h t he d e g r e e o f fi l t r a t i o n i s n o t

g u a r a n t e e d . T he be s c o mbi n a t i o n u s s fi l t e r d i sc s i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h o n e pi e c e s r e w t o p l i d sha v i n g a % -½ i n c h d i a me t e r ho l e d r i l l e d i n t o i t s c e n t e r a n d fi t t i n g a n a r r o w mo u t he d a u t o c l a v a bl e

c o n t a i n e r . T he a u t ho r s pe r so n a l l y f i n d t he r e g u l a r mo u t he d ½ g a l l o n ma s n j a r t o be i d e a l . ( N t e :T he se ½ g a l l o n j a r s a r e i n o c u l a t e d fr o m q u a r t ma st e r s, a t e c hn i q u e s o n t o be d i s u sse d ) . U si n g

o n l y fi l t e r d i s s o n w i d e mo u t h j a r s i s n o t r e c o mme n d e d d u e t o t he e x c e ssi v e e v a po r a t i o n fr o m t he

g r a i n me d i u m.

T o pr o d u c e g r a i n s pa w n o f 4 8 -5 2 % mo i st u r e u se t he fo r mu l a s o u t l i n e d be l o w a n d a u t o c l a v e i n

a pr e ssu r e c o o k e r fo r 1 h o u r a t 1 5 -1 8 psi . N t e t ha t c o n si d e r a bl e v a r i a t i o n e x i s s be t w e e n me a su r -

i n g c u ps, d i ffe r i n g a s mu c h a s 1 0 % i n t he i r v o l u me s Che c k t he me a su r i n g c u p w i t h a g r a d u a t e d

c y l i n d e r . O n c e st a n d a r d i ze d , fa shi o n a " g r a i n sc o o p" a n d a " w a t e r s o o p" fr o m a pl a s i c c o n t a i n e r

t o t he pr o po r t i o n s spe c i fi e d be l o w .

S pa w n F o r m u l a sQ U A R T J A R S ½ G A L L O N J A R S

1 c u p r y e g r a i n 3 c u ps r y e g r a i n

2 / 3 ¾ c u p w a t e r 1 ¾ c u ps w a t e r

o r

( a ppr o x i ma t e l y )

2 4 0 ml . g r a i n 6 0 0 ml . r y e g r a i n

1 7 0 -2 0 0 ml . w a t e r 4 0 0 -4 6 0 m l . w a t e r

F i g u r e 4 6C o m m e r c i a l spa w nma k e r 's a u t o c l a v e .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r a i n C l t u r e / 4 7

Page 61: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 61/437

T he a bo v e fo r mu l a s fi l l a q u a r t o r a ha l f g a l l o n j a r t o n e a r l y 2 / 3 o f i t s c a pa c i t y a ft e r a u t o c l a v i n g . In a l l

t he s fo r mu l a s, c ha l k ( C C 3 ) a n d g y p su m ( C S 0 4 ) c a n be a d d e d a t a r a t eo f 1 - 3 pa r t s by w e i g ht

pe r 1 0 0 pa r t s o f g r a i n ( d r y w e i g ht ) . T he r a t i o o f c ha l k t o g y ps m i s 1 : 4 . T he a d d i t i o n o f t he se

e l e me n t s t o s pa w n i s o pt i o n a l fo r mo st spe c i e s bu t n e c e ss r y w he n g r o w i n g A g a r i c u s br u n n e sc e n s.

W he n t he se c a l c i u m bu ffe r s a r e u s d , a d d 1 0 % mo r e w a t e r t ha n t ha t l i st e d a bo v e .

O n c e t he g r a i n fi l l e d j a r s ha v e be e n a u t o c l a v e d , t he y sho u l d be pl a c e d i n t he st e r i l e r o o m a n d

a l l o w e d t o c o o l . P r i o r t o t hi s po i n t , t he r o o m a n d i t s a i r sho u l d be d i si n fe c t e d , e i t he r t hr o u g h t he u se

o f t r a d i t i o n a l c l e a n i n g me t ho d s, H E P A fi l t e r s o r bo t h.

U po n r e mo v i n g t he w a r m j a r s fr o m t he pr e ss r e c o o k e r o r a u t o c l a v e , sha k e t he m t o l o o se n t he

g r a i n a n d t o e v e n l y d i s r i bu t e w e t a n d d r y k e r n e l s. S ha k i n g a l s pr e v e n t s t he k e r n e l s a t t he bo t t o m

o f t he j a r f r o m c l u mpi n g .

A n e x c e l l e n t t o o l t o h e l p i n t hi s pr o c e d u r e i s a ba l d c a r t i r e o r pa d d e d c h a i r . H a v i n g be e n c a r e -fu l l y c l e a n e d a n d d i si n fe c t e d , t he t i r e sho u l d be mo u n t e d i n a n u pr i g ht a n d st a bl e po si t i o n . T he t i r e

ha s a pe r fe c t s r fa c e a g a i n st w hi c h t o sha k e t he j a r s, mi n i mi z n g d i sc o mfo r t t o t he ha n d s a n d r e d u c -

i n g t he r i s o f i n j u r y fr o m br e a k a g e . T he t i r e w i l l be u se d a t a n o t he r st a g e i n g r a i n c u l t u r e , so i t

sho u l d be c l e a n e d r e g u l a r l y . P a i n t sha k e r s a r e e mpl o y e d by c o mme r c i a l spa w n ma k e r s fo r t hi s

s me pu r p o se bu t t he y a r e i n a ppr o pr i a t e fo r t he ho me c u l t i v a t o r . C U T IO N A L W A Y S IN P E C

T H E J A R S FO R C A C S B E FO R E S H A K IN .

W he n t he g r a i n j a r s ha v e r e t u r n e d t o r o o m t e mpe r a t u r e , a g a r t o g r a i n i n o c u l a t i o n s c a n c o r n -

Fi g u r e 4 7 P r e ssu r e c o o k e r o f ho me c u l t i - Fi g u r e 4 8 T he r u bbe r t i r e i s a he l pf u l

v a t o r . t o o l fo r t he sp a w n l a bo r a t o r y . It i s u se dt o l o o se n g r a i n spa w n .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 62: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 62/437

Page 63: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 63/437

5 0 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 64: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 64/437

Fi g u r e 4 9 Fl a mi n gt he sc a l pe l .

Fi g u r e 5 0 C t t i n gt w o w e d g e s o fmy c e l i u m c o l o n i ze da g a r .

Fi g u r e 5 1In o c u l a t i n g st e r i l i ze dg r a i n .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r a i n C l t u r e / 5 1

Page 65: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 65/437

t o t w o a n d a ha l f w e e k s t o c o l o n i ze g r a i n w hi l e P si / o c y be c u be n si s g r o w s t hr o u g h i n a w e e k t o t e n

d a y s. H e r e a g a i n , t he u se o f t he fi r e a s a s t r i k i n g s r fa c e c a n be a n a i d t o sha k i n g . Fo r sl o w e r g r o w -

i n g spe c i e s, a c o mmo n sha k i n g sc he d u l e i s o n t he 5 t h a n d 9 t h d a y s a ft e r i n o c u l a t i o n . T he c u l t u r e s

sho u l d be i n c u ba t e d i n a se mi -s e r i l e e n v i r o n me n t a t t he t e mpe r a t u r e mo st a ppr o pr i a t e fo r t he

spe c i e s be i n g c u l t i v a t e d . ( S e e Cha pt e r X l ) .

A ft e r t r a n sfe r r i n g my c e l i u m fr o m a g a r t o g r a i n , fu r t he r t r a n sfe r s c a n be c o n d u c t e d fr o m t he se

g r a i n c u l t u r e s t o e v e n mo r e g r a i n fi l l e d j a r s. A sc he d u l e o f su c c e ss v e t r a n sfe r s fr o m t he fi r st i n o c u -

l a t e d g r a i n j a r , d e s g n a t e d C-i , t hr o u g h t w o mo r e " g e n e r a t i o n s" o f t r a n sfe r s ( C-2 , G - 3 r e spe c t i v e -

l y ) w i l l r e s l t i n a n e x po n e n t i a l e x pa n si o n o f my c e l i a l ma ss. If fo r i n st a n c e , 1 0 j a r s w e r e i n o c u l a t e d

fr o m a n a g a r g r o w n c u l t u r e ( C-i ) , t he y c o u l d fu r t he r i n o c u l a t e 1 0 0 j a r s ( C-2 ) w hi c h i n t u r n c o u l dg o i n t o i 0 0 0 j a r s ( C-3 ) . A s o n e c a n se e , i t i s o f c r i t i c a l i mpo r t a n c e t ha t t he fi r st se t o f spa w n ma st e r s

be a bso l u t e l y pu r e fo r i t ma y u l t i ma t e l y i n o c u l a t e a s ma n y a s 1 ,0 0 0 j a r s In o c u l a t i o n s be y o n d t het hi r d g e n e r a t i o n o f t r a n sfe r s a r e n o t r e c o mme n d e d . In d e e d , i f a c o n t a mi n a t i o n r a t e a bo v e 1 0 % i s e x -

pe r i e n c e d a t t he se c o n d g e n e r a t i o n o f t r a n sfe r s, t he n c o n si d e r C-2 a t e r mi n a l s a g e . T he se c u l t u r e s

c a n i n o c u l a t e bu l k su bst r a t e s o r be l a i d o u t i n t r a y s, c a s d a n d fr u i t e d .

G r a i n -t o -g r a i n t r a n sfe r s a r e o n e o f t he mo st e ffi c i e n t me t ho d s o f spa w n ma k i n g . T hi s me t ho d i s

pr e fe r r e d by mo st c o mme r c i a l spa w n l a bo r a t o r i e s spe c i a l i zi n g i n A g a r i c u s c u l t u r e . T he y i n t u r n se l l

g r a i n spa w n t ha t i s a se c o n d o r t hi r d t r a n sfe r t o A g a r i c u s fa r me r s w ho u s t hi s t o i mpr e g n a t e t he i r

c o mpo s . Fo r t he c r e a t i o n o f l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f spa w n , t he g r a i n -t o -g r a i n t e c hn i q u e i s fa r su pe r i o r t o

a g a r -t o -g r a i n fo r bo t h i t s e a se a n d spe e d . H o w e v e r , e v e r y c u l t i v a t o r mu s u l t i ma t e l y r e t u r n t o a g a r

c u l t u r e i n o r d e r t o ma i n t a i n t he pu r i t y o f t he s r a i n .

Fi g u r e 5 2 a S pa w n ma st e r Fi g u r e 5 2 b S pa w n ma s e r Fi g u r e 5 2 c In o c u l a t i n g

r e a d y fo r t r a n sfe r . a ft e r sh a k i n g . st e r i l i ze d g r a i n f r o m spa w nma st e r .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

5 2 / T he M u sh r o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 66: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 66/437

Fi g u r e 5 4 S pa w n j a rw i t h H e a v y G r o w t h, a nu n d e si r a bl ec ha r a c t e r i st i c a r i si n gfr o m c o ft o n y se c t o r s.

Fi g u r e 5 3 S pa w n j a r c o n t a mi n a t e d w i t h W e t S po t ba c t e r i a , g i v i n g t he g r a i n a g r e a sya ppe a r a n c e a n d e mi t t i n g a so u r o d o r .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r a i n C l t u r e / 5 3

Page 67: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 67/437

Fi g u r e 5 5 D a g r a ma t i c e x pa n s o n o f my c e l i a l ma ss u si n g g r a i n -t o -g r a i n t r a n sf e r t e c h -n i q u e . O n e pe t r i d i sh c a n i n o c u l a t e 1 0 spa w n j a r s ( G -1 ) w hi c h i n t u r n c a n be u se d t oi n o c u l a t e 1 0 0 mo r e j a r s ( G -2 ) a n d e v e n t u a l l y 1 0 0 0 j a r s o f spa w n ( G -3 ) pr o v i d e d t he c u l -

t u r e r e ma i n s pu r e .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

5 4 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 68: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 68/437

S a w d u st / B r a n S pa w n

4 pa r t s sa w d u st ( ha r d w o o d )

1 pa r t br a n ( r i c e o r w he a t )

S o a k t he s w d u s i n w a t e r fo r a l e a stt w e n t y fo u r ho u r s, a l l o w t o d r a i n a n d t he nt ho r o u g hl y mi x i n t he br a n . If t he mi x t u r e ha s

t he pr o pe r m o i s u r e c o n t e n t , a fi r m sq u e e ze

r e su l t s i n a fe w d r o ps be t w e e n t he fi n g e r s Fi l l

t he ma t e r i a l fi r ml y t o t he n e c k o f t he spa w nc o n t a i n e r ( w i d e m o u t h) . J a pa n e s spa w nma k e r s bo r e a ½ i n c h d i a me t e r ho l e d o w nt he c e n t e r o f t he me d i a i n t o w hi c h t he y l a t e ri n s r t t he i r i n o c u l u m. S t e r i l i ze fo r 6 0 -9 0 mi n -

u t e s a t 1 5 ps . O n c e c o o l e d , i n o c u l a t e fr o ma g a r me d i a , l i q u i d e mu l s o n , o r g r a i n . A fu l l y

g r o w n bo t t l e o f sa w d u s br a n spa w n c a n a l s

be u se d fo r fu r t he r i n o c u l a t i o n s.

P e r l i t e S p a w n

1 2 0 m i l l i l i t e r s w a t e r4 0 g r a ms pe r l i t e

5 0 g r a ms w he a t br a n6 g r a ms g y psu m ( c a l c i u m s l fa t e )

1 . 5 g r a ms c a l c i u m c a r bo n a t e

S c r e e n t h e pe r l i t e t o r e mo v e t he fi n epo w d e r a n d pa r t i c u l a t e s. F i l l t he c o n t a i n e r

( sma l l mo u t h) w i t h t he d r y i n g r e d i e n t s a n dmi x w e l l . A d d t he w a t e r a n d c o n t i n u e mi x i n g

u n t i l t he i n g r e d i e n t s a r e t ho r o u g h l y mo i s-t e n e d . S t e r i l i z fo r o n e ho u r a t 1 5 psi . In o c u -

l a t e fr o m a g a r me d i a o r l i q u i d e mu l si o n .

Fi g u r e 5 6 M y c e l i u m r u n n i n gt hr o u g h sa w d u st / br a n spa w n .

A L T E R N A T I V E S P A W N M E D I A

S o m e mu shr o o m spe c i e s d o n o t g r o w w e l l o n g r a i n a n d a r e b e t t e r su i t e d t o a l t e r n a t i v e spa w nme d i a . O t he r mu shr o o ms a r e g r o w n o n s bs r a t e s i n c o mpa t i bl e w i t h g r a i n spa w n . Fo r e x a mpl e ,

sa w d u st a n d br a n a r e t he pr e fe r r e d spa w n ma t e r i a l s fo r t he c u l t i v a t i o n s o f w o o d i n ha bi t o r s su c h a s

L e n t i n u s e d o d e s a n d Fl a mmu l i n a v e l u t i pe s A n o t he r spa w n me d i a ha s a pe r l i t e br a n ba se . P e r l i t e i s

v i t r e o u s r o c k , he a t e d t o 1 0 0 0 ° F. a n d e x p l o d e d l i k e po pc o r n . T he t hi n fl a k e s o f br a n a r e r e a d i l y

s e r i l i z d w hi l e t he pe r l i t e g i v e s t he me d i u m i t s s r u c t u r e . T he r e c i pe s a r e :

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 69: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 69/437

5 6 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 70: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 70/437

Fi g u r e 5 7Fi g u r e 5 8Fi g u r e 5 9i n o c u l a t i o nF i g u r e 6 0

D a w i n g u p my c e l i u m t r o m c u l t u r e d i sh w i t h s r i n g e .S y r i n g e i n o c u l a t i o n o f st e r i l i ze d g r a i n .

E be r ba c h c o n t a i n e r ma n u fa c t u r e d fo r l i q u i d c u l t u r e . N t e bo l t c o v e r i n gho l e .

D a w i n g u p l i q u i d i n o c u l u m.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 71: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 71/437

5 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 72: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 72/437

t i o n i s mo s l y c o mpo se d o f a l c o ho l s ( e t ha n o l a n d a c e t o n e ) , i n t i me a c i d s a r e pr o d u c e d t ha t c a u se

t he l o w e r i n g o f t he su bs r a t e 's pH . T he s w a s e pr o d u c t s a r e fa v o r a bl e t o t he pr o pa g a t i o n o f ba c t e r i a

t ha t t hr i v e i n a q u e o u s e n v i r o n me n t s. S ma l l a m o u n t s o f t hi s fl u i d d o n o t e n d a n g e r t he c u l t u r e ;e x c e ss v e w a st e f l u i d s ( w he r e t he c u l t u r e t a k e s o n a y e l l o w i sh hu e ) a r e d e fi n i t e l y d e t r i me n t a l . If t hi s

fl u i d c o l l e c t s i n q u a n t i t i e s, t he my c e l i u m s c k e n s a n d e v e n t u a l l y d i e s i n i fs o w n w a s e s . S u c h e x c e s-

si v e " sw e a t i n g " i s i n d i c a t i v e o f o n e o r a c o mbi n a t i o n o f t he fo l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s:

1 . i n c u ba t i o n a t t o o hi g h a t e mpe r a t u r e fo r t he spe c i e s be i n g c u l t i v a t e d . N t e t ha t t he t e m pe r a -

t u r e w i t hi n a spa w n j a r i s se v e r a l d e g r e e s hi g he r t ha n t he su r r o u n d i n g a i r t e mpe r a t u r e .

2 . O v e r -a g i n g o f t he c u l t u r e s ; t o o l e n g t hy a n i n c u ba t i o n pe r i o d .

3 . L a c k o f g a s e x c h a n g e , e n c o u r a g i n g a n a e r o bi c c o n t a mi n a t i o n .

C n t a mi n a t e d j a r s sho u l d be s e r i l i z d o n a w e e k l y b a s s D n o t d i g o u t mo l d y c u l t u r e s u n l e ss

t he y ha v e be e n a u t o c l a v e d o r i f t he i d e n t i t y o f t he c o n t a mi n a n t i n q u e s i o n i s k n o w n t o be be n i g n .

S e v e r a l c o n t a m i n a n t s i n mu shr o o m c u l t u r e a r e pa t ho g e n i c t o hu ma n s, c a u s n g a v a r i e t y o f sk i n d i s-

e a se s a n d r e spi r a t o r y a i l me n t s ( S e e Cha pt e r X III o n t he c o n t ma n i n a n t s o f mu shr o o m c u l t u r e ) .

A u t o c l a v e c o n t a mi n a t e d j a r s fo r 3 0 mi n u t e s a t 1 5 ps a n d c l e a n s o n a ft e r . M a n y a u t o c l a v e d j a r s,

o n c e c o n t a mi n a t e d , r e - c o n t a mi n a t e w i t hi n o n l y a fe w d a y s i f t he i r c o n t e n t s ha v e be e n n o t d i sc a r d e d .

Fi g u r e 6 1 H a l f g a l l o n j a r s o f sp a w n i n c u - Fi g u r e 6 2 G a l l o n j a r s i n c u ba t i n g i n se mi -

ba t i n g i n se mi st e r i l e e n v i r o n me n t , s e r i l e e n v i r o n me n t .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r a i n C l t u r e / 5 9

Page 73: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 73/437

If a n e x c e pt i o n a l l y hi g h c o n t a mi n a t i o n r a t e pe r si st s, r e v i e w t he po ss bl e s u r c e s o f c o n t a mi n a -

t i o n , pa r t i c u l a r l y t he q u a l i t y o f t he ma st e r spa w n c u l t u r e s ( su c h a s t he mo i s u r e c o n t e n t o f t he g r a i n )

a n d t he g e n e r a l hy g i e n e o f t he i mme d i a t e e n v i r o n me n t . O n c e t he c u l t u r e s ha v e g r o w n t hr o u g h w i t h

my c e l i u m a n d a r e o f k n o w n pu r i t y , t hi s spa w n c a n be u s d t o i n o c u l a t e bu l k s bs r a t e s o r c a n be

l a y e d o u t i n fr a y s, c a se d a n d fr u i t e d .

Fi g u r e 6 3 Cha r t sho w i n g i n fl u e n c e o f t e mpe r a t u r e o n t he r a t e o f my c e l i a l g r o w t h i nP si o c y be c u be n si s a n d P si l o c y be me x i c a n a . ( A d a pt e d fr o m A me s e t a l . , 1 9 5 8 ) .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

6 0 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 74: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 74/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he M u shr o o m G r o w i n g R o o m/ 6 1

CH A P T E R I V

Page 75: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 75/437

T H E M U S H R O O MG R O W I N G R O O M

Fi g u r e 6 4 S ma l l g r o w i n g r o o m u t i l i zi n g she l v e s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

6 2 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

S T R U CT U R E A N D G R O W I N G S Y S T E M S

Page 76: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 76/437

Mu shr o o m c u l t i v a t i o n w a s o r i g i n a l l y a n o u t d o o r a c t i v i t y d e pe n d e n t o n se a s n a l c o n d i t i o n s.

S u bs r a t e s w e r e p r e p a r e d a n d spa w n e d w he n o u t s d e t e mpe r a t u r e s a n d hu mi d i fy w e r e

fa v o r a bl e . T hi s i s s i l l t he c a s w i t h ma n y sma l l s a l e g r o w e r s o f V l v a r i e l l a v o l v a c e a , S t r o pha r i a

r u g o s -a n n u l a t a a n d L e n t i n u s e c l o c i e sA g a r i c u s c u l t i v a t o r s g r o w so l e l y i n d o o r s. In i t i a l l y , A g a r i c u s g r o w e r s i n Fr a n c e a d a pt e d t he l i me -

st o n e mi n e s n e a r P a r i s a n d i n t he L o i r e v a l l e y t o me e t t he n e c e ss r y c u l t u r a l r e q u i r e me n t s o f t ha t

mu shr o o m. T he s " c a v e s" w e r e w e l l s i t e d be c a u se o f t he i r c o n s a n t t e mpe r a t u r e a n d hi g h hu mi d -

i t y , e sse n t i a l r e q u i r e me n t s fo r mu shr o o m g r o w i n g . W he n t he fi r s ho u se s d e s g n e d s l e l y fo r mu sh-

r o o ms w e r e bu i l t i n t he e a r l y 1 9 0 0 's, t e mpe r a t u r e a n d hu mi d i fy c o n t r o l w e r e t he ma i n fa c t o r s g u i d -

i n g t he i r c o n st r u c t i o n .

Fo r t he ho me c u l t i v a t o r , a g r o w i n g r o o m sho u l d be sc a l e d a c c o r d i n g t o t he s o pe o f t he pr o j -

e c t . T he fo l l o w i n g g u i d e l i n e s su ppl y t he i n fo r ma t i o n t o p r o pe r l y d e s g n a n d e q u i p a g r o w i n g c h a m-be r , ba se me n t g r o w i n g r o o m, o u t d o o r she d o r g a r a g e .

F i g u r e 6 5 A n i n s u l a t e d p l a s t i c g r e e n h o u s e s u i t a b l e f o r m u s h r o o m g r o w i n g .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

S t r u c t u r e

T he M u shr o o m G r o w i n g R o o m/ 6 3

Page 77: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 77/437

T he ba s c s r u c t u r e o f a mu shr o o m ho u s i s ma d e o f w o o d o r c o n c r e t e bl o c k w i t h a c e me n t

fl o o r . B e c a u se w a t e r c o l l e c t s o n t he fl o o r d u r i n g t he c r o ppi n g c y c l e , pr o v i si o n s sho u l d be ma d e fo rd r a i n a g e . A w o o d fl o o r c a n be c o v e r e d w i t h a he a v y g u a g e pl a st i c . In t e r i o r w a l l s, c e i l i n g s a n d e x -

po se d w o o d su r fa c e s sho u l d be t r e a t e d w i t h a ma r i n e e n a me l o r e po x y -pl a s i c ba se d pa i n t . A w hi t e

c o l o r e n ha n c e s l i g ht i n g a n d e x p o se s a n y c o n t a mi n a t i n g mo l d s

T he mo st i mpo r t a n t fe a t u r e o f a g r o w i n g r o o m i s t he a bi l i t y t o ma i n t a i n a c o n st a n t t e mpe r a t u r e .

In t hi s r e spe c t , i n s l a t i o n i s c r i t i c a l . T he w a l l s sho u l d be i n s l a t e d w i t h R = 1 1 o r R = 1 9 a n d t he c e i l -

i n g w i t h R = 3 0 i n s l a t i n g ma t e r i a l s. Fi be r g l a ss o r st y r o fo a m w o r k w e l l bu t sho u l d be pr o t e c t e d

fr o m t he hi g h hu mi d i t i e s o f t he g r o w i n g r o o m t o pr e v e n t w a t e r f r o m sa t u r a t i n g t he m. Fo r t hi s pu r -

po s , a 2 -4 mi l . pl a s i c v a po r ba r r i e r i s pl a c e d be t w e e n t he i n su l a t i o n a n d t he i n t e r i o r w a l l .

A n a i r t i g ht r o o m i s a n e sse n t i a l fe a t u r e o f t he mu shr o o m g r o w i n g e n v i r o n me n t , pr e v e n t i n g i n -

se c t s a n d spo r e s fr o m e n t e r i n g a s w e l l a s g i v i n g t he c u l t i v a t o r fu l l c o n t r o l o v e r t he fr e sh a i r su ppl y .D r i n g t he c o n st r u c t i o n o r mo d i fi c a t i o n o f t he r o o m, a l l c r a c k s, se a ms a n d j o i n t s sho u l d be c a r e fu l l y

s a l e d .

M a n y g r o w e r s mo d i fy e x i st i n g r o o ms i n t he i r o w n ho me s o r ba se me n t s T he ma i n c o n si d e r a -

t i o n fo r t hi s a ppr o a c h i s t o pr o t e c t t he ho u se st r u c t u r e ( n o r ma l l y w o o d ) f r o m w a t e r d a ma g e a n d t o

ma k e t he g r o w i n g c ha mbe r a i r t i g ht . T hi s i s a c c o mpl i she d by pl a st i c she e t s st a pl e d o r t a pe d t o t he

w a l l s, c e i l i n g a n d fl o o r , w i t h t he s a ms a n d a d j o i n i n g pi e c e s w e l l se a l e d . If t he r o o m i s a d j a c e n t t o a n

e x t e r i o r ho u se w a l l w he r e a w i d e t e mpe r a t u r e f l u c t u a t i o n o c c u r s, c o n d e n sa t i o n ma y f o r m be t w e e n

t he pl a st i c a n d t he w a l l . W i t hi n t he se l a r g e r st r u c t u r e s, a pl a st i c t e n t o r e n v e l o pe r o o m c a n be c o n -

Fi g u r e 6 6 C u l t i v a t i o n o f m u s h r o o m s i n a n a q u a r i u m .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 78: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 78/437

T he M u shr o o m G r o w i n g R o o m/ 6 5

Page 79: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 79/437

N

Fi g u r e 6 7 D u bl e s ppo r t a n d c e n t e r po l e d e s g n she l v e s. B o t h she l v e s a r e fi r ml y a t -

t a c he d t o t he fl o o r a n d t he c e i l i n g .

u n i t s c o me i n a v a r i e t y o f w i d t hs a n d l e n g t hs a n d ha v e t he d i s i n c t a d v a n t a g e o f be i n g i mpe r v i o u s t o

d i se a s g r o w t h. T he i r u s i s pa r t i c u l a r l y a ppr o pr i a t e fo r c r o ppi n g o n st e r i l i ze d su bst r a t e s i n sma l l

c o n t a i n e r s.

T r a y sT h e d e v e l o pme n t o f t he t r a y s y st e m i n A g a r i c u s c u l t u r e i s l a r g e l y d u e t o t he w o r k o f D . J a me s

S i n d e n . In d i r e c t c o n t r a s t o a n c ho r e d st a t i c s he l v e s, t r a y s a r e i n d i v i d u a l c r o ppi n g u n i t s t ha t ha v e t he

d i s i n c t a d v a n t a g e o f be i n g mo bi l e . T hi s mo bi l i t y h a s ma d e me c ha n i za t i o n o f c o mme r c i a l c u t l i v a t i o n

po ssi bl e . A u t o ma t e d t r a y l i n e s a r e c a pa bl e o f fi l l i n g , spa w n i n g a n d c a si n g i n l e ss t i me , w i t h fe w e r

pe o pl e a n d w i t h be t t e r q u a l i t y ma n a g e me n t .

W he r e a s i n t he she l f s s e m a l l st a g e s o f t he c u l t u r a l c y c l e o c c u r i n t he sa me r o o m, t he t r a y sy s-

t e m u t i l i ze s a se pa r a t e r o o m fo r P ha s II c o mpo st i n g . O n a c o mme r c i a l t r a y fa r m o n l y t he P ha se II

r o o m i s e q u i ppe d fo r s e a mi n g a n d hi g h v e l o c i t y a i r mo v e me n t .

A S i n d e n sy st e m t r a y d e si g n i s sho w n i n Fi g u r e 6 8 . T hi s t r a y ha s sho r t l e g s i n t he u p-po si t i o n .

D r i n g P ha se II a n d spa w n r u n n i n g t he se t r a y s a r e st a c k e d 1 5 c m. a pa r t a n d t i g ht l y p l a c e dw i t hi n

t he r o o m t o f u l l y u t i l i ze c o mpo st he a t . A ft e r c a si n g , a w o o d e n spa c e r i s i n se r t e d be t w e e n t he t r a y s

fo r c r o p ma n a g e me n t , i n c r e a s n g t he spa c e t o 2 5 -3 5 c m. O t he r t r a y d e s g n s ha v e l o n g e r l e g s i n t he

d o w n po si t i o n a n d hi g he r si d e bo a r d s t o a c c o mo d a t e mo r e c o mpo st . T he se fr a y s a r e s mi l a r l y

spa c e d t hr o u g ho u t t he c y c l e . In t he g r o w i n g r o o m, t r a y s c a n be s a c k e d 3 -6 hi g h i n e v e n l y spa c e d

r o w s. T he ma i n c o n si d e r a t i o n s fo r t he ho me c u l t i v a t o r a r e t ha t t he t r a y s c a n be e a si l y ha n d l e d a n d

t ha t t he y fi t t he fl o o r s pa c e o f t he r o o m.

T he r e a l a d v a n t a g e o f t he t r a y sy st e m i s t he a bi l i t y t o fi l l , spa w n a n d c a se si n g l e u n i t s i n a n u n r e -

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 80: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 80/437

T he M u shr o o m G r o w i n g R o o m/ 6 7

Page 81: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 81/437

Fi g u r e 6 9 P si l o c y be c u be n si s fr u i t i n g o nc a s d g r a i n i n a t r a y .Fi g u r e 7 0 P si l o c y be c u be n si s fr u i t i n g i n

pi n t a n d a ha l f j a r s.Fi g u r e 7 1 P si l o c y be c u be n si s fr u i t i n g i n

pi n t j a r sFi g u r e 7 2 P si l o c y be c u be n si s fr u i t i n g i na pl a st i c l i n e d bo x .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

6 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 82: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 82/437

c i r c u l a t e d a i r by a si n g l e d a mpe r . T o pr e v e n t l e a k a g e d u r i n g spa w n r u n n i n g a n d pr e -pi n n i n g , t he

d a mpe r fi t s t i g ht l y a g a i n s t he fr e sh a i r i n l e t . T hi s a l l o w s fu l l r e c i r c u l a t i o n o f r o o m a i r t o ma i n t a i n

e v e n c o n d i t i o n s, t he r e by c o u n t e r a c t i n g t e mpe r a t u r e a n d C 2 st r a t i fi c a t i o n . W he n fr e sh a i r i s r e -

q u i r e d , t he d a mpe r c a n be a d j u s e d t o a n y se t t i n g , i n c l u d i n g c o mpl e t e c l o s r e o f t he r e c i r c u l a t i o n i n -

l e t . A s fr e sh a i r i s i n t r o d u c e d , r o o m a i r i s d i spl a c e d a n d e v a c u a t e d t hr o u g h a n e x h a u st v e n t o r c r a c k s

a r o u n d t he d o o r . B e c a u se fr e sh a i r i s g e n e r a l l y a t a d i ffe r e n t t e mpe r a t u r e t ha n t he o n e r e q u i r e d fo r

t he g r o w i n g r o o m, i t mu s be u s d j u d i c i o u s y i n o r d e r t o a v o i d d i sr u p t i n g t he g r o w i n g r o o m e n v i -

r o n me n f o r o v e r w o r k i n g t he he a t i n g , c o o l i n g a n d hu mi d i c a t i o n s s e ms B y pr o pe r l y mi x i n g t he

fr e sh o u t si d e a i r a n d t he r o o m a i r , a ba l a n c e c a n be a c hi e v e d a n d o pt i mu m c o n d i t i o n s fo r mu sh-

r o o m g r o w t h pr e v a i l .

Fr e sh a i r s r v e s ma n y i mpo r t a n t fu n c t i o n s i n mu shr o o m c u l t u r e , pr i ma r i l y by su ppl y i n g o x y g e n

t o t he g r o w i n g mu shr o o ms a n d c a r r y i n g a w a y C 2 . Fr e sh a i r a l so fa c i l i t a t e s mo i st u r e e v a po r a t i o n

fr o m t he c r o ppi n g s r fa c e . T o d e fe r mi n e t he e x a c t a mo u n t o f a i r n e e d e d i n a g i v e n si t u a t i o n , a

k n o w l e d g e o f t he C 2 r e q u i r e me n t s fo r t he spe c i e s be i n g g r o w n i s n e c e ssa r y . ( S e e Cha pt e r X l o n

g r o w i n g pa r a me t e r s fo r v a r i o u s spe c i e s . T he fr e sh a i r c a n a l s be me a s r e d i n t e r m s o f a i r c ha n g e s

pe r ho u r , a c o mmo n w a y mu shr o o m g r o w e r s si ze t he fa n i n t he g r o w i n g r o o m.

Fa n sA x i a l fl o w a n d c e n t r i fu g a l fa n s a r e t he t w o mo st c o mmo n l y u s d i n mu shr o o m ho u se s. B o t h

fa n s o pe r a t e w e l l a g a i n s hi g h s a t i c pr e ss r e , w hi c h i s a me a s r e o f t he r e si s a n c e t o f o r c e d a i r .

S t a t i c p r e s s r e i s me a s r e d i n i n c h e s o f w a t e r g a u g e — t he he i g ht i n i n c he s t o w hi c h t he pr e ssu r e l i ft s

a c o l u mn o f w a t e r — a n d i s c a u se d by fi l t e r s , he a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g c o i l s o r o t he r o bst r u c t i o n s t o t he

fr e e fl o w o f a i r . Fa n s a r e r a t e d i n t e r ms o f t he i r o u t pu t , a me a s r e me n t o f c u bi c fe e t pe r mi n u t e

( CFM ) a t v a r y i n g st a t i c pr e ssu r e s ( S . P . ) . W he n c ho o s n g a fa n , t he s Iw o fa c t o r s mu st be c o n s d e r e d

fo r p r o pe r s i z n g .

Fi g u r e 7 3 S t a n d a r d v e n t i l a t i o n s y s t e m u s e d b y A g a r i c u s g r o w e r s ( A f t e r V d d e r )

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he M u shr o o m G r o w i n g R o o m/ 6 9

A g a r i c u s g r o w e r s u s fa n s c a pa bl e o f 4 -6 c ha n g e s pe r ho u r , o r 0 . 5 CFM pe r sq u a r e fo o t o f

c r o ppi n g s r fa c e . Fo r mo s sma l l g r o w i n g r o o ms, a n a x i a l fl o w fa n , 6 -1 0 i n c he s i n d i a me t e r a n dd e l i v e r i n g be t w e e n 1 0 0 -5 0 0 CFM a t u p t o 0 . 5 i n c he s o f st a t i c pr e ss r e , sho u l d me e t g e n e r a l

Page 83: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 83/437

g r o w i n g r e q u i r e me n t s T he a d d i t i o n o f a v a r i a bl e spe e d mo t o r c o n t r o l a l l o w s pr e c i se a i r v e l o c i t y a d -j u st me n t d u r i n g d i ffe r e n t pha se s o f t he c u l t u r a l c y c l e . T hi s i s e spe c i a l l y i mpo r t a n t i f t he s a t i c pr e s-

su r e i n c r e a se s fr o m spo r e bu i l d -u p i n t he fi l t e r . A c o n v e n i e n t me t ho d o f t e s i n g a i r c i r c u l a t i o n i s by

bl o w i n g a sma l l a mo u n t o f c i g a r e t t e smo k e o n t o t he c r o ppi n g s r fa c e : t he smo k e sho u l d d i ssi pa t e

w i t hi n t w e n t y se c o n d s.

T he mi n i mu m fa n o u t pu t fo r a g i v e n r o o m c a n be d e t e r mi n e d t hr o u g h k n o w l e d g e o f t he a i rc ha n g e s pe r ho u r r e q u i r e d by t he mu shr o o m spe c i e s. Fi r s c a l c u l a t e t he v o l u me o f t he r o o m i nc u bi c fe e t ( he i g ht x w i d t h x l e n g t h) a n d su bst r a c t fr o m t hi s t he v o l u me o c c u pi e d by t r a y s, she l v e s,

su bst r a t e a n d o t he r fi x t u r e s T hi s fi g u r e i s t he fr e e a i r spa c e i n t he r o o m. B y d i v i d i n g t he CFM ( c u bi c

fe e t pe r m i n u t e ) o f t he fa n i n t o t he c u bi c fe e t o f fr e e a i r spa c e , t he t i me i n mi n u t e s i t t a k e s fo r o n e a i r

c ha n g e i s d e t e r m i n e d . T hi s n u mbe r i s t he n d i v i d e d i n t o 6 0 mi n u t e s t o c a l c u l a t e t he a i r c h a n g e s pe rho u r . A n o t he r me t ho d t o d e t e r mi n e t he G E M o f t he fa n n e e d e d i s d e s r i be d be l o w .

L e t X t he d e s r e d n e t G E M o f a hi g h pr e ss r e fa n pu shi n g t hr o u g h a fi l t e r .

L e t Y = t he t o t a l c u bi c f e e t o f FR E E a i r spa c e i n t he g r o w i n g r o o m.

A ma x i mu m n u mbe r o f a i r e x c ha n g e s/ ho u r fo r A g a r i c u s br u n n e sc e n s i s 4 -6 .

A ma x i mu m n u mbe r o f a i r e x c ha n g e s/ ho u r fo r P s l o c y be c u be n si s i s 2 -3 .

T he r e fo r e :

4 a i r e x c h a n g e s ho u r * Y = 6 0 mi n u t e s * X

= X = n e c e ssa r y n e t G E M o f fa n6 0 mi n u t e s

= x1 5

E x a mpl e : If t he g r o w i n g e n v i r o n me n t me a s r e s 8 ft . x 8 ft . x 1 5 ft . , t he t o t a l

v o l u me w o u l d be 9 6 0 c u . ft . i f t he be d s o c c u py 1 6 0 c u . ft . t he n e t v o l u me o f fr e e

a i r spa c e w o u l d be Y = 8 0 0 c u . ft . T he r e f o r e :

4 * 8 0 0 c u . ft . x6 0 mm.

3 2 0 0 c u bi c f e e t = x6 0 mm.

5 3 . 3 G E M = X

A n o t he r f a c t o r o f i mpo r t a n c e fo r p r o pe r v e n t i l a t i o n i s t he a i r -t o -be d r a t i o , w hi c h i s t he c u bi c fe e t

o f fr e e a i r spa c e d i v i d e d by s q u a r e fe e t o f c r o ppi n g su r fa c e . A g a r i c u s g r o w e r s ha v e fo u n d a r a t i o o f

5 : 1 t o be o pt i mu m a n d t hi s se r v e s a s a u se fu l g u i d e l i n e w he n c r o ppi n g o t he r mu shr o o ms o n bu l k

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 84: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 84/437

T he M u shr o o m G r o w i n g R o o m/ 7 1

Page 85: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 85/437

Fi g u r e 7 4 C n t r a l a i sl eo u t w a r d fl o w a i rc i r c u l a t i o n p a t t e r n .

Fi g u r e 7 5 C n t r a l a i sl e

d o w n fl o w a i r c i r c u l a t i o npa t t e r n w i t h w a l lmo u n t e d b a s bo a r dhe a t i n g .

Fi g u r e 7 6 W a l lmo u n t e d d u c t d i r e d i n ga i r fl o w a c r o ss t he w i d t ho r d o w n t he si d e w a l l o ft he r o o m.

7 7II

i HN i iN

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

7 2 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 86: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 86/437

c i e n c y o f 9 9 % a t a n i n i t i a l r e si s a n c e o f 0 . 1 0 t o 0 . 5 0 i n c he s o f st a t i c p r e ss r e .

H i g h e ffi c i e n c y pa r t i c u l a t e a i r ( H E P A ) fi l t e r s a r e e v e n mo r e e ffi c i e n t t ha n t ho s j u s d e sc r i be da n d a r e c o s e ffe c t i v e fo r t he ho me c u l t i v a t o r . T he y s r e e n o u t pa r t i c u l a t e s d o w n t o 0 . 1 -0 . 3 mi c r o n s

w i t h a r a t e d 9 9 . 9 6 % t o 9 9 . 9 9 % e ffi c i e n c y a n d ha v e a r e s i st a n c e o f . 7 5 -1 . 0 0 i n c h e s o f s a t i c pr e s -

s r e . H E P A fi l t e r s a r e ma d e o f a v a r i e t y o f ma t e r i a l s, d e pe n d i n g o n t he i r i n t e n d e d a ppl i c a t i o n . M o st

H E P A fi l t e r s o pe r a t e i n e n v i r o n me n t s o f u p t o 8 0 % hu mi d i t y w i t ho u t d i si n t e g r a t i o n . S pe c i a l " w a t e r -

pr o o f" f i l t e r s o pe r a bl e i n 1 0 0 % hu mi d i fy e n v i r o n me n t s c a n a l so be pu r c h a s d a t l i t t l e o r n o e x t r a

e x pe n se . T he se " w a t e r pr o o f" fi l t e r s a r e e spe c i a l l y a ppr o pr i a t e fo r u s w i t h sy st e ms t ha t pu sh r e c i r -

c u l a t e d a i r t hr o u g h t he fi l t e r . T hi s t y p e o f sy s e m i s i l l u s r a t e d i n Fi g u r e 7 7 . T o pr o t e c t t he fi l t e r s a n d

pr o l o n g t he i r u s fu l n e ss, a o n e i n c h pr e fi l t e r o f o pe n c e l l e d fo a m o r fi be r g l a ss ( o f t he fu r n a c e t y p e ) i s

i n st a l l e d t o r e mo v e l a r g e pa r t i c u l a t e s .

E x ha u st V e n t sE x ha u st v e n t s a r e d e si g n e d t o r e l i e v e o v e r pr e ssu r e w i t hi n t he g r o w i n g r o o m c a u s d by t he i n -

t r o d u c t i o n o f fr e sh a i r . W i t ho u t a n e x i t fo r t he a i r , a ba c k pr e ssu r e i s c r e a t e d t ha t i n c r e a se s r e si st a n c e

a n d r e d u c e s t he CFM o f t he fa n . S ma l l r o o ms o pe r a t i n g w i t h l o w fr e sh a i r r e q u i r e me n t s c a n fo r g o

spe c i a l e x ha u st v e n t s a n d a l l o w t he a i r t o e sc a pe a r o u n d t he s a l s o f t he r o o m e n t r a n c e , i n e ffe c t

c r e a t i n g a po si t i v e pr e ss r e e n v i r o n me n t . P o s t i v e pr e ss r e w i t hi n a r o o m c a n a l so be c r e a t e d by

Fi g u r e 7 7 S c he ma t i c o f mi x i n g bo x a n d c o n t r o l l e d r e c i r c u l a t i o n sy s e m i n t he g r o w i n gr o o m.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 87: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 87/437

Page 88: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 88/437

T he M u shr o o m G r o w i n g R o o m/ 7 5

Page 89: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 89/437

Fi g u r e s 7 8 , 7 9 & 8 0 Cha r t ssho w i n g t he pr o po r t i o n s o fspe c t r a i n i n c a n d e sc e n t , fl u o r e s-c e n t a n d n a t u r a l l i g ht i n g .

B L U E G R E E N Y E L L O W

N A R E N

O R A N E

Y E L L O W

R E D

G R E E N

B L U E

'O O L E T

N W U V

Y E L L O W

P

G R E E N

B L U E

v o l - aR E E l

R E W I R R A — —

N R E O R R E T E R D

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

7 6 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 90: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 90/437

t he g r o w i n g r o o m w i t h a l i g ht i n g sy s e m t ha t pr o v i d e s e v e n i l l u mi n a t i o n t o a l l a r e a s a n d l e v e l s.

Fl o u r e s e n t l i g ht fi x t u r e s a r e t he mo st pr a c t i c a l a n d g i v e t he br o a d e st c o v e r a g e . T he se fi x t u r e s

sho u l d be e v e n l y spa c e d a n d mo u n t e d v e r t i c a l l y o n t he si d e w a l l s o f t he r o o m o r ho r i z n t a l l y o n t he

c e i l i n g a bo v e t he c e n t e r i s e . A n a l t e r n a t i v e i s t o mo u n t t he l i g ht s o n t he u n d e r si d e o f e a c h t i e r o f

she l f o r t r a y , a t l e a st 1 8 i n c he s a bo v e t he c r o ppi n g su r fa c e . T o e l i mi n a t e t he he a t a n d c o n se q u e n t

d r y i n g a c t i o n c a u s d by t he fi x t u r e ba l l a s s, t he s c a n be r e mo v e d a n d pl a c e d o u t si d e t he r o o m.

T he be st t y pe o f l i g ht t u be i s o n e w hi c h mo st c l o s l y r e s mbl e s n a t u r a l o u t d o o r l i g ht : i . e . o n e

t ha t ha s a t l e a s 1 4 0 mi c r o w a t t s pe r 1 0 n a n o me t e r pe r l u me n o f bl u e spe c t r a ( 4 4 0 - 4 9 5 n m) . Inc o n t r a st , w a r m-w hi t e fl u o r e sc e n t l i g ht ha s o n l y 4 0 -5 0 mi c r o w a t t s/ n m/ l u m. a n d c o o l -w hi t e ha s1 0 0 -1 1 0 mi c r o w a t t s/ n m/ l u m. C mme r c i a l l i g ht s me e t i n g t he pho t o -r e q u i r e me n t s o f spe c i e s

me n t i o n e d i n t hi s bo o k a r e t he " D y l i t e 6 5 " k i n d ma n u fa c t u r e d by t he D r o t e st C r po r a t i o n a n d

ha v i n g a " c o l o r t e mpe r a t u r e " o f 6 5 0 0 K a n d t he " V t a -L i t e " fl u o r e s c e n t a t 5 5 0 0 K . T he se c o l o r

t e mp e r a t u r e s p r o v i d e t he p r o pe r a mo u n t o f b l u e l i g ht fo r pr o mo t i n g p r i mo r d i a fo r m a t i o n i nP l e u r o t u s o s r e a t u s, P si l o c y be c u be n si s a n d i n o t he r pho t o s n si t i v e spe c i e s

E n v i r o n me n t a l M o n i t o r i n g E q u i p m e n tFe w o r g a n i sms a r e a s s n si t i v e t o fl u c t u a t i o n s i n t he e n v i r o n me n t a s mu shr o o ms A ma t t e r o f a

fe w d e g r e e s i n t e mpe r a t u r e o r hu mi d i t y c a n d r a ma t i c a l l y i n fl u e n c e t he pr o g r e ssi o n o f fr u i t i n g a n d a f-fe c t o v e r a l l y i e l d s. T o a d e q u a t e l y m o n i t o r t he g r o w i n g e n v i r o n me n t , q u a l i t y e q u i pme n t i s e sse n t i a l

fo r a c c u r a t e r e a d i n g s. T hi s e q u i pme n t sho u l d i n c l u d e ma x i mu m-mi n i mu m t he r mo me t e r s t o g a u g e

t e m pe r a t u r e fl u c t u a t i o n s a n d a hy g r o me t e r o r a s i n g psy c hr o me t e r f o r me a su r i n g hu mi d i t y . H y g r o -

me t e r s sho u l d be pe r i o d i c a l l y c a l i br a t e d w i t h a sl i n g psy c hr o me t e r t o i n su r e a c c u r a c y . T he r mo me -

t e r s a l so sho u l d be c he c k e d a s t he r e a r e o c c a si o n a l i r r e g u l a r i t i e s. O t he r mo r e a d v a n c e d , e x pe n si v e

bu t n o t a bso l u t e l y e sse n t i a l e q u i pme n t he l pfu l t o m u shr o o m g r o w e r s i n c l u d e : C 2 d e t e c t o r s;

mo i st u r e me t e r s; a n e mo me t e r s; a n d l i g ht me a su r i n g d e v i c e s

Fi g u r e 8 1A n i n e x pe n si v e hy g r o me t e r fo r

me a su r i n g r e l a t i v e hu mi d i t y .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

C mpo s P r e pa r a t i o n / 7 7

CH A P T E R V

Page 91: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 91/437

C O M P O S T P R E P A R A T I O N

Fi g u r e 8 2 C mpo st pi l e i n a st a n d a r d c o n fi g u r a t i o n .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 92: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 92/437

Page 93: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 93/437

8 0 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

G r o u p I: H i g h n i t r o g e n , n o o r g a n i c ma ft e r

A mmo n i u m su l fa t e — 2 1 % N

A mmo n i u m n i t r a t e — 2 6 % N

U r e a — 4 6 % NM a x i mu m r a t e — 2 5 l bs d r y t o n o f s a r t i n g ma t e r i a l s

Page 94: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 94/437

T he s a r e i n o r g a n i c c o mpo u n d s t ha t s ppl y a r a pi d bu r st o f a mmo n i a . T he y a r e fr e q u e n t l y

u se d fo r i n i t i a l s r a w s ft e n i n g i n sy n t he t i c c o mpo s s. W he n u se d , c a r e sho u l d be t a k e n t ha t t he y a r e

a ppl i e d e v e n l y . If a mmo n i u m su l fa t e i s u se d , c a l c i u m c a r bo n a t e mu st a l so be a d d e d a t a r a t e o f 3

pa r t s C C 3 t o 1 , t o n e u t r a l i z su l fu r i c a c i d g r o u ps. T he se s ppl e me n t s a r e n o t r e c o mme n d e d fo r

ho r s ma n u r e c o mpo st s

G r o u p II: 1 0 -1 4 % NB l o o d M e a l — 1 3 . 5 % N

Fi sh M e a l — i 0 . 5 % N

T he s ma t e r i a l s c o n s s ma i n l y o f pr o t e i n s bu t be c a u s o f t he i r hi g h c o st a r e r a r e l y u se d .

G r o u p III: 3 - 7 % NM a l t spr o u t s— 4 % NB r e w e r s' g r a i n s— 3 -S % NC t t o n se e d m e a l — 6 . S % N

P e a n u t me a l — 6 . 5 % NChi c k e n ma n u r e — 3 -6 % N

T hi s g r o u p c o n t a i n s t he ma t e r i a l s mo s w i d e l y u se d by c o mme r c i a l g r o w e r s a n d i s c ha r a c t e r -

i ze d by a fa v o r a bl e c a r bo n : n i t r o g e n ba l a n c e . D i e d c hi c k e n ma n u r e fr o m br o i l e r s mi x e d w i t h sa w -

d u s i s c o mmo n l y u s d a n d e a s t o ha n d l e .

G r o u p IV L o w n i t r o g e n , hi g h c a r bo hy d r a t eG r a p e po m a c e — i . 5 % N

S u g a r be e t pu l p— l . 5 % NP o t a t o pu l p— i % NA ppl e po ma c e — O . 7 % NM o l a ss s - 0 . 5 % NC t t o n se e d hu l l s— i % N

T he s ma t e r i a l s a r e e x c e l l e n t t e mpe r a t u r e b o o st e r s a n d fo r t hi s r e a so n a r e a r e c o mme n d e d

a d d i t i v e t o a l l c o mpo st s. T he y c a n be a d d e d t o a n y c o mpo st fo r mu l a a t a r a t e o f 2 5 0 l bs pe r d r y t o

o f i n g r e d i e n t s. C t t o n se e d hu l l s a r e a n e x c e l l e n t s r u c t u r a l a d d i t i v e .

G r o u p V A n i ma l ma n u r e sC w ma n u r e — O . S % N

P i g ma n u r e — 0 . 3 - O . 8 % N

T he se ma n u r e s a r e r a r e l y u se d fo r c o mpo s i n g , e x c e pt i n a r e a s w i t ho u t ho r s s o r c hi c k e n s.

T he y ha v e be e n u se d w i t h s c c e ss a n d sho u l d be c o n si d e r e d su ppl e me n t s t o a sy n t he t i c bl e n d .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

C mpo st P r e pa r a t i o n / 8 1

G r o u p VI: H a yA l fa l fa — 2 . 0 -2 . 5 % N

C o v e r — 2 % N

H a y i s u se fu l fo r b o o st i n g i n i t i a l t e mpe r a t u r e s i n sy n t he t i c c o mpo st s. H a y c o n t a i n s s bs a n t i a l

Page 95: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 95/437

q u a n t i t i e s o f c a r bo hy d r a t e s w hi c h he l p bu i l d t he mi c r o bi a l po pu l a t i o n . Y e t a n o t he r a d v a n t a g e i s t he

r e l a t i v e l y hi g h n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t i n a l fa l fa a n d c l o v e r . U s a t a r a t e o f 2 0 % o f t he ba si c st a r t i n g ma t e -

r i a l ( d r y w e i g ht ) .

G r o u p VII: M i n e r a l sG y ps m— C l c i u m s l fa t e

G y ps m i s a n e sse n t i a l e l e me n t fo r a l l c o mpo s s. It s a c t i o n , l a r g e l y c he mi c a l i n n a t u r e , fa c i l i -

t a t e s pr o pe r c o mpo st i n g . i t s e ffe c t s a r e :

1 . T o i mpr o v e t he phy si c a l st r u c t u r e o f t he c o mpo s by c a u si n g a g g r e g a t i o n o f c o l l o i d a l pa r t i -

c l e s. T hi s pr o d u c e s a mo r e g r a n u l a r , o pe n st r u c t u r e w hi c h r e su l t s i n l a r g e r a i r spa c e s a n d

i mpr o v e d a e r a t i o n .

2 . T o i n c r e a se t he w a t e r ho l d i n g c a pa c i t y , w hi l e d e c r e a si n g t he d a n g e r o f o v e r -w e t t i n g . L o o se

w a t e r i s bo u n d t o t he s r a w by c o l l o i d a l pa r t i c l e s

3 . T o c o u n t e r a c t ha r mfu l l y hi g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t he e l e me n t s K , M g , P a n d N sho u l d t he y

o c c u r , t he r e by p r e v e n t i n g a g r e a s c o n d i t i o n i n t he c o mpo st .

4 . T o su ppl y t h e c a l c i u m n e c e ssa r y fo r mu shr o o m me t a bo l i sm.

G y ps m sho u l d be a d d e d a t a r a t e o f 5 0 -1 0 0 l bs pe r d r y t o n o f i n g r e d i e n t s. W he n su ppl e me n t -

i n g w i t h c hi c k e n ma n u r e , i t i s a d v i s bl e t o u s t he hi g h r a t e .

L i me st o n e fl o u r — C l c i u m c a r bo n a t eL i me st o n e i s u se d w he n o n e o r mo r e su ppl e me n t s a r e v e r y a c i d i c a n d n e e d t o be bu ffe r e d . A

g o o d e x a mpl e o f t hi s i s g r a pe po ma c e , w hi c h ha s a pH o f 4 . B e c a u s i t i s a d d e d i n l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s,

g r a pe po ma c e c o u l d a ffe c t t he c o mpo s i n g pr o c e ss w hi c h n o r ma l l y o c c u r s u n d e r a l k a l i n e c o n d i -

t i o n s

G r o u p VII I: S t a r t i n g ma t e r i a l sH o r s ma n u r e — 0 . 9 - 1 . 2 % N

S t r a w , a l l t y p e s— 0 . 5 -O . 7 % N

C mpo st F o r m u l a s

T h e fo l l o w i n g fo r mu l a s fo r hi g h y i e l d c o mpo s a r e c o mme r c i a l l y pr o v e n . If a n i n g r e d i e n t i s n o ta v a i l a bl e l o c a l l y , s bs i t u t e o n e t ha t i s T he a i m o f t he fo r mu l a i s t o a c hi e v e a n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f

1 . 5 -1 . 7 % a t t he i n i t i a l ma k e -u p o f t he c o mpo s pi l e .

In o r d e r fo r t he se fo r mu l a s t o b e e ffe c t i v e , t he mo i st u r e c o n t e n t a n d n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t mu s be

c o r r e c t . M o i st u r e l e v e l i s d e t e r mi n e d by w e i g hi n g 1 0 0 g r a ms o f t he ma t e r i a l , d r y i n g i t i n a n o v e n a t

2 0 0 ° F . fo r se v e r a l ho u r s, a n d t he n r e w e i g hi n g i t . T he d i ffe r e n c e i s t he pe r c e n t mo i st u r e . B e su r e

t he sa mpl e i s r e pr e s n t a t i v e . T he n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t ( pr o t e i n d i v i d e d by 6 . 2 5 ) i s a l w a y s l i st e d w i t h

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

8 2 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

c o mme r c i a l ma t e r i a l s be c a u se t he y a r e pr i c e d a c c o r d i n g t o pe r c e n t a g e o f pr o t e i n . O n t he o t he r

ha n d , ba r n y a r d ma t e r i a l s v a r y c o n s d e r a b l y w i t h a g e . T he mo r e a ma t e r i a l br e a k s d o w n , t he mo r e

n i t r o g e n i t l o se s. M o st c o mpo st su ppl e me n t s a r e pu r c h a s d d r y a n d a d d e d d r y , he l pi n g e v e n d i st r i -

bu t i o n a s w e l l a s e n a bl i n g e a s s o r a g e . It i s a l s i mpo r t a n t t ha t t he r a w ma t e r i a l s u s d fo r c o mpo st -i n g be a s fr e sh a s po ss bl e . T hi s i n s r e s ma x i mu m u t i l i za t i o n o f t he i r p r o pe r t i e s. B a l e d s r a w st o r e d

Page 96: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 96/437

fo r a y e a r a n d k e pt d r y i s fi n e , If t he st r a w ha s g o t t e n w e t , mo l d y o r o t he r w i se s a r t e d t o d e c o mpo se ,

i t sho u l d n o t be u s d .

Fo r mu l a I

In g r e d i e n t W e t w t . % H 2 0 D y w t .

H o r s m a n u r e 2 ,0 0 0 5 0 1 ,0 0 0 1 . 0 1 0

C t t o n se e d m e a l 3 0 1 0 1 1 7 6 . 5 8

G y p s m 5 0 — 5 0

1 ,1 6 7

— —

1 8

1 . 5 4 % N

T hi s fo r m u l a ma k e s a ppr o x i ma t e l y 2 8 0 0 po u n d s o f c o mpo s a t a 7 0 % mo i st u r e c o n t e n t .

Fo r m u l a IIIn g r e d i e n t W e t w t . % H 2 0 D y w t . % N l b s. N

W he a t s r a w 2 ,0 0 0 1 0 1 ,8 0 0 0 . 5 9

Chi c k e n ma n u r e 2 ,0 0 0 2 0 1 ,6 0 0 3 . 0 0 4 8

G y p s m 1 2 5 — 1 2 5 —

3 ,5 2 5 5 7( 5 7 ) ÷ ( 3 , 5 2 5 ) = 1 . 6 2 % N

T hi s fo r mu l a ma k e a ppr o x i ma t e l y 7 ,0 0 0 po u n d s o f c o mpo s a t a 7 1 % mo i s u r e c o n t e n t .

A l t ho u g h 7 ,0 0 0 po u n d s o f c o mpo st se e ms l i k e a l a r g e q u a n t i t y , a t a fi l l l e v e l o f 2 0 po u n d s pe r

s . ft . , t hi s w i l l fi l l o n l y 3 5 0 s . ft . o f be d s o r t r a y s K e e p i n mi n d t ha t d u r i n g t he c o mpo st i n g pr o c e ss

t he r e i s a g r a d u a l r e d u c t i o n i n t he t he t o t a l v o l u me o f r a w ma t e r i a l s Fu l l y 2 0 -3 0 % o f t he d r y m a t t e r

i s c o n s me d d u r i n g P ha se l a n d a n o t he r 1 0 - 1 5 % d u r i n g P ha se II. In t o t a l , a ppr o x i ma t e l y 4 0 %

o f t he d r y ma t t e r i s r e d u c e d by mi c r o bi a l a n d c he mi c a l pr o c e sse s. T hi s l o ss o f po t e n t i a l n u -

t r i e n t s c a n n o t be a v o i d e d a n d d e mo n st r a t e s t he i mpo r t a n c e o f c o mpo st i n g n o l o n g e r t ha n n e c e s-

s r y .

A mi aT h e pr o d u c t i o n o f a mmo n i a i s e ss n t i a l t o t he c o mpo st i n g pr o c e ss. J u st a s t he c a r bo hy d r a t e s

mu st be i n a fo r m t ha t mi c r o be s c a n u t i l i z , s mu st t he n i t r o g e n .

1 . A mmo n i a su ppl i e s n i t r o g e n fo r m i c r o bi a l u se .

2 . A mmo n i a i s pr o d u c e d by mi c r o be s a c t i n g u po n t he pr o t e i n c o n t a i n e d i n t he s ppl e me n t s.

W i t h t he e n e r g y s ppl i e d by r e a d i l y a v a i l a bl e c a r bo hy d r a t e s, mi c r o be s u s t he a mmo n i a t o

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 97: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 97/437

8 4 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 98: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 98/437

C mpo s mi c r o o r g a n i sms c a n be d i v i d e d i n t o t w o c l a ss s a c c o r d i n g t o t he i r o x y g e n r e q u i r e -

me n t s T ho se n e e d i n g o x y g e n t o l i v e a n d g r o w a r e c a l l e d A e r o be s w hi l e t ho se l i v i n g i n t he a b-

se n c e o f o x y g e n a r e c a l l e d A n a e r o be s. E a c h c l a ss ha s w e l l d e fi n e d c ha r a c t e r i s i c s.

1 . A e r o be s d e c o mpo s o r g a n i c m a t t e r r a pi d l y a n d c o mpl e t e l y w i t h ac o r r e spo n d i n g pr o d u c -

t i o n o f C 2 , w a t e r a n d he a t . T hi s he a t g e n e r a t i o n i s c a l l e d T he r mo g e n e s s2 . A n a e r o b e s pa r t i a l l y d e c o mpo se o r g a n i c ma t t e r , pr o d u c i n g n o t o n l y C 2 a n d w a t e r , bu t

a l s c e r t a i n o r g a n i c a c i d s a n d s v e r a l t y p e s o f g a s s s c h a s hy d r o g e n su l fi d e a n d me t ha n e .

A n a e r o be s g e n e r a t e l e ss he a t t ha n a e r o be s.

E x a mi n a t i o n o f a n a e r o bi c a r e a s o f t he c o mpo st r e v e a l s a y e l l o w i sh, u n d e r -c o mpo st e d ma t e r i a l

t ha t sme l l s l i k e r o t t e n e g g s T he s a r e a s i n a c o mpo st pi l e a r e n o t i c e a bl y c o o l e r a n d g e n e r a l l y w a t e r -

l o g g e d . A n a e r o bi c c o mpo st i s u n su i t a bl e fo r mu shr o o m g r o w t h.

S i n c e n e i t he r fr e sh ho r s ma n u r e n o r s r a w ba se d s n t he t i c s ha v e t he c o r r e c t mo i st u r e c o n t e n t ,

w a t e r mu s be a d d e d t o t he se ma t e r i a l s. T he r e c o mme n d e d l e v e l s fo r o pt i mu m c o mpo st i n g a r e :

H o r se ma n u r e : 6 9 -7 1 % S y n t he t i c : 7 1 -7 3 %

P r e - w e t t i n gA s l o n g a s t he c o mpo s i n g i n g r e d i e n t s r e ma i n d r y , t he mi c r o o r g a n i sms l i e d o r ma n t a n d c o r n -

po st i n g d o e s n o t t a k e pl a c e . T he fi r s st e p i n t he c o mpo st i n g pr o c e ss i s t he i n i t i a l w a t e r i n g o f t h e

st a r t i n g ma t e r i a l s T he pu r po s o f t hi s pr e - c o mpo s i n g o r pr e -w e t t i n g i s t o a c t i v a t e t he mi c r o be s.

P r e -w e t t e a r a w ma i e r i a l s i n a w i n d r o w .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 99: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 99/437

8 6 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 100: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 100/437

Fi g u r e 8 4 R i c k i n g t he c o mpo s pi l e .

Fi g u r e 8 5 Chi mn e y e ffe c t i n a c o mpo stpi l e .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

C mpo st P r e pa r a t i o n / 8 7

o x y g e n i s u s d by m i c r o o r g a n i sms, he a t i s s t fr e e a n d t he a i r t e mpe r a t u r e r i s s. T he w a r m a i r c u r -

r e n t c r e a t e d r i se s t o t he t o p o f t he pi l e . T hi s i s c a l l e d t he c hi mn e y e ffe c t . T he fa c t o r s t ha t a ffe c t t he

r a t e o f i n t e r n a l a i r fl o w a r e p i l e si z a n d st r u c t u r e , mo i s u r e c o n t e n t a n d t he d i ffe r e n t i a l be t w e e n a m-

bi e n t a i r a n d i n t e r n a l pi l e t e m pe r a t u r e s.

Page 101: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 101/437

T u r n i n gA w e l l bu i l t c o mpo s pi l e r u n s o u t o f o x y g e n i n 4 8 t o 9 6 ho u r s a n d t he n e n t e r s a n a n a e r o bi c

st a t e . T o pr e v e n t t hi s, t he pi l e sho u l d be d i s sse mbl e d a n d t he n r e a sse mbl e d . T he pu r p o se s o f t hi s

t u r n i n g p r o c e d u r e a r e :

1 . T o a e r a t e t he pi l e , pr e v e n t i n g a n a e r o b i c c o mpo s i n g .

2 . T o a d d w a t e r l o st t hr o u g h e v a po r a t i o n .

3 . T o mi x i n su ppl e me n t s a s r e q u i r e d .

4 . T o fu l l y mi x t he c o mpo st , pr e v e n t i n g u n e v e n d e c o mpo si t i o n .

A s a c o n se q u e n c e o f mi c r o bi a l d e c o mpo si t i o n , t he c o mpo st pi 'e be g i n s t o shr i n k a n d be c o me s

mo r e c o mpa c t . C u pl e d w i t h l o o se w a t e r g r a v i t a t i n g d o w n w a r d a n d w a t e r g e n e r a t e d by m i c r o b e s i n

t he i n n e r a c t i v e a r e a s, t hi s c o mpa c t i o n c l o se s t he a i r spa c e s a n d st i fl e s a e r o bi c a c t i o n , pa r t i c u l a r l y i n

t he c o r e a t t he bo t t o m c e n t e r . T hr o u g h t he u s o f a l o n g s e mme d t he r mo me t e r r e a c hi n g t o t he

c e n t e r o f t he pi l e , t he t i me o f o x y g e n d e pl e t i o n c a n be mo n i t o r e d by w a t c hi n g t e mpe r a t u r e . W he n

t he t e mpe r a t u r e be g i n s t o d r o p, i n d i c a t i n g a sl o w i n g o f mi c r o bi a l a c t i o n , i t i s t i me t o t u r n t he c o m-

po s .

Fi g u r e 8 6 T u r n i n g t he c o mpo st pi l e u si n g w i r e me sh pi l e fo r me r s

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

8 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

In t he e a r l y s a g e s t he t e mpe r a t u r e s r a t i fi c a t i o n i n t he pi l e i s q u i t e pr o n o u n c e d . O u t e r a r e a s a r e

c o o l a n d d r y f r o m t he a i r fl o w i n g i n w a r d a n d t he a c c o mpa n y i n g e v a po r a t i o n . T he se o u t e r a r e a s a r e

w a t e r e d d u r i n g t u r n i n g a n d mo v e d t o t he c e n t e r o f t he n e w l y b u i l t pi l e a n d t he c e n t e r a r e a s a r e r e l o -

c a t e d t o t he o u t si d e . B e i n g a w a r e o f t he v a r i e d r a t e o f d e c o mpo s t i o n i n a s r a t i fi e d pi l e a n d c o mpe n -

s t i n g d u r i n g t u r n i n g ma i n t a i n s t he i mpo r t a n t ho mo g e n e o u s c ha r a c t e r o f t he pi l e .

Page 102: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 102/437

l y a d d e d a t t he s c o n d t u r n . A d d i n g g y p su m a n y e a r l i e r i s be l i e v e d t o d e pr e s s a mmo n i a pr o d u c t i o n .U n t i l s me d e c o mpo s t i o n ha s o c c u r r e d , t he be n e fi c i a l a c t i o n o f g y ps m w i l l n o t be r e a l i ze d . A s

w i t h o t he r s ppl e me n t s, g y ps m i s mi x e d i n a s e v e n l y a s po ssi bl e .

T e r n pe r a t u r e

E n v i r o n me n t a l c o n d i t i o n s i n t he c o mpo s a r e spe c i fi c a l l y d e s g n e d t o fa c i l i t a t e g r o w t h o f be n e fi -

c i a l a e r o bi c mi c r o o r g a n i sms. G i v e n t he pr o pe r ba l a n c e o f r a w ma t e r i a l s, a i r a n d w a t e r , a c o n t i n u o u ss c c e ssi o n o f mi c r o bi a l po pu l a t i o n s pr o d u c e s t e mpe r a t u r e s u p t o 1 8 0 ° F . T he s mi c r o be s c a n be

d i v i d e d i n t o t w o g r o u ps a c c o r d i n g t o t he i r t e mpe r a t u r e r e q u i r e m e n t s. M e so phi l e s a r e a c t i v e u n d e r

9 0 ° F. a n d t he r mo phi l e s a r e a c t i v e fr o m 9 0 -1 6 0 ° F. T he a c t i o n o f t he se mi c r o bi a l g r o u ps d u r i n g

t he c o mpo s i n g pr o c e ss i s s mma r i z d i n t he fo l l o w i n g pa r a g r a phs.

D r i n g pr e -c o mpo s i n g me so phi l i c ba c t e r i a a n d fu n g i , u t i l i z n g a v a i l a bl e c a r bo hy d r a t e s, a t t a c k

F i g u r e 8 7 S t a n d a r d t e mpe r a t u r e zo n a t i o n i n a c o mpo st pi l e .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 103: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 103/437

Page 104: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 104/437

C mpo st P r e pa r a t i o n / 9 1

D Y S H O R T C O M P O S T I N G P R O C E D U R E : F o r m u l a 1

-1 Fo r ho r se ma n u r e : W e t t he st a r t i n g ma t e r i a l s t ho r o u g hl y . W i n d r o w .

o M a k e u p t he pi l e . A d d a l l su ppl e me n t s e x c e pt g y ps m. M i x a n d w a t e r t ho r o u g hl y . P i l e

sho u l d be 6 fe e t w i d e by 5 - 6 fe e t hi g h. T he s d e s sho u l d be v e r t i c a l a n d c o mpr e sse dt i g ht l y .

Fi r s t u r n : A d d g y p s m a n d w a t e r a s n e e d e d . K e e p t he pi l e he i g ht c o n s a n t a n d v a r y

Page 105: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 105/437

2 ,3t he w i d t h o n l y i n r e l a t i o n t o t he a mo u n t o f a n a e r o bi c ma t e r i a l .

5 S e c o n d t u r n : A d d w a t e r a s n e e d e d .

7 T hi r d t u r n : A d d w a t e r a s n e e d e d . C mpo st sho u l d be r e a d y t o fi l l .

T he pr o c e d u r e s fo r m a k i n g a sy n t he t i c c o mpo st by t he sho r t c o mpo st i n g me t ho d a r e o u t l i n e d

be l o w , w i t h mi n o r mo d i fi c a t i o n s fo r t he ho me c u l t i v a t o r . N t e t he l o n g e r pe r i o d o f pr e -c o mpo st i n g

t o c o n d i t i o n t he st r a w .

D Y S Y N T H E T I C C O M P O S T I N G P R O C E D U R E : F o r m u l a 2

- 1 0 B r e a k s r a w ba l e s a n d w e t t ho r o u g hl y . W i n d r o w o r spr e a d o u t i n a l o w fl a t pi l e , 2 -3 fe e t

hi g h. W a t e r d a i l y .

-7 M i x t he c hi c k e n ma n u r e t o g e t he r w i t h t he st r a w , w e t t i n g bo t h w e l l . A v o i d w a t e r r u n -o ff.

W i n d r o w .

-3 R e -mi x t he w i n d r o w , a d d i n g w a t e r a s n e c e ssa r y . S t a r t he r e i f c h o ppe d st r a w i s u s e d — w e t

t he s r a w a n d c hi c k e n m a n u r e . M i x w e l l a n d w i n d r o w .

0 M a k e u p t he pi l e . D me n si o n s sho u l d be 6 fe e t w i d e by 5 fe e t hi g h. A d d a s mu c hw a t e r a s po ssi bl e w i t ho u t r u n - o ff. U s pi l e fo r me r s t o i n s r e v e r t i c a l s d e s a n d st o mp

Fi g u r e 8 8 T e mpe r a t u r e z o n a t i o n d u r i n g Fi g u r e 8 9 T e mpe r a t u r e zo n a t i o n d u r i n g

L o n g C mpo st i n g . S ho r t C mpo st i n g .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

9 2 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 106: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 106/437

d o w n t he si d e s fr o m t he t o p t o a c hi e v e a d e q u a t e c o mpr e ssi o n . T he pi l e sho u l d be t i g ht

a n d c o mpa c t .

4 Fi r s t u r n : A d d t he g y psu m. W a t e r a s n e e d e d . K e e p t he pi l e d i me n s o n s c o n st a n t , v a r y -

i n g t he w i d t h a s i n d i c a t e d by t he a mo u n t o f a n a e r o bi c m a t e r i a l i n t he c e n t e r . M a i n t a i n

pi l e c o mpa c t i o n .

7 S e c o n d t u r n : W a t e r a s n e e d e d a n d r e d i st r i bu t e o u t e r a n d i n n e r a r e a s. R e d i st r i bu t i o n

sho u l d o c c u r d u r i n g e a c h t u r n t o k e e p t he ma t e r i a l i n a n e v e n st a t e o f d e c o mpo si t i o n .

1 0 T hi r d t u r n : M i x w e l l a n d a d d w a t e r a s n e e d e d . R e d u c e w i d t h t o 5 f e e t . Fi l l i f r e a d y .

1 3 Fi l l i f r e a d y , o r c o n t i n u e c o mpo st i n g , t u r n i n g a t t w o d a y i n t e r v a l s.

C mpo s i n g T o o l sS i n c e c o mme r c i a l g r o w e r s w o r k w i t h ma n y t o n s o f c o mpo st , a bu c k e t l o a d e r i s e sse n t i a l . T he y

a l so u se a spe c i a l l y d e si g n e d ma c hi n e fo r t u r n i n g t he pi l e s. T hi s c o mpo st t u r n e r c a n t r a v e l t hr o u g h

a 2 0 0 fo o t pi l e i n a l i t t l e o v e r o n e ho u r , mi x i n g i n su ppl e me n t s a n d a d d i n g w a t e r . S ma l l sc a l e c u l t i -

v a t o r s c a n ma k e c o mpo st w i t ho u t t he se ma c hi n e s. T he fo l l o w i n g i s a l i s o f t o o l s a n d fa c i l i t i e s t ha t

a r e ba si c t o c o mpo st pr e pa r a t i o n .

1 . A c e me n t fl o o r . N t a bs l u t e l y n e c e ssa r y b u t hi g hl y d e si r a bl e , a c e me n t fl o o r i s e a s t ow o r k o n , pr e v e n t s mi g r a t i o n o f w a t e r t o t he e a r t h a n d pr e v e n t s so i l a n d u n w a n t e d so i l o r -

g a n i sms fr o m c o n t a mi n a t i n g t he pi l e . W a t e r l e a c hi n g fr o m t he pi l e , a g o o d i n d i c a t o r o fc o mpo st mo i st u r e s, i s q u i t e e v i d e n t o n a c e me n t fl o o r . If a c e me n t fl o o r i s n o t a v a i l a bl e , a

she e t o f he a v y pl a st i c c a n be u se d .

2 . B o bc a t o r sma l l t r a c t o r l o a d e r w i t h y a r d bu c k e t w i t h f o r k . If pr o d u c i n g l a r g e

a mo u n t s o f c o mpo st , o n e o f t he se ma c hi n e s sa v e s t i me a n d l a bo r . N t o n l y d o t he y ma k e

Fi g u r e 9 0 c o mpo st t u r n i n g ma c hi n e .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

C mpo st P r e pa r a t i o n / 9 3

Page 107: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 107/437

pr e -w e t t i n g , s ppl e me n t i n g a n d pi l e bu i l d i n g e a s e r , t he y c a n be u s d t o t u r n t he pi l e .

3 . P i l e fo r me r s T he se a r e c o n st r u c t e d fr o m 2 x 4 's a n d pl y w o o d o r pl a n k s t o t he d i me n -

s o n s d e si r e d fo r t he c o mpo st pi l e O n e fo r e a c h si d e i s n e c e ss r y . S t a n d a r d si ze w o u l d b e

4 -5 f e e t hi g h by 8 fe e t l o n g . A n a l t e r n a t i v e t o pi l e f o r me r s i s a t hr e e si d e d bi n .

4 . L o n g ha n d l e d pi t c h fo r k w i t h 4 o r 5 pr o n g s. T he ba s c fo o l i n a c o mpo st y a r d , a l l c o m-po sf pi l e s w e r e t u r n e d w i t h pi t c hfo r k s be fo r e t he a d v e n f o f c o mpo st t u r n e r s a n d b u c k e t

l o a d e r s

5 . Fl a t bl a d e d sho v e l . U se d fo r ha n d l i n g s ppl e me n t s.6 . H o se w i t h spr a y n o zzl e , o r spr i n k l e r .

7 . T he r mo me t e r s. A l t ho u g h pi l e t e mpe r a t u r e s c a n be g u a g e d by t o u c h, a l o n g s e mme d

t he r mo me t e r g i v e s a c c u r a t e r e a d i n g s.

Cha r a c t e r i st i c s o f t he C mpo st a t Fi l l i n gT he c o mpo s i n g ma t e r i a l s u n d e r g o v e r y d i st i n c t c h a n g e s d u r i n g P ha se I. A j u d g me n t a s t o t he

s i t a bi l i t y o f t he c o mpo st fo r fi l l i n g i s ba s d o n c o l o r , t e x t u r e a n d o d o r . G r a d u a l d a r k e n i n g o f t h e

st r a w a n d t he pr o n o u n c e d s e n t o f a mmo n i a a r e t he mo st o bv i o u s fe a t u r e s. T he se a n d o t he r c h a r -

a c t e r i s i c s pr o v i d e i mpo r t a n t g u i d e l i n e s fo r j u d g i n g t he r i g ht t i me fo r fi l l i n g t he c o mpo st . ( N t e :t he se g u i d e s i n e s d o n o t a ppl y fo r a c o mpo s pr e pa r e d by t he L o n g C mpo s i n g me t ho d s. )

T he c o mpo st i s r e a d y fo r f i l l i n g i f:

1 . C mpo st i s u n i fo r ml y d e e p br o w n .

2 . S t r a w i s s i l l l o n g a n d fi br o u s, bu t c a n be she a r e d w i t h so me r e s s a n c e .

3 . W he n t he c o mpo st i s fi r ml y s u e e z d , l i q u i d a ppe a r s be t w e e n t he fi n g e r s

Fi g u r e 9 1 P i l e T o r me r s i n u se .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

9 4 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 108: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 108/437

Fi g u r e 9 2 , 9 3 C mpo st a tfi l l i n g c a n be she a r e d w i t hmo d e r a t e r e s i s n c e .

Fi g u r e 9 4 C mpo st a t f i l l -

i n g sho u l d r e l e a se so memo i st u r e w he n fi r ml ys u e e z d -

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 109: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 109/437

9 6 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

c o mpo st w e t w e i g ht a n d i s d i l u t e d 1 : 2 w i t h w a t e r fo r e a s a ppl i c a t i o n . V g e t a bl e o i l i s spr a y e d o n t o

t he c o mpo s t he d a y o f fi l l a t a r a t e o f 1 0 ml pe r po u n d o f c o mpo st w e t w e i g ht . E v e n a ppl i c a t i o n i s

i mpo r t a n t t o a v o i d c r e a t i n g ho t spo t s

C mpo s su ppl e me n t a t i o n w i t h so l u bl e c a r bo hy d r a t e s o r v e g e t a bl e o i l s i s hi g hl y r e c o m-

me n d e d , e spe c i a l l y fo r t ho se pl a n n i n g a P ha se II w i t ho u t st e a m o r w i t h o n l y l i mi t e d su ppl e me n t a lhe a t i n g . H e n c e , t hi s t y pe o f s ppl e me n t a t i o n i s pa r t i c u l a r l y a ppr o pr i a t e fo r t he ho me c u l t i v a t o r .

Page 110: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 110/437

P H A S E I I C O M P O S T I N GW hi l e P ha s I i s a c o mbi n a t i o n o f bi o l o g i c a l a n d c he mi c a l pr o c e ss s, P ha se II i s pu r e l y bi o l o g i -

c a l . In fa c t , P ha s II c a n be c o n si d e r e d a pr o c e ss o f mi c r o bi a l hu sba n d r y . B y br i n g i n g t he c o mpo st

i n d o o r s i n t o s pe c i a l l y d e s g n e d r o o ms, t he e n v i r o n me n t a l fa c t o r s o f t e mpe r a t u r e , hu mi d i t y a n d fr e sh

a i r c a n be c o n t r o l l e d t o s c h a d e g r e e t ha t c o n d i t i o n s fo r g r o w t h o f se l e c t mi c r o bi a l g r o u ps c a n be

ma x i mi ze d . T he s t he r mo phi l i c a n d t he r mo t o l e r a n t g r o u ps a n d t he i r t e mpe r a t u r e r a n g e s a r e :

B a c t e r i a : 1 0 0 -1 7 0 ° F. D ffe r e n t spe c i e s o f ba c t e r i a a r e a c t i v e t hr o u g ho u t t hi s r a n g e so a n o p-t i mu m c a n n o t be g i v e n . A t t e m pe r a t u r e s a bo v e 1 3 0 ° F. ba c t e r i a d o mi n a t e a n d a r e r e spo n si bl e fo r

t he a mmo n i fi c a t i o n t ha t o c c u r s a t t he se t e mpe r a t u r e s T he mo st c o mmo n ba c t e r i a fo u n d by r e s a r -

c he r s a r e P se u d o mo n a s spe c i e s

A c t i n o my c e t e s: 1 1 5 -1 4 0 ° F. w i t h a n o pt i mu m t e mpe r a t u r e r a n g e o f 1 2 5 -1 3 2 ° F . T he mo st

c o mmo n spe c i e s a r e fo u n d i n t he g e n e r a S t r e p t o my c e s a n d T he r mo mo n o spo r a . W o r k d o n e by

S t a n e k ( 1 9 7 1 ) ha s sho w n t ha t a c t i n o my c e t e s a n d ba c t e r i a a r e mu t u a l l y st i mu l a t o r y , r e su l t i n g i n

g r e a t e r e ffi c i e n c y w he n w o r k i n g t o g e t he r .

Fu n g i : 1 1 0 - 1 3 0 ° F . w i t h a n o pt i mu m t e mpe r a t u r e o f 1 1 8 -1 2 2 ° F. C mmo n g e n e r a a r eH u mi c o l a a n d T o r u l a . R e c e n t r e se a r c h i n d i c a t e s t ha t t he se fu n g i a r e t he mo st e ffi c i e n t d e -a mmo n i -

fi e r s, w hi c h ha s l e d t o a mo r e g e n e r a l u s o f t he i r t e mpe r a t u r e r a n g e fo r P ha s II c o n d i t i o n i n g .

T he ba si c f u n c t i o n o f t he se mi c r o o r g a n i sms i s t o u t i l i ze a n d t he r e by e x h a u st t he r e a d i l y a v a i l a -

bl e c a r bo hy d r a t e s a n d t he fr e e a mmo n i a . A mmo n i a i n pa r t i c u l a r mu st be c o mpl e t e l y r e mo v e d be -

'4

T I M ER E Q U I R E D

T O R E M O VA M M O NI A

( D Y S )

Fi g u r e 9 5 T e mpe r a t u r e v s.

2a mmo n i a u t i l i z t i o n by

I mi c r o bi a l po pu l a t i o n s.

F( A ft e r R o ss, 1 9 7 8 )

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 111: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 111/437

Page 112: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 112/437

C mpo st P r e pa r a fi o n / 9 9

Page 113: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 113/437

r o o m. C r t a i n ba si c pr i n c i pl e s sho u l d be a d he r e d t o w he n fi l l i n g . T he se a r e :

1 . Fi l l t he r o o m a s q u i c k l y a s po ss bl e t o mi n i mi ze he a t l o ss fr o m t he c o mpo s .

2 . C mpr e ss a l o n g s r a w y c o mpo s a n d fi l l l o o s l y a sho r t d e n se c o mpo s .

3 . If t he c o mpo st a ppe a r s d r y , w a t e r l i g ht l y a n d e v e n l y d u r i n g fi l l i n g . If w a t e r st r e a ms o u t w he n aha n d fu l i s s u e e z d , d o n 't fi l l . A d d a g a i n a s mu c h g y ps m, t u r n a n d w a i t a fe w d a y s.

4 . Fi l l a l l she l v e s a n d t r a y s e v e n l y a n d t o t he s me d e pt h. A v o i d c r e a t i n g po c k e t s o f c o mpa c tc o mpo s . K e e p a l l c o mpo st w i t hi n t he c o n t a i n e r . N c o mpo st sho u l d ha n g o v e r t he si d e s.

5 . O n c e fi n i she d , t he fl o o r s ho u l d be c l e a n e d o f a l l l o o s c o mpo st , t he n w a she d w i t h w a t e r .

D pt h o f Fi H

U p t o a po i n t t he r e e x i st s a d i r e c t r e l a t i o n shi p be t w e e n t he a mo u n t o f c o mpo st fi l l e d pe r s u a r efo o t a n d y i e l d . In a fi x e d she l f sy st e m, t he a mo u n t o f c o mpo st fi l l e d i s u s a l l y t he a mo u n t a v a i l a bl e

fo r c r o ppi n g . T hi s n o r ma l l y ho l d s t r u e fo r t r a y s, a l t ho u g h so me sy st e ms e mpt y t he t r a y s a t spa w n i n ga n d t he n r e fi l l 2 5 % fe w e r t r a y s t ha n t he n u mbe r t ha t w a s o r i g i n a l l y f i l l e d . T hi s r e su l t s i n hi g h d r yw e i g ht e ffi c i e n c i e s w i t ho u t t he c o mpl i c a t i o n s o f d e e p c o mpo st l a y e r s d u r i n g P ha s II. A s a g e n e r a lr u l e , a fi l l d e pt h o f 8 i n c he s w i l l pr o v i d e su ffi c i e n t n u t r i e n t s a s w e l l a s c o n t r i bu t e t o t he e a se o f P ha se

II. A t d e pt hs o v e r 8 i n c he s t e mpe r a t u r e st r a t i fi c a t i o n w i l l l e a d t o v a r y i n g c o n d i t i o n s w i t hi n t he c o m-

Fi g u r e 9 6 S ma l l P ha se II r o o m d e s g n e d fo r t r a y s o r b u l k fi l l .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 0 0 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

po st , c o mpl i c a t i n g t he P ha se II pr o g r a m. A t d e pt hs u n d e r 5 i n c he s t he r e i s i n s ffi c i e n t ma ss fo r

pr o pe r he a t g e n e r a t i o n a n d l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f st e a m ma y b e n e e d e d .

A n i mpo r t a n t c o n si d e r a t i o n i s t he r a t i o o f c u bi c fe e t o f c o mpo st fi l l e d t o c u bi c f e e t o f a i r spa c e i n

t he r o o m. T hi s r a t i o l a r g e l y d e t e r mi n e sw he t he r a su ppl e me n t a r y he a t i n g so u r c e i s n e c e ssa r y .

C e a r l y , g r e a t e r v o l u me s o f c o mpo st r e q u i r e l e ss a d d i t i o n a l he a t i n g . T o ma x i mi z c o mpo st he a t

g e n e r a t i o n , so me t r a y sy st e ms st a c k t r a y s n o mo r e t ha n 3 -4 i n c he s a pa r t d u r i n g P ha se II. T he se

t r a y s a r e l a t e r d i s r i bu t e d t o t w o c r o ppi n g r o o ms w i t h a spa c e r i n se r t e d be t w e e n t he t r a y s t o fa c i l i t a t e

Page 114: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 114/437

pi c k i n g .

D Y P H A S E I I P R O C E D U R E : T R A Y S O R S H E L V E S

0 T h e ho u se i s fi l l e d a n d c l e a n e d . T he r mo me t e r s a r e pl a c e d i n t he c e n t e r o f a t l e a st fo u r

c o n t a i n e r s, a n d o n e i n t he mi d d l e o f t he r o o m fo r r e a d i n g a i r t e mpe r a t u r e . S hu t t he

Fi g u r e 9 7 P ha se II t e mpe r a t u r e pr o fi l e fo r t r a y s o r s he l v e s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 115: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 115/437

Page 116: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 116/437

C mpo st P r e pa r a t i o n / 1 0 3

pr i n c i pl e s j u s o u t l i n e d . R a t he r t ha n a me c ha n i c a l a i r sy st e m, fr e sh a i r i s a d mi t t e d t hr o u g h a d j u st a bl e

v e n t s a t fl o o r l e v e l a n d e x i t s t hr o u g h si mi l a r v e n t s i n t he c e i l i n g . B e c a u s a i r pa ssa g e i s by c o n v e c -

t i o n , t he c o mpo s sho u l d be fi l l e d l o o s l y a n d t o a d e pt h o f n o g r e a t e r t ha n fo u r fe e t .

Page 117: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 117/437

Fi g u r e 9 9 B u l k pa st e u r i za t i o n r o o m. V n t i l a t i o n sy st e m o n si d e w a l l . ( D s g n — C a r o n )

Fi g u r e 9 8 B u l k pa st e u r i za t i o n r o o m. V n t i l a t i o n s st e m o n e n d w a l l . ( D s g n — V d d e r )

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 118: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 118/437

C mpo st P r e pa r a t i o n / 1 0 5

pl a c e d i n t o sma l l ho l e s d u g i n t o t he c o mpo st . T he pr e se n c e o f a mmo n i a t u r n s t he pa pe r

v a r y i n g sha d e s o f r e d . P u r pl e i n d i c a t e s t he hi g he st c o n c e n t r a t i o n , w hi l e pi n k i n d i c a t e s a

l o w e r o n e . W he n t he y e l l o w pa pe r r e ma i n s u n c ha n g e d i n c o l o r , fr e e a mmo n i a i s a bse n t .

2 . A i r s mpl e r s u si n g g a s d e t e c t i o n t u be s: T he se t u be s a r e fi l l e d w i t h c he mi c a l s t ha t c ha n g e

c o l o r a s a i r s mpl e s a r e d r a w n i n t o t he m. T he t u be s a r e c a l i br a t e d i n pa r t s pe r m i l l i o n ( ppm)

a n d g i v e a c c u r a t e r e a d i n g s d o w n t o 1 ppm. T he a i r s a mpl e r s a r e ma n u fa c t u r e d by M i n e

S a fe t y C . a n d t he D a e g e r C r p. In d i v i d u a l t u be s c o st fr o m $ 2 . O O -$ 4 . O O i n l o t s o f t e n .

( S e e s u r c e s i n A ppe n d i x ) .

Page 119: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 119/437

A spe c t o f t h e F i n i s h e d C o m p o s tT h e fo l l o w i n g g u i d e l i n e s c a n be u se d t o d e t e r mi n e w he t he r a c o mpo st i s r e a d y fo r spa w n i n g .

( S e e C l o r P ho t o g r a p hs 5 - 8 ) .

1 4 0 0

F I

, IIII,'I1 3 0 0 / _ •, ,.

/ /j III/ '— S

/ / ,---. . -— — — . 5 .

o j 1 2 0 0 i i'I

'I"

u -i / I

I"/ IH

I 'Ii/ i j 1

/ Ii i1 0 0 0

\ 1 1

- A I R T E M P E R A T U R EC M P O S T T E M P E R A T U R E

D Y S

Fi g u r e 1 0 0 B u l k r o o m P ha se II t e mpe r a t u r e pr o fi l e . ( D t c h pr o c e d u r e )

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 0 6 / T he M u shr o o m C u l t i v a t o r

1 . T he r a w p u n g e n t o d o r i s g o n e ; t he o d o r i s n o w l i g h t a n d pl e a sa n t , e v e n s i g ht l y s w e e t .

2 . T he a mmo n i a o d o r i s c o mpl e t e l y g o n e . T he c r e sy l o r a n g e t e st sho w s n o r e a c t i o n . D t e c t o r

t u be s r e a d 1 0 ppm o r l e s s .

3 . T he pH i s be l o w 7 . 8 , pr e fe r a bl y 7 . 5 .

4 . S t r a w s a p pe a r d u l l a n d u n i fo r ml y c ho c o l a t e br o w n , spe c k l e d w i t h w hi t i sh a c t i n o my c e t e s.

5 . T he c o mpo st i s so ft a n d pl i a bl e a n d c a n be she a r e d e a si l y .

6 . W he n s u e e z d t he c o mpo s ho l d s i t s fo r m. N w a t e r a ppe a r s a n d t he ha n d r e m a i n s

Page 120: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 120/437

r e l a t i v e l y c l e a n .

7 . M o i s u r e c o n t e n t i s 6 4 -6 6 % fo r ho r s ma n u r e a n d 6 7 -6 8 % fo r sy n t he t i c s

8 . N t r o g e n c o n t e n t i s 2 . 0 - 2 . 3 % ; t he C N r a t i o i s 1 7 : 1 .

A L T E R NA T IVE C O M P O S T S A N DC O M P O S T I N G P R O C E D U R E S

S u g a r C n e B a g a sse C mpo sS u g a r c a n e ba g a sse i s t he c e l l u l o si c by -pr o d u c t o f s g a r c a n e a ft e r m o st o f t he su g a r s ha v e

be e n r e mo v e d . It i s g e n e r a l l y a sho r t fi br o u s ma t e r i a l w i t h a hi g h mo i st u r e ho l d i n g c a pa c i t y . T o t a l n i -

t r o g e n a mo u n t s t o 0 . 1 8 % . In 1 9 6 0 , D . K n e e bo n e o f P e n n sy l v a n i a S t a t e U n i v e r si t y r e po r t e d g r o w -

i n g P s l o c y b e a zt e c o r u m o n a ba g a ss ba s d c o mpo s . H e l a t e r r e po r t e d i n mo r e d e t a i l o n e x p e r i -

me n t s u si n g ba g a sse c o mpo st fo r g r o w i n g A g a r i c u s br u n n e sc e n s. B a g a sse u se d a s st a b l e be d d i n g

pr o d u c e d y i e l d s c o mpa r a bl e t o t he ho r s ma n u r e ba s d c o n t r o l . B a g a ss s ppl e me n t e d w i t h a

c o mme r c i a l a c t i v a t o r ( " A c t o 8 8 " ) y i e l d e d po o r l y .

D . K n e e bo n e 's c o mpo st s w e r e pr e p a r e d u s n g t he s a n d a r d t e c hn i q u e s e l u c i d a t e d i n t hi s c ha p-

t e r w i t h a t u r n s he d u l e o n d a y s 0 - 2 -5 -7 -9 . T he su ppl e me n t e d ba g a sse w a s c o mpo s e d 3 d a y s

l o n g e r a n d a l l ba g a ss ba s d c o m po s s ha d mo i s u r e c o n t e n t s r a n g i n g fr o m 7 5 -8 3 % . S i g n i fi c a n t l y ,

t he ba g a ss c o mpo st w i t h t he l o w e st mo i st u r e c o n t e n t ha d t he hi g he st y i e l d . A l l ba g a sse c o mpo s s

ha d l a r g e r mu shr o o ms t ha n t he c o n t r o l .

T hi s w o r k b y K n e e bo n e d e mo n s r a t e s t he v a l u e o f ba g a sse a s a mu shr o o m g r o w i n g su bst r a t e .

U si n g t he c o mpo st fo r mu l a fo r ma t , c o mpo st s c a n be d e v i se d t o me e t t he n e e d s o f t he t w o spe c i e s

n a me d a n d ma n y o t he r s A g o o d s ppl e me n t w o u l d be ho r s d r o p pi n g s o n w o o d sha v i n g s. If t he

ba g a ss c o mpo st be c o me s t o o sho r t o r w e t , t he g y ps m c a n be i n c r e a s d fr o m 5 % t o 8 % o f t he

d r y w e i g ht .

T he 5 -D y E x pr e ss C mpo st i n g M e t h o dD r i n g t he pa st 2 0 y e a r s c o mpo st r e se a r c h ha s be e n d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s sho r t e n i n g t he o v e r a l l

pr e pa r a t i o n pe r i o d . T he g o a l i s t o r e d u c e ha n d l i n g a n d fu r t he r c o n se r v e t he n u t r i e n t ba se ( d r y m a t -

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

C mpo st P r e pa r a t i o n / 1 0 7

fe r ) . B u t so fa r , n o o n e ha s be e n a bl e t o c o n si s e n t l y pr o d u c e a hi g h y i e l d i n g c o mpo st by r a pi d pr e p-

a r a t i o n me t ho d s H o w e v e r , a r e c e n t a r t i c l e by K a j B e c h ( 1 9 7 8 ) o f t he M u shr o o m R e se a r c h L a b i n

D n ma r k r e po r t s t he mo s pr o mi s n g me t ho d fo d a t e . A c c o r d i n g t o B e c h, t o t a l d r y m a t t e r l o ss i s

he l d t o 2 0 -2 5 % w i t h a c o mpo st i n g t i me o f 8 -1 0 d a y s ( 5 d a y P ha s I a n d 3 -5 d a y P ha se II) . H i s

me t ho d a n d ma t e r i a l s fo l l o w :

D Y P R O C E D U R E

- 2 T a k e o n e t o n w he a t s r a w ba se d ho r se ma n u r e ( mo i st u r e c o n t e n t 5 0 % , n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t

o f 1 . 0 -1 . 1 ) H o mo g e n i z w e l l a n d ma k e u p t he pi l e u s n g s a n d a r d d i me n si o n s.

Page 121: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 121/437

0 1 s t u r n : A d d a mmo n i a su l fa t e , ( N 4 ) 2 S 0 4 , 1 1 . 2 5 k g . W e t t ho r o u g hl y w i t h a ppr o x i -

ma t e l y 4 5 0 l i t e r s o f w a t e r .

2 2 n d t u r n : a d d c a l c i u m c a r bo n a t e ( C C 3 ) 3 3 . 7 5 k g . A d d a ppr o x i ma t e l y 1 8 0 l i t e r s o f

w a t e r .

3 M i x w e l l a n d fi l l t r a y s, she l v e s o r t u n n e l fo r st a n d a r d P ha se II.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 0 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 122: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 122/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

N n -C mpo s e d S u bfr a t e s / 1 0 9

C H A P T E R V IN O N - C O M P O S T E D S U B S T R A T E S

Page 123: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 123/437

Fi g u r e 1 0 1 P si l o c y be c y a n e sc e n s fr u i t i n g o u t d o o r s i n a be d o f fr e sh a l d e r c hi ps.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 1 0 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

T he u se o f n o n -c o mpo st e d a n d se mi -c o mpo st e d ma t e r i a l s a s mu shr o o m g r o w i n g s bst r a t e s i s

c o mmo n a mo n g c o mme r c i a l g r o w e r s o f P l e u r o t u s, V i v a r i e l i a , FIa mm u i / n a a n d S t r o p ha r i a .

B e c a u s o f t he si mpl i c i t y a n d e a se by w hi c h t he y a r e pr o d u c e d , t he se su bs r a t e s a r e i d e a l fo r t he

ho me c u l t i v a t o r . T he a d v a n t a g e s o f t he s s bst r a t e s a r e t he r a pi d pr e pa r a t i o n t i me s a n d t he e a si l y

s a n d a r d i z d mi x t u r e s fo r mu l a t e d fr o m r e a d i l y a v a i l a bl e r a w ma t e r i a l s. T he s s bs r a t e s c a n bet r e a t e d by s e r i l i za t i o n , pa s e u r i za t i o n o r u s e d u n t r e a t e d i n t he i r n a t u r a l s a t e .

C U L T U R E

Page 124: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 124/437

NA T U R A LF o r mo s pe o pl e mu shr o o m c u l t i v a t i o n i mpl i e s a n i n d o o r p r o c e ss e mpl o y i n g st e r i l e c u l t u r e

t e c h n i q u e s a n d a c o n t r o l l e d g r o w i n g e n v i r o n me n t . A l t ho u g h t hi s ha s be e n t he n a t u r a l pr o g r e ss o n

o f e v e n t s fo r c o mme r c i a l c u l t i v a t o r s a n d i s t he o n l y w a y t o c o n s st e n t l y g r o w y e a r r o u n d c r o ps, i t

n e e d n o t be t he so l e me t ho d a v a i l a bl e t o t he ho me c u l t i v a t o r . Fo r hu n d r e d s o f y e a r s ho me g r o w e r s

ha v e ma d e u p o u t d o o r be d s a n d ha v ee n j o y e d ha r v e st i n g s a so n a l c r o ps o f mu shr o o ms. In fa c t ,

mo s mu shr o o ms n o w be i n g g r o w n c o mme r c i a l l y w e r e o r i g i n a l l y g r o w n u s n g n a t u r a l c u l t u r e t e c h-

n i q u e s.

B y o bse r v i n g w i l d mu shr o o ms fr u i t i n g i n t he i r n a t u r a l ha bi t a t s, o n e c a n be g i n t o u n d e r st a n d

t he i r g r o w t h r e q u i r e me n t s. T o fu l l y i l l u st r a t e ho w t hi s me t ho d o l o g y w o r k s, t he d e v e l o pme n t o f n a t u -

r a l c u l t u r e f o r P si l o c y be c y a n e s e n s w i l l be u se d a s a n e x a mpl e . P si l o c y be c y a n e s e n s g r o w s a l o n g

fe n c e l i n e s a n d he d g e r o w s, i n t a l l r a n k g r a ss, i n be r r y t hi c k e t s, i n w e l l mu l c he d r ho d o d e n d r o n be d s,

i n pi l e s o f w o o d c hi ps a n d sha v i n g s a n d i n e c o l o g i c a l l y d i s u r be d a r e a s. In ma n y i n st a n c e s, t he

mu shr o o ms a r e fo u n d g r o w i n g i n s i l , bu t u po n c l o se e x a mi n a t i o n o f t he u n d e r l y i n g my c e l i a l n e t -

w o r k , i t i s a p pa r e n t t ha t t he y a r e f e e d i n g o n w o o d o r o t he r s mi l a r c e l l u l o si c ma t e r i a l . D e t o t he

t hi c k st r a n d y my c e l i u m o f P si l o c y be c y a n e s e n s, i t i s r e l a t i v e l y e a sy t o l o c a t e a n d g a t he r c o l o n i ze d

Fi g u r e 1 0 2 V r g i n spa w n : P si l o c y be c y a n e sc e n s my c e l i u m o n a w o o d c hi p .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

N n -C mpo s e d S u bt r a t e s/ 1 1 1

pi e c e s o f su bs r a t e . T he s pi e c e s a r e c o n s d e r e d v i r g i n spa w n a n d a r e u se d t o i n o c u l a t e si mi l a r

ma t e r i a l s Fr e shl y c u t c hi ps o f a l d e r , ma pl e a n d fi r a l l s ppo r t he a l t hy my c e l i a l g r o w t h. B e c a u se

a l d e r i s hi g h i n su g a r c o n t e n t , w i t ho u t r e s n s a n d a bu n d a n t i n n o r t hw e st e r n N r t h A me r i c a , i t ha s

be e n s l e c t e d a s t he pr i ma r y su bs r a t e ma t e r i a l .

E v e n t ho u g h su c h a v i r g i n spa w n i s n o t a bs l u t e l y c l e a n , P si l o c y be c y a n e sc e n s my c e l i u m c o l -

o n i ze s fr e sh su bst r a t e pi e c e s so r a pi d l y t ha t t he r e i s l i t t l e r i s o f c o n t a mi n a t i o n . In o r d e r t o pr e pa r e

i n o c u l u m fo r t he fo l l o w i n g y e a r , t he n e w l y i n o c u l a t e d c hi ps a r e k e pt i n d o o r s i n g a l l o n j a r s o r o t he r

pr o t e c t i v e c o n t a i n e r s. W i t h su ffi c i e n t mo i st u r e , mi n i ma l a i r e x c ha n g e a n d n o r ma l i n d o o r t e mpe r a -

t u r e s, t he my c e l i u m s o n spr e a d s t hr o u g ho u t t he fr e sh c hi ps. Fo r t he be st r e s u l t s a 1 : 5 r a t i o o f

Page 125: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 125/437

v i r g i n s pa w n t o fr e sh c hi ps i s r e c o mme n d e d . A s o n e j a r be c o me s fu l l y pe r me a t e d , i t c a n be u se d t o

pr o d u c e mo r e spa w n .

In t he spr i n g fr e shl y c u t w o o d br a n c he s a r e c hi ppe d , t he n mi x e d w i t h t he fu l l y c o l o n i ze d i n o c u -

u r n a n d ma d e i n t o a r i d g e be d d i r e c t l y o n t he g r o u n d . E x p e r i e n c e ha s sho w n t ha t i r r e g u l a r c hi ps

a ppr o x i ma t e l y 1 - 3 i n c he s l o n g g i v e be t t e r r e s l t s t ha n fi n e l y g r o u n d ma t e r i a l su c h a s sa w d u st . Fr e sh

c h i ps n o t o n l y p r o v i d e a g r e a t e r n u t r i e n t a n d w a t e r r e s r v o i r , bu t a l s ha v e su bs a n t i a l su r fa c e a r e afo r pr i r n o r d i a fo r ma t i o n . S t r o n g my c e l i a l g r o w t h c a n be s st a i n e d o n w o o d c hi ps fo r a p r o l o n g e d

pe r i o d o f t i me . ( M y c e l i a l g r o w t h o n fr e sh sa w d u st i s a t fi r st r a pi d a n d r hi zo mo r phi c bu t so o n sl o w s

a n d l o se s i t s v i t a l i t y ) .

T he r i d g e be d s sho u l d be ma d e 4 -6 i n c he s d e e p a n d 2 fe e t w i d e . T o i n s r e a hu mi d mi c r o c l i -

ma t e f o r mu shr o o m d e v e l o pme n t t he be d sho u l d be ma d e u n d e r r ho d o d e n d r o n s o r o t he r l e a fy o r -

n a me n t a l s, a l o n g a fe n c e o r he d g e r o w , o r o n g r a ss w hi c h i s a l l o w e d t o g r o w u p t hr o u g h t he be d .

Fi g u r e 1 0 3 Chi ppi n g fr e shl y c u t a l d e rbr a n c he s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 1 2 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

T he be d mu st n e v e r be pl a c e d w he r e i t i s e x po s d t o d i r e c t s n l i g ht bu t i t sho u l d n o t be so w e l l pr o -

t e c t e d t ha t r a i n fa l l c a n n o t r e a c h i t .

D r i n g t he spr i n g a n d su mme r t he my c e l i u m c o l o n i z s t he fr e sh su bst r a t e w hi c h sho u l d be

c o v e r e d w i t h pl a st i c o r c a r d bo a r d t o pr e v e n t d r y i n g . A w e e k l y w a t e r i n g he l ps t o k e e p t he mo i st u r e

c o n t e n t hi g h. In t he fa l l t he be d i s u n c o v e r e d a n d g i v e n a he a v y w a t e r i n g t w i c e a w e e k , bu t w i t h c a r en o t t o fl o o d i t . W he n t he mu shr o o ms be g i n t o fr u i t , w a t e r i n g sho u l d be g a u g e d a c c o r d i n g t o e n v i -

r o n me n t a l c o n d i t i o n s a n d n a t u r a l pr e c i pi t a t i o n . A s l o n g a s t he t e mpe r a t u r e s a y s a bo v e fr e e zi n g t he

mu shr o o ms w i l l g r o w c o n t i n u o u s y . If a fr e e z i s e x pe c t e d , t he be d s c a n be pr o t e c t e d w i t h a pl a st i c

c o v e r i n g . E x t e n d e d fr e e z n g w e a t he r e n d s o u t d o o r c r o p pi n g u n t i l t he fo l l o w i n g y e a r .

Page 126: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 126/437

T hr o u g ho u t t he w i n t e r t he be d s c a n be pr o t e c t e d by a l a y e r o f s r a w , c a r d bo a r d o r n e w c hi ps

t o ppe d w i t h pl a s i c . T hi s i s pa r t i c u l a r l y i mpo r t a n t fo r ha r s h c l i ma t e s. O t he r po ss bi l i t i e s i n c l u d e ma k -

i n g t he be d i n si d e a c o l d fr a me o r pl a s i c g r e e n ho u se . C r t a i n r e g i o n s o f t he c o u n t r y l i k e t he N r t h-

w e st a r e be t t e r su i t e d t o n a t u r a l c u l t u r e t ha n o t he r s In t hi s r e spe c t i t i s d e s r a bl e t o u s a l o c a l st r a i n

a d a pt e d t o l o c a l c o n d i t i o n s In c l i ma t e s u n su i t e d t o o u t d o o r c u l t i v a t i o n , t he w o o d c hi ps c a n be fi l l e d

i n t o t r a y s a n d br o u g ht i n si d e .O n c e t he pr i ma r y b e d ha s be e n e s a bl i she d o u t d o o r s, i t c a n be l i k e n e d t o a pe r e n n i a l pl a n t ,

w hi c h i s t he n a t u r e o f mu shr o o m my c e l i u m. i n d o o r spa w n pr e pa r a t i o n a n d i n c u ba t i o n be c o me U n -

n e c e ss r y . W i t h e a c h s c c e ss v e y e a r c h i ps c a n be d r a w n fr o m t he o r i g i n a l be d a n d u s d a s i n o c u -

l u m. T hi s me a n s t ha t t he t o t a l be d a r e a c a n be mu l t i pl i e d by fi v e o n a n a n n u a l ba si s ( S e e Fi g u r e

1 6 4 o f P s l o c y b e c y a n e s e n s fr u i t i n g i n d o o r s i n t r a y o f a l d e r c h i ps) .

Fi g u r e 1 0 4 O a k d o w e l s be fo r e a n d a ft e r c o l o n i za t i o n byshi i t a k e ( L e n t i n u s e d o d e s) my c e l i u m.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

N n -C mpo st e d S u bfr a t e s/ 1 1 3

Page 127: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 127/437

Fi g u r e 1 0 5 S hi i t a k e pl u gi n s r t e d i n t o o a k l o g .

Fi g u r e 1 0 6 S t a c k e d a r -r a n g e me n t o f shi i t a k e l o g s i na g r e e n ho u se .

Fi g u r e 1 0 7t u r e o u t d o o r sc l o t h.

S hi i t a k e c u l -

u n d e r sha d e

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 128: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 128/437

N n - C mpo st e d S u bt r a t e s/ 1 1 5

A u r i c u l a r i a . T he y a r e a l s be i n g u t i l i ze d w i t h so me mo d i fi c a t i o n s by c o mme r c i a l shi i t a k e g r o w e r s i n

t he U n i t e d S t a t e s. T he d e v e l o pme n t o f t he s mu shr o o m spe c i fi c s bst r a t e s fo l l o w s c e r t a i n w e l l d e -

fi n e d g u i d e l i n e s.

T he ba s c r a w ma t e r i a l i s c e l l u l o se , a ma j o r c o n st i t u e n t o f sa w d u st , st r a w , c a r d bo a r d o r pa pe r

w a s e s, w o o d c hi ps, o r o t he r n a t u r a l pl a n t fi be r s. A n y o f t he s ma t e r i a l s sho u l d be c ho ppe d o rshr e d d e d , bu t n e v e r s o fi n e l y a s t o e l i mi n a t e t he i r i n he r e n t st r u c t u r a l q u a l i t i e s. T hi s c e l l u l o s c ba se

c o mpr i s s a ppr o x i ma t e l y 8 0 % o f t he t o t a l s bs r a t e mi x t u r e .

T o t he s ba s c su bs r a t e ma t e r i a l s a r e a d d e d v a r i o u s n u t r i e n t s ppl e me n t s a n d g r o w t h st i mu l a -

t o r s i n me a l o r f l o u r f o r m. B y su ppl y i n g pr o t e i n s, c a r b o hy d r a t e s, v i t a mi n s a n d mi n e r a l s, t he su ppl e -

Page 129: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 129/437

me n t s se r v e t o e n ha n c e t he y i e l d c a pa bi l i t i e s o f t he su bs r a t e ba s . P r o t e i n s u r c e s i n c l u d e c o n c e n -

t r a t e s l i k e s y a me a l o r s y a fl o u r , w he a t g e r m a n d br e w e r 's y e a s . T he mo st su i t a b l e c a r bo hy d r a t e

so u r c e s a r e st a r c hy ma t e r i a l s su c h a s r i c e , po t a t o e s, c o r n a n d w he a t . S o me su ppl e me n t s a r e w e l l

ba l a n c e d a n d pr o v i d e bo t h c a r bo hy d r a t e s a n d pr o t e i n s. E x a mpl e s o f t he s a r e br a n , o a t me a l a n d

g r a i n s o f a l l t y pe s T he n u mbe r o f po ss bl e su ppl e me n t s i s e x t e n si v e a n d n e e d n o t be l i mi t e d t o

t ho se l i st e d . T he su ppl e me n t s c o mpr i se a ppr o x i ma t e l y 8 -2 5 % o f t he t o t a l d r y w e i g ht . T he a d d i t i o no f g y ps m a t a r a t e o f 5 % o f t he d r y w e i g ht c a n i mpr o v e t he s r u c t u r e a n d po r o s t y . It sho u l d be

c o n s d e r e d a n o pt i o n a l i n g r e d i e n t .

J a pa n e se g r o w e r s o f Fl a mmu l i n a v e / u t i pe s, A u r i c u l a r i a a u r i c u l a a n d a l l i e s, a n d P l e u r o t u so st r e a t u s ha v e a s a n d a r d s bs r a t e fo r mu l a c o n s s i n g o f 4 pa r t s s w d u s a n d 1 pa r t br a n . T he sa w -

Fi g u r e 1 0 8 P ho t o g r a ph o f shi i t a k e mu shr o o ms g r o w i n g o n a s w d u st bl o c k .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 1 6 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

d u st c a n be a g e d u p t o o n e y e a r , w hi c h i s s i d t o i mpr o v e i t s mo i s u r e ho l d i n g c a pa c i t y . P r e s a k i n g

t he sa w d u st pr i o r t o mi x i n g i n t he br a n i s a n e ffe c t i v e w a y t o a c h i e v e t he r e q u i r e d 6 0 % mo i st u r e o p-

t i mu m. A fi r m sq u e e ze o f t he mi x t u r e sho u l d pr o d u c e o n l y a fe w d r o p s o f w a t e r be t w e e n t he fi n g e r s.

If t he mi x t u r e ha s t o o mu c h mo i s u r e , l o o se w a fe r c o l l e c t s i n t he bo t t o m o f t he su bst r a t e c o n t a i n e r , a

c o n d i t i o n pr e d i spo s n g t he c u l t u r e t o c o n t a mi n a t i o n .T he su bs r a t e c a n be fi l l e d i n t o a n u mbe r o f d i ffe r e n t c o n t a i n e r s M a s n j a r s, po l y pr o py l e n e j a r s

o r hi g h d e n s t y , he a t -r e s s a n t po l y e t hy l e n e ba g s a r e c o mmo n l y e mpl o y e d . T he c o n t a i n e r s a r e

c l o se d a n d s a l e d w i t h a mi c r o po r o u s fi l t e r . T he y a r e st e r i l i ze d a t 1 5 psi fo r 6 0 -9 0 mi n u t e s. A ft e r

st e r i l i z t i o n t he c o n t a i n e r s a r e c o o l e d t o a mbi e n t t e mpe r a t u r e a n d i n o c u l a t e d . T he i n o c u l u m c a n be

Page 130: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 130/437

e i t he r g r a i n spa w n o r s w d u s -br a n spa w n .

D r i n g i n c u ba t i o n su bs r a t e f i l l e d pl a s i c b a g s c a n be mo l d e d t o t he d e s r e d c r o ppi n g fo r m.

C mmo n sha pe s a r e r o u n d mi n i -l o g s o r r e c t a n g u l a r bl o c k s. S o me P l e u r o t u s g r o w e r s mo l d t he

Fi g u r e 1 0 9 Fl a mmu l i n a v e l u t i pe s, t heE n o k e M u shr o o m, fr u i t i n g i n ma so n j a rc o n t a i n i n g s a w d u st mi x t u r e .

Fi g u r e 1 1 0 A u t o c l a v a bl e pl a s i c ba g a n d

mi c r o po r o u s fi l t e r d i sc , k n o w n i n t he

O r i e n t a s t he S pa c e B a g .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

N o n - C o m p o s t e d S u b t r a t e s / 1 1 7

s a w d u s t s u b s t r a t e i n t o a c y l i n d r i c a l sha pe , 6 -8 i n c he s l o n g a n d 4 -5 i n c he s i n d i a me t e r . T he fu l l y c o l -

o n i ze d " l o g s" a r e st a c k e d t o g e t he r o n t he i r si d e s w i t h t he e n d s e x po se d a s t he c r o ppi n g s r fa c e s.

A n a l t e r n a t i v e i s t o s i t t he ba g l e n g t hw i s i n fo u r p l a c e s, e x po si n g t he su bst r a t e t o a i r w hi l e r e t a i n i n g

t he pl a st i c a s a hu mi d i t y ho o d . If g r o w i n g i n j a r s, Fl a mmu l i n a a n d P / e u r o fu s fr u i t fr o m t he e x po se d

su r f a c e a t t he mo u t h o f t he j a r s.

G R O W ING O N P A S T E U R I Z E D S T R A WI n c o mme r c i a l mu shr o o m pr o d u c t i o n o n e o f t he mo st fr e q u e n t l y u se d su bst r a t e ma t e r i a l s i s

c e r e a l st r a w . N t o n l y d o e s s r a w fo r m t he ba s s fo r m u shr o o m c o mpo st s, bu t i t i s a l so u se d u n c o m-

Page 131: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 131/437

po s e d a s t he s l e i n g r e d i e n t fo r t he g r o w t h o f v a r i o u s mu shr o o m spe c i e s A l t ho u g h a l l t y pe s o f

s r a w a r e mo r e o r l e ss s i t a b l e , mo s g r o w e r s u s w he a t be c a u se o f i t s c o a r se fi be r a n d i t s a v a i l a bi l i -

t y . T he s r a w sho u l d be c l e a n , fr e e fr o m mo l d s a n d u n spo i l e d by a n y pr e l i mi n a r y d e c o mpo si t i o n .

P r e pa r a t i o n s mpl y i n v o l v e s c h o ppi n g o r shr e d d i n g t he d r y s t r a w i n t o 1 -3 i n c h pi e c e s T hi s c a n be

d o n e w i t h a w o o d c hi ppe r , a g a r d e n c o mpo st shr e d d e r o r a po w e r mo w e r . T he shr e d d i n g i n c r e a se smo i s u r e a bs r pt i o n by e x pa n d i n g t he a v a i l a bl e su r fa c e a r e a . S hr e d d i n g a l so i n c r e a se s t he d e n si t y o f

t he s bs r a t e ma ss

Fi g u r e 1 1 1 E q u i pme n t n e e d e d fo r pa st e u r i za t i o n o f s r a w : 5 5 g a l l o n d r u m ; g a s bu r n -e r ; shr e d d e r ; ha r d w a r e c l o t h ba s e t a n d st r a w .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 1 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Fi g u r e 1 1 2

Fi g u r e 1 1 3w i r e b a s e t .

Fi g u r e 1 1 4

Fi g u r e 1 1 5

S hr e d d i n g t he st r a w .

Fi l l i n g t he shr e d d e d st r a w i n t o t he

Che c k i n g t he w a t e r t e mpe r a t u r e .

D a i n i n g t he pa st e u r i ze d st r a w .

Page 132: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 132/437

¼

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

N n -C mpo sfe d S u bt r a t e s/ 1 1 9

T he c ho ppe d s r a w i s t r e a t e d by pa st e u r i za t i o n w hi c h c a n be c a r r i e d o u t w i t h l i v e st e a m o r ho t

w a t e r . P r e s a k e d t o a ppr o x i ma t e l y 7 5 % w a t e r , t he st r a w i s fi l l e d i n t o a t u n n e l o r s t e a m r o o m a s d e -

sc r i be d i n t he c o r n po s i n g c ha pt e r . It i s s e a me d fo r 2 -4 ho u r s a t 1 4 0 -1 5 0 ° F. , t he n c o o l e d t o 8 0 ° F.

a n d spa w n e d . A n a l t e r n a t i v e pr o g r a m c a l l s fo r 1 2 -2 4 ho u r s a t 1 2 2 ° F . a ft e r t he hi g h t e mpe r a t u r e

pa st e u r i za t i o n . T hi s pr o g r a m i s d e s g n e d t o pr o mo t e be n e fi c i a l mi c r o bi a l g r o w t h g i v i n g t he st r a w ahi g he r d e g r e e o f s l e c t i v i t y fo r m u shr o o m my c e l i u m.

T he me t ho d be s s i t e d t o t he ho me c u l t i v a t o r i s t he ho t w a t e r b a t h. Fi g u r e 1 1 1 i l l u st r a t e s a

s mpl e sy s e m u t i l i z n g a 5 5 g a l l o n d r u m a n d a pr o pa n e bu r n e r . T he d r u m i s ha l f fi l l e d w i t h w a t e r

t ha t i s t he n he a t e d t o 1 6 0 -1 7 0 ° F. Cho ppe d d r y st r a w i s pl a c e d i n t o t he w i r e me sh ba sk e t a n d su b-

me r g e d i n t he ho t w a t e r . ( A w e i g ht i s n e e d e d t o k e e p t he s r a w u n d e r w a t e r . ) A ft e r 3 0 -4 5 mi n u t e s

Page 133: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 133/437

t he st r a w i s r e mo v e d fr o m t he w a t e r a n d a l l o w e d t o d r a i n . It i s v e r y i mpo r t a n t t o l e t a l l l o o se w a t e r

r u n o ff.

O n c e d r a i n e d , t he st r a w i s spr e a d o u t o n a c l e a n s r fa c e a n d a l l o w e d t o c o o l t o 8 0 ° F . ( o r l e ss) ,

a t w hi c h po i n t i t c a n be spa w n e d . T he s r a w i s e v e n l y mi x e d w i t h spa w n a n d fi l l e d i n t o t r a y s, she l v e s

o r pl a s i c ba g s S o me c o mpr e ss o n o f t he s r a w i n t o t h e c o n t a i n e r i s d e si r a bl e be c a u se t he c r o ppi n ge ffi c i e n c y w i l l be i n c r e a s d .

T he u se o f pl a st i c ba g s i s a si mpl e a n d e ffi c i e n t w a y t o ha n d l e st r a w su bst r a t e s. A fi v e g a l l o n ba g

( 1 -2 mi l s t hi c k ) i s w e l l su i t e d t o mo st si t u a t i o n s. T w o d o ze n n a i l si ze d ho l e s e q u a l l y spa c e d a r o u n d

t he ba g s pr o v i d e a e r a t i o n . U po n fu l l c o l o n i z t i o n , t he my c e l i a o f spe c i e s l i k e P l e u r o fu s o sfr e a t u s

Fi g u r e 1 1 6 In o c u l a t i n g g r a i n spa w n o n t o t hec o o l e d pa st e u r i z d s r a w .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 2 0 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 134: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 134/437

a n d P s l o c y be c u be n si s a c t u a l l y ho l d t he st r a w t o g e t he r , a t w hi c h t i me t he ba g c a n be c o mpl e t e l y

r e m o v e d . A n o t he r a l t e r n a t i v e i s t o pe r fo r a t e o r s r i p t he ba g fr o m t he t o p o r si d e t o a l l o w e a sy c r o p-

pi n g .

W he a t st r a w pr e p a r e d a n d pa st e u r i z d i n t hi s ma n n e r c a nbe u se d t o g r o w P / e u r o t u s o s t r e a t u s,

S t r o p l i a r i a r u g o s -a n n u l a t a , P a n a e o l u s c y a n e s e n s a n d P si l o c y be c u be n si s. It i s q u i t e po ssi bl e t ha t

o t he r spe c i e s c a n u t i l i z t hi s s bs r a t e o r a mo d i fi c a t i o n o f i t . S t u d i e s w i t h P l e u r o t u s o st r e a t u s ha v e

d e mo n st r a t e d y i e l d i n c r e a se s w i t h t he a d d i t i o n o f 2 0 % g r a ss me a l pr i o r t o s bs r a t e p a s e u r i za t i o n .

S u ppl e me n t a t i o n o f t he st r a w a ft e r a fu l l spa w n r u n i s a n o t he r me t ho d o f bo o st i n g y i e l d s ( S e e

Cha pt e r VII. ) B o n o ( 1 9 7 8 ) o bt a i n e d a y i e l d i n c r e a se o f 8 5 % w i t h P l e u r o t u s fl a be / / a t u s by a d d i n g

c o t t o n se e d me a l t o t he fu l l y c o l o n i ze d st r a w . T he o pt i mu m r a t e o f a d d i t i o n w a s 1 3 2 g r a m s pe r k i l o -

g r a m o f d r y s r a w ( a ppr o x i ma t e l y 2 2 g r a ms c r u d e pr o t e i n pe r k i l o g r a m st r a w ) . B o n o a l so fo u n d t ha t

su ppl e me n t a t i o n i n c r e a s d t he pr o t e i n c o n t e n t a n d i n t e n si fi e d t he fl a v o r o f t he mu shr o o ms.

Fi g u r e 1 1 7 P a s e u r i ze d s r a w st u f fe d i n t o pl a st i c ba g s w hi c h a r e t he n pe r fo r a t e d w i t h

n a i l si ze ho l e s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

r S pa w n i n g a n d S pa w n R u n n i n g i n B u l k S u b t r a t e s / 1 2 1

C H A P T E R V I IS P A W N I N G A ND S P A W N

R U NNING IN B U L K S U B S T R A T E S

,1 _ .

Page 135: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 135/437

F i g u r e 1 1 8 M y c e l i u m r u n n i n g t h r o u g h c o m p o s t .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 136: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 136/437

S pa w n i n g a n d S pa w n R u n n i n g i n B u l k S u bt r a t e s / 1 2 3

sq u a r e fo o t o f t he s bst r a t e . T hu s a y i e l d o f fo u r p o u n d s pe r s . ft . o f fr e shl y p i c k e d mu shr o o ms d i -

v i d e d by fi v e po u n d s d r y w e i g ht o f s bs r a t e e q u a l s a n 8 0 % c r o ppi n g e ffi c i e n c y . E ffi c i e n c i e s o f8 0 - 1 0 0 % a r e c o n s d e r e d t o be c l o s t o t he ma x i mu m y i e l d po t e n t i a l o f A g a r i c u s br u n n e sc e n s.

T he a c t u a l a mo u n t o f s bs r a t e t ha t c a n be c o mpa c t e d i n t o o n e sq u a r e f o o t o f g r o w i n g a r e a a n d

ma n a g e d d e pe n d s u po n t he c o o l i n g c a pa bi l i t i e s o f t he c o n t r o l s s e m a s w e l l a s t he o u t s d e t e m pe r -a t u r e . E x pe r i me n t s u si n g t r a c e r e l e me n t s i n mu shr o o m be d s t hr e e fe e t d e e p ha v e sho w n t ha t n u t r i -

e n t s fr o m t he fa r t he st po i n t a r e t r a n spo r t e d t o t he g r o w i n g mu shr o o ms. Y i e l d s pe r s . ft . i n c r e a s d

a l t ho u g h a t a l o w e r s bst r a t e e ffi c i e n c y .

D r i n g spa w n r u n n i n g t he me t a bo l i sm o f t he g r o w i n g my c e l i u m g e n e r a t e s t r e me n d o u s q u a n t i -

t i e s o f he a t . S u bs r a t e t e mpe r a t u r e s n o r ma l l y r e a c h a pe a k o n t he 7 t h-9 t h d a y s a ft e r spa w n i n g a n d

Page 137: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 137/437

c a n e a si l y r e a c h 9 0 ° F . A t t hi s t e mpe r a t u r e t he r mo phi l i c mi c r o o r g a n i sms be c o me a c t i v e , t he r e by i n -

c r e a si n g t he po ssi bi l i t i e s o f fu r t he r he a t g e n e r a t i o n . T he su bs r a t e c a n e a si l y s a r a bo v e 1 0 0 ° F. a n d

a c o mpo st c a n a c t u a l l y r i se a g a i n t o c o n d i t i o n i n g t e mpe r a t u r e s . T e mpe r a t u r e s be t w e e n 9 5 -1 1 0 ° F.

c a n k i l l t he my c e l i u m o f ma n y mu shr o o ms. E v e n i f t he my c e l i u m i s n o t c o mpl e t e l y k i l l e d , t he se

t e mpe r a t u r e s d o i r r e v e r s bl e ha r m t o m y c e l i a l v i t a l i t y a n d fr u i t i n g po t e n t i a l . T he se e l e v a t e d t e mpe r a -t u r e s a l so s i mu l a t e t he a c t i v i t y o f c o mpe t i t o r mo l d s a n d ma y r e n d e r t he s bst r a t e u n su i t a bl e fo r fu r -

t he r mu shr o o m g r o w t h. B e c a u s o f t he e n ha n c e d he a t g e n e r a t i n g c a pa bi l i t i e s o f d e e pl y fi l l e d be d s,

A g a r i c u s g r o w e r s r a r e l y fi l l mo r e t ha n 1 2 i n c he s o f c o mpo s i n t o t he be d s

: : _ _F i g u r e 1 1 9 G r o w t h c u r v e o f A g a r i c u s br u n n e sc e n s o n c o mpo st .

z

7u J

I

5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0

C M P O S T T E M P E R A T U R E

2 5 0 3 0 ° C

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 138: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 138/437

S pa w n i n g a n d S pa w n R u n n i n g i n B u l k S u bt r a t e s/ 1 2 5

Page 139: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 139/437

If t he su bst r a t e ha s be e n fi l l e d i n t o she l v e s, t he spa w n i s br o a d c a st o v e r t he su r f a c e a n d mi x e d i n

w i t h a pi t c hfo r k o r by ha n d . W i t h t r a y s, a si mi l a r me t ho d c a n be u s d , o r a l t e r n a t i v e l y , t he su bst r a t e

c a n be d u mpe d o u t o n a c l e a n s r fa c e , mi x e d w i t h spa w n a n d t he n r e pl a c e d i n t he t r a y s. S u bst r a t e s

fr o m a bu l k r o o m a r e r e mo v e d , mi x e d w i t h spa w n a n d t he n pl a c e d i n t o t he c ho se n c o n t a i n e r .

It i s c o mmo n pr o c e d u r e t o l e v e l a n d c o mpr e ss t he su bst r a t e t o a v o i d d e hy d r a t i o n c a u se d by e x -

c e ss v e a i r pe n e t r a t i o n . T he d e g r e e o f c o mpr e ssi o n d e pe n d s u po n su bst r a t e st r u c t u r e . L o n g , a i r y

ma t e r i a l s c a n be c o mpa c t e d mo r e t ha n sho r t , d e n se o n e s. C mme r c i a l fr a y g r o w e r s c o mpa c t t he

c o mpo s i n t o t he t r a y s w i t h a hy d r a u l i c pr e ss s t ha t t he c o mpo st su r fa c e r e se mbl e s a t a bl e t o p. T hi s

e n a bl e s t he a ppl i c a t i o n o f a n e v e n c a si n g l a y e r .

E n v i r o n me n t a l C o n d i t i o n sT he r e q u i r e d e n v i r o n me n t a l c o n d i t i o n s fo r spa w n r u n n i n g a r e v e r y s pe c i fi c a n d mu st be c l o se l y

mo n i t o r e d . S u bs r a t e t e mpe r a t u r e s a r e c o n t r o l l e d by c a r e fu l ma n i pu l a t i o n o f t he su r r o u n d i n g a i r

t e mpe r a t u r e . H e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g e q u i pme n t a r e he l pfu l bu t n o t a bso l u t e l y e ss n t i a l u n l e ss t he o u t -

s d e c l i ma t e i s e x t r e me . A w e l l i n su l a t e d r o o m w i t h pr o v i si o n s fo r fr e sh a i r e n t r a n c e a n d e x ha u st a i r

e x i t sho u l d be a d e q u a t e fo r mo st si t u a t i o n s. T he st e a d y o r pe r i o d i c r e c i r c u l a t i o n o f r o o m a i r by

me a n s o f a sma l l fa n he l ps t o k e e p a n e v e n t e mpe r a t u r e t hr o u g ho u t t he r o o m a n d g u a r d s a g a i n st l o -c a l i z d o v e r -he a t i n g , e spe c i a l l y i n t he u ppe r mo st c o n t a i n e r s H u mi d i t y i s e x t r e me l y i mpo r t a n t a t t hi s

t i me a n d mu st be he l d a t 9 0 -1 0 0 % . If t he hu mi d i t y f a l l s be l o w t hi s l e v e l , w a t e r e v a po r a t e s fr o m t h e

s bs r a t e s r fa c e t o t he d e t r i me n t o f t he g r o w i n g my c e l i u m. H u mi d i fi c a t i o n c a n be a c c o mpl i she d by

s e a m hu mi d i fi e r s o r b y c o l d w a t e r m i st e r s If st e a m i s u s d , c a r e mu s be t a k e n t ha t t he i n c r e a se i n

a i r t e m pe r a t u r e d o e s n o t d r i v e t he su bst r a t e t e m pe r a t u r e a bo v e t he o pt i ma l r a n g e . O n e c o mmo n

Fi g u r e 1 2 0 P si l o c y be s e m i l a n c e a t a my c e l i u m r u n n i n g t hr o u g h pa st e u r i ze d w he a ts r a w .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 140: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 140/437

T he C si n g L a y e r / 1 2 7

CH A P T E R V I I IT H E C A S I N G L A Y E R

Page 141: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 141/437

M

Fi g u r e 1 2 1 P a n a e o l u s c y a n e sc e n s fr u i t i n g i n t r a y o f pa st e u r i z d st r a w . N t emu shr o o ms fo r me d o n l y o n c a se d ha l f.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 2 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Co v e r i n g t he su bs r a t e s r fa c e w i t h a l a y e r o f mo i s ma t e r i a l ha v i n g spe c i fi c st r u c t u r a l c ha r a c t e r -

i st i c s i s c a l l e d c a si n g . T hi s pr a c t i c e w a s d e v e l o pe d by A g a r i c u s g r o w e r s w ho fo u n d t ha t

mu shr o o m fo r ma t i o n w a s s i mu l a t e d by c o v e r i n g t he i r c o mpo s w i t h su c h a l a y e r . A c a si n g l a y e r e n -

c o u r a g e s fr u i t i n g a n d e n ha n c e s y i e l d po t e n t i a l i n m a n y , bu t n o t a l l , c u l t i v a t e d mu shr o o ms.

C S IN C S IN C S I N

S P E CIE S O P T I O N L R E Q U I R E D N T R E Q U I R E D

A g . br u n n e sc e n sA g . bi fo r q u i s

C c o ma t u sFl . v e l u t i pe s

Page 142: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 142/437

L e n t i n u s e d o d e sL e pi st a n u d a

P 1 . o st r e a t u s IP t . o s r e a t u s

( Fl o r i d a v a r i e t y )

P a n . c y a n e sc e n s C

P a n . s bba l t e a t u s

P s c u be n s s

P s c y a n e s c e n s

P s . m e x i c a n a

P s . t a m p a n e n s / s I

S . r u g o s -a n n u l a t a

V v o l v a c e a

In a l l spe c i e s w he r e t he u se o f a c a si n g ha s be e n i n d i c a t e d a s o pt i o n a l , y i e l d s a r e c l e a r l y e n -ha n c e d w i t h t he a ppl i c a t i o n o f o n e . T he c ha r t a bo v e r e fe r s t o t he pr a c t i c a l c u l t i v a t i o n o f mu sh-

r o o ms i n q u a n t i t y . It e x c l u d e s fr u i t i n g s o n n u t r i fi e d a g a r me d i a o r o n o t he r su bst r a t e s t ha t pr o d u c e

bu t a fe w mu shr o o ms. C n se q u e n t l y , c a si n g ha s be c o me a n i n t e g r a l pa r t o f t he mu shr o o m g r o w -

i n g me t ho d o l o g y .

Fu n c t i o n sT he ba si c fu n c t i o n s o f t he c a si n g l a y e r a r e :

1 . T o pr o t e c t t he c o l o n i ze d su bs r a t e fr o m d r y i n g o u t .

M u shr o o m my c e l i u m i s e x t r e me l y se n si t i v e t o d r y a i r . A l t ho u g h a fu l l y c o l o n i ze d su b-st r a t e i s pr i ma r i l y p r o t e c t e d fr o m d e hy d r a t i o n by i t s c o n t a i n e r ( t he t r a y , j a r o r p l a st i c ba g ) ,

t he c r o ppi n g s r fa c e r e ma i n s e x po s d . S ho u l d t he e x po s d su r fa c e d r y o u t , t he my c e l i -

u m d i e s a n d fo r ms a h a r d e n e d ma t o f c e l l s B y c o v e r i n g t he s r fa c e w i t h a mo i st c a si n g

l a y e r , t he my c e l i u m i s pr o t e c t e d fr o m t he d a ma g i n g e ffe c t s o f d r y i n g . M o i st u r e t o ss fr o m

t he s bs r a t e i s a l s r e d u c e d .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 143: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 143/437

Page 144: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 144/437

T he C si n g L a y e r / 1 3 I

I

Page 145: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 145/437

T he d e v e l o pme n t o f c a si n g s ba se d o n pe a t mo ss ha s pr a c t i c a l l y e l i mi n a t e d t he u se o f so i l i n

mu shr o o m c u l t u r e . P e a t i s hi g hl y d e c o mpo s d pl a n t ma t t e r a n d ha s a pH i n t he 3 . 5 - 4 . 5 r a n g e .

S i n c e t hi s a c i d i c c o n d i t i o n pr e c l u d e s ma n y c o n t a mi n a n t s fr o m c o l o n i zi n g i t a s a s bs r a t e , pe a t i sc o n s d e r e d t o be a fa i r l y " c l e a n " st a r t i n g ma t e r i a l . P e a t ba s d c a s n g s r a r e l y r e q u i r e pa st e u r i za -

t i o n . B u t be c a u s pe a t i s t o o a c i d i c fo r mo st mu shr o o ms, t he a d d i t i o n o f so me fo r m o f c a l c i u mbu ffe r i n g a g e n t l i k e l i me s o n e i s e ss n t i a l . " L i mi n g " a l so c a u s s t he a g g r e g a t i o n o f t he pe a t pa r t i -

c l e s, g i v i n g pe a t a st r u c t u r e si mi l a r t o a c l a y / l o a m so i l . A c o a r s fi br o u s pe a t i s pr e fe r r e d be c a u se

i t ho l d s i t s s r u c t u r e be t t e r t ha n a fi n e pe a t . In e ss n c e , t he pr o pe r t i e s o f spha g n u m pe a t c o n fo r m

t o a l l t he g u i d e l i n e s o f a g o o d c a si n g l a y e r .

B u ffe r i n g a g e n t s a r e u s d t o c o u n t e r t he a c i d i c e ffe c t s o f pe a t a n d o t he r c a si n g ma t e r i a l s. C l -

c i u m c a r bo n a t e ( C C 3 ) i s mo st c o mmo n l y u se d a n d c o me s i n d i ffe r e n t fo r ms, s me mo r e d e si r -

a bl e t ha n o t he r s.

1 . Cha l k : U s d e x t e n s v e l y i n E u r o pe , c h a l k i s s ft i n t e x t u r e a n d ho l d s w a t e r w e l l . Chu n k so f c ha l k , r a n g i n g fr o m o n e i n c h t hi c k t o d u s , i mpr o v e c a s n g s r u c t u r e a n d c o n t i n u o u sl y

l e a c h i n t o t he c a s n g , g i v i n g l o n g l a st i n g bu ffe r i n g a c t i o n .

2 . L i me s o n e Fl o u r : L i me st o n e fl o u r i s c a l c i t i c l i me st o n e mi n e d fr o m r o c k q u a r r i e s a n dg r o u n d t o a fi n e po w d e r . It i s t he bu ffe r i n g a g e n t mo st w i d e l y u s d by A g a r i c u s g r o w e r s

i n t he U n i t e d S t a t e s. L i me st o n e fl o u r i s 9 7 % C C 3 w i t h l e ss t ha n 2 % ma g n e si u m.

Fi g u r e 1 2 2 S pha g n u m pe a t a n d l i me -st o n e fl o u r n e e d e d fo r c a si n g .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 3 2 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

3 . L i me st o n e G r i t : P r o d u c e d i n a fa shi o n si mi l a r t o l i me s o n e fl o u r , l i me st o n e g r i t i s r a t e d

a c c o r d i n g t o pa r t i c l e si ze a ft e r be i n g sc r e e n e d t hr o u g h v a r y i n g me she s. L i me st o n e g r i t i s

a n e x c e l l e n t st r u c t u r a l a d d i t i v e bu t ha s l o w bu ffe r i n g a bi l i t i e s. A n u mbe r 9 g r i t i s r e c o m-

me n d e d .

4 . D l o mi t i c L i me st o n e : T hi s l i me st o n e i s r a r e l y u se d by A g a r i c u s g r o w e r s d u e t o i t s hi g hma g n e si u m c o n t e n t . S o me r e se a r c h e r s ha v e r e po r t e d d e pr e ss d my c e l i a l g r o w t h i n c a s-

i n g s hi g h i n ma g n e s u m.

5 . M a r l : D e d g e d fr o m d r y l a k e bo t t o ms, ma r l i s a s ft l i me si mi l a r t o c ha l k b u t ha s t he c o n -

si st e n c y o f c l a y . It i s a c o mpo s t e o f c l a y a n d c a l c i u m c a r bo n a t e w i t h g o o d w a t e r ho l d i n g

c a pa c i t y .

6 . O y st e r S he l l : C mpr i se d o f c a l c i u m c a r bo n a t e , g r o u n d u p o y s e r she l l i s si mi l a r t o l i me -

Page 146: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 146/437

st o n e g r i t i n i t s bu ffe r i n g a c t i o n a n d i fs s r u c t u r a lo y st e r s he l l sho u l d n o t be u se d a s t he so l e bu ffe r i n g a g e n t be c a u s o f i fs l o w so l u bi l i t y i n

w a t e r .

T a bl e C mpa r i n g C si n g S o i l C mpo n e n t sA bso r pt i o n P o t e n t i a l

mi l l i l i t e r s w a fe r / g r a mM a t e r i a l

V r m i c u l i t e 5 . 0 8 4 %

P e a t 2 . 5 7 9 %

P o t t i n g S o i l 0 . 7 7 6 %

L o a m 0 . 3 2 5 %

Cha l k 0 . 6 3 7 %

L i me s o n e G r i t 0 . 2 1 5 %

S a n d 0 . 2 1 8 %

V l u e s v a r y a c c o r d i n g t o s u r c e a n d q u a l i fy o f ma t e r i a l u se d . T e st s r u n by t he a u t ho r s. )

C si n g Fo r mu l a s a n d P r e pa r a t i o nT he fo l l o w i n g c a si n g fo r mu l a s a r e w i d e l y u se d i n A g a r i c u s c u l t u r e . W i t h pH a d j u st me n t s t he y

c a n be u se d w i t h mo st mu shr o o m spe c i e s t ha t r e q u i r e a c a si n g . M e a su r e me n t o f ma t e r i a l s i s by

v o l u me .

FO R M U L A 1 FO R M U L A 2

C a r se pe a t : 4 pa r t s C a r s pe a t : 2 pa r t sL i me st o n e fl o u r : 1 pa r t Cha l k o r M a r l : 1 pa r t

L i me st o n e g r i t : ½ pa r t W a t e r : A ppr o x i ma t e l y 1 -1 ¼ pa r t s

W a t e r : A ppr o x i ma t e l y 2 -2 ¼ pa r t s

O n e ha l f t o o n e pa r t c o a r se v e r mi c u l i t e c a n be a d d e d t o i mpr o v e t he w a t e r r e t a i n i n g c a pa c i t y

o f t he s c a s n g mi x t u r e s a n d c a n be a n a i d i f fr u i t i n g o n t hi n l y l a i d s bs r a t e s W he n u se d , i t mu st

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 147: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 147/437

1 3 4 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 148: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 148/437

Fi g u r e s 1 2 3 , 1 2 4 &1 2 5 C si n g a t r a y o f

g r a i n spa w n . Fi r st t hefu l l y c o l o n i ze d g r a i n i sc a r e f u l l y br o k e n u p a n de v e n l y d i st r i bu t e d i n t ot he t r a y . A s a n o pt i o n , al a y e r o f pa r t i a l l ymo i s e n e d v e r mi c u l i t ec a n be pl a c e d a l o n g t hebo t t o m o f t he t r a y t oa bso r b e x c e ss w a t e r . Ift he g r a i n a ppe a r s t oh a v e u n c o l o n i ze dk e r n e l s, c o v e r t hec o n t a i n e r w i t h pl a st i ca n d l e t t he spa w n

r e c o v e r fo r 2 4 ho u r sbe fo r e c a s n g .O t he r w i se , c a s n g c a npr o c e e d i mme d i a t e l y

a ft e r t he spa w n ha sbe e n l a i d o u t .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C si n g L a y e r 1 3 5

e a s l y be o v e r w a t e r e d , t he r e by st i fl i n g my c e l i a l g r o w t h; a n d se c o n d l y , t he my c e l i u mbr e a k s t hr o u g h t he su r fa c e a t d i ffe r e n t t i me s, r e su l t i n g i n i r r e g u l a r pi n he a d fo r ma t i o n .W he n a ppl y i n g t he c a si n g t o l a r g e a r e a s, " d e pt h r i n g s" c a n be a n e ffe c t i v e me a n s t o i n -

s r e e v e n n e ss. T he s r i n g s a r e f a br i c a t e d o u t o f fl a t me t a l o r s i x i n c h P VC pi pe , c u t t o

a n y d e pt h. T he y a r e pl a c e d o n t he s bst r a t e a n d c o v e r e d w i t h t he c a si n g , w hi c h i s t he n

l e v e l e d u s n g t he r i n g s a s a g u i d e . O n c e t he c a s n g i s l e v e l a n d e v e n , t he r i n g s a r e r e -

mo v e d .

A l t ho u g h t he c a si n g l a y e r mu st be e v e n , t he su r fa c e o f t he c a s n g sho u l d r e ma i nr o u g h a n d po r o u s, w i t h sma l l " mo u n t a i n s a n d v a l l e y s" . T he su r fa c e s r u c t u r e i s a k e y t o

o pfi mu m pi n he a d fo r ma t i o n a n d w i l l be d i s u sse d i n mo r e d e t a i l i n t he n e x t c h a pt e r .

Page 149: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 149/437

C si n g C o l o n i z a t i o nE n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s a f t e r c a s n g sho u l d be t he sa me a s d u r i n g spa w n r u n n i n g . S u bst r a t e

t e mpe r a t u r e s a r e ma i n t a i n e d w i t hi n t he o pt i mu m r a n g e fo r my c e l i a l g r o w t h; r e l a t i v e hu mi d i t y i s

9 0 -1 0 0 % ; a n d fr e sh a i r i s k e pt t o a mi n i mu m. ( Fr e sh a i r s ho u l d o n l y be i n t r o d u c e d t o o ffse t o v e r -

he a t i n g ) . T he bu i l d -u p o f C 2 i n t he r o o m i s be n e fi c i a l t o my c e l i a l g r o w t h a n d i s c o n t r o l l e d by a n

a i r t i g ht r o o m a n d t i g ht l y se a l e d fr e sh a i r d a mpe r . If t he e n t r a n c e o f fr e sh a i r c a n n o t be c o n t r o l l e d , a

Fi g u r e 1 2 6 D pt h r i n g s u se d fo r e v e n c a si n g a ppl i c a t i o n o n bu l k su bst r a t e s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 3 6 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 150: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 150/437

she e t o f pl a st i c sho u l d be pl a c e d o v e r t he c a s n g . T hi s pl a s i c she e t a l so pr e v e n t s mo i st u r e l o ss fr o m

t he c a s n g .

S o o n a ft e r c a si n g , su bst r a t e t e m pe r a t u r e s su r g e u pw a r d d u e t o t he ha mpe r e d d i ffu si o n o f

me t a bo l i c g a s s w hi c h w o u l d n o r ma l l y c o n d u c t he a t a w a y . T hi s su r g e i s a n i n d i c a t i o n o f my c e l i a lv i t a l i t y a n d i s a po s t i v e s g n i f t he r o o m t e mpe r a t u r e c a n be c o n t r o l l e d . T hi s t e mpe r a t u r e r i s c a n

be a n t i c i pa t e d by l o w e r i n g e i t he r t he t e mpe r a t u r e o f t he s bs r a t e pr i o r t o c a s n g o r l o w e r i n g t he

a i r t e mpe r a t u r e o f t he r o o m a ft e r c a si n g .

W i t hi n t hr e e d a y s o f a ppl i c a t i o n , t he my c e l i u m sho u l d be g r o w i n g i n t o t he c a si n g l a y e r . O n c e

my c e l i a l g r o w t h i s fi r ml y e s a bl i she d , t he c a si n g i s g r a d u a l l y w a t e r e d u p t o i t s o pt i mu m mo i st u r eho l d i n g c a pa c i t y . T hi s i s a c c o mpl i she d by a s r i e s o f l i g ht w a t e r i n g s w i t h a mi s i n g n o zzl e o v e r a

Iw o t o fo u r d a y pe r i o d ( d e pe n d i n g u po n t he d e pt h o f t he c a s n g ) . D e pe r c a si n g s r e q u i r e mo r e

w a t e r i n g s O pt i mu m mo i st u r e c a pa c i t y s ho u l d be a c hi e v e d a t l e a st t w o d a y s be fo r e t he my c e l i u m

r e a c h e s t he s r fa c e . IT I S E X T R E M E L Y IM P O R T A N T H A T T H E W A T E R ING S DO NO T

D M A G E T H E S U R FA C S T R U C U R E O F T H E C S IN . H e a v y d i r e c t w a t e r i n g c a n " pa n "t he c a s n g su r fa c e , c l o si n g a l l t he po r e spa c e s a n d e ffe c t i v e l y s a l i n g i t . T he g r o w i n g my c e l i u m i st he n t r a ppe d w i t hi n t he c a s n g l a y e r a n d ma y n o t br e a k t hr o u g h i t a t a l l . T he u l t i ma t e e x a mpl e o f

pa n n i n g i s a s i l t u r n e d t o mu d .T o r e p a i r a c a s n g su r fa c e d a ma g e d by w a t e r i n g , t he t o p ¼ i n c h c a n be r e o pe n e d by a t e c h -

n i q u e c a l l e d " sc r a t c h i n g " . T he t o o l u se d i s si mpl y a 1 x 2 x 2 4 i n c h bo a r d w i t h pa r a l l e l r o w s o f

F i g u r e 1 2 7 M y c e l i a l g r o w t h ( A g a r i c u s br u n n e s e n s) i n t o c a s n g w i t h o pt i mu mmo i st u r e .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C s n g L a y e r / 1 3 7

Page 151: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 151/437

n a i l s ( 6 pe n n y ) sl i g ht l y o ffse t r e l a t i v e t o o n e a n o t he r . W i t h t hi s " s r a t c h i n g s i c k " , t he c a si n g i sl i g ht l y r u ffl e d pr i o r t o t he my c e l i u m br e a k i n g t hr o u g h t o t he su r fa c e . A ft e r t he su r f a c e ha s be e n

s r a t c he d , t he c a si n g sho u l d be g i v e n i t s fi n a l w a t e r i n g s pr i o r t o pi n n i n g .

A mo d i fi e d a ppl i c a t i o n o f t hi s t e c hn i q u e i s " d e e p sc r a t c h i n g " . W he n t he my c e l i u m i s mi d w a y

t hr o u g h t he c a s n g , t he e n t i r e l a y e r i s t ho r o u g hl y r u ffl e d d o w n t o t he bu l k su bst r a t e . T he a g i t a t e d

a n d br o k e n my c e l i u m r a pi d l y r e e s a bl i she s i t s l f a n d w i t hi n t hr e e t o fo u r d a y s i t c o mpl e t e l y c o l o -

n i z s t he c a si n g . T he r e su l t i s a n e a r l y , e v e n a n d pr o l i fi c pi n he a d fo r ma t i o n . B e fo r e u si n g t hi s

t e c hn i q u e , t he g r o w e r mu s be c e r t a i n t ha t t he s bst r a t e a n d c a si n g a r e fr e e o f c o mpe t i t o r mo l d s

a n d n e ma t o d e s.

C si n g M o i s t u r e a n d M y c e l i a l A p p e a r a n c eM o i s u r e w i t hi n t he c a s n g l a y e r ha s a d i r e c t e ffe c t o n t he d i a me t e r a n d d e g r e e o f br a n c hi n g

i n g r o w i n g my c e l i u m. T he s c h a r a c t e r i s i c s a r e i n d i c a t o r s o f mo i s u r e c o n t e n t a n d c a n be u s e d a s

a g u i d e t o pr o pe r w a t e r i n g .1 . O pt i mu m C si n g M o i s u r e : M u shr o o m my c e l i u m t hr i v e s i n a mo i st hu mi d c a si n g ,

s n d i n g o u t mi n u t e br a n c h i n g n e t w o r k s. T he s n e t w o r k s e x p a n d a n d g r o w , a bso r bi n g

w a t e r , C 2 a n d o x y g e n fr o m t he n e a r s t u r a t e d c a s n g . T hi s my c e l i a l g r o w t h i s c ha r a c t e r -

i ze d by ma n y t hi c k , w hi t e r h i zo mo r p hi c st r a n d s t ha t br a n c h i n t o my c e l i a o f sma l l e r d i a -

me t e r s a n d c o r r e spo n d i n g l y sma l l e r , fi n e r c a pi l l a r i e s. T he o v e r a l l a spe c t i s l u sh a n d

Fi g u r e 1 2 8 M y c e l i a l g r o w t h ( P si o c y be c u b e n s i s )i n t o c a si n g w i t h o pt i mu m mo i st u r e .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 3 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

d e n se . W he n a se c t i o n o f c a si n g i s e x a mi n e d , i l l s he l d fi r ml y t o g e t he r by t he my c e l i a l

n e t w o r k bu t w i l l se pa r a t e w i t h l i t t l e e ffo r t . T he c a s n g i t se l f r e ma i n s s ft a n d pl i a bl e .

2 . O v e r l y d r y c a si n g : In a d r y c a si n g , t he my c e l i u m i s c ha r a c t e r i ze d b y a l a c k o f r hi zo -

mo r phs a n d a n a bu n d a n c e o f fi n e c a pi l l a r y t y pe my c e l i a . T hi s fi n e g r o w t h c a n t o t a l l y pe r -me a t e t he c a si n g l a y e r , w hi c h t he n be c o me s ha r d , c o mpa c t a n d u n r e c e pt i v e t o w a t e r . I t i s

c o mmo n fo r pu d d l e s t o fo r m o n a d r y c a s n g t ha t ha s j u s be e n w a t e r e d . A l so , a d r y c a s-i n g r a r e l y p e r mi t s pr i mo r d i a f o r ma t i o n be c a u se o f i t s a r i d mi c r o c l i ma t e a n d i s su sc e pt i bl e

t o " o v e r l a y " . M u shr o o ms, i f t he y o c c u r , fr e q u e n t l y fo r m a l o n g t he e d g e s o f t he t r a y .

O v e r l a y i s a d e n se my c e l i a l g r o w t h t ha t c o v e r s t he c a si n g su r fa c e a n d sho w s l i t t l e o r

n o i n c l i n a t i o n t o fo r m pi n he a d s O v e r l a y d i r e c t l y r e s l t s fr o m a d r y c a s n g , hi g h l e v e l s o f

C 2 a n d / o r l o w hu mi d i t y . ( S e e Cha pt e r IX o n pi n he a d i n i t i a t i o n ) .

3 . O v e r l y W e t C si n g : In a sa t u r a t e d c a si n g , t he my c e l i u m g r o w s c o a r s a n d st r i n g y , w i t h

v e r y l i t t l e br a n c h i n g a n d fe w c a pi l l a r i e s M y c e l i a l g r o w t h i s sl o w a n d spa r s w hi c h l e a v e s

Page 152: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 152/437

t he c a si n g l a r g e l y u n c o l o n i ze d . O ft e n t he sa t u r a t e d c a si n g l e a c he s o n t o t he su bst r a t e su r -

fa c e w hi c h t he n be c o me s w a t e r l o g g e d , i n hi bi t i n g fu r t he r g r o w t h a n d pr o mo t i n g c o n t a mi -

n a t i o n . S u bs q u e n t d r y i n g ma y e v e n t u a l l y r e a c t i v a t e t he my c e l i u m, bu t a r e d u c t i o n i n

y i e l d i s t o be e x pe c t e d .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

S t r a t e g i e s fo r M u shr o o m Fo r ma fi o n / j 3 9

C H A P T E R I XS T R A T E G I E S F O R

M U S H R O O M F O R M A T I O N( P I N H E A D I N I T I A T I O N )

Page 153: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 153/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 154: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 154/437

Page 155: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 155/437

1 4 2 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 156: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 156/437

M y c e l i u m br e a k i n g t hr o u g h t he c a si n g su r fa c e e a r l y sho u l d be l i g ht l y spr i n k l e d w i t h mo i s c a s-

i n g . U n e v e n g r o w t h t hr o u g h t he c a si n g l a y e r i s u s a l l y a n i n d i c a t i o n o f a c a si n g w i t h i r r e g u l a rd e pt hs B y " p a t c h i n g " sha l l o w a r e a s, a n e v e n my c e l i a l spr e a d i s a ssu r e d . N t e t ha t t he mo r e e v e n

t he d i st r i bu t i o n o f t he my c e l i u m i n t he v a l l e y s o f t he c a si n g 's su r f a c e , t he mo r e e v e n t hepi n -se t a n d t he g r e a t e r t he fi r st a n d s c o n d fl u she s.

T he e x a c t t i me fo r i n i t i a t i o n v a r i e s w i t h t he s r a i n a n d a c c o r d i n g t o t he e x pe r i e n c e o f t he i n d i v i d -

u a l g r o w e r . S o me st r a i n s c o n t i n u e t o g r o w v e g e t a t i v e l y f o r a p e r i o d a ft e r t he i n i t i a l t e mpe r a t u r esho c k w he r e a s o t he r s st o p i mme d i a t e l y . Fo r t hi s r e a so n , so me c u l t i v a t o r s i n i t i a t e w he n 2 0 % o f t he

v a l l e y s sho w my c e l i a l g r o w t h w hi l e o t he r s w a i t u n t i l 9 0 % a r e r u n t hr o u g h w i t h my c e l i u m. N r ma l l y

w i t hi n 1 2 -4 8 ho u r s fr o m t he t i me t he my c e l i u m i s fi r s v i si bl e i n t he v a l l e y s, t he i n i t i a t i o n se q u e n c e

i s st a r t e d .

T he fi r s st e p i n t he pi n he a d i n i t i a t i o n pr o c e ss i s t o l o w e r t he su bs r a t e a n d a i r t e mpe r a t u r e fr o m

t he my c e l i a l g r o w t h o pt i mu m t o t he fr u i t i n g r a n g e . T hi s t e mpe r a t u r e " s ho c k " i s a c c o mpl i she d by

v e n t i l a t i o n w i t h a l a r g e v o l u me o f c o o l fr e sh a i r , t he r e by l o w e r i n g t he r o o m's t e mpe r a t u r e t o a po i n t

be l o w t he o pt i mu m fo r spa w n r u n n i n g . ( Fo r A g a r i c u s br u n n e s e n s, t hi s w o u l d me a n d r o p-pi n g a i r t e mpe r a t u r e fr o m 7 0 ° F. t o 6 4 ° F. ) . W ha t e v e r t he a i r t e mpe r a t u r e ma y be , t he be d t e mpe r a -

t u r e i s n o r ma l l y se v e r a l d e g r e e s w a r me r . T he l e n g t h o f t i me n e e d e d t o a ffe c t t hi s c h a n g e i s d e t e r -

mi n e d by t he t o t a l v o l u me o f s bst r a t e a n d t he t e mpe r a t u r e o f t he a i r be i n g i n t r o d u c e d . W i t hi n 4 8

ho u r s, t he s bst r a t e t e mpe r a t u r e sho u l d fa l l t o fr u i t i n g t e mpe r a t u r e s, e ffe c t i v e l y sl o w i n g v e g e t a t i v e

g r o w t h. T hi s c ha n g e s g n a l s t o t he my c e l i u m t ha t i t i s t i me t o fr u i t .

Fi g u r e 1 3 0 O v e r l a y .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

S t r a t e g i e s fo r M u shr o o m Fo r ma t i o n / 1 4 3

Page 157: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 157/437

Fr e sh a i r a l s r e mo v e s hi g h o f c a r bo n d i o x i d e a n d o t he r me t a bo l i c g a se s fr o m

t he r o o m. S i n c e A g a r i c u s br u n n e s e n s d o e s n o t pi n p r o p e r l y a t C 2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a bo v e 2 0 0 0

ppm, l o w e r i n g t he c a r bo n d i o x i d e c o n t e n t o f t he r o o m's a i r t o u n d e r 2 0 0 0 ppm i s c r i t i c a l . T he i n -

hi bi t o r y e ffe c t o f c a r bo n d i o x i d e o n mu shr o o m fo r ma t i o n g i v e s A g a r i c u s g r o w e r s a hi g h d e g r e e o f

c o n t r o l o v e r t he pi n n i n g pr o c e ss. N t u n t i l c a r bo n d i o x i d e i s r e mo v e d w i l l pi n he a d s fo r m. If c a r bo nd i o x i d e l e v e l s r e ma i n hi g h, t he my c e l i u m w i l l t o t a l l y c o v e r t he c a s n g s r fa c e , a c o n d i t i o n c a l l e d

o v e r l a y .

T he my c e l i a l ma t fo r me d by o v e r l a y ma k e s t he c a si n g i mpe r v i o u s t o w a t e r a n d pr o d u c e s fe wpi n he a d s. O v e r l a y a l so o c c u r s i f t he c a s n g su r fa c e i s t o o d r y , t he hu mi d i t y ( r H ) i s t o o l o w o r t he a i r

t e mpe r a t u r e r e ma i n s t o o hi g h. O v e r l a y c a n be c o u n t e r a c t e d by pa t c h i n g , bu t t he c a u se mu st bed i a g n o s d a n d c a r e fu l l y c o r r e c t e d i f t he c u l t u r e i s t o be r e v i v e d . Fe w fl u she s w i l l be a s g r e a t fr o m a

c a s n g w i t h o v e r l a y a s fr o m a c a s n g pr o p e r l y m a n a g e d .

S t a g eI I I : P r i m o r d i a F o r m a t i o n ( K n o t t i n g )O n c e s bst r a t e t e m pe r a t u r e s ha v e be e n l o w e r e d a n d C 2 l e v e l s ha v e be e n r e d u c e d , pr i mo r d i a

w i l l be g i n t o fo r m. M a i n t a i n :

1 . A c o n st a n t fr e sh a i r su ppl y t o r e mo v e me t a b o l i c g a s s, a n d C 2 a t l e v e l s l e ss t ha n 1 0 0 0

ppm.

2 . A c o n st a n t t e mpe r a t u r e i n t he g r o w i n g r o o m t ha t i s w i t hi n t he fr u i t i n g r a n g e .

Fi g u r e 1 3 1 C se d g r a i n c u l t u r e o f A g a r i c u s br u n n e sc e n s sho w i n g o v e r l a y a n d st r o m a .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 158: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 158/437

S t r a t e g i e s fo r M u shr o o m Fo r ma t i o n / 1 4 5

Page 159: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 159/437

Fi g u r e 1 3 2 , 1 3 3 &1 3 4 T hr e e d a y

pi n he a d d e v e l o pme n t

s q u e n c e i n A g a r i c u sbr u n n e sc e n sCha n g e -o v e r f r o m

S t a g e III t o S t a g e IVo c c u r s w i t hi n t hi st i me fr a me .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 4 6 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

T H E R E L A T I O N S H I P B E T W E E NP R I M O R D I A F O R M A T I O N A N D Y I E L D

T h e i mpo r t a n c e o f t he pr i mo r d i a fo r ma t i o n pe r i o d c a n n o t be o v e r - e mpha si ze d . Fo r ma x i mu m

y i e l d s a n o pt i mu m n u mbe r o f pi n he a d s mu st be se t , ma t u r e d a n d br o u g ht t o ha r v e st . C r t a i n r e l a -

t i o n shi ps e x i s be t w e e n t he pi n n i n g pr o c e ss a n d y i e l d s. T he se a r e :

1 . D u r i n g t h e p r i m o r d i a f o r m a t i o n p e r i o d , p i n h e a d s f o r t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d f l u s h

a r e be i n g g e n e r a t e d . T h e s c o n d fl u sh pr i mo r d i a a r e pr e se n t a s t hi c k e n e d my c e l i a l k n o t s

w hi c h d e v e l o p a ft e r t h e fi r s f l u sh i s ha r v e st e d . O n c e t he fi r st fl u sh i s o ff t he be d s, t he s c o n d

s t o f pr i mo r d i a be g i n t o e n l a r g e a n d w i t hi n d a y s a t t a i n bu t t o n s ze . B e c a u se 6 0 -7 5 % o f t he

t o t a l y i e l d i s n o r ma l l y h a r v e s e d fr o m t he fi r s t w o fl u she s, t he fe w d a y s o f pi n he a d i n i t i a t i o n

a r e t he mo s c r i t i c a l i n t he g r o w i n g o f mu shr o o ms. H e n c e , a l l e n v i r o n me n t a l fa c t o r s mu st

be c a r e fu l l y mo n i t o r e d t o i n su r e t he be st po ss bl e pi n -s t .

Page 160: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 160/437

F i g u r e 1 3 5 T h r e e p i n h e a d s o f C o p r i n u s c o m a t u s f o r m i n g o n c a s e d s e c t i o n o f c o m -

p o s t . N o t e m y c e l i a l k n o t i n u p p e r c e n t e r .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

S t r a t e g i e s fo r M u shr o o m Fo r ma t i o n / 1 4 7

2 . T he g r e a t e r t he n u mbe r o f pi n s s t fo r t h e fi r s f l u sh, t he hi g h e r t h e y i e l d , pr o v i d e dsu ffi c i e n t n u t r i e n t s a r e a v a i l a bl e t o su ppo r t t he i r g r o w t h. H o w e v e r , w i t h mo r e pi n he a d s

c o mpe t i n g fo r t he sa me n u t r i e n t ba se , t he sma l l e r a r e t he mu shr o o ms a r i s n g fr o m i t . Fe w e r

pi n he a d s r e su l t i n l a r g e r mu shr o o ms, bu t l o w e r t o t a l y i e l d s

3 . T he su bst r a t e w i l l o n l y su ppo r t t he d e v e l o pme n t o f a c e r t a i n n u mbe r o f pr i mo r .d i a pe r fl u sh. U n d e r n o r ma l c i r c u mst a n c e s w i t h a n e v e n pi n -se t , pi n he a d s ma y " a bo r t "

be c a u se o f i n su ffi c i e n t n u t r i e n t s o r l a t e fo r ma t i o n .

4 . P i n s t ha t fo r m e a r l y d e l a y t he g r o w t h o f n e i g hbo r i n g pr i mo r d i a . G o o d e x a mpl e s o ft hi s c a n be fo u n d i n sha l l o w a r e a s o r a l o n g t he bo r d e r s o f t he s bst r a t e c o n t a i n e r . R e mo v -

i n g t he s r e l a t i v e l y f e w " v o l u n t e e r s be fo r e t he y d e v e l o p i s a d v a n t a g e o u s t o t he r e ma i n i n g

pr i mo r d i a t ha t c o n st i t u t e t he fi r st fl u sh.

T H E I N F L U E N C E O F L I G H T

Page 161: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 161/437

O N P I N H E A D I N I T I A T I O N

M u s h r o o m spe c i e s r e q u i r i n g l i g ht fo r pr i mo r d i a fo r ma t i o n a r e sa i d t o be pho t o se n si t i v e . A l -

t h o u g h l i g h t i s n o t n e c e ss r y t o i n d u c e fr u c t i fi c a t i o n i n a l l mu shr o o ms ( i . e . A g a r i c u s br u n n e sc e n s) ,

c e r t a i n spe c t r a ha v e pr o v e n t o be st i mu l a t o r y t o pi n he a d i n i t i a t i o n a n d a r e c r i t i c a l fo r t he n o r ma l d e -

v e l o pme n t o f t he fr u i t bo d y . P s l o c y be c u be n s s a n d P l e u r o t u s o s r e a t u s a r e t w o s c h pho t o se n s t i v e

spe c i e s

A t ho r o u g h i n v e s i g a t i o n o n t he pho t o s e n si t i v i t y o f P s l o c y be c u be n s s c a n be fo u n d i n a ma s-

t e r 's t he s s by E . R . B a d ha m ( 1 9 7 9 ) . H i s w o r k r e i n fo r c e s t he c o n c l u s o n s o f o t he r r e se a r c h e r s w o r k -

i n g w i t h t he B a si d i o my c e t e s mo r e pi n he a d s a r e i n i t i a t e d u po n e x po s r e t o bl u e a n d u l t r a -v i o l e t l i g ht

w i t h d i st i n c t pe a k s a t 3 7 0 , 4 4 0 a n d 4 6 0 n a n o me t e r s B a d ha m sho w e d t ha t l i g ht st i mu l a t i o n a t

t he se w a v e l e n g t hs fo r a s l i t t l e a s ha l f a mi l l i se c o n d pe r d a y c a u se d pr i mo r d i a t o fo r m. In c o n t r a st ,r e d , i n fr a - r e d a n d g r e e n l i g ht ha v i n g w a v e l e n g t hs g r e a t e r t ha n 5 1 0 n a n o me t e r s w e r e i n e ffe c t i v e .

W i t h t hi s k n o w l e d g e , t he c u l t i v a t o r o f pho t o s n si t i v e spe c i e s c a n d e v e l o p i n i t i a t i o n st r a t e g i e s

i n c o r po r a t i n g t he i n fl u e n c e o f l i g ht . Id e a l l y a fu l l y c o l o n i z d su bs r a t e sho u l d be i n c u ba t e d i n t o t a l

d a r k n e ss a n d e x po s d t o l i g ht o n l y a ft e r t he my c e l i u m fi r st sho w s t hr o u g h t he c a s n g l a y e r . If t he

c u l t i v a t o r w a n t s t o c he c k t he c u l t u r e w i t ho u t t he c ha n c e o f pr e ma t u r e pi n n i n g , r e d l i g ht i s r e c o m-

me n d e d . ( T he pr o pe r l o c a t i o n a n d t y p e o f l i g ht i s d i sc u ss d i n mo r e d e t a i l i n C ha pt e r IV .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 4 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 162: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 162/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

E n v i r o n me n t a ' Fa c t o r s 1 4 9

CH A P T E R XE N V I R O N M E N T A L F A C T O R S :

S U S T A I N I N G T H EM U S H R O O M C R O P

Page 163: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 163/437

Fi g u r e 1 3 6 W i l d st r a i n o f A g a r i c u s b r u n n e s c e n s f r u i t i n g i n ba g o f c a se d c o mpo st .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 164: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 164/437

E n v i r o n me n t a l Fa c t o r s/ 1 5 1

Page 165: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 165/437

Fi g u r e 1 3 7 A g a r i c u s br u n n e s e n s a f-fe c t e d by h i g h CO 2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n . N t el o n g st e ms a n d u n d e r d e v e l o pe d c a ps

Fi g u r e 1 3 8 T he e ffe c t o f d r y a i r o nP si l o c y be c u be n s s c a ps, a c o n d i t i o nk n o w n a s " sc a l i n g " .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 5 2 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 166: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 166/437

e r t he o v e r a l l c r o p pi n g c y c l e . S t u n t e d u n d e v e l o pe d mu shr o o ms a r e a l so c l e a r e d fr o m t he c r o ppi n g

s r fa c e be t w e e n br e a k s w i t h c a r e n o t t o d i st u r b t he c a si n g . S ma l l d e a d pi n he a d s sho u l d be l e ft i n

pl a c e a n d c a u s l i t t l e ha r m. ( A s a r u l e , a n a bo r t e d mu shr o o m c a n be r e mo v e d a s l o n g a s t he c a si n g

i s n o t t o u c he d i n t he pr o c e ss. ) A t n o t i me sho u l d t he c a si n g be o v e r -ha n d l e d i n a n a t t e mpf t o c l e a n .

S u c h ha n d l i n g c a n spr e a d d i se a se spo r e s a n d d a ma g e su bse q u e n t pi n fo r ma t i o n .

A i r M o v e me n tA i r mo v e me n t i n t he g r o w i n g r o o m i s d e si g n e d t o c r e a t e a n e v e n fl o w a c r o s s a l l l e v e l s o f c r o p -

pi n g su r fa c e . T hi s e v e n a i r fl o w c o u n t e r a c t s t e mpe r a t u r e st r a t i fi c a t i o n a n d d e a d a i r po c k e t s by e q u a l -

i z n g t he e n v i r o n me n t o f t he r o o m. In t hi s ma n n e r t he c r o p c a n be ma n a g e d a s a w ho l e , g i v i n g t he

g r o w e r g r e a t e r c o n t r o l o v e r t he c r o p pi n g c y c l e .

D r i n g t he pi n i n i t i a t i o n pe r i o d fr e sh a i r i s i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t he r o o m t o r e mo v e me t a bo l i c g a se s

pr o d u c e d by t he mu shr o o m my c e l i u m. A l t ho u g h g a s pr o d u c t i o n i s r e d u c e d o n c e t hi s v e g e t a t i v e

Fi g u r e 1 3 9 R o s c o m b o n P s l o c y be Fi g u r e 1 4 0 Fr u i t bo d y a bn o r ma l i t y o c c a -

c u be n si s, a n a bn o r ma l i t y c a u se d by c o n - si o n a l l y se e n i n P si l o c y be c u b e n si s.

t a c t w i t h c he mi c a l s, e spe c i a l l y t ho se t ha ta r e p e t r o l e u m ba s d .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

E n v i r o n me n t a l Fa c t o r s/ 1 5 3

Fi g u r e 1 4 1 B a c t e r i a l bl o t c h pa r a si t i z n g A g a r i c u s

br u n n e sc e n s.

Page 167: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 167/437

g r o w t h ha s be e n sl o w e d , t he ma t u r i n g mu shr o o ms c r e a t e m o r e c a r bo n d i o x i d e , t he r e mo v a l o f

w hi c h r e q u i r e s a c o n t i n u o u s s ppl y o f fr e sh a i r . T he n u mbe r o f t he se a i r c ha n g e s v a r i e s d e pe n d i n g

u po n t he a i r / be d r a t i o a n d t he C 2 r e q u i r e me n t o f t he mu shr o o m spe c i e s be i n g g r o w n . A g a r i c u s

bi t o r q u i s n e e d s o n l y ha l f t he a mo u n t o f fr e sh a i r r e q u i r e d by A g a r i c u s br u n n e s e n s A c o mmo nr a t e fo r A g a r i c u s br u n n e s e n s i s 4 - 6 c ha n g e s pe r ho u r . Fo r mo r e C 2 t o l e r a n t spe c i e s su c h a s

P si l o c y be c u be n si s, 2 -3 c ha n g e s pe r ho u r i s s ffi c i e n t . ( T he mo st a c c u r a t e me t ho d fo r d e t e r mi n i n g

fr e sh a i r r e q u i r e me n t s e mpl o y s t he mu l t i pl e g a s d e t e c t o r . T hi s i n st r u me n t me a s r e s C 2 c o n t e n t o f

t he a i r i n pa r t s pe r mi l l i o n ( ppm) , fr o m 3 0 0 ( n a t u r a l l e v e l ) u p t o 2 0 ,0 0 0 ppm. S e e A ppe n d i x fo r

so u r c e s. )B e c a u s ma n y mu shr o o ms a r e s n s t i v e t o c a r bo n d i o x i d e , t he phy s c a l d e v e l o pme n t o f t he

mu shr o o m c a n a l s be u se d a s a g u i d e . H i g h C 2 e n v i r o n me n t s pr o d u c e l o n g s e m s a n d sma l l u n -

d e r d e v e l o pe d c a ps i n A g a r i c u s br u n n e sc e n s a n d P l e u r o t u s o s r e a t u s P l e u r o t u s e x h i bi t s si mi l a r

s mpt o ms i n c o n d i t i o n s o f l o w l i g ht i n t e n si t y .

In g e n e r a l , t o o mu c h fr e sh a i r i s pr e fe r a bl e t o i n s ffi c i e n t a i r s ppl y . H o w e v e r , fr e sh a i r d i s-

pl a c e s t he e x i s i n g r o o m a i r w hi c h i s t he n e x ha u st e d fr o m t he r o o m. U n l e ss t hi s fr e sh a i r i s pr e c o n -

d i t i o n e d t o me e t t he r e q u i r e me n t s o f t he spe c i e s, o n e w i l l be c o n s a n t l y d i s u pt i n g t he g r o w i n g e n v i -

r o n me n t a n d t he r e by o v e r -w o r k i n g t he he a t i n g a n d hu mi d i fi c a t i o n s s e ms Fo r t hi s r e a so n t he a i r

c i r c u l a t i o n s s e m sho u l d be d e si g n e d t o r e c i r c u l a t e t he r o o m a i r . T hi s i s a c c o mpl i she d by a mi x i n g

bo x w i t h a n a d j u st a bl e d a mpe r t ha t pr o po r t i o n s fr e sh a n d r e c i r c u l a t e d a i r . In t hi s r e g a r d , C 2 t o l e r -a n t spe c i e s g i v e t he g r o w e r a d i s i n c t a d v a n t a g e i n ma i n t a i n i n g t he c o r r e c t e n v i r o n me n t be c a u se

t he y n e e d l e ss fr e sh a i r fo r g r o w t h.

A n i mpo r t a n t e ffe c t o f a i r c i r c u l a t i o n a n d fr e sh a i r s ppl y i s t he e v a po r a t i o n o f mo i st u r e fr o m t h e

c r o ppi n g su r fa c e . E x c e ssi v e hu mi d i t y w i t ho u t a d e q u a t e a i r mo v e me n t a n d e v a po r a t i o n r e t a r d s

mu shr o o m d e v e l o pme n t . S a t u r a t e d st a g n a n t a i r po c k e t s a r e a l so br e e d i n g a r e a s fo r c o n t a mi n a n t s

Fi g u r e 1 4 2 Cha r a c t e r i s i c pho t o t r o pi c r e spo n seo f P si l o c y be c u be n si s t o w a r d l i g ht .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 168: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 168/437

Page 169: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 169/437

Page 170: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 170/437

E n v i r o n me n t a l Fa c t o r s 1 5 7

Fr e e z d r y e r s o pe r a t e o n t he pr i n c i pl e o f fi r s fl a sh fr e e zi n g fr e sh mu shr o o ms w hi c h a r e t he n

pl a c e d o n t o he a t e d t r a y s i n a c o o l e d , hi g h v a c u u m c ha mbe r . T he fr o z n w a t e r w i t hi n t he mu sh-

r o o ms be g i n s t o me l t fr o m t he he a t g e n e r a t e d fr o m t he t r a y s B u t i n st e a d o f be c o mi n g a l i q u i d , t he

w a t e r i s i mme d i a t e l y t r a n sfo r me d i n t o a v a po r t ha t i s pu mpe d o u t o f t he fr e e ze d r i e r . Fr e e z d r y i n g

pr e se r v e s mu c h o f t he o r i g i n a l c e l l st r u c t u r e a n d he n c e mu shr o o ms d r i e d i n t hi s ma n n e r a r e o ft e n

l i fe -l i k e i n a ppe a r a n c e . S i n c e c o mme r c i a l fr e e ze d r i e r s a r e pr o hi bi t i v e l y e x pe n si v e , fe w ho mec u l t i v a t o r s c a n a ffo r d t he m. M a n y pe o pl e ha v e d i s o v e r e d , ho w e v e r , t ha t mu shr o o ms pl a c e d i n a

fr o s -fr e e r e fr i g e r a t o r a r e a l mo st a s w e l l pr e s r v e d .

C n n i n g i s a n o t he r me t ho d fo r s o r i n g mu shr o o ms M u shr o o ms pr e s r v e d by c a n n i n g mu st be

c a r e f u l l y c l e a n e d be fo r e h a n d , pr e c o o k e d fo r 3 o r 4 mi n u t e s i n bo i l i n g w a t e r , t he n i n se r t e d i n t o g l a ss

j a r s w i t h a sma l l a mo u n t o f v i n e g a r a n d s e r i l i ze d i n a pr e ss r e c o o k e r . ( S t e r i l i za t i o n fo r mu shr o o ms

i s u s a l l y 3 0 -4 0 mi n u t e s a t 1 0 ps . C n su l t a bo o k o n mu shr o o m c o o k e r y fo r fu r t he r i n fo r ma t i o n

o n c a n n i n g mu shr o o ms . C n n e d mu shr o o ms, e spe c i a l l y t ho s t ha t ha v e be e n pi c k l e d , a r e pr e -

fe r r e d by ma n y e pi c u r e a n s t o t ho se pr e se r v e d by o t he r me a n s

N ma t t e r w ha t t he t e c hn i q u e , fr e sh mu shr o o ms a r e u n d o u bt e d l y be t t e r t a s i n g t ha n pr e se r v e d

Page 171: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 171/437

mu shr o o ms. If o n e c ho o se s t o d r y , fr e e ze o r c a n , y o u n g mu shr o o ms sho u l d be se l e c t e d o v e r o l do n e s. L a be l e a c h c o n t a i n e r w i t h t he spe c i e s, t he n a me o f w ho g r e w o r i d e n t i fi e d t he mu shr o o ms,

t he d a t e a n d t he pl a c e o f o r i g i n . ( O n e g e n e r a l r u l e r e c o mme n d e d by a l l my c o l o g i st s i s: w he n e a t i n g

w i l d mu shr o o ms fo r t he fi r s t i me , a l w a y s l e a v e o n e o r t w o sma l l spe c i me n s a s d e i n c a se i l l n e ss e n -

su e s a n d a my c o l o g i s o r a d o c t o r n e e d s t o be c o n s l t e d . )

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 5 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 172: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 172/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s 1 5 9

C H A P T E R X IG R O W I N G P A R A M E T E R S F O R

V A R I O U S M U S H R O O M S P E C I E S

Page 173: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 173/437

Fi g u r e 1 4 3 S t r o pha r i a r u g o so -a n n u l a t a fr u i t i n g i n a be d o f w o o d c hi ps.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 6 0 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Gr o w i n g pa r a me t e r s fo r mu shr o o ms v a r y w i t h e v e r y spe c i e s T hr o u g h t i me spe n t i nc o u n t l e ss t r i a l s a n d fr o m o bse r v a t i o n s by bo t h ho me a n d c o mme r c i a l c u l t i v a t o r s, spe c i fi c

c u l t u r a l r e q u i r e m e n t s ha v e be e n a s e r t a i n e d .

M u shr o o ms fr u i t i n r e spo n se t o u n i q u e se t s o f c o n d i t i o n s i n v o l v i n g n u t r i t i o n ( su bst r a t e ) ,

Page 174: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 174/437

t e mpe r a t u r e , pH , r e l a t i v e hu mi d i t y , l i g ht a n d c a r bo n d i o x i d e . W ha t fo l l o w s a r e o u t l i n e s pi n -

po i n t i n g t he o pt i ma l e n v i r o n me n t a l r a n g e s fo r e a c h st a g e i n t he mu shr o o m's l i fe c y c l e . B y a d -

he r i n g t o t he se o pt i ma , a c u l t i v a t o r c a n ma x i mi z fr u i t bo d y pr o d u c t i o n i n a pr e c i s a n d d e l i b-

e r a t e fa shi o n .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s 1 6 1

S P E CIE S : A g a r i c u s bi t o r q u i s ( Q u e l . ) S a c c a r d o= A g a r i c u s r o d ma n l l P e c k= A g a r i c u s c a m pe st r i s v a r . e d u l i s V t t .= A g a r i c u s e d u l i s ( V t t . ) M o l l e r a n d S c ha e ff.

Page 175: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 175/437

S T R A IN : H o r st B 3 0 ( T he fi r st c o mme r c i a l st r a i n t o be d e v e l o pe d by G e r d a Fr i t s he a t t he D t c hM u shr o o m R e s a r c h C n t e r i n H o r st , H o l l a n d ) .

H o r st K 2 6 , K 3 2 ( T h e se a r e t w o se c o n d g e n e r a t i o n s r a i n s fr o m H o r s B 3 0 a n d a r e d i st i n c t i v e

fr o m i t i n t ha t t he y fr u i t e a r l i e r , g i v e hi g he r y i e l d s a n d ha v e s i g ht l y l o n g e r s e ms S pa w n o f t hi sspe c i e s i s n o w a v a i l a bl e fr o m A my c e l . )

C M M O N N M E : R o d m a n ' s A g a r i c u s

G R E E K R O O T : A g a r i c u s c o me s fr o m t he g r e e k w o r d " a g a r i k o n " w hi c h s ho l a r s be l i e v e d o r i g i -n a t e d w i t h a S c y t hi a n pe o pl e c a l l e d A g a r i w ho w e r e w e l l v e r se d i n t he u se o f me d i c i n a l pl a n t s a n d

e mpl o y e d a fu n g u s c a l l e d " a g a r i c u m" , pr o ba bl y a po l y po r e i n t he g e n u s Fo me s T he spe c i e s e pi -

t he t bi fo r q u i s me a n s ha v i n g t w o r i n g s, fo r t he d o u bl e a n n u l u s t ha t so d i s i n g u i she s t hi s spe c i e s fr o m

c l o se r e l a t i v e s l i k e A g a r i c u s c a mpe s r i s, t he M e a d o w M u shr o o m.

Fi g u r e 1 4 4 L i n e a r ( l o n g i t u d i n a l l y r a d i a l ) my c e l i u m o f A g a r i c u s bi t o r q u i s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 6 2 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

G E N R A L D E S C R I P T I O N : C a p smo o t h, w hi t e , t hi c k fl e she d , c o n v e x t o b r o a d l y c o n v e x t o p l a n e

w i t h a g e . T he c a p ma r g i n i s i n c u r v e d a t fi r st bu t s o n d e c u r v e s T he g i l l s a r e pi n k i sh a t fi r s , s o n

d a r k e n i n g t o c h o c o l a t e br o w n w i t h spo r e ma t u r i t y . T he st e m i s t hi c k , r e l a t i v e l y sho r t a n d a d o r n e d

w i t h a d o u bl e me mbr a n o u s a n n u l u s ( T he l o w e r r i n g i s o ft e n a t hi n a n n u l a r zo n e ) . It s spo r e s a r e

d a r k c ho c o l a t e br o w n i n ma ss.

N T U R A L H A B IT A T : N t u r a l l y fo u n d i n l a w n s, g a r d e n s, r o a d si d e a r e a s, pa s u r e s, i n e n r i c he dg r o u n d s a n d o n ha r d p a c k e d so i l . A t e m p e r a t e spe c i e s, w i d e l y d i s r i bu t e d , A . bi t o r q u i s fr u i t s pr i -

ma r i l y i n t he spr i n g a n d t o a l e ss r d e g r e e i n t he fa l l .

G R O W T H P A R A M E T E R S

M y c e l i a l T y pe s: R hi zo mo r p hi c t o l i n e a r ; w hi t i sh t o pa l e w hi t i sh i n c o l o r .

S pa w n M e d i u m: R y e g r a i n bu ffe r e d w i t h c a l c i u m c a r bo n a t e a n d / o r c a l c i u m su l fa t e . S e e Cha pt e r

Fr u i t i n g S u bs r a t e : N t r o g e n e n r i c he d w he a t st r a w a n d / o r h o r s ma n u r e ba se d c o mpo st ba l -

a n c e d t o 7 1 -7 4 % mo i s u r e c o n t e n t .

Page 176: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 176/437

M e t ho d o f P r e pa r a t i o n : S e e Cha pt e r V o n c o mpo st pr e pa r a t i o n . P a st e u r i z t i o n a c hi e v e d

t hr o u g h e x po s r e t o l i v e s e a m fo r 2 ho u r s a t 1 4 0 F. t hr o u g ho u t t he su bst r a t e . C mpo st sho u l d

be fi l l e d t o a d e pt h o f 6 -1 2 i n c he s

S pa w n R u n :R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 0 -1 0 0 % .

S u bst r a t e T e mpe r a t u r e : 8 4 -8 6 ° F . T he r ma l d e a t h l i mi t s ha v e be e n e st a bl i she d a t 9 3 ° F. o v e r

pr o l o n g e d pe r i o d o f t i me .

D r a t i o n : 2 w e e k s .

C 2 : 5 , 0 0 0 -1 0 ,0 0 0 ppm.Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 0 pe r ho u r .

T y pe o f C si n g : A ft e r fu l l y r u n , c o v e r w i t h t he s a n d a r d c a s n g w ho s pr e pa r a t i o n i s d e sc r i be d i n

Cha pt e r VIII. L a y e r t o a d e pt h o f 1 -2 i n c he s T he c a si n g sho u l d be ba l a n c e d t o a pH o f 7 . 2 -7 . 5 .

P o s C a s i n g / P r e p i n n i n g :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 0 -1 0 0 % .

B e d T e mpe r a t u r e : 8 4 -8 6 ° F.

D r a t i o n o f C se R u n : 1 0 -1 2 d a y s .

C 2 : 5 0 0 0 -1 0 , 0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s 0 pe r ho u r .P r i mo r d i a Fo r ma t i o n :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 5 -1 0 0 % .

B e d T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 7 -8 0 ° FA i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 5 -7 7 ° F.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s / 1 6 3

L i g ht i n g : N n e r e q u i r e d .

C 2 : l e ss t ha n 2 0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s 2 - 4 pe r ho u r .

W a t e r i n g : R e g u l a r mi s i n g ( o n c e t o t w i c e d a i l y ) o f t he be d s st i mu l a t e s pr i mo r d i a fo r ma t i o n .

C o ppi r i g :R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 8 5 -9 2 % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 5 -7 7 ° F.

C 2 : l e ss t ha n 3 0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 2 -4 pe r ho u r .

Fl u shi n g In t e r v a l : E v e r y 8 -9 d a y s

H a r v e st S t a g e : D r e c t l y be fo r e t he pa r t i a l v e i l s r e t c h e s.

Y i e l d P o t e n t i a l : A v e r a g e c o mme r c i a l y i e l d s a r e r e po r t e d a t 3 l bs/ s . ft . o v e r a 5 w e e k c r o ppi n gpe r i o d . M a x i mu m y i e l d s a r e 4 l bs pe r s u a r e fo o t .

M o i st u r e C n t e n t o f M u shr o o ms: 9 2 % w a t e r ; 8 % d r y m a t t e r .

Page 177: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 177/437

N t r i t i o n a l C n t e n t : T ho u g ht t o be s mi l a r t o A g a r i c u s br u n n e s e n s.

C mme n t s T he d e v e l o pme n t o f A g a r i c u s bi t o r q u i s ha s g i v e n c o mme r c i a l g r o w e r s g r e a t e r fl e x i -

bi l i t y , e spe c i a l l y t h o se i n w a r me r c l i ma t e s w he r e e l e v a t e d t e mpe r a t u r e s ha v e be e n a l i mi t i n g fa c t o r .

A n a d v a n t a g e o f t hi s mu shr o o m i s i t s r e si st a n c e t o v i r u s ( a d e v a s a t i n g d i se a se t ha t a t t a c k s A .

br u n n e s e n s) a n d i t s t o l e r a n c e o f hi g h C 2 l e v e l s. A d i s d v a n t a g e o f g r o w i n g t hi s w a r mt h-l o v i n g

A g a r i c u s i s t he hi g he r i n c i d e n c e o f d i se a s e n d e mi c t o t he t e mpe r a t u r e r a n g e i n w hi c h t hi s spe c i e s

fl o u r i she s A g a r i c u s bi t o r q u i s i s c o a r s r , fi r me r , mo r e s r o n g l y fl a v o r e d a n d ha s a l o n g e r she l f l i fe

t ha n i t s c l o s r e l a t i v e , A . br u n n e sc e n s.

G e n e t i c Cha r a c t e r i s i c s B a s d i a t e t r a po l a r ( 4 -spo r e d ) , fo r mi n g ha pl o i d spo r e s, he t e r o t ha l l i c . T he

ma t i n g o f c o mpa t i bl e mo n o k a r y o n s c a n r e s l t i n fr u i t i n g s r a i n s. C a mp c o n n e c t i o n s a bse n t . S e eCha pt e r X V

Fo r fu r t he r i n fo r ma t i o n c o n su l t :

P . J . C V d d e r 1 9 7 8 , " M o d e r n M u shr o o m G r o w i n g " , E d u c a bo e k , C l e mbo r g , N t he r l a n d s.

( E n g l i sh e d i t i o n a v a i l a bl e fr o m S w i ss A me r i c a n S pa w n C mpa n y , n c . , M a d i so n v i l l e , T e x a s. )

P . J . C V d d e r 1 9 7 8 , " T he C l t i v a t i o n o f A g a r i c u s bi t o r q u i s'i n T he B i o l o g y a n d C l t i v a t i o no f E d i bl e M u shr o o ms e d . by C ha n g a n d H a y e s A c a d e mi c P r e ss, N w Y o r k .

D r my c e l L T D S pa w n L a b B u l l e t i n 1 9 7 8 , " A G u i d e t o D r l i n g t o n a n d S o m y c e l S pa w nS t r a i n s .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 6 4 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

S P E CIE S : A g a r i c u s b r u n n e s c e n s P e c k= A g a r i c u s bi spo r u s ( L g e . ) S i n g .

Page 178: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 178/437

S T R A IN : T y p e o r B r o w n V r i e t y ( v a r . bi spo r u s )W hi t e V r i e t y ( v a r . a l bi d u s

C e a m V r i e t y ( v a r . a v e l l a n e o u s)

C M M O N N M E : T he B u t t o n M u s hr o o m.

G R E E K R O O T : A g a r i c u s c o me s fr o m t he g r e e k w o r d " a g a r i k o n " w hi c h s ho l a r s be l i e v e d o r i g i -

n a t e d w i t h a S c y t hi a n pe o pl e c a l l e d A g a r i w ho w e r e w e l l v e r se d i n t he u se o f me d i c i n a l pl a n t s a n d

e mpl o y e d a fu n g u s c a l l e d " a g a r i c u m" , pr o ba bl y a po l y po r e i n t he g e n u s Fo me s. T he spe c i e s e pi -

t he t br u n n e sc e n s c o me s fr o m t he l a t i n " br u n n e u s o r br o w n . L i t e r a l l y , t he n a me me a n s t he fu n g u s

t ha t be c o me s br o w n , pr o ba bl y r e fe r r i n g t o t he c o l o r c ha n g e o f t he fl e sh u po n br u i s n g . A l so c a l l e d

A g a r i c u s bi spo r u s fo r t he t w o spo r e d ba si d i a po pu l a t i n g t he g i l l fa c e s.

G E N R A L D S C IP T IO N A r o b u s , t hi c k fl e she d A g a r i c u s spe c i e s , w i t h t hi n g i l l s t ha t a r e pi n k -

i sh w he n y o u n g , a n d d a r k e n i n g t o se pi a a n d t he n c h o c o l a t e br o w n i n a g e . T he c a p i s c ha r a c t e r i s i -

c a l l y b r o w n i sh, w hi t i sh o r c r e a m c o l o r e d . T he c a p s r fa c e i s smo o t h t o a ppr e sse d sq u a mu l o se a n d

d r y . T hi s spe c i e s ha s a sho r t , t hi c k st e m w hi c h i s a d o r n e d w i t h a pe r s st e n t me mbr a n o u s a n n u l u s

fr o m a w e l l d e v e l o pe d pa r t i a l v e i l . It s spo r e s a r e c ho c o l a t e br o w n i n ma ss

Fi g u r e 1 4 5 A g a r i c u s br u n n e sc e n s fr u i t i n g i n t r a y s o f c o mpo st .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s / 1 6 5

N T U R A L H A B IT A T : N t u r a l l y f o u n d i n s i l s e n r i c h e d w i t h d u n g , o n c o mpo s pi l e s a n d i n ho r se

s a bl e s. A t e mpe r a t e spe c i e s, w i d e l y d i s r i bu t e d , A . br u n n e s e n s fr u i t s fr o m M a y u n t i l N v e mbe r

o v e r m u c h o f t he n o r t he r n he mi sphe r e o u t s d e t he t r o pi c a l zo n e .

G R O W T H P A R A M E T E R SM y c e l i a l T y pe s: M o d e r a t e l y r hi z mo r phi c ; d i n g y w hi t e , s me t i me s w i t h br o w n i sh hu e s

S pa w n M e d i u m: R y e g r a i n bu ffe r e d w i t h c a l c i u m c a r bo n a t e a n d / o r c a l c i u m su l fa t e . S e e Cha pt e r

Fr u i t i n g S u b s t r a t e : N t r o g e n e n r i c he d w he a t st r a w a n d / o r ho r se ma n u r e ba se d c o mpo s ba l -a n c e d t o 7 1 -7 4 % mo i s u r e c o n t e n t . T hi s spe c i e s a l s fr u i t s w e l l o n r y e g r a i n c o v e r e d w i t h a n u n -

st e r i l i z d pe a t ba s d c a s n g l a y e r .

M e t ho d o f P r e pa r a t i o n : S e e Cha pt e r V o n c o mpo s pr e pa r a t i o n . P a st e u r i z t i o n a c hi e v e dt hr o u g h e x po su r e t o l i v e st e a m fo r 2 ho u r s a t 1 4 0 ° F . t hr o u g ho u t t he su bst r a t e . C mpo st sho u l d be

fi l l e d t o a d e pt h o f 6 -1 2 i n c he s

Page 179: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 179/437

Fi g u r e 1 4 5 a A g a r i c u s br u n n e sc e n sfr u i t i n g o n c a s d r y e g r a i n spa w n .

Fi g u r e 1 4 5 b Cha r a c t e r i st i c A g a r i c u sbr u n n e sc e n s my c e l i u m.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 6 6 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

S pa w n R u n :R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 0 -1 0 0 % .

S u bst r a t e T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 6 -7 8 ° F . T he r ma l d e a t h l i mi t s ha v e be e n e s a bl i she d a t 9 6 ° F . bu t

d a ma g e c a n o c c u r a s l o w a s 9 0 ° F.

D r a t i o n : 2 w e e k s

C 2 : 5 0 0 0 -1 0 ,0 0 0 ppm.Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s 0 pe r ho u r .

T y pe o f C si n g : A f t e r fu l l y r u n , c o v e r w i t h t he st a n d a r d c a s n g w ho se pr e pa r a t i o n i s d e sc r i be d i n

Cha pt e r V III. L a y e r t o a d e pt h o f 1 -2 i n c he s. T he c a s n g sho u l d be ba l a n c e d t o a pH o f 7 . 0 -7 . 5 .

P o st C a s i n g / P r e p i n n i n g :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 0 -1 0 0 % .

B e d T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 6 -8 0 ° F.

D r a t i o n o f C se R u n : 8 -1 2 d a y s .

C 2 : 5 0 0 0 -1 0 , 0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 0 pe r ho u r .

Page 180: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 180/437

P r i mo r d i a Fo r ma t i o n :R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 5 -1 0 0 % .

C mpo st T e mpe r a t u r e : 6 5 -7 0 ° F .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 6 2 -6 5 ° F.C 2 : l e ss t ha n 1 0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 4 pe r ho u r .

L i g ht : N n e r e q u i r e d .

C o ppi n g :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 8 5 -9 2 % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 6 2 -6 5 ° F.

C 2 : l e ss t ha n 1 0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 4 pe r ho u r .

Fl u shi n g In t e r v a l : 7 -1 0 d a y s.

H a r v e s S t a g e : D r e c t l y be fo r e t he pa r t i a l v e i l st r e t c h e s

L i g ht : N n e r e q u i r e d .

Y i e l d P o t e n t i a l : A v e r a g e c o mme r c i a l y i e l d s a r e 3 l bs s . ft . o v e r a 5 w e e k c r o ppi n g pe r i o d . M a x i -

mu m y i e l d i s 6 l bs pe r sq u a r e fo o t .M o i st u r e C n t e n t o f M u shr o o ms: 9 2 % w a t e r ; 8 % d r y ma t t e r .

N t r i t i o n a l C n t e n t : 2 4 -4 4 % pr o t e i n ( d r y w e i g ht ) ; 5 6 mi l l i g r a ms o f n i a c i n pe r 1 0 0 g r a ms d r yw e i g ht .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s / 1 6 7

C o m m e n t s : H i s t o r i c a l l y , t hi s spe c i e s a n d / o r i t s c l o se r e l a t i v e s w e r e t he fi r st mu shr o o ms t o be c u l t i -

v a t e d i n E u r o pe d u r i n g t he l a t e 1 7 0 0 's. It r e ma i n s t he mo s w i d e l y c u l t i v a t e d mu shr o o m i n t he

w o r l d t o d a y . A br o a d r a n g e o f c o mme r c i a l l y a v a i l a bl e s r a i n s e x i st , ma n y o f w hi c h ha v e be e n g e n e t i -

c a l l y s l e c t e d fo r c e r t a i n a d v a n t a g e o u s c ha r a c t e r i s i c s , e spe c i a l l y y i e l d , c o l o r a n d s a t u r e .

T hi s spe c i e s d o e s n o t fo r m pi n he a d s o n a g a r me d i a u n l e ss a c t i v a t e d c ha r c o a l o r se l e c t ba c t e r i a

a r e pr e se n t . A spe c i e s s n si t i v e t o hi g h l e v e l s o f c a r bo n d i o x i d e , A g a r i c u s br u n n e s e n s fr u i t s o n l y

w i t hi n n a r r o w e n v i r o n me n t a l pa r a me t e r s. A s a se c o n d a r y d e c o mpo se r , t hi s spe c i e s fr u i t s be st o n

s bst r a t e s t ha t ha v e be e n t r a n sfo r me d by a su c c e ssi o n o f spe c i fi c m i c r o o r g a n i sms

T he c o mmo n bu t t o n mu shr o o m i s t he ma i n s a y o f t he mu shr o o m g r o w i n g i n d u st r y i n t hi s

c o u n t r y .

G e n e t i c C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : B a si d i a bi po l a r ( 2 -spo r e d ) , fo r mi n g d i pl o i d spo r e s; s c o n d a r i l y h o mo -

t ha l l i c . T he ma t i n g o f c o mpa t i bl e d i k a r y o n s t y p i c a l l y r e su l t s i n st r a i n s bo t h mo r e v i g o r o u s a n d hi g h-

e r y i e l d i n g . C a mp c o n n e c t i o n s a bs n t . S e e Cha pt e r X V

Fo r f u r t h e r i n fo r ma t i o n c o n su l t :

P . J . C V d d e r 1 9 7 8 , " M o d e r n M u shr o o m G r o w i n g " , E d u c a bo e k , C l e mbo r g , N t he r l a n d s

( E n g l i sh e d i t i o n a v a i l a bl e fr o m S w i ss A me r i c a n S pa w n C mpa n y , In c . , M a d i s n v i l l e , T e x a s) .

Page 181: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 181/437

Fr e d A t k i n s, 1 9 7 3 , " M u s h r o o m G r o w i n g T o d a y " , M a c M i l l a n P u bl i shi n g C . , N w Y o r k .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 6 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

S P E CIE S : C o p r i n u s c o m a f u s ( M u l l . e x F r . ) G r a y

Page 182: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 182/437

S T R A IN : O n d e po si t a t t he A me r i c a n T y p e C l t u r e C l l e c t i o n a n d a v a i l a bl e t hr o u g h v a r i o u s c u l -

t u r e ba n k s, bo t h c o mme r c i a l a n d pr i v a t e .

C M M O N N M E : T h e S h a g g y M a n e .

G R E E K A ND L A T IN R O O T S : C pr i n u s c o me s fr o m t he G r e e k w o r d " k o p r o s me a n i n g d u n ga n d c o ma t u s fr o m t he L a t i n " c o ma " me a n i n g sha g g y o r a d o r n e d w i t h h a i r t u ft s T he g e n u s

C pr i n u s i s n o t e d fo r t he se v e r a l spe c i e s t ha t g r o w o n d u n g a n d fo r d e l i q u e sc i n g g i l l s T he spe c i e s

e pi t he t d e sc r i be s t he sha g g y t e x t u r e o f t he c a p's s r fa c e .G E N R A L D S C IP T IO N C p me d i u m t o l a r g e i n s ze , w hi t i sh, o v o i d w he n y o u n g , so o n e l o n -

g a t i n g u pw a r d s a n d be c o mi n g pa r a bo l i c . A s t he mu shr o o m ma t u r e s a n d spo r e s a r e pr o d u c e d , t he

c a p be g i n s t o d i si n t e g r a t e fr o m t he ma r g i n 's e d g e by a n a u t o d i g e st i v e pr o c e ss k n o w n a s d e l i q u e s-

c e n c e . T he d i si n t e g r a t i n g po r t i o n s pr o g r e s s v e l y d a r k e n a n d e v e n t u a l l y l i q u i fy . T he c a p s r fa c e i s

Fi g u r e 1 4 6 Fu l l y ma t u r e C pr i n u s c o ma t u s fr u i t i n g i n a t r a y o f c o mpo s .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s / 1 6 9

Page 183: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 183/437

Fi g u r e s 1 4 7 -1 5 0 Fo u r d a y d e v e l o pme n t a l se q u e n c e o f C pr i n u s c o ma f u s fr u i t i n g i n a

t r a y o f c o mpo st .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 7 0 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

smo o t h a t t he d i s , s a l y be l o w , so o n g r a y , d a r k e n i n g w i t h ma t u r i t y u n t i l bl a c k a n d t hi n fl e she d . T he

g i l l s a r e v e r y c r o w d e d , w hi t i sh a t fi r s , so o n g r a y , d a r k e n i n g w i t h a g e t o b l a c k . T he pa r t i a l v e i l me m-

br a n o u s, o ft e n l e a v i n g a fu g a c i o u s, me mbr a n o u s ( c o l l a r -l i k e ) a n n u l u s t ha t c a n be mo v e d o v e r t hes e m. T he spo r e d e po si t i s bl a c k .

N T U R A L H A B IT A T : C mmo n a l o n g r o a d si d e s, n e a r d e br i s pi l e s, i n l a w n s a n d i n ba r n y a r d sd u r i n g t he l a t e s mme r a n d fa l l .

G R O W T H P A R A M E T E R SM y c e l i a l T y pe s: L i n e a r t o c o t t o n y , zo n a fe -c o t t o n y my c e l i a ; w hi t i sh i n c o l o r .

S pa w n M e d i u m: R y e g r a i n . S e e Cha pt e r In .

Fr u i t i n g S u bst r a t e : C mpo s e d w he a t s r a w e n r i c he d w i t h ho r se a n d / o r c h i c k e n ma n u r e , a d -j u s e d t o 7 0 % mo i st u r e c o n t e n t . A l so , pa s e u r i z d c ho ppe d w he a t st r a w su ppo r t s fr u i t i n g s o f t hi s

spe c i e s G a r c ha e t a l . ( 1 9 7 9 ) r e po r t e d t ha t c o mpo s s ha v i n g t he d i s i n c t s e n t o f a mmo n i a a ft e r

P ha s II s ppo r t e d t he g r e a t e s fr u i t i n g s o f C pr i n u s c o ma t u s

M e t ho d o f P r e pa r a t i o n : S e e Cha pt e r s V & VI o n t he pr e pa r a t i o n o f c o mpo st a n d s r a w . P a st e u r i -za t i o n a c hi e v e d t hr o u g h e x po su r e t o l i v e st e a m fo r 2 ho u r s a t 1 4 0 ° F. C mpo s o r s r a w sho u l d be

Page 184: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 184/437

fi l l e d t o a d e pt h o f 6 -1 2 i n c he s.

S pa w n R u n :R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 0 -1 0 0 % .

S u bs r a t e T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 6 -8 0 ° F.

D r a t i o n : 8 -1 2 d a y s

C 2 : 5 0 0 0 -1 0 , 0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 0 -1 pe r ho u r .

l y pe o f C s n g : A ft e r fu l l y r u n , c o v e r w i t h t he s a n d a r d c a si n g w ho s pr e pa r a t i o n i s d e sc r i be d i nCha pt e r VIII. L a y e r t o a d e pt h o f 1 -2 i n c he s. T he c a si n g sho u l d be ba l a n c e d t o a pH o f 7 . 0 -7 . 5 .

P o st C s n g / P r e pi n n i n g :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 0 -1 0 0 % .

B e d T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 6 -8 0 ° F.

D r a t i o n o f C se R u n : 1 0 -1 2 d a y s .

C 2 : 5 0 0 0 -1 0 ,0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 0 -1 pe r ho u r .

P r i mo r d i a Fo r ma t i o n :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 5 -1 0 0 % .

B e d T e mpe r a t u r e : 6 5 -6 7 ° F.

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 6 2 -6 5 ° F.

C 2 : l e ss t ha n 1 0 0 0 ppm.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s / 1 7 1

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s 4 pe r ho u r .

L i g ht : N t u r a l d a y l i g ht o r g r o w -l i g ht r e c o mme n d e d o n a 1 2 ho u r o n / o ff c y c l e .

C o ppi n g :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 8 5 -9 2 % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 6 2 -6 5 ° F.

C 2 : l e ss t ha n 1 0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s 4 pe r ho u r .

Fl u shi n g In t e r v a l : 7 - 1 0 d a y s.

H a r v e s S t a g e : D r e c t l y b e fo r e t he g i l l s be g i n t o d e l i q u e s e .

L i g ht : N t u r a l d a y l i g ht o r g r o w -l i g ht o n a 1 2 ho u r c y c l e o n / o ff c y c l e .

Y i e l d P o t e n t i a l : A v e r a g e c o mme r c i a l y i e l d s a r e 2 -3 l bs/ sq . ft . o v e r a 4 w e e k c r o ppi n g pe r i o d .

M a x i mu m y i e l d po t e n t i a l ha s n o t y e t be e n e st a bl i she d .

M o i st u r e C n t e n t o f M u sh r o o ms: 9 2 -9 4 % w a t e r ; 6 -8 % d r y ma t t e r .

N t r i t i o n a l C n t e n t : 2 5 . 4 % pr o t e i n ( d r y w e i g ht ) .

C mme n t s: L i k e ma n y o t he r spe c i e s i n t hi s g e n u s, C pr i n u s c o ma t u s i s a t he r m o t o l e r a n t

Page 185: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 185/437

me so phi l e t ha t o ft e n a ppe a r s i n c o mpo s p i l e s T hi s mu shr o o m w a s fi r st g r o w n i n q u a n t i t y a t t he

D t c h M u shr o o m R e s a r c h S t a t i o n u si n g t he sa me c o mpo s , c a s n g a n d e n v i r o n me n t a l pa r a me t e r s

a s fo r t he c u l t i v a t i o n o f A g a r i c u s br u n n e sc e n s T he a u t ho r s ha v e g r o w n t hi s spe c i e s o n c o mpo st

pr e pa r e d fo r A g a r i c u s a n d o n s r a w a l o n e , a l t ho u g h fr u i t i n g s a p pe a r mo r e su bs a n t i a l o n t he fo r me r .

C pr i n u s c o ma t u s i s e d i bl e a n d c ho i c e . H o w e v e r , t he c r o ps a r e d i ffi c u l t t o k e e p be c a u se o f t he

e a r l y o n s t o f d e l i q u e s e n c e . B y s bme r g i n g mu shr o o ms i n w a t e r , d e l i q u e sc e n c e i s s o w e d a n d

mu shr o o ms r e ma i n i n g o o d c o n d i t i o n fo r s v e r a l d a y s a f t e r pi c k i n g .

E x t r a c t s fr o m fr e sh spe c i me n s o f t hi s spe c i e s ha s be e n sho w n t o ha v e a n t i bi o t i c pr o pe r t i e s,

s mi l a r t o t ho s fr o m L e n t i n u s e d o d e sG e n e t i c Cha r a c t e r i s i c s B a s d i a t e t r a po l a r ( 4 -spo r e d ) , fo r mi n g ha pl o i d spo r e s he t e r o t ha l l i c .

C a mp c o n n e c t i o n s pr e s n t . S e e Cha pt e r X V

Fo r fu r t he r i n fo r ma t i o n c o n su l t :P . J . C V d d e r 1 9 7 8 , " M o d e r n M u shr o o m G r o w i n g " , E d u c a bo e k , C l e mbo r g , N t he r l a n d s.

( E n g l i sh e d i t i o n a v a i l a bl e fr o m S w i ss A me r i c a n S pa w n C mpa n y , In c . , M a d i so n v i l l e , T e x a s .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 7 2 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

S P E C I E S : F l a m m u l i n a v e l u t i p e s ( C u r t . e x F r . ) S i n g .= C l l y bi a v e l u t i p e s ( C u r t . e x F r . ) K u m m .

Page 186: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 186/437

S T R A IN : M a n y w i l d a n d d o me s i c a t e d s r a i n s o f F v e / u t i pe s a r e a v a i l a bl e fr o m c o mme r c i a l a n d

pr i v a t e s o c k s. ( S e e A ppe n d i x ) . T he J a pa n e se ha v e r e ma i n e d a t t he fo r e fr o n t o f E n o k e c u l t i v a t i o n

w i t h t w o po pu l a r c o mme r c i a l st r a i n s, " M a r u e i " a n d " E bi o s .

C M M O N N M E : E n o k e ; W i n t e r M u s hr o o m; o r V l v e t S t e m .

L A T IN R O O T : F/ a mmu / i n a c o me s fr o m t he l a t i n w o r d " fl a mme u s o r fl a me c o l o r e d fo r t he y e l -

l o w i sh o r a n g e t o r e d d i sh o r a n g e c o l o r o f t he c a p. T he spe c i e s e pi t he t v e l u t i pe s i s t he c o n j u n c t i o n o f

t w o l a t i n w o r d s, t he a d j e c t i v e " v e l u t i n u s" me a n i n g c o v e r e d w i t h fi n e ha i r s a n d t he n o u n " pe s" o rfo o t .

G E N R A L D S C IP T IO N C ps t y pi c a l l y sma l l , r e d d i sh o r a n g e t o r e d d i sh br o w n , a t fi r st he mi s-

phe r i c a l , so o n pl a n e . T he c a p ma r g i n i s o ft e n i r r e g u l a r l y sha pe d . T he g i l l s a r e y e l l o w i sh t i n g e d . In

w i l d c o l l e c t i o n s, t he s e m i s d e n s l y fi br i l l o se , v e l v e t y , sho r t a n d t o u g h. In c u l t u r e , ho w e v e r , t hest e ms a r e l o n g a n d smo o t h. A pa r t i a l v e i l i s a bs n t . It s spo r e s a r e w hi t i sh i n ma ss.

Fi g u r e 1 5 1 Fl a mmu l i n a v e l u t i pe s fr u i t i n g i n t r a y .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s 1 7 3

N T U R A L H A B IT A T : C mmo n a c r o ss t he N r t h A me r i c a n c o n t i n e n t a n d i n o t he r t e mpe r a t e t o

bo r e a l r e g i o n s o f t he w o r l d . T hr i v i n g o n w o o d y t i ss e , e spe c i a l l y l i v i n g t r e e s a n d c o n si d e r e d a c o l d

w e a t he r m u shr o o m.

G R O W T H P A R A M E T E R S

M y c e l i a l T y p e s : L i n e a r t o c o t t o n y m y c e l i a , so me t i me s a e r i a l .

S pa w n M e d i u m : S a w d u s t / b r a n . O n e l i t e r ( 1 0 0 0 ml . ) bo t t l e o f spa w n i n o c u l a t e s 5 0 -1 6 0 ( 8 0 0

ml . ) c o n t a i n e r s. S e e Cha pt e r I II.

Fr u i t i n g S u bs r a t e : A 8 0 -9 0 % ha r d w o o d s w d u st a n d 1 0 -2 0 % r i c e br a n me d i u m. N w l yc hi ppe d sa w d u st ho l d s mo i st u r e po o r l y a n d so me J a pa n e s g r o w e r s a g e t he s w d u st fo r se v e r a l

y e a r s be fo r e u s n g . S t a n d a r d fr u i t i n g c o n t a i n e r s a r e q u a r t ma s n j a r s o r 8 0 0 ml . sma l l mo u t he d

pl a s i c bo t t l e s S o me g r o w e r s a r e c u r r e n t l y e x pe r i me n t i n g w i t h t he c u l t i v a t i o n o f t hi s spe c i e s o n bu l k

su bst r a t e s i n t r a y s A d j u s mo i s u r e c o n t e n t o f su bst r a t e t o 5 8 -6 0 % .

M e t ho d o f P r e pa r a t i o n : S e e Cha pt e r III fo r t he pr e pa r a t i o n o f sa w d u st / br a n me d i a . A 4 : 1 v o l u -

me t r i c r a t i o o f s w d u s t o br a n ( e q u i v a l e n t t o a ma ss r a t i o o f 1 0 : 1 sa w d u st t o br a n ) i s r e c o mme n d e d .S t e r i l i z fo r 1 -2 ho u r s a t 2 5 0 ° F. ( 1 5 ps ) .

Page 187: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 187/437

S pa w n R u n :R e l a t i v e H u m i d i t y : 9 0 - 1 0 0 % .

S u b s t r a t e T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 2 -7 7 ° F.

D r a t i o n : 2 0 -3 0 d a y s u si n g st a n d a r d me t ho d s; 1 2 -1 3 d a y s u si n g i n v i t r o i n o c u l a t i o n me t ho d s

C 2 : 5 0 0 0 -1 0 ,0 0 0 p pm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 0 pe r ho u r .

T y p e o f C s n g : N n e r e q u i r e d .

P r i mo r d i a Fo r ma t i o n :R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 8 5 % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 5 0 -5 5 ° F.

C 2 : l e ss t ha n 1 0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 4 pe r ho u r .

L i g ht : N n e n e e d e d .

C o ppi n g :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 8 5 %

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 5 0 -5 5 ° F.

D r a t i o n : 2 -3 w e e k s .C 2 : l e ss t ha n 1 0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 4 pe r ho u r .

L i g ht : N t u r a l d a y l i g ht o r g r o w -l i g ht o n a 1 2 ho u r c y c l e o n / o ff c y c l e .

Fl u shi n g In t e r v a l : 1 0 d a y s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 7 4 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 188: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 188/437

Y i e l d P o t e n t i a l : A v e r a g e c o mme r c i a l y i e l d s a r e 1 6 0 -2 2 0 g r a ms pe r 8 0 0 ml . bo t t l e . M a x i mu my i e l d s a r e n e a r l y 6 0 0 g r a ms pe r 8 0 0 ml . bo t t l e .

M o i st u r e C n t e n t o f M u shr o o ms: 9 2 % w a t e r ; 8 % d r y ma t t e r .

N t r i t i o n a l C n t e n t : R e po r t s v a r y f r o m 1 8 % t o 3 1 % pr o t e i n ( d r y w e i g ht ) ; 1 0 7 mi l l i g r a ms o f n i a -c i n pe r 1 0 0 g r a ms d r y w e i g ht . F. Z a d r a z l ( 1 9 7 9 ) fo u n d t ha t c o l o n i z t i o n o f st r a w by t hi s spe c i e sd e c r e a s s i t s d i g e st i bi l i t y fo r u se a s fo d d e r . T hi s c o n t r a s s w i t h t he e ffe c t s o f P l e u r o t u s a n dS t r o p ha r i a r u g o so -a n n u l a t a w ho s pr e s e n c e o n s r a w ma r k e d l y i n c r e a s s i t s d i g e st i bi l i t y . L i k e ma n y

w o o d d e g r a d i n g fu n g i , a n a n t i -t u mo r a n t i bi o t i c ha s be e n i so l a t e d fr o m F. v e l u t i pe s a n d i s a ppr o pr i -a t e l y c a l l e d fl a mmu l i n .

C mme n t s: F v e l u t i pe s t e n d s t o fo r m my c e l i a l " pe l l e t s" s o n a ft e r c o l o n i z n g a s bst r a t e . T hi sphe n o me n o n ma k e s l i q u i d c u l t u r e t e c hn i q u e s mo r e d i ffi c u l t . J a pa n e se r e se a r c he r s fo u n d t ha t t he

a d d i t i o n o f 5 % c o r n s a r c h a n d 2 % ma l t t o a l i q u i d so l u t i o n i n hi bi t s t he fo r ma t i o n o f t he se t r o u bl e -

s me pe l l e t s. C r i o u sl y , fr u i t i n g s o n sa w d u st / br a n be d s c a n be pr e c i pi t a t e d w he n pi e c e s o f a fr u i t -bo d y a r e a d d e d t o t hi s so l u t i o n S hi l o e t a l . ( 1 9 7 4 ) fo u n d t ha t o n e c o u l d i n d u c e t he e a r l y f o r ma t i o n

Fi g u r e 1 5 2 D v e l o pi n g pi n he a d s o f Fl a mmu l i n a v e l u t i pe s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s / 1 7 5

Page 189: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 189/437

o f fr u i t bo d i e s w i t h a t e c hn i q u e w he r e by fr e sh pi e c e s o f Fl a mmu l i n a v e l u t i pe s a r e mi x e d d i r e c t l y i n t ol i q u i d spa w n a n d t he n i n t r o d u c e d i n fo t he sa w d u st / br a n me d i u m. N t o n l y w a s t he fr u i t i n g pr o c e ss

a c c e l e r a t e d , t he spa w n i n g pe r i o d w a s c u t i n ha l f a n d y i e l d w a s n e a r l y q u a d r u p l e d o v e r a y e a r 's t i me .

U si n g t hi s sa me t e c h n i q u e w i fh P l e u r o t u s o s r e a t u s, y i e l d s w e r e i n c r e a s d o v e r a n d a bo v e t he n o r m

by a fa c t o r o f t hr e e . T o t a l pr o d u c t i o n i n e i t he r c a s , e q u a l l e d a s mu c h a s ¼ o f t he su bst r a t e o n a d r y

w e i g ht ba si s. A n a n a l o g o u s t e c h n i q u e w a s d e v e l o pe d by U r a y a ma ( 1 9 7 2 ) w ho d i sc o v e r e d t ha t c e l l -

fr e e e x t r a c t s o f fr e sh F. v e l u t i pe s mu shr o o ms i n t r o d u c e d t o c u l t u r e s o f d i s a n t l y r e l a t e d spe c i e s

c a u se d fr u i t bo d y fo r ma t i o n .

G e n e t i c Cha r a c t e r i st i c s: B a si d i a fe t r a po l a r ( 4 -spo r e d ) , fo r mi n g ha pl o i d spo r e s; bi fa c t o r i a l l y h e t -e r o t ha l l i c . S i n g l e spo r e i so l a t e s c a pa bl e o f pr o d u c i n g st e r i l e fr u i t bo d i e s D k a r y o n s a r e fa st e r g r o w -

i n g a n d c h a r a c t e r i ze d by c l a mp c o n n e c t i o n s. M y c e l i u m c a n pr o d u c e o i d i a , s l f s c t i o n i n g c h a i n s o fc e l l s w i t h s mi l a r f u n c t i o n s a s spo r e s S e e Cha pt e r X V

Fo r fu r t he r i n fo r ma t i o n c o n su l t :H . T o n o mu r a , 1 9 7 4 . " Fl a mmu l i n a v e l u t i pe s" i n T he B i o l o g y a n d C l t i v a t i o n o f E d i bl e

M u shr o o ms. A c a d e mi c P r e ss, N w Y o r k .

j a r .Fi g u r e 1 5 3 Fl a mmu l i n a v e l u t i pe s fr u i t i n g i n pl a s i c

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 7 6 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

S P E CIE S : L e n t i n u s e d o d e s ( B e r k . ) S i n g .-

Page 190: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 190/437

Fi g u r e 1 5 4 L e n t i n u s e d o d e s, t he shi i t a k e mu shr o o m, fr u i t i n g o no a k l o g s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 191: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 191/437

P l a t e 3 L e pi s a n u d a my c e l i u m. P l a t e 4 P s l o c y be f a mpe n si s my c e l i u m.

P l a t e 1 P si / o c y be c u be n si s my c e l i u m. P l a t e 2 P si l o c y be me x i c a n a my c e l i u m.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

P l a t e 5 C mpo st r a w ma t e r i a l s d u r i n g P l a t e 6 C mpo st r a w ma t e r i a l s a t r i c k i n g .

Page 192: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 192/437

P l a t e 7 C mpo s r a w ma t e r i a l s a t fi l l i n g . P l a t e 8 C mpo st r e a d y fo r spa w n i n g .N t e w hi t i sh c o l o n i e s o f A c t i n o my c e t e s.

pr e -c o mpo s i n g .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 193: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 193/437

P l a t e 1 0 P l e u r o t u s o st r e a t u s fr u i t i n g o n pa st e u r i z d w he a t s r a w .

P l a t e 9 ,4 g a r i c u s br u n n e s e n s fr u i t i n g o n c a s d ho r se ma n u r e c o mpo s .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

P l a t e 1 1 L e n fi n u s e d o d e s, t he

S hi i t a k e mu shr o o m, fr u i t i n g o no a k l o g s.

Page 194: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 194/437

P l a t e 1 2 C pr i n u s c o ma fu s,t he S ha g g y M a n e , fr u i t i n g o nc a se d ho r se ma n u r e c o mpo st .

I

I

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

P l a t e 1 3

P s i l o c y b e me x i c a n a ,T e o n a n a c a t l , fr u i t i n go n c a se d r y e g r a ssse e d .

P l a t e 1 4 P s l o c y b et a mp a n e n si s sc i e r o t i ao n r y e g r a ss se e d .

P l a t e 1 5 P si l o c y be

t a mpa n e n s s fr u i t i n go n c a se d r y e g r a ssse e d .

Page 195: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 195/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

P si l o c y be c y a n e sc e n s my c e l i u m r u n n i n g t hr o u g h mo i s a l d e r sa w d u st .

Page 196: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 196/437

P l a t e 1 7 P si l o c y be c y a n e s e n s fr u i t i n g o n a l d e r c hi ps

P l a t e 1 6

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 197: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 197/437

P l a t e 1 9 P a n a e o l u s c y a n e sc e n s fr u i t i n g o n c a se d w he a t st r a w .

P l a t e 1 8 P si l o c y be c u be n s s fr u i t i n g o n c a se d , pa s e u r i ze d w he a t st r a w .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

P l a t e 2 0 P e n i c i l l i u m, t he B l u e G r e e n P l a t e 2 1 A spe r g i l l u s, t he G r e e n M o l d ,

M o l d a n d C a d o spo r i u m, t he D r k G r e e n g r o w i n g o n ma l t a g a r me d i a .

Page 198: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 198/437

M o l d , g r o w i n g o n ma l t a g a r me d i a .

P l a t e 2 2 T r i c ho d e r ma , t he Fo r e s G r e e n P l a t e 2 3 B o fr y t i s, t he B r o w n M o l d , c o n

M o l d , c o n t a mi n a t i n g t he c a si n g l a y e r . t a mi n a t i n g t he c a si n g l a y e r .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 199: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 199/437

1 7 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s S t a c k s i n o pe n a i r su ffi c i e n t . ( R e c e n t i n n o v a t i o n s sho w t ha t l o g s st a c k e d

i n a v e r t i c a l c o n fi g u r a t i o n a n d c o v e r e d w i t h s r a w a n d pl a st i c t o ma i n t a i n e v e n t e mpe r a t u r e s

r e s l t i n fa s e r spa w n r u n n i n g i n a n o u t d o o r e n v i r o n me n t . W i t hi n a c o n t r o l l e d g r e e n ho u s , t he

l o g s n e e d n o t be c o v e r e d . T he c o n t a c t be t w e e n t he l o g s r fa c e s sho u l d be mi n i mi ze d t o pr e -

v e n t c o mpe t i t o r mo l d s a n d l i c he n s fr o m fo r mi n g ) .

pH O pt i ma : 5 -6 .

L i g ht : N n e r e q u i r e d .

T y p e o f C si n g : N n e n e e d e d .

P i n he a d In i t i a t i o n :In i t i a t i o n T e c h n i q u e : S u bme r g e l o g s a n d bl o c k s i n c o l d w a t e r fo r 2 4 -7 2 ho u r s.

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 5 % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 5 9 -6 8 ° F.

D r a t i o n : 7 - 1 4 d a y s a ft e r s a k i n g .

C 2 : N t a ppl i c a bl e .

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s If w i t hi n a g r e e n ho u se , 2 -4 pe r ho u r .

L i g ht : A mbi e n t n a t u r a l l i g ht o r o pt i ma l l y 1 0 l u x i n t he 3 7 0 -4 2 0 n a n o me t e r r a n g e .

C o ppi n g :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 8 5 -9 0 % .

Page 200: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 200/437

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 5 9 -6 8 ° F.

C 2 : l e ss t ha n 1 0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s 2 - 4 pe r ho u r o r s ffi c i e n t t o me e t C 2 a n d / o r c o o l i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s.

D r a t i o n : 3 -5 y e a r s o n o a k l o g s; 2 -3 y e a r s o n a l d e r .

H a i v e s S t a g e : D r e c t l y be fo r e t he i n c u r v e d ma r g i n s r a i g ht e n s a n d t he c a p e x p a n d s t o pl a n e .

Fl u shi n g In t e i v a l : O u t d o o r me t ho d s g e n e r a t e 2 fl u she s pe r y e a r ( fa l l a n d spr i n g ) ; i n d o o r me t h-

o d s c a n pr o d u c e u p t o 4 fl u she s d e pe n d i n g o n t he s a k i n g / i n i t i a t i o n sc he d u l e .

L i g ht : S a me a s a bo v e .

Y i e l d P o t e n t i a l : A v e r a g e c o mme r c i a l y i e l d s a r e 2 -3 l bs ( fr e sh w e i g ht ) o f mu shr o o ms pe r l o g .

M o i st u r e C n t e n t o f M u shr o o ms: 8 5 % w a t e r ; 1 5 % d r y ma t t e r .

N t r i t i o n a l C n t e n t : 1 0 . 0 -1 7 . 5 % c r u d e pr o t e i n ( d r y w e i g ht ) a n d 5 5 mi l l i g r a m s o f n i a c i n pe r 1 0 0

g r a ms d r y w e i g ht .

C mme n t s C mpo u n d s i n t hi s mu shr o o m ha v e a n t i -c ho l e s e r o l e ffe c t s. Chi ha r a ( 1 9 7 9 ) r e po r t e d

t ha t l e n t i n a n , a w a t e r s o l u bl e po l y sa c ha r i d e i n L . e d o d e s, w a s " fo u n d t o a l mo st c o mpl e t e l y r e g r e ss

t he so l i d t y p e t u mo r s o f sa r c o ma -i 8 0 a n d s v e r a l k i n d ( si c ) o f t u mo r s. . . " . T he w o r k o f o t he r s( C c h r a n , 1 9 7 8 ; T o k i t a e t a l . , 1 9 7 2 ; T o k u d a a n d K a n e d a , 1 9 7 9 ) ha v e si mi l a r l y d e sc r i be d t he be n -

e fi c i a l pr o pe r t i e s o f t hi s fu n g u s ( S e e A ppe n d i x Il l ) .

A l t ho u g h t he st a n d a r d me t ho d o f c u l t i v a t i o n i n v o l v e s o a k l o g s, r e c e n t e x pe r i me n t s e mpl o y i n g

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s / 1 7 9

sa w d u st o r r y e g r a ss ba se d " sy n t he t i c " mi x t u r e s ha v e pr o v e d t ha t L e n fi n u s e d o d e s c a n be g r o w n

o n a v a r i e t y o f su bs r a t e s In a r e c e n t a r t i c l e , H a n e t a l i a ( 1 9 8 1 ) r e p o r t t he r e s l t s o f g r o w t h e x p e r i -

me n t s w i t h shi i t a k e mi n i -l o g s c o mpo se d o f 9 0 % br o a d l e a f sa w d u s , 1 0 % r i c e br a n a n d 0 . 2 %C C 3 . S u ppl e me n t s t ha t i n c r e a se d my c e l i a l g r o w t h mo r e t ha n r i c e br a n w e r e y e a st po w d e r

( 2 . 0 % ) , s y be a n me a l ( 5 . 0 % ) , mi l k po w d e r ( 2 . 0 % ) a n d mo l a ss s ( 1 . 5 % ) . T he fa s e s t my c e l i a l

g r o w t h o c c u r r e d w he n t he mo i s u r e c o n t e n t o f t he l o g s w a s ba l a n c e d t o 5 0 -6 0 % . In t e st s o n fr u i t i n g

a n d y i e l d t he fo l l o w i n g d a t a w e r e c o mpi l e d :

O n c e my c e l i a l g r o w t h i s c o mpl e t e , hi g he st y i e l d s w e r e a c hi e v e d i f t he v e g e t a t i v e c y c l e w a s pr o -

l o n g e d 4 -1 2 w e e k s, w i t h t he ma x i mu m y i e l d a t 1 2 w e e k s.

A t pi n i n i t i a t i o n , w a t e r ba t h pe r i o d s o f 4 8 -7 2 ho u r s i n c r e a se d t he mo i s u r e c o n t e n t o f t he l o g s

by 5 -1 5 % a n d y i e l d s by 5 0 % .

C o l i n g t he l o g s fo r e i g ht d a y s a t 6 0 -6 2 ° F. fo l l o w i n g 4 8 ho u r s o f so a k i n g g a v e t he hi g he sy i e l d s

U si n g 0 . 1 % N hy d r o c hl o r i d e t o a d j u st t he pH o f t he w a t e r ba t h fr o m 4 . 5 - 7 . 0 , a pH o f 5 . 0 pr o -

d u c e d t he mo s pr i mo r i d a a n d ma t u r e mu shr o o ms.

A t a l i g ht i n t e n s t y o f 5 5 0 l u x , y i e l d s w e r e hi g he s .

T he a d d i t i o n o f t he ho r mo n e s N A ( 5 ppm) , g i bbe r e l l i n ( l 0 pp m) , e t hy l e n e c hl o r o hy d r i n( 2 0 0 0 x ) a n d c o l c h i c i n e ( 8 0 0 0 x ) a s w e l l a s y e a st po w d e r ( 0 . 1 % ) t o t he w a fe r ba t h i n c r e a s d

y i e l d s

Page 201: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 201/437

N v e r t he l e ss, t he t r a d i t i o n a l l o g me t ho d r e ma i n s t he mo st c o mme r c i a l l y fe a si bl e a t t hi s t i me

a n d t he o n e be s s i t e d t o ho me c u l t i v a t i o n .

G e n e t i c Cha r a c t e r i s i c s B a s d i a t e t r a po l a r , fo r mi n g fo u r h a pl o i d spo r e s; he t e r o t ha l l i c . D k a r y o n s

w i t h c l a mp c o n n e c t i o n s. S e e C ha pt e r X V

Fo r mo r e i n fo r ma t i o n c o n su l t :

H . A k i y a ma e t a l . , 1 9 7 4 . " T h e C l t i v a t i o n o f S hi i -t a -k e i n a S h o r t P e r i o d " . M u shr o o mS c i e n c e IX , pp. 4 2 3 -4 3 3 .

T . It o , 1 9 7 8 . " C l t i v a t i o n o f L e n t i n u s e d o d e s" i n T he B i o l o g y a n d C l t i v a t i o n o f E d i b l eM u shr o o ms E d . by S . T . Cha n g , pp. 4 6 1 -4 7 3 .

R . K e r r i g a n , 1 9 8 2 . " Is S l i i i t a k e Fa r mi n g fo r Y o u ? " Fa r W e st Fu n g i , S a n t a C u z.

Y . H . H a n , W . T . V n g a n d S . Che n g , 1 9 8 1 . " P hy s o l o g y a n d E c o l o g y o f L e n t i n u s e d o d e s( B e r k ) S i n g . " M u shr o o m S c i e n c e X l , M e l bo u r n e .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 8 0 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

S P E CIE S : L e pi st a n u d a ( B u l l . e x F r . ) C o o k e= C i t o c y be n u d a ( Fr . ) B i g e l o w a n d S mi t h= T r i c l i o l o ma n u d u m ( Fr . ) K u mme r

Page 202: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 202/437

S T R A IN : A v a i l a bl e fr o m c o mme r c i a l a n d pr i v a t e st o c k s T he A me r i c a n T y p e C l t u r e C l l e c t i o n

ha s se v e r a l st r a i n s. A l t ho u g h fe w spa w n c o mpa n i e s s l l s r a i n s o f L . n u d a , t i ss e a n d spo r e c u l t u r e s

a r e e a s l y o bt a i n e d fr o m w i l d spe c i me n s. N v e r t he l e ss, t he r e a r e a l i mi t e d n u mbe r o f pr o d u c t i v e

st r a i n s c u r r e n t l y i n c i r c u l a t i o n .

CO M M O N N M E : T he B l e w i t .

L A T IN A ND G R E E K R O O T S : L e pi st a c o me s fr o m t he g r e e k " l e pi s w hi c h me a n s s a l e . O n t he

o t he r ha n d , t he spe c i e s e pi t he t n u d a c o me s fr o m " n u d u s" o r n a k e d . T he n a me L e pi st a n u d a c o n -

st i t u t e s a c o n t r a d i t i o n o f t e r ms, l i t e r a l l y t r a n s a t i n g a s t he sc a l y smo o t h mu shr o o m.

G E N R A L D S C IP T IO N C p t y pi c a l l y v i o l e t w he n fr e s h, be c o mi n g bu ff br o w n i n d r y i n g ;smo o t h, w i t ho u t ha i r s d r y ; c o n v e x o r br o a d l y c o n v e x t o pl a n e i n a g e . T he c a p ma r g i n i s i n r o l l e d o r

i n c u r v e d w he n y o u n g a n d si mpl y d e c u r v e d a t ma t u r i t y . T he g i l l s a r e a pa l e v i o l e t c o l o r , so me t i me s

d e v e l o pi n g br o w n i sh hu e s i n a g e a n d a r e a d n e x e d o r a s e n d i n g i n t he i r a t t a c h me n t t o t he st e m. T he

st e m i s e q u a l o v e r a l l bu t bu l bo u s a t t he ba se a n d c o v e r e d w i t h fi n e fi br i l s o v e r mu c h o f i t s su r fa c e .

Fi g u r e 1 5 5 M y c e l i u m o fL e p i s t a n u d a .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s / 1 8 1

F r u i f b o d i e s c a n be mo d e r a t e l y l a r g e w he n ma t u r e . A pa r t i a l v e i l i s a bs n t . T he spo r e d e po si t i s pa l e

pi n k i sh fa n .

N T U R A L H A B IT A T : C o m m o n l y o c c u r r i n g i n t he su mme r t o l a t e fa l l a c r o ss mu c h o f t he t e m-

pe r a t e r e g i o n s o f N r t h A me r i c a a n d E u r o pe . T hi s spe c i e s i s fo u n d i n a n d a r o u n d d e c o mpo si n g

pi l e s o f sa w d u s , i n c o n i fe r d u ff, a mo n g s l e a v e s a n d i n ma t u r e c o mpo st pi l e s

G R O W T H P A R A M E T E R S

M y c e l i a l T y pe s: L i n e a r t o c o t t o n y a n d u s a l l y w i t h pu r pl i sh t o v i o l e t hu e s ( S e e C l o r P ho t o 3 ) .

S pa w n M e d i u m: A 4 : 1 s a w d u st / br a n mi x t u r e o r r y e g r a i n spa w n . S e e Cha pt e r I II.

Fr u i t i n g S u bs r a t e s: H o r s ma n u r e / s r a w c o mpo s mi x e d w i t h 1 0 % fr e sh st r a w a t spa w n i n g ; l e a f

mu l c h/ s w d u s m i x t u r e s

S pa w n R u n :

R e l a t i v e H u m i d i l y : 9 0 + % .

S u bs r a t e T e mpe r a t u r e : Fa st e s t g r o w t h a t 7 0 -7 5 ° F. T e mpe r a t u r e ma x i ma a n d mi n i ma : 4 0 ° F.

a n d 8 6 ° F. r e spe c t i v e l y .

D r a t i o n : 2 5 -6 0 d a y s fo r c o mpl e t e c o l o n i z t i o n .

C 2 : 5 0 0 0 -1 0 , 0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s 0 pe r ho u r .

Page 203: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 203/437

L i g ht : In c u ba t i o n i n t o t a l d a r k n e ss

T y pe o f C si n g : S t a n d a r d pe a t ba s d c a s n g . A n o pt i o n i s t he a d d i t i o n o f shr e d d e d l e a f ma t e r i a l

a n d a c t i v a t e d c h a r c o a l t o 1 0 % o f t o t a l ma ss. B a l a n c e t o a pH o f 7 . 0 .

P i n he a d In i t i a t i o n :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i 4 i : 9 5 % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 5 5 -6 5 ° F.

D r a t i o n : 7 - 1 4 d a y s .

C 2 : l e ss t ha n 1 0 0 0 ppm

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s 2 -4 pe r ho u r .

L i g ht : A mbi e n t n a t u r a l l i g ht o r o pt i ma l l y 1 0 l u x i n t he 3 7 0 -4 2 0 n a n o me t e r r a n g e . ( L i g ht r e -q u i r e me n t s ha v e n o t y e t be e n e s a bl i she d fo r t hi s spe c i e s, a n d u n t i l t ha t t i me , l i g ht st i mu l a t i o n

sho u l d be pr e s me d a s a pr e r e q u i s t e fo r f r u i t i n g . )

C o ppi n g :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 8 5 -9 0 % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 5 5 -6 5 ° F.

D r a t i o n : 2 4 -5 2 w e e k s

C 2 : l e ss t ha n 1 0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s 2 -4 pe r ho u r .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 204: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 204/437

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s / 1 8 3

S P E CIE S : P a n a e o l u s c y a n e s c e n s B e r k e l e y a n d B r o o me

= C pe l a n d i a c y a n e sc e n s ( B e r k . & B r . ) S i n g .

Page 205: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 205/437

Fi g u r e 1 5 6 P a n a e o l u s c y a n e s e n s f r u i t i n g o n c a s d st r a w .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 8 4 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

S T R A IN : H a w a i i a n .M e x i c a n .

C M M O N N M E : P a n c y a n .

G R E E K R O O T : P a n a e o l u s i s G r e e k f o r " a l l v a r i e g a t e d " , i n r e fe r e n c e t o t he spo t t e d a ppe a r a n c e o ft he g i l l s T he spe c i e s n a me c y a n e s e n s c o me s fr o m " c y a n e u s" o r bl u e fo r t he c o l o r t he fl e sh be -

c o me s u po n br u i si n g .

G E N R A L D S C IP T IO N C p 1 5 -4 0 mm. br o a d . H e mi sphe r i c t o c a mpa n u l a t e t o c o n v e x o rbr o a d l y c o n v e x a t ma t u r i t y . T he ma r g i n i s i n i t i a l l y s ho r t l y t r a n sl u c e n t s r i a t e w he n w e t , o pa q u e w he n

d r y . T he c a p i s l i g ht br o w n a t fi r s , be c o mi n g pa l l i d g r e y i n d r y i n g , e v e n t u a l l y pa l l i d t o w hi t e , o ft e n

c o v e r e d w i t h spo r e s T he g i l l s a r e a d n e x e d i n t he i r a t t a c hme n t , c l o se , t hi n , w i t h t w o o r t hr e e t i e r s o f

i n t e r me d i a t e g i l l s a n d mo t t l e d g r a y i sh bl a c k a t w i t h spo r e ma t u r i t y . T he s e m i s 8 5 -1 2 0 l o n g x1 5 -3 0 mm. t hi c k a n d e q u a l t o bu l bo u s a t t he ba s , t u bu l a r , o ft e n g r a y i sh t o w a r d s t he a pe x , pa l e y e l -

l o w i sh o v e r a l l , a n d fl e sh c o l o r e d t o l i g ht br o w n t o w a r d s t he ba s . T he fl e sh r e a d i l y t u r n s bl u i sh

w he r e br u i s d . A pa r t i a l v e i l i s a bse n t . It s spo r e s a r e d a r k v i o l e t -bl a c k .

N T U R A L H A B IT A T : S c a t t e r e d t o n u me r o u s o n d u n g , i n w e l l ma n u r e d g r o u n d s, g r a ssy a r e a s,me a d o w s, o r pa st u r e s . K n o w n fr o m H a w a i i a n d M e x i c o . T w o o t he r P a n a e o l i , c l o se t o P .

c y a n e sc e n s ma c r o sc o pi c a l l y a n d mi c r o sc o pi c a l l y , g r o w i n w e st e r n W a shi n g t o n a n d i n Fl o r i d a .

G R O W T H P A R A M E T E R S

Page 206: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 206/437

M y c e l i a l T y pe s: L i n e a r t o c o t t o n y my c e l i a ; w hi t e t o o ff-w hi t e , so me t i me s br u i s n g bl u i sh w he r e i n -

j u r e d .

S pa w n M e d i u m: R y e g r a i n . S e e Cha pt e r III.

Fr u i t i n g su bs r a t e : P a s e u r i ze d w he a t s r a w ; ho r se ma n u r e / st r a w c o mpo st .

M e t ho d o f P r e pa r a t i o n : Cho ppe d w he a t st r a w pa s e u r i z d i n a ho t w a t e r ba t h a t 1 6 0 0 fo r 2 0 -3 0

mi n u t e s, c o o l e d a n d spa w n e d o r ho r s ma n u r e / s r a w c o mpo s pr e p a r e d a c c o r d i n g me t ho d s o u t -l i n e d i n Cha pt e r V

S pa w n R u n :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 0 + % .

S u bst r a t e T e mpe r a t u r e : F.

D r a t i o n : 7 -1 2 d a y s

C 2 : 1 0 ,0 0 0 ppm o r h i g he r .

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 0 pe r ho u r .

T y p e o f C s n g : S t a n d a r d pe a t ba se d c a s n g w ho se pr e pa r a t i o n i s d e s r i be d i n Cha pt e r VIII. L a y e r

t o a d e pt h o f ½ -i i n c h.P o st C s n g / P r e -pi n n i n g :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 0 + % .

S u bsfr a t e T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 9 -8 4 ° F.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s / 1 8 5

C 0 2 : 1 0 ,0 0 0 ppm o r a bo v e .

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s 0 pe r ho u r .

L i g ht : In c u ba t i o n i n d a r k n e ss

P r i mo r d i a F o r m a t i o n :

R e l a t i v e H u m i d i t y : 9 5 + % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 5 -8 0 ° F .C 2 : 5 ,0 0 0 ppm o r be l o w .

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s 2 p e r ho u r .

L i g ht r e q u i r e me n t s: D ffu se n a t u r a l o r fl u o r e s e n t g r o w - l i g ht s

C o ppi n g :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 8 5 -9 2 % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 5 -8 0 F.

C 2 : 5 ,0 0 0 ppm o r be l o w .

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s 2 p e r ho u r .

H a r v e s t S t a g e : W he n t he c a ps a r e c o n v e x .

Fl u shi n g In t e r v a l : 5 -7 d a y s

L i g ht : D ffu s n a t u r a l o r g r o w -l i g ht s

Y i e l d P o t e n t i a l : N t y e t e s t a b l i she d .

Page 207: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 207/437

M o i st u r e C n t e n t : 9 0 -9 2 % w a t e r ; 8 -1 0 % d r y m a t t e r .

C mme n t s: T hi s r a pi d l y g r o w i n g spe c i e s fr u i t s r e a d i l y o n pa st e u r i ze d st r a w pr o v i d e d a t hi n l a y e r o f

c a si n g i s a ppl i e d ( ½ i n c h) . N mo r e t ha n o n e w e e k pa ss s fr o m t he t i me o f c a si n g t o t he fi r st f l u sh.

A l t ho u g h t he fr u i t bo d i e s a r e sma l l , t he fl u she s a r e t y p i c a l l y a bu n d a n t . T he d e g r e e o f bl u i n g se e ms t o

v a r y w i t h t he st r a i n a n d su bst r a t e .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 8 6 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

S P E CIE S : P a n a e o l u s s u b b a l t e a t u s B e r k e l e y a n d B r o o me= P a n a e o l u s v e n e n o s u s M u r r i l l

Page 208: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 208/437

S T R A IN : Fr u i t i n g s r a i n s a r e e a s l y o bt a i n e d fr o m w i l d spe c i me n s.

C M M O N N M E : T he B e l t e d C p P a n a e o l u s .

G R E E K R O O T : P a n a e o l u s i s G r e e k f o r " a l l v a r i e g a t e d " i n r e fe r e n c e t o t he spo t t e d a ppe a r a n c e o f

t he g i l l s T he spe c i e s n a me su bba l fe a t u s c o me s fr o m t he c o n j u n c t i o n o f t he pr e fi x " s b-" me a n i n g

a l mo st o r so me w ha t a n d " ba l t e a t u s" o r be l t -l i k e , fo r t he c ha r a c t e r i st i c c o l o r z n a t i o n t ha t fo r ms

a l o n g t he ma r g i n o f t he c a p i n d r y i n g .

Fi g u r e 1 5 7 P a n a e o l u s su bba l t e a fu s fr u i t i n go u t d o o r s o n ho r s ma n u r e -w o o d c hi p c o mpo st .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s / 1 8 7

G E N R A L D E S C R I P T I O N : C a p 3 5 -5 0 mm. br o a d a t ma t u r i t y . T he c a p i s c o n v e x t o c a mpa n u -

l a t e , t he n br o a d l y c o n v e x a n d fi n a l l y e x p a n d i n g t o n e a r l y pl a n e w i t h a br o a d u mbo . T he c o l o r i s c i n -

n a mo n br o w n t o o r a n g i sh c i n n a mo n br o w n , fa d i n g t o t a n i n d r y i n g w i t h a d a r k br o w n e n c i r c l i n gzo n e a l o n g t he c a p ma r g i n . T he g i l l s a r e a t t a c he d t o t he s e m, br o a d e r a t t he c e n t e r a n d w i t h t hr e e

t i e r s o f i n t e r me d i a t e g i l l s i n se r t e d . T he g i l l c o l o r i s br o w n i sh a n d spo t t e d , w i t h t he e d g e s r e ma i n i n g

w hi t i sh, be c o mi n g bl a c k i sh o v e r a l l fr o m spo r e ma t u r i t y . T he s e m i s 5 0 -6 0 mm. l o n g by 4 mm.

t hi c k a t ma t u r i t y a n d i s br i t t l e , ho l l o w , fi br o u s, a n d e n l a r g e s t o w a r d s t he ba se . T he c o l o r i s r e d d i sht o n e d be n e a t h a fi n e she a t h o f mi n u t e w hi t i sh fi br i l s, d a r k e n i n g d o w n w a r d s o r w he n t o u c he d . T he

s e m ba se o ft e n br u i s s bl u i sh. O n t he c a p, bl u i n g i s r a r e l y se e n .

N T U R A L H A B IT A T : S c a t t e r e d t o n u me r o u s o n st a bl e l e a v i n g s fr o m ho r s s i n ho r se d u n g ; o ri n w e l l ma n u r e d g r o u n d s T hi s spe c i e s i s w i d e l y d i s r i bu t e d a c r o ss t he N r t h A me r i c a n c o n t i n e n t

a n d t hr o u g ho u t t e mpe r a t e r e g i o n s o f t he w o r l d .

G R O W T H P A R A M E T E R SM y c e l i a l T y pe : C t t o n y my c e l i a n o t e d ; w hi t i sh t o o ff-w hi t e i n c o l o r .

S pa w n M e d i u m : R y e g r a i n .Fr u i t i n g S u bst r a t e : H o r s ma n u r e c o mpo s , pa s e u r i ze d w he a t st r a w .

M e t ho d o f P r e pa r a t i o n : H o r se ma n u r e / s r a w c o mpo st o r pa s e u r i ze d w he a t st r a w pr e pa r e d a c -

c o r d i n g t o me t ho d s o u t l i n e d i n Cha pt e r s V & VI r e spe c t i v e l y .

Page 209: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 209/437

S p a w n R u n :

R e l a t i v e H u m i d i t y : 9 0 + % .

S u bs r a t e T e mpe r a t u r e : 8 0 -8 6 ° F.

D r a t i o n : 7 - 1 2 d a y s

C 2 : 1 0 ,0 0 0 ppm o r h i g he r .

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 0 pe r ho u r .T y pe o f C si n g : C si n g o pt i o n a l . If u se d , ma k e u p a st a n d a r d pe a t ba se d c a s n g w ho se pr e pa r a -

t i o n i s d e sc r i be d i n Cha pt e r VIII. L a y e r t o a d e pt h o f ½ t o 1 i n c h.

P o s C si n g / P r e - pi n n i n g :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 0 % .

S u bst r a t e T e mpe r a t u r e : 8 0 -8 6 ° F.

C 2 : 1 0 ,0 0 0 ppm o r a bo v e .

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 0 pe r ho u r .

L i g ht : In c u ba t e i n d a r k n e ss.

P r i mo r d i a Fo r ma t i o n :

R e l a t i v e H u m i d i t y : 9 5 + % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 5 -8 0 ° F.

C 2 : 5 ,0 0 0 ppm o r be l o w .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 8 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 2 pe r h o u r .

L i g ht : D ffu s n a t u r a l o r g r o w -l i g ht s

C o ppi n g

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 8 5 - 9 2 % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 5 -8 0 ° F.

C 2 : 5 ,0 0 0 ppm o r be l o w .

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 2 pe r ho u r .

H a i v e sf S t a g e : W he n t he c a ps ha v e e x p a n d e d t o n e a r l y p l a n e .

L i g ht : D ffu s n a t u r a l o r g r o w - l i g ht s.

Y i e l d P o t e n t i a l : N t y e t e s t a bl i she d .

M o i s u r e C n t e n t : 9 0 -9 2 % w a t e r ; 8 -1 0 % d r y ma t t e r .

C mme n t s P a n a e o l u s s bba l t e a t u s i s a fa st r u n n i n g a n d a n e a r l y fr u i t i n g mu shr o o m t ha t e a si l y

g r o w s i n c o n t r o l l e d e n v i r o n me n t s P o ss ssi n g l o w l e v e l s o f psi l o c y bi n a n d / o r psi l o c i n , t he fr u i t -

bo d i e s a r e sma l l c o mpa r e d t o o t he r c u l t i v a t e d mu shr o o ms. H e n c e , i t ha s n o t be e n a s po pu l a r w i t h

ho me c u l t i v a t o r s a s fo r i n st a n c e , P si l o c y be c u be n si s

G i v e n t he fa c t t ha t P a n a e o l u s c y a n e s e n s fr u i t s w e l l o n pa st e u r i ze d w he a t st r a w , P a n a e o l u s

su bba / t e a t u s i s l i k e l y t o fr u i t o n t ha t su bst r a t e a s w e l l . P o l l o c k ( 1 9 7 7 ) f r u i t e d t hi s spe c i e s o n c a se d

c r i mpe d o a t spa w n . U n d o u bt e d l y , P a n a e o l u s su bba l t e a t u s c a n be g r o w n o n a w i d e v a r i e t y o f su b-

s t r a t e s

S ho r t t e r m " n a t u r a l c u l t u r e " o f t hi s mu shr o o m i s a l so po ss bl e a l t ho u g h y i e l d s a r e mu c h l o w e r

Page 210: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 210/437

t ha n t ho se a t t a i n e d i n a c o n t r o l l e d i n d o o r g r o w i n g e n v i r o n me n t . H o r se ma n u r e / st r a w c o mpo st a r -

r a n g e d i n o u t d o o r be d s c a n be i n o c u l a t e d w i t h my c e l i u m fr o m w i l d pa t c he s o r g r a i n spa w n c a n be

u s e d .

P a n a e o l u s s bba l t e a t u s i s c o n s d e r e d a " w e e d m u shr o o m" by c o mme r c i a l A g a r i c u s g r o w e r s

a n d i t s pr e s n c e su g g e s s u n d e r -c o mpo st i n g a n d / o r e x c e ssi v e mo i st u r e . T hi s spe c i e s o n c e ha d t he

r e pu t a t i o n , a l be i t u n d e se r v e d , o f be i n g po i so n o u s— t hu s t he sy n o n y m P a n a e o l u s v e n e n o su s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s 1 8 9

S P E CIE S : P l e u r o t u s o st r e a t u s ( J a c q . e x Fr . ) K u mme r

Page 211: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 211/437

S T R A IN : S t r a i n s o f P l e u r o t u s o s r e a t u s a r e a v a i l a bl e fr o m c o mme r c i a l a n d pr i v a t e st o c k s. T he

A me r i c a n T y pe C l t u r e C l l e c t i o n , w hi c h se l l s c u l t u r e s t o e d u c a t i o n a l o r g a n i za t i o n s a n d r e se a r c hfa c i l i t i e s, ha s s o c k c u l t u r e s o f se v e r a l w i l d a n d d o me st i c a t e d st r a i n s S o my c e l 's— 3 0 0 4 i s t he st a n -

d a r d s t r a i n u s d by t he E u r o p e a n P l e u r o t u s i n d u s r y a n d i s s n o n y m o u s w i t h A T CC's— 3 8 5 4 6 .

C M M O N N M E : T he O y s e r M u s hr o o m .

L A T IN A ND G R E E K R O O T S : P l e u r o t u s c o me s fr o m t he g r e e k " pl e u r o " w hi c h me a n s fo r me d

l a t e r a l l y o r i n a s d e w a y s po s t i o n , r e fe r r i n g t o t he l a t e r a l po s t i o n o f t he st e m r e l a t i v e t o t he c a p. T hespe c i e s e pi t he t o st r e a t u s r e fe r s t o i t s o y st e r she l l -l i k e a ppe a r a n c e a n d c o l o r .

G E N R A L D S C IP T IO N C p t o n g u e sha pe d , ma t u r i n g t o a she l l sha pe d fo r m, 5 0 - 1 5 0 mm.

i n d i a me t e r ; w hi t i sh t o g r a y t o bl u e g r a y o v e r a l l . ( C l o r i s a l i g ht d e t e r mi n e d fa c t o r i n t hi s spe c i e s .

T he fl e sh i s t hi n a n d w hi t e . T he ma r g i n i s e v e n a n d o c c a s o n a l l y w a v y . T he g i l l s a r e w hi t e , d e c u r r e n t

Fi g u r e 1 5 8 Fu l l y ma t u r e P l e u r o t u s o st r e a t u s mu shr o o ms fr u i t i n g o n st r a w .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 9 0 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

\ .,t _ 4 .

Page 212: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 212/437

a n d br o a d l y spa c e d . T he s e m i s a t t a c h e d i n a n o ff-c e n t e r e d fa shi o n a n d i s sho r t a t fi r st a n d a bs n t i n

a g e . It s spo r e s a r e w hi t i sh t o l i l a c g r a y i n ma ss

N T U R A L H A B I T A T : A w o o d d e c o mpo s n g , sa pr o phy t i c o r p a r a s t i c fu n g u s. P l e u r o t u s

o s r e a t u s g r o w s a bu n d a n t l y o n s a n d i n g a n d f a l l e n a l d e r , c o t t o n w o o d a n d ma pl e . T hi s spe c i e s i s e s-

pe c i a l l y n u me r o u s i n r i v e r v a l l e y s a n d fr u i t s i n t he fa l l , e a r l y w i n t e r a n d spr i n g a c r o ss mu c h o f t e m-pe r a t e N r t h A me r i c a .

Fi g u r e s 1 5 9 -1 6 2 Fo u r d a y d e v e l o pme n t a l s q u e n c e o f P l e u r o t u s o s r e a t u s f r u i t i n g o n

w he a t s r a w .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s i 9 1

G R O W T H P A R A M E T E R SM y c e l i a l T y pe s: Fa st g r o w i n g r hi z mo r phi c t o l i n e a r my c e l i a n o t e d . C l o r i s t y p i c a l l y w hi t i sh.

S pa w n M e d i u m: R y e g r a i n . S e e Cha pt e r s III.

Fr u i t i n g S u b st r a t e a n d M e t h o d o f P r e p a r a t i o n : C r e a l st r a w ( n o r ma l l y w he a t ) ba l a n c e d t o a

7 5 % mo i s u r e c o n t e n t . T he s r a w , c ho ppe d o r w ho l e , i s pa s e u r i z d by su bme r g i n g i n a 1 6 0 ° F.

w a t e r ba t h fo r 3 0 -4 5 mi n u t e s. A n a l t e r n a t i v e me t ho d u t i l i z s l i v e st e a m pa s e u r i za t i o n a t 1 4 0 ° F. fo r6 ho u r s In J a pa n , P / e u r o t u s i s g r o w n o n a mi x t u r e o f ha r d w o o d sa w d u st a n d br a n ( 4 p a r t s t o 1 ,

6 5 % mo i s u r e a n d a pH o f 6 . 8 -7 . 0 ) . T hi s mi x t u r e i s st e r i l i z d fo r 1 -2 ho u r s a t 1 5 psi . B e i n g a

pr i ma r y d e c o r n p o s r , P l e u r o t u s g r o w s o n a w i d e v a r i e t y o f c e l l u l o si c w a st e s.

S p a w n R u n :R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 0 -1 0 0 % .S u bst r a t e T e mpe r a t u r e : Fa s e st g r o w t h a t 7 8 -8 4 ° F . T he r ma l d e a t h o c c u r s i f my c e l i u m i s he l d

a bo v e 1 0 4 ° F. fo r 4 8 ho u r s

D r a t i o n : 1 0 -1 4 d a y s fo r c o mpl e t e c o l o n i z t i o n .

C 2 : 2 0 ,0 0 0 ppm o r 2 0 % C 2 by v o l u me . ( G r o w t h i s st i mu l a t e d u p t o 2 8 ,0 0 0 ppm) .

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 0 pe r h o u r .

L i g ht : In c u ba t i o n i n t o t a l d a r k n e ss

T y p e o f C s n g : N n e n e e d e d .

P i n he a d In i t i a t i o n :

Page 213: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 213/437

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 5 % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 5 5 -6 0 ° F.

D r a t i o n : 7 -1 4 d a y s .

C 2 : l e ss t ha n 6 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 4 pe r ho u r .

L i g ht : P ho t o t r o pi c , mo s r e spo n si v e t o a n e x po su r e o f 2 ,0 0 0 l u x / ho u r fo r 1 2 ho u r s/ d a y .

G r o w - l u x t y pe fl u o r e s e n t l i g ht i n g i s r e c o mme n d e d . D ffu se n a t u r a l l i g ht i s s ffi c i e n t .

W a t e r i n g : R e g u l a r mi st i n g o n c e t o t w i c e d a i l y u n t i l fr u i t bo d i e s a r e 3 0 -4 0 % o f ha r v e st s z a n d

t he n w a t e r a s n e e d e d t o pr e v e n t c a ps fr o m c r a c k i n g .

C o ppi n g :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 8 5 -9 2 % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 6 0 -6 4 ° F.

D r a t i o n : 5 - 7 w e e k s

C 2 : l e ss t ha n 6 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 4 -6 pe r ho u r o r su ffi c i e n t t o me e t C 2 a n d / o r c o o l i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s.

H a n i e st S t a g e : D r e c t l y b e fo r e i n c u r v e d ma r g i n e l e v a t e s t o pl a n e .

Fl u shi n g In t e r v a l : 1 0 d a y s.

L i g ht : S a me a s a b o v e .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 9 2 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

W a t e r i n g : R e g u l a r mi st i n g t o pr e v e n t c a ps fr o m c r a c k i n g a n d t o k e e p r e s t i n g pi n he a d s v i a bl e .

Y i e l d P o t e n t i a l : A v e r a g e c o mme r c i a l y i e l d s a r e 1 k i l o g r a m fr e sh w e i g ht o f mu shr o o ms pe r

k i l o g r a m o f d r y w e i g ht o f st r a w su bst r a t e .

M o i st u r e C n t e n t o f M u shr o o ms: 9 1 % w a t e r ; 9 % d r y m a t t e r .

N t r i t i o n a l C n t e n t : C u d e pr o t e i n ha s be e n r e p o r t e d a t 3 0 . 4 % o f d r y w e i g ht a n d 1 0 9 mi l l i -

g r a m s o f n i a c i n pe r 1 0 0 g r a m s d r y w e i g ht .

C mme n t s: B i o l o g i c a l l y , P l e u r o t u s o s r e a t u s e ffi c i e n t l y u t i l i z s i t s su bst r a t e . It s a bi l i t y t o fr u i t o n asi n g l e c o mpo n e n t su bst r a t e , t o pe r me a t e t he s r a w r a pi d l y w hi l e t o l e r a t i n g hi g h c a r bo n d i o x i d e

l e v e l s a n d t o pr o d u c e a bu n d a n t c r o ps w i t hi n a sho r t t i me pe r i o d , ma k e P / e u r o u s i d e a l fo r h o me

c u l t i v a t i o n .

O f c o n c e r n t o c u l t i v a t o r s g r o w i n g i n e n c l o s e d r o o ms i s t he a bu n d a n t spo r e l o a d g e n e r a t e d by

t hi s spe c i e s. P / e u r o u s spo r e s c a u se a l l e r g i c r e a c t i o n s a mo n g s so me w o r k e r s a n d my c o pha g i st s.

S po r e l e ss s r a i n s a r e t he r e fo r e d e si r a bl e a n d a r e t he o bj e c t o f c u r r e n t r e se a r c h . E g e r ( 1 9 7 4 ) n o t e d

t he po ss bi l i t y t ha t he a v y spo r e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s fr o m P l e u r o t u s fa r ms c o u l d i n f e c t s r r o u n d i n g w o o d -

l a n d s

P l e u r o t u s o st r e a t u s v a r . Fl o r i d a , a w a r mt h l o v i n g r e l a t i v e , i s a l so c u l t i v a t e d i n E u r o pe ( H u n g a r y )

a n d sha r e s ma n y o f t he g r o w t h pr o pe r t i e s o f P l e u r o t u s o st r e a t u s.

G e n e t i c C ha r a c t e r i s i c s B a s d i a t e t r a po l a r , pr o d u c i n g 4 ha pl o i d spo r e s he t e r o t ha l l i c . C a mp

c o n n e c t i o n s pr e se n t . S e e Cha pt e r X V

Fo r mo r e i n fo r ma t i o n c o n su l t :F. Z a d r a z l , 1 9 7 4 . " T he E c o l o g y a n d In d u s r i a l P r o d u c t i o n o f P l e u r o t u s o s r e a t u s, P l e u r o f u s

Page 214: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 214/437

Fl o r i d a , P l e u r o t u s c o r n u c o pi a e , a n d P l e u r o t u s e ,y n g i i " i n M u shr o o m S c i e n c e IX ( P a r t I) , T he

M u shr o o m R e se a r c h In s i t u t e , J a pa n .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 215: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 215/437

1 9 4 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

w a t e r ba t h fo r 2 0 -3 0 mi n u t e s. A n a l t e r n a t i v e me t ho d u t i l i ze s l i v e st e a m pa s e u r i za t i o n a t 1 4 0 ° F. fo r

6 ho u r s.In J a pa n , P l e u r o t u s i s g r o w n o n a mi x t u r e o f ha r d w o o d sa w d u s a n d br a n ( 4 p a r t s t o 1 , 6 5 %

mo i st u r e a n d a pH o f 6 . 8 -7 . 0 ) . T hi s mi x t u r e i s st e r i l i z d fo r 1 ho u r a t 1 5 ps . B e i n g a pr i ma r y d e -

c o mpo se r , P l e u r o t u s g r o w s o n a w i d e v a r i e t y o f w a st e s hi g h i n c e l l u l o se .

S pa w n R u n :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 0 - 1 0 0 % .S u bs r a t e T e mpe r a t u r e : Fa st e st g r o w t h a t 8 2 -8 6 ° F. T he r ma l d e a t h o c c u r s i f my c e l i u m i s he l d

a bo v e 1 0 4 ° F. fo r 7 2 ho u r s

D r a t i o n : 1 0 -1 4 d a y s fo r c o mpl e t e c o l o n i z t i o n .

C 2 : 2 0 ,0 0 0 ppm o r 2 0 % C 2 by v o l u me . ( G r o w t h i s st i mu l a t e d u p t o 2 8 ,0 0 0 ppm) .

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 0 pe r ho u r .

L i g ht : In c u ba t i o n i n t o t a l d a r k n e ss

T y p e o f C s n g : N n e n e e d e d .

P i n he a d In i t i a t i o n :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 5 % .A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 2 -7 7 ° F.

D r a t i o n : 7 -1 4 d a y s .

C 2 : l e ss t ha n 6 0 0 ppm

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 4 pe r ho u r .

Page 216: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 216/437

L i g ht : P o si t i v e pho t o t r o pi sm ha s be e n fi r ml y e s a bl i she d . 2 ,0 0 0 l u x / ho u r s fo r 1 2 ho u r s/ d a y i s

mo s s i mu l a t o r y . G r o w -l u x t y p e fl u o r e s e n t l i g ht i n g i s r e c o mme n d e d . D ffu se n a t u r a l l i g ht i s

su ffi c i e n t .

W a t e r i n g : R e g u l a r mi s i n g ( o n c e t o t w i c e d a i l y ) o f t he su bst r a t e u n t i l t he fr u i t bo d i e s a r e

3 0 -4 0 % o f ha r v e s si z .

C o ppi n g :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 8 5 -9 2 % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 2 -7 7 ° F.

D r a t i o n : 4 -5 w e e k s

C 2 : l e ss t ha n 6 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 4 -6 pe r ho u r o r su ffi c i e n t t o me e t C 2 a n d / o r c o o l i n g r e q u i r e me n t s.

H a r v e st S t a g e : D r e c t l y b e fo r e i n c u r v e d ma r g i n e x pa n d s t o pl a n e .

Fl u shi n g In t e r v a l s 1 0 d a y s

L i g ht : S a me a s a bo v e .W a t e r i n g : M i st i n g r e c o mme n d e d t o pr e v e n t c r a c k i n g o f c a ps a n d t o pr e v e n t r e st i n g pr i mo r d i a

fr o m d r y i n g .

Y i e l d P o t e n t i a l : A v e r a g e c o mme r c i a l y i e l d s fo r P l e u r o t u s o st r e a t u s v a r . Fl o r i d a a r e 1 k i l o g r a m

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 217: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 217/437

1 9 6 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

S P E CIE S : P s i l o c y b e c u be n si s ( E a r l e ) S i n g e r

S t r o pha r i a c u b e n s i s E a r l e .S t r o p h a r i a c y a n e s c e n s M u r r .

= S t r o pa r i a c a e r u l e s c e n s ( P a t . ) S i n g .

= N e ma t o l o ma c a e r u l e s c e n s P a t .

= H y pho l o mac a e r u l e s c e n s ( P a t . ) S a c c . & T r o t t .

Page 218: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 218/437

S T R A IN : S t r a i n s o f P si l o c y be c u be n si s a r e a v a i l a bl e fr o m pr i v a t e a n d c o mme r c i a l st o c k s. T he

A me r i c a n T y pe C l t u r e C l l e c t i o n , w hi c h s l l s c u l t u r e s t o e d u c a t i o n a l o r g a n i za t i o n s a n d r e se a r c h

fa c i l i t i e s, ha s s o c k c u l t u r e s o f s v e r a l w i l d st r a i n s N t e t ha t t he st r a i n s l i st e d be l o w a r e o n l y so me o f

t ho s t ha t a r e pr e s n t l y c i r c u l a t i n g . T he r e a r e ma n y mo r e . S o me st r a i n s ma y o r i g i n a t e fr o m t hes me r e g i o n bu t ha v e fe a t u r e s n o t i n a g r e e me n t w i t h t ho s d e sc r i be d he r e .

A ma z n i a n : M e d i u m t o l a r g e mu shr o o ms o n r y e g r a i n ; t hi c k w hi t i sh st e ms; t e n a c i o u sl y a t -

t a c he d t o t he c a si n g .

Fi g u r e 1 6 3 P si l o c y be c u be n si s fr u i t i n g o n c a s d g r a i n .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s / 1 9 7

E c u a d o r i a n : M e d i u m s z d mu shr o o ms o n r y e g r a i n ; he mi sphe r i c c a ps a b u n d a n t pr i mo r d i a

fo r m e r ; hi g h y i e l d i n g o n c o mpo s ; t hi n w hi t i sh st e ms e a si l y pi c k e d .

M a t i a s R o me r o : M e d i u m t o l a r g e mu shr o o ms o n r y e g r a i n ; e a r l y fr u i t e r ; t hi c k w hi t i sh st e ms

a n d t e n a c i o u sl y a t t a c h e d .

M i sa n t l a : M e d i u m si ze d mu shr o o ms o n r y e g r a i n ; t hi n y e l l o w i sh st e ms t a l l s a n d i n g a n d e a s -

l y pi c k e d .

P a l e n q u e : L a r g e mu shr o o ms o n r y e g r a i n ; hi g h y i e l d i n g ; a n d e a si l y p i c k e d .

C M M O N N M E S : S a n I si d r o ; C be n s i s.

G R E E K R O O T : P s i l o c y b e c o me s fr o m t he G r e e k r o o t " psi l o s" me a n i n g ba l d he a d a n d c u be n s s,

a n a me E a r l e a ssi g n e d t o t hi s mu shr o o m be c a u se i t w a s fi r st r e c o g n i ze d a s a n e w spe c i e s fr o m

spe c i me n s c o l l e c t e d i n C ba .

G E N R A L D S C IP T IO N A me d i u m t o l a r g e si ze mu shr o o m ha v i n g a c a p t ha t be c o me s c o n -

v e x t o p l a n e i n a g e a n d i s u s u a l l y p i g me n t e d c h e st n u t br o w n t o d e e p y e l l o w i sh o r g o l d e n br o w n .

T he c a p su r fa c e i s fi n e l y fi br i l l o s , so me t i me s c o v e r e d w i t h sc a t t e r e d , fu g a c i o u s, c o t t o n y sc a l e s t ha t

s o n d i sa ppe a r . T he pa r t i a l v e i l i s me mbr a n o u s, w e l l d e v e l o pe d a n d t y p i c a l l y l e a v i n g a pe r si st e n t

a n n u l u s o n t he u ppe r r e g i o n s o f t he st e m. T he st e m i s o ft e n l o n g i t u d i n a l l y st r i a t e , po w d e r e d a bo v et he a n n u l u s a n d o ft e n c o v e r e d w i t h d e n s fi br i l s be l o w . Fl e sh br u i s n g bl u i sh o r b l u i sh g r e e n . It s

spo r e s pu r p l i sh br o w n i n ma ss

N T U R A L H A B IT A T : N t u r a l l y f o u n d i n ho r se a n d c o w pa s u r e s, i n d u n g o r i n so i l e n r i c h e d w i t h

ma n u r e . P si l o c y be c u be n s s i s a w i d e l y d i s r i bu t e d spe c i e s t ha t i s fo u n d t hr o u g ho u t t r o pi c a l a n d

s bt r o pi c a l z n e s o f t he w o r l d a n d i s c o mmo n i n t he pa st u r e l a n d s o f t he g u l f c o a st o f t he so u t he r n

Page 219: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 219/437

U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d e a s e r n M e x i c o .

G R O W T H P A R A M E T E R S

M y c e l i a l T y pe s: R hi zo mo r phi c t o l i n e a r ; w hi t i sh i n o v e r a l l c o l o r b u t o ft e n br u i s n g bl u i sh w he r e i n -

j u r e d .

S t a n d a r d S pa w n M e d i u m: R y e g r a i n . S e e Cha pt e r III.

Fr u i t i n g S u bs r a t e : R y e g r a i n ; w he a t st r a w ; l e a c h e d ho r s o r c o w ma n u r e ; a n d / o r ho r sma n u r e / st r a w c o mpo s ba l a n c e d t o a 7 1 -7 4 % mo i st u r e c o n t e n t .

M e t ho d o f P r e pa r a t i o n : S e e Cha pt e r s Il l , V, a n d VI. P a s e u r i z t i o n a c hi e v e d t hr o u g h e x po su r e t o

l i v e s e a m fo r 2 ho u r s a t 1 4 0 ° F . t hr o u g ho u t t he s bs r a t e . S t r a w o r c o mpo st sho u l d be fi l l e d t o a

d e pt h o f 6 -1 2 i n c he s S t r a w sho u l d be spa w n e d a t a r a t e o f 2 c u ps sq . ft .

S p a w n R u n :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 0 % .

S u bsfr a t e T e mpe r a t u r e : 8 4 -8 6 ° F . T he r ma l d e a t h l i mi t s ha v e be e n e s a bl i she d a t 1 0 6 ° F .

D r a t i o n : 1 0 -1 4 d a y s

C 2 : 5 0 0 0 -1 0 ,0 0 0 ppm.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

1 9 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s 0 pe r ho u r .

T y p e o f C s n g : A ft e r fu l l y r u n , c o v e r w i t h t he s a n d a r d c a s n g w ho s pr e p a r a t i o n i s d e sc r i be d i n

Cha pt e r VIII. L a y e r t o a d e pt h o f 1 -2 i n c he s. T he c a si n g sho u l d be ba l a n c e d t o a n i n i t i a l pH o f

6 . 8 -7 . 2 .

P o s C si n g / P r e p i n n i n g :

R e l a t i v e H u m i d i t y : 9 0 + % .

S u bst r a t e T e mpe r a t u r e : 8 4 -8 6 ° F.

D r a t i o n o f C s R u n : 5 -1 0 d a y s .

C 2 : 5 0 0 0 -1 0 ,0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s 0 pe r ho u r .

L i g ht : In c u ba t i o n i n t o t a l d a r k n e ss

P r i mo r d i a F o r m a t i o n :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 5 -1 0 0 % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 4 -7 8 ° F.

Page 220: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 220/437

Fi g u r e 1 6 4 P s l o c y be c u be n si s fr u i t i n g o n c a se d st r a w .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s / 1 9 9

D r a t i o n : 6 -1 0 d a y s .

C 2 : l e ss t ha n 5 0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s 1 -3 pe r ho u r .

L i g ht : D ffu se n a t u r a l o r e x po su r e fo r 1 2 -1 6 ho u r s/ d a y o f g r o w -l u x t y p e fl u o r e s e n t l i g ht hi g h

i n bl u e spe c t r a a t t he 4 8 0 n a n o me t e r w a v e l e n g t h. ( S e e Cha pt e r s IV a n d IX ) .

C o ppi n g :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 8 5 -9 2 % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 4 -7 8 ° F.

C 2 : l e ss t ha n 5 0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s 1 -3 pe r ho u r .

Fl u shi n g P a t t e r n : E v e r y 5 - 8 d a y s .

H a r v e st S t a g e : W he n t he c a p be c o me s c o n v e x a n d s o n a ft e r t he pa r t i a l v e i l r u pt u r e s.

L i g ht : In d i r e c t n a t u r a l o r s me a s a b o v e .

Y i e l d P o t e n t i a l : A v e r a g e y i e l d s a r e 2 -4 l bs / s . ft . o v e r a 5 w e e k c r b ppi n g pe r i o d . M a x i mu m y i e l d

po t e n t i a l ha s n o t be e n e s a bl i she d .

M o i st u r e C n t e n t o f M u shr o o ms: 9 2 % w a t e r ; 8 % d r y m a t t e r .

N t r i t i o n a l C n t e n t : N t y e t e s a b l i she d .

C mme n t s: O n e o f t he e a s e s mu shr o o ms t o g r o w , t hi s spe c i e s fr u i t s o n a w i d e v a r i e t y o f su b-

st r a t e s w i t hi n br o a d e n v i r o n me n t a l pa r a me t e r s A s a pr i ma r y a n d s c o n d a r y d e c o mpo se r , P si l o c y be

Page 221: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 221/437

c u be n s s fr u i t s w e l l o n u n t r e a t e d pa s e u r i z d s r a w a n d o n ho r s ma n u r e / st r a w c o mpo st s t r a n s-

fo r me d by mi c r o bi a l a c t i v i t y . S t e r i l i ze d g r a i n t y p i c a l l y pr o d u c e s sma l l e r m u shr o o ms t ha n bu l k su b-

st r a t e s. G i v e n t he n u me r o u s su bst r a t e s t ha t su ppo r t fr u i t i n g s, P si l o c y be c u be n si s i s w e l l su i t e d fo r

ho me c u l t i v a t i o n .

P s l o c y b e c u be n si s c u l t i v a t i o n w a s u n he a r d o f t w e n t y y e a r s a g o . T o d a y , t hi s spe c i e s r a n k sa mo n g s o n e o f t he mo s c o mmo n l y c u l t i v a t e d mu shr o o ms i n t he U . S . a n d s o n t he w o r l d . T hi s

su d d e n e sc a l a t i o n i n i n t e r e st i s l a r g e l y d u e t o t he pu bl i c a t i o n o f se v e r a l po pu l a r g u i d e s i l l u st r a t i n g

t e c hn i q u e s fo r i t s c u l t u r e .P si l o c y be c u be n s s i s a mu shr o o m w i t h psy c ho a c t i v e pr o pe r t i e s, c o n t a i n i n g u p t o 1 % psi l o c y bi n

a n d / o r p s l o c i n pe r d r i e d g r a m. T he fu n c t i o n o f t he s se r o t o n i n -l i k e c o mpo u n d s i n t he l i fe c y c l e o f

t he mu shr o o m i s n o t k n o w n .

G e n e t i c Cha r a c t e r i st i c s: B a si d i a t e t r a po l a r ( 4 -spo r e d ) , fo r mi n g ha pl o i d spo r e s ( 1 N ; he t e r o t ha l l i c .

T he ma t i n g o f c o mpa t i bl e mo n o k a r y o n s o ft e n r e su l t s i n fr u i t i n g s r a i n s. C a mp c o n n e c t i o n s a r e

pr e se n t . S e e Cha pt e r X V

Fo r fu r t he r i n fo r ma t i o n c o n su l t :O ss, O . T . a n d O . N O e r i c , 1 9 7 6 . " P si l o c y bi n : M a g i c M u shr o o m G r o w e r 's G u i d e " A n d / O r

P r e ss, B e r k e l e y .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 0 0 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

S P E C I E S : P s i l o c y b e c y a n e s c e n s W a k e f i e l d= G e o phi l a c y a n e s c e n s ( M a i r e ) K u hn . & R o ma g n .= P s l o c y be m a i r e l S i n g e r

Page 222: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 222/437

S T R A IN : S t . C a i r .M a n y w i l d st r a i n s c a n be a d a pt e d t o c u l t i v a t i o n .

C M M O N N M E S : C a n ; G r a n d o t e .

G R E E K A ND L A T IN R O O T S : P si l o c y be c o me s fr o m t h e G r e e k " psi l o s" o r ba l d h e a d . T h espe c i e s n a me c y a n e sc e n s i s fr o m " c y a n e u s" o r bl u e fo r t he c o l o r r e a c t i o n o f t he fl e sh u po n br u i s-

i n g .

G E N R A L D S C IP T IO N C p 2 0 -5 0 m m. br o a d , c o n v e x t o br o a d l y c o n v e x t o p l a n e i n a g ew i t h a n e l e v a t e d a n d u n d u l a t i n g ma r g i n w hi c h i s, i n t u r n , t r a n s u c e n t -s r i a t e . T he c a p su r fa c e i ssmo o t h a n d v i s i d w he n mo i st fr o m a se pa r a bl e g e l a t i n o u s pe l l i c l e ( " s i n " ) . T he c o l o r i s c a r a me l

Fi g u r e 1 6 5 P si o c y be c y a n e s c e n s f r u i t i n g i n d o o r s i n a t r a y o f a l d e r c hi ps.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s / 2 0 1

br o w n , fa d i n g t o y e i u w -br o w n t o st r a w c o l o r e d fr o m t he c e n t e r . T he g i l l s a r e a t t a c he d i n a n a d n a t e

t o a d n e x e d fa shi o n , d u l l br o w n w i t h w hi t i sh e d g e s. T he st e m i s 6 0 -8 0 mm. l o n g by 2 -5 mm. t hi c k ,

fi br o u s a n d e n l a r g e d t o w a r d s t he ba s . It s s r fa c e i s smo o t h o r po w d e r e d ( pr u i n o se ) . T he st e m c o l o r

i s w hi t i sh, s l k y a n d be c o me s bl u e w he r e i n j u r e d , w i t h r hi z mo r phs pr o t r u d i n g a bo u t t he s e m ba s .

T he pa r t i a l v e i l i s c o r t i n a t e ( c o bw e b-l i k e ) , l e a v i n g l i t t l e o r n o t r a c e o n t he st e m. It s spo r e pr i n t i s d a r k

pu r p l i sh br o w n .

N T U R A L H A B IT A T : C u s e r e d i n w o o d y h a bi t a t s i n so i l s hi g h i n t he t i ss e o f d e c i d u o u s t r e e so r i n t a l l r a n k g r a ss. T hi s spe c i e s g r o w s t hr o u g ho u t t he P a c i fi c N r t hw e st i n a r e a s w e l l mu l c he d by

w o o d y d e br i s o f d e c i d u o u s a n d c o n i fe r o u s t r e e s ( t y p i c a l l y n o t a s so c i a t e d w i t h ba r k ) . I t ha s be e n

r e po r t e d fr o m E n g l a n d a n d i s t ho u g ht t o b e br o a d l y d i st r i bu t e d t hr o u g ho u t t he E u r o p e a n c o n t i n e n t .

G R O W T H P A R A M E T E R S

M y c e l i a l T y pe s: R hi zo mo r phi c t o c l o s l y l i n e a r ; w hi t i sh i n c o l o r .

S pa w n M e d i u m: S a w d u st / br a n o r r y e g r a i n spa w n .

Fr u i t i n g S u bst r a t e : A l i g n i c o l o u s spe c i e s u t i l i z n g a n u mbe r o f w o o d t y p e s, mo st n o t a bl y a l d e r ,

ma pl e a n d fi r . It i s a bl e t o g r o w o n a w i d e v a r i e t y o f c e l l u l o s c w a st e s i n c l u d i n g n e w spa pe r a n d c a r d -

bo a r d .

M e t ho d o f P r e pa r a t i o n : B r a n c he s a n d o t he r sma l l d i a me t e r w o o d a r e c hi ppe d i n t o 1 -3 i n c h

pi e c e s, pr e fe r a bl y i n t he spr i n g w he n t he sa p c o n t e n t i s hi g he st . T hi s ma t e r i a l i s spa w n e d w i t h

sa w d u s / br a n ( 4 : 1 ) a n d ma d e i n t o pr e pa r e d be d s o u t d o o r s a mo n g st o r n a me n t a l sha d e pl a n t s

( e spe c i a l l y r ho d o d e n d r o n s) o r t a l l g r a ss. A n o t he r me t ho d i s t o u se sa w d u s / br a n o r r y e g r a i n spa w n

Page 223: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 223/437

t o i n o c u l a t e s a k e d c o r r u g a t e d c a r d bo a r d . W he n fu l l y c o l o n i ze d , she e t s o f c a r d bo a r d a r e l a i d a t t he

bo t t o m o f t r a y s w hi c h a r e t he n c o v e r e d w i t h a 2 -4 i n c h l a y e r o f fr e shl y c u t a l d e r c hi ps ( W o o d c h i ps

a r e fa r su pe r i o r t o sa w d u st a s a fr u i t i n g su bs r a t e ) .

S p a w n R u n :S u bs r a t e T e mpe r a t u r e : 6 5 - 7 5 ° F.

D r a t i o n : 3 0 -6 0 d a y s .

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 0 + %

C 2 : 1 0 ,0 0 0 ppm o r h i g he r .

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s 0 p e r ho u r .

T y p e o f C si n g : N n e r e q u i r e d .

P r i mo r d i a Fo r ma t i o nR e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 5 % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 5 0 -6 0 ° F.C 2 : 5 0 0 0 ppm o r be l o w .

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s 2 pe r ho u r .

L i g ht r e q u i r e me n t s D ffu s n a t u r a l o r g r o w -l i g ht s

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 0 2 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 224: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 224/437

C o ppi n g :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 8 5 -9 2 % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 5 0 -6 0 ° F.

C 2 : 5 0 0 0 ppm o r be l o w .

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 2 pe r ho u r .

H a r v e s S t a g e : W he n t he c a ps be c o me n e a r l y p l a n e .

L i g ht : D ffu s n a t u r a l o r g r o w - l i g ht s.

Y i e l d P o t e n t i a l : In n a t u r a l o u t d o o r c u l t u r e o n a l d e r c h i ps, 1 l b. w e t w e i g ht pe r sq u a r e fo o t i n o n e

g r o w i n g se a so n i s e a si l y o bt a i n e d .M o i st u r e C n t e n t : 9 0 -9 2 % w a t e r ; 8 % d r y m a t t e r i n fr u i t bo d i e s.

C mme n t s P si l o c y be c y a n e sc e n s i n a pr i ma r y d e c o mpo se r , r e a d i l y d i g e st i n g n e w l y c u t a l d e r a n d

o t he r d e c i d u o u s w o o d s C n s d e r e d t he g r a n d o t e o f t he P a c i fi c N r t hw e st , t hi s spe c i e s i s bo t h

Fi g u r e 1 6 6 P s l o c y be c y a n e sc e n s my c e l i u m g r o w i n g o n s o a k e d c o r r u g a t e d c a r d b o a r d

i n o c u l a t e d w i t h g r a i n spa w n .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s / 2 0 3

r o bu s a n d po t e n t l y ps l o c y bi a n . M u c h s u g ht a ft e r f o r i t s hi g h ps l o c y bi n a n d ps l o c i n c o n t e n t , i t i s a

fa v o r e d mu shr o o m by t ho se se e k i n g e n t he o g e n i c e x pe r i e n c e s

P s l o c y be c y a n e sc e n s' a d a pt a b i l i t y t o n a t u r a l o u t d o o r c u l t u r e ma k e s t hi s spe c i e s a t t r a c t i v e t o

be g i n n i n g a n d c o n n o i ss u r c u l t i v a t o r s a l i k e . V r g i n s pa w n c a n be c o l l e c t e d fr o m t he w i l d a n d i m-

pl a n t e d i n pr e pa r e d be d s ( s e Cha pt e r VI) o r spa w n c a n be g r o w n o u t o n br a n / sa w d u st o r g r a i n

a n d i n o c u l a t e d d i r e c t l y o n t o u n s e r i l i ze d s a k e d c o r r u g a t e d c a r d bo a r d . G r a i n s pa w n i n o c u l a t e d o n t o

u n t r e a t e d w o o d c hi ps i s a ss c i a t e d w i t h a hi g he r c o n t a m i n a t i o n r a t e t ha n t he sa me spa w n i mpl a n t e do n t o s a k e d c a r d bo a r d , o w i n g t o t he pa r t i a l s l e c t i v i t y o f t he l a t t e r ma t e r i a l .

A l t ho u g h fr u i t bo d i e s c a n fo r m o n fr e sh sa w d u st , t he y d o so r e l u c t a n t l y a n d be l a t e d l y . T he fa c t

t ha t s w d u st so r e a d i l y l o s s i t s mo i st u r e ma y e x pl a i n , i n pa r t , w hy P s / o c y be c y a n e s e n s ha s d i ffi -

c u l t y f r u i t i n g o n i f.

P s l o c y be c y a n e s e n s ha s a my c e l i u m t ha t i s t y p i c a l l y w hi t i sh a n d st r a n d y ( r hi zo mo r phi c ) . T i s-

su e a n d spo r e c u l t u r e s a r e e a s t o o bt a i n . O u t d o o r c o l o n i e s c a n be ma i n t a i n e d fo r y e a r s w i t h mi n i -

ma l e ffo r t a n d pr o d u c e t w o t o t hr e e fl u she s w i t hi n a se a so n .

S e e C Io r P / i o fo s 1 7 & 1 8 .

Page 225: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 225/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 0 4 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

S P E C I E S : P s i l o c y b e m e x i c a n a H e i m

Fi g u r e 1 6 7 S c l e r o t i a o f P s o c y be me x i c a n a h a r v e st e d f r o m o n e c u p o f r y e g r a ss se e d

Page 226: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 226/437

S T R A IN : H e l m S t r a i nP o l l o c k S t r a i n

C M M O N N M E S : M u s hr o o m o f t he G o d s; o r G o d 's Fl e sh; N ze ( M a za t e c N me ) ;

a n d P a j a r i fo s ( S pa n i sh N me ) .

G R E E K R O O T : P si l o c y be c o me s fr o m t he G r e e k " ps l o s" o r ba l d he a d . T he spe c i e s n a meme x i c a n a d e n o t e s t he c o u n t r y i n w hi c h t hi s mu shr o o m g r o w s

G E N R A L D S C IP T IO N C n v e x t o su bu mbo n a t e , so me t i me s w i t h a sma l l u mbo , e x pa n d i n g

i n a g e t o pl a n e o r n e a r l y s . T he s r fa c e i s smo o t h, t r a n s u c e n t -s r i a t e t w o t hi r d s t o t he d i sc . T he c a p

c o l o r i s br o w n i sh t o o r a n g i sh g r e y t o st r a w br o w n , mo r e y e l l o w i sh t o t he d i sc . T he g i l l s a r e a d n a t e l y

a t t a c he d , g r e y t o d a r k pu r pl i sh br o w n . T he s e m i s e q u a l , smo o t h, ho l l o w , pa l e s r a w t o br o w n t or e d d i sh y e l l o w , d a r k e n i n g w he n i n j u r e d bu t t y pi c a l l y n o t br u i s n g bl u i sh. It s spo r e s a r e d a r k v i o l e t

br o w n i n ma ss

N T U R A L H A B IT A T : S o l i t a r y t o n u me r o u s i n g r a s sy a r e a s, ho r se pa s u r e s a n d me a d o w s a l -

s x w e e k s a f t e r i n o c u l a t i o n .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s / 2 O 5

t ho u g h n o t o c c u r r i n g o n d u n g . D s r i bu t e d t hr o u g ho u t s bt r o p i c a l r e g i o n s i n M e x i c o , c o mmo n i nt he st a t e o f O a x a c a , a n d a l so k n o w n fr o m G u a t e ma l a .

G R O W T H P A R A M E T E R SM y c e l i a l T y pe s: S l i g ht l y r hi zo mo r phi c t o fi n e l y l i n e a r ; o ff-w hi t e t o t a n i n c o l o r , so me t i me s w i t h

F i g u r e 1 6 8 T w o q u a r t j a r s a t 1 0 d a y s a n d 3 0d a y s a f t e r i n o c u l a t i o n o n t o r y e g r a s s s e e d .

Page 227: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 227/437

mu l t i c o l o r e d zo n e s.

S pa w n M e d i a : A n n u a l r y e g r a ss se e d o r r y e g r a i n .

Fr u i t i n g S u b s t r a t e s : R y e g r a s s se e d a n d t o a l e sse r d e g r e e r y e g r a i n a n d pa st e u r i ze d w he a t s r a w .

Fe w fr u i t bo d i e s fo r m o n e n r i c he d ma l t a g a r me d i a .M e t ho d o f P r e p a r a t i o n : R y e g r a s s s e d c o mbi n e d w i t h w a t e r i n a 2 : 1 v o l u me t r i c pr o p o r t i o n ,

pr e fe r a bl y so a k e d o v e r n i g ht a n d t he n st e r i l i z d fo r 1 ho u r a t 1 5 ps . W he a t st r a w i s pa s e u r i ze d i n aho t w a t e r ba t h a t 1 6 0 -1 7 0 ° F. fo r 3 0 mi n u t e s .

S p a w n R u n :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 0 + %

S u bs fr a t e T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 5 -8 1 ° F.

D r a t i o n : 1 0 -1 4 d a y s .

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 0 + % .

C 2 : 1 0 ,0 0 0 ppm o r h i g he r .Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s 0 p e r ho u r .

T y pe o f C s n g : S t a n d a r d pe a t ba s d c a s n g w ho se pr e pa r a t i o n i s d e s r i be d i n Cha pt e r VIII. L a y e r

t o a d e pt h o f ½ -i i n c h.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 0 6 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

P o st C si n g / P r e -pi n n i n g :

R e l a t i v e H u m i d i t y : 9 0 + % .

S u bst r a t e T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 5 -8 1 ° F.

C 2 : 1 0 ,0 0 0 ppm o r a bo v e .

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 0 pe r ho u r .

L i g ht : In c u ba t i o n i n d a r k n e ss.

P r i mo r d i a Fo r ma t i o n :R e l a t i v e H u m i d i t y : 9 5 + % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 1 -7 4 ° F.

C 2 : 5 ,0 0 0 ppm o r be l o w .

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 2 pe r ho u r .

L i g ht : D ffu s n a t u r a l o r fl u o r e s e n t g r o w - l i g ht s fo r 1 2 ho u r s d a i l y .

C o ppi n g :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 8 5 -9 2 % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 1 -7 4 ° F.

C 2 : 5 0 0 0 ppm o r be l o w .

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 2 pe r ho u r .

H a i v e st S t a g e : W he n t he c a ps be c o me n e a r l y pl a n e .

L i g ht : S a me a s a bo v e .

Y i e l d P o t e n t i a l : N t y e t e st a bl i she d . A pe t i t e m u shr o o m. P si l o c y be me x i c a n a i s a n i n t e r e st i n g

spe c i e s fo r t he c o n n o i ss u r . B e c a u s o f t he sma l l s a t u r e o f t he fr u i t bo d y , o n e sho u l d e x pe c t l o w

Page 228: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 228/437

y i e l d s pe r sq u a r e fo o t . S c l e r o t i a fo r ma t i o n o n r y e g r a ss se e d a ft e r t w o mo n t hs i s 5 0 -7 0 g r a ms pe r

c u p o f s e d .

M o i st u r e C n t e n t : 9 0 - 9 2 % w a t e r a n d 8 % d r y m a t t e r i n fr u i t bo d i e s; 7 0 % w a t e r a n d 3 0 % d r y

ma t t e r i n sc l e r o t i a .C mme n t s: T hi s spe c i e s i s mo st r e ma r k a bl e fo r i t s e a r l y f o r ma t i o n o f sc l e r o t i a — o n l y t hr e e w e e k s

a ft e r i n o c u l a t i o n o n t o r y e g r a s s se e d . H e i m a n d W a sso n ( 1 9 5 8 ) c o n s d e r e d sc l e r o t i a p r o d u c t i o n i n

t hi s spe c i e s t o be t he mo s e ffi c i e n t me t ho d fo r t he g e n e r a t i o n o f bi o ma ss. O pt i mu m t e mpe r a t u r e fo r

s l e r o t i a pr o d u c t i o n w a s r e p o r t e d t o be a t 7 0 -7 5 ° F. i n d a r k n e ss S c l e r o t i a o n a g a r me d i a pe a k e d a t

4 . 5 % ma l t c o n c e n t r a t i o n . H e i m a n d W a ss n a l s fo u n d fr u i t bo d y p r o d u c t i o n w a s ma x i mi ze d o n

a g a r me d i a w he n t he pe r c e n t a g e o f ma l t w a s ba l a n c e d t o . 4 5 % . N v e r t he l e ss, sc l e r o t i a fo r m be st

o n r y e g r a ss se e d i n c u ba t e d i n t o t a l d a r k n e ss.

Fo r fu r t he r i n fo r ma t i o n c o n su l t :" L e s Cha mpi g n o n s H a l l u c i n o g e n e s d u M e x i q u e " by R . H e i m a n d R . C W a sso n , 1 9 5 8 . E d i -

t i o n s d u M u s u m N t i o n a l D'H i st o i r e N fu r e l l e , P a r i s

S e e C l o r P ho t o g r a phs 2 a n d 1 3 .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s 2 0 7

S P E CIE S : P si l o c y be t a mpa n e n si s G u z m ã n a n d P o l l o c k

Page 229: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 229/437

Fi g u r e 1 6 9 S c l e r o t i a o f P si o c y be t a mpa n e n si s ha r v e st e d fr o mo n e c u p o f r y e g r a ss se e d si x mo n t hs a ft e r i n o c u l a t i o n .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 0 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

S T R A IN : P o l l o c k S t r a i n .

C M M O N N M E S : T he T a m pa P s l o c y b e ; P o l l o c k ' s P si l o c y be . S c l e r o t i a a r e c a l l e d T he N w

A g e P hi l o s phe r 's S t o n e o r C smi c C mo t e .

G R E E K R O O T : P si l o c y be c o me s fr o m t h e G r e e k " psi l o s" o r ba l d he a d . T he spe c i e s n a me

t a mpe n e n s s d e n o t e s t he c i t y n e a r w hi c h t hi s mu shr o o m w a s fi r st c o l l e c t e d .

G E N R A L D S C IP T IO N C p c o n v e x t o s bu mbo n a t e , so o n br o a d l y c o n v e x t o pl a n e . T h e

su r fa c e i s smo o t h a n d t he c o l o r i s o c hr a c e o u s br o w n t o s r a w br o w n t o g r e y br o w n . T h e g i l l s a r e a d -n a t e l y a t t a c he d , d a r k v i o l e t br o w n w i t h w hi t i sh e d g e s. T he st e m i s 2 0 -6 0 mm. l o n g by 3 -5 mm.

t hi c k , fi br o u s a n d e n l a r g e d t o w a r d s t he ba se . T he st e m su r fa c e i s smo o t h t o po w d e r e d ( pr u i n o se )

a n d i t s c o l o r i s y e l l o w i sh br o w n t o r e d d i sh br o w n o v e r a l l , w i t h w hi t i sh t o bl u i sh my c e l i u m a t o r

a r o u n d t he ba s . It s spo r e s a r e d a r k pu r pl i sh br o w n i n ma ss

N T U R A L H A B IT A T : S o l i t a r y t o s a t t e r e d i n s n d y s o i l s a n d me a d o w s i n Fl o r i d a ( n e a r t he c i t y o f

T a mpa ) . T hi s spe c i e s i s k n o w n o n l y fr o m t he t y p e l o c a l i t y w he r e o n e w i l d spe c i me n w a s c o l l e c t e d .

G R O W T H P A R A M E T E R S

M y c e l i a l T y pe s Fi n e l y l i n e a r t o c o t t o n y ; t a n t o br o w n i sh i n c o l o r , o ft e nmu l t i c o l o r e d w i t h br o w n i sh

hu e s.

S pa w n M e d i a : A n n u a l r y e g r a s s s e d , w he a t g r a ss se e d o r r y e g r a i n .

Fr u i t i n g S u b s t r a t e : C a s e d r y e g r a ss se e d ( a n d po ss bl y r y e g r a i n ) ; l e a c h e d c o w ma n u r e ; so me

po t t i n g s i l s; a n d e n r i c he d ma l t a g a r me d i a . T hi s spe c i e s w i l l pr o ba bl y f r u i t o n c a se d pa st e u r i ze d

w he a t s r a w .

M e t ho d o f P r e p a r a t i o n : R y e g r a s s se e d c o mbi n e d w i t h w a t e r i n a 2 : 1 v o l u me t r i c pr o po r t i o n ,

Page 230: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 230/437

pr e fe r a bl y s a k e d o v e r n i g ht . S t e r i l i z fo r 1 ho u r a t 1 5 ps . W he a t st r a w i s pa st e u r i ze d i n a ho t w a t e r

ba t h a t 1 6 0 -1 7 0 ° F. fo r 2 0 mi n u t e s

S pa w n R u n :

R e l a t i v e H u m i d i t y : 9 0 + % .

S u bs r a t e t e mpe r a t u r e : 7 5 - 8 1 ° F.

D r a t i o n : 1 0 -1 4 d a y s .

C 2 : 1 0 ,0 0 0 ppm o r hi g he r .

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s 0 pe r ho u r .

T y pe o f C si n g : S t a n d a r d pe a t ba se d c a si n g w ho se pr e pa r a t i o n i s d e sc r i be d i n Cha pt e r VIII. L a y e r

t o a d e pt h o f Y 2 t o 1 i n c h.

P o s C a s i n g / P r e - p i n n i n g :

S u b s t r a t et e mpe r a t u r e : 7 5 -8 1 ° F.

R e l a t i v e hu mi d i t y : 9 0 + % .

C 2 : 1 0 ,0 0 0 ppm o r a bo v e .

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 0 pe r ho u r .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s / 2 0 9

L i g ht : In c u ba t i o n i n d a r k n e ss

P r i mo r d i a Fo r ma t i o n :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 8 5 -9 2 % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 1 -7 4 ° F.

C 2 : 5 0 0 0 ppm o r be l o w .

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 2 pe r ho u r .

L i g ht r e q u i r e me n t s D ffu se n a t u r a l o r g r o w -l i g ht s fo r 1 2 ho u r s/ d a y .

C o ppi n g :

R e l a t i v e hu mi d i t y : 8 5 -9 2 % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 1 -7 4 ° F.

C 2 : 5 0 0 0 ppm o r be l o w .

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 2 pe r ho u r .

H a i v e st S t a g e : W he n t he c a ps be c o me n e a r l y pl a n e .

L i g ht r e q u i r e me n t s D ffu se n a t u r a l o r g r o w -l i g ht s fo r 1 2 ho u r s/ d a y .

Y i e l d P o t e n t i a l : A pe t i t e spe c i e s, P s l o c y be t a mpa n e n si s i s n o t e d fo r i t s sc l e r o t i a fo r mi n g a bi l i t y ,

a ppr o x i ma t e l y 1 0 -3 0 g r a m s ( w e t w e i g ht ) pe r c u p o f r y e g r a s s s e d o v e r 1 2 w e e k s B e c a u se o f t he

sma l l s a t u r e o f t he fr u i t bo d y , o n e sho u l d e x pe c t l o w y i e l d s pe r s u a r e fo o t i n c o mpa r i so n t o o t he r

mo r e fl e shy spe c i e s o f P si l o c y be .

M o i st u r e C n t e n t : 9 0 -9 2 % w a t e r a n d 8 -1 0 % d r y m a t t e r i n fr u i t bo d i e s 7 0 % w a t e r a n d 3 0 % d r y

ma t t e r i n s l e r o t i a .

C mme n t s T hi s mu shr o o m w o u l d n o t be k n o w n bu t fo r a s n g l e spe c i me n c o l l e c t e d by S t e v e n

P o l l o c k a n d G a r y L i n c o ff i n S e pt e mbe r o f 1 9 7 7 . C l t u r e s t a k e n fr o m t hi s w i l d spe c i me n w e r e ma r -

Page 231: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 231/437

k e t e d by H i d d e n C e e k In c . u n d e r t he n a me o f t he " C smi c C mo t e " .

S c l e r o t i a d o n o t fo r m u n t i l t he fo u r t h w e e k ( t y p i c a l l y s i x t o e i g ht w e e k s) a ft e r i n o c u l a t i o n o f r y e

g r a s s s e d . T o e n c o u r a g e s l e r o t i a pr o d u c t i o n o n l y , i n c u ba t e my c e l i a o n r y e g r a s s se e d a t 7 5 ° F. i nc o mpl e t e d a r k n e ss

Fo r fu r t he r i n fo r ma t i o n c o n su l t :" M a g i c M u shr ó o m C l t i v a t i o n " by S t e v e n H . P o l l o c k , 1 9 7 7 . H e r ba l M e d i c i n e R e se a r c h

Fo u n d a t i o n , S a n A n t o n i o , T e x a s ( o u t o f pr i n t ) .

S e e C l o r P ho t o g r a p hs 4 , 1 4 a n d 1 5 .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 1 0 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

S P E CIE S : S t r o pha r i a r u g o so -a n n u l a t a Fa r l o w a pu d M u r r i l l

= S t r o pha r i a fe r i B r e sa d o l a= N e ma t o l o ma f e r i i ( B r e s . ) S i n g e r

Page 232: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 232/437

S T R A IN : G a r t e n r i e s eW i n n e t o u

G e l bsc ho pf

T he a bo v e l i st e d st r a i n s a r e o f E u r o p e a n o r i g i n . M a n y st r a i n s o f t hi s spe c i e s a r e a v a i l a bl e fr o m

c u l t u r e b a n k s, i n c l u d i n g t ho s ma i n t a i n e d by t he A me r i c a n T y pe C l t u r e C l l e c t i o n a n d

P e n n sy l v a n i a S t a t e B u c k ho u t L a bo r a t o r y . S t r a i n s a r e e a s t o o bt a i n fr o m t he spo r e s a n d t i ssu e o f

w i l d spe c i me n s.

C M M O N N M E S : T he W i n e R e d S t r o pha r i a ; T he G i a n t S t r o p ha r i a .L A T IN R O O T : S t r o pha r i a me a n s " sw o r d be l t " , so n a me d fo r t he be l t -l i k e r i n g o n t he s e m. T he

spe c i e s e pi t he t r u g o so -a n n u l a t a c o me s fr o m t he c o mbi n a t i o n o f Iw o L a t i n w o r d s " r u g o su s" me a n -

i n g w r i n k l e d a n d " a n n u l u s o r r i n g .

Fi g u r e 1 7 0 Y o u n g fr u i t bo d i e s o f S t r o pha r i a r u g o so -a n n u l a t a fr u i t i n g o n pa st e u r i ze d

st r a w c a se d w i t h pe a t .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s/ 2 1 1

Fi g u r e 1 7 1 B u t t o n s o f S t r o pha r i a r u g o s o - a n n u l a t afr u i t i n g o u t d o o r s i n a be d o f w o o d c hi ps.

Page 233: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 233/437

G E N R A L D S C IP T IO N A l a r g e , t hi c k fl e she d mu shr o o m w i t h a br o a d l y c o n v e x c a p me a su r -

i n g 5 0 -4 0 0 mm. i n d i a me t e r , d a r k l y pi g me n t e d y e l l o w i sh br o w n w i t h d i s i n c t r e d d i sh t o n e s T hepa r t i a l v e i l i s t hi c k , me mbr a n o u s, l e a v i n g a pe r si st e n t me mbr a n o u s r i n g o n t he st e m o n w ho se u p-

pe r s i d e s a r e t i e r s o f g i l l s. T he st e m i s w hi t i sh a n d ha s r h i zo mo r p hs a t t a c he d t o i t s ba se . It s spo r e s a r e

d a r k pu r p l i sh br o w n i n ma ss

N T U R A L H A B IT A T : O c c u r r i n g i n g a r d e n s, i n w o o d c h i ps, o n d e c o mpo si n g s r a w , i n sa w d u ste n r i c h e d so i l s a n d c o mmo n l y i n g r o u n d s w he r e po t a t o e s ha v e be e n pl a n t e d .

G R O W T H P A R A M E T E R SM y c e l i a l T y pe s: R hi zo mo r phi c t o c l o se l y l i n e a r ; w hi t i sh i n c o l o r .

S t a n d a r d S pa w n M e d i a : R y e g r a i n o r c h o p pe d w he a t s r a w .Fr u i t i n g S u bs r a t e s: C s d w he a t s r a w , w ho l e o r c h o ppe d , a n d ba l a n c e d t o a 7 1 -7 4 % mo i st u r e

c o n t e n t . T hi s spe c i e s ha s be e n g r o w n o n a su bs r a t e o f a l d e r / ma pl e c hi ps mi x e d w i t h ma t u r e ho r se

ma n u r e u s n g n a t u r a l c u l t u r e t e c hn i q u e s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 1 2 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

M e t ho d o f P r e p a r a t i o n : E i t he r c h o ppe d o r w ho l e s r a w i s a d e q u a t e , a l t ho u g h pe r me a t i o n i s mo r e

r a pi d o n t he fo r me r . ( S e e Cha pt e r VI o n pr e pa r a t i o n o f st r a w a s a fr u i t i n g su bst r a t e ) . P a st e u r i za t i o n

i s a c hi e v e d t hr o u g h t he su bme r si o n o f st r a w i n fo a ho t w a t e r ba t h a t a t e mpe r a t u r e o f 1 6 0 ° F . fo r

2 0 -3 0 mi n u t e s. T he s r a w , o n c e pa st e u r i z d a n d i n o c u l a t e d , sho u l d be c o mpa c t e d a n d fi l l e d t o a

d e pt h o f 6 -1 2 i n c he s. G r a mss ( 1 9 7 9 ) n o t e d t ha t w he a t st r a w su ppl e me n t e d w i t h 2 5 % Fa g u s sa w -

d u s e n ha n c e d y i e l d s. W a t l i n g ( 1 9 8 0 ) r e po r t e d , w i t ho u t e l a bo r a t i o n , t ha t fr u i t bo d i e s fo r m o n a sa w -

d u s ba s d me d i u m. T hi s spe c i e s a l s fr u i t s o n u n pa st e u r i ze d s r a w a l t ho u g h pr o bl e ms w i t h i n s c t

pe st s a n d c o mpe t i t o r mo l d s a r e mo r e pr o n o u n c e d .S pa w n R u n :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 0 + % .S u bs r a t e T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 6 - 8 2 ° F. T he r ma l d e a t h l i mi t s ha v e be e n r e po r t e d a s l o w a s 9 0 ° F.

a n d — 5 ° F.

D r a t i o n : 2 -4 w e e k s .

C 2 : 5 0 0 0 -1 0 , 0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s 0 pe r ho u r .

T y pe o f C si n g : A ft e r fu l l y r u n , c o v e r w i t h pe a t / hu mu s ( 1 : 1 ) c a s n g . O pt i ma l l y , t he c a si n g sho u l d

ha v e a pH o f 5 . 7 -6 . 0 . ( B e c a u se c a l c i u m ba se d bu ffe r s i n hi bi t fr u i t i n g , a d j u s t he c a s n g 's pH by i n -c r e a si n g o r d e c r e a si n g a mo u n t o f pe a t ) . B a l a n c e t o a 7 0 -7 5 % mo i st u r e c o n t e n t . L a y e r t o a d e pt h o f

1 -2 i n c he s H u mu s sho u l d be pa st e u r i z d t o k i l l n e ma t o d e s, mi t e s, a n d o t he r pa r a si t e s. S o me

st r a i n s fo r m fr u i t bo d i e s s l e l y o n a pe a t c a s n g . ( M u shr o o ms d o n o t fo r m, ho w e v e r , o n st e r i l i ze d

c a s n g . H e n c e , i f t he c a si n g mu st be t r e a t e d , st e a m pa s e u r i z t i o n i s r e c o mme n d e d ) .

P o s C s n g / P r e pi n n i n g :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 0 + % .

B e d T e mpe r a t u r e : 7 6 -8 2 ° F.

Page 234: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 234/437

D r a t i o n o f C se R u n : 1 0 -1 2 d a y s .

C 2 : 5 0 0 0 -1 0 , 0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 0 pe r ho u r .

L i g ht : In c u ba t i o n i n d a r k n e ss

P r i mo r d i a Fo r ma t i o n :

R e l a t i v e H u m i d i t y : 9 5 + % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 5 5 -6 2 ° F.

C 2 : l e ss t ha n 1 0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 2 -4 pe r ho u r .

W a t e r i n g : R e g u l a r mi s i n g ( o n c e t o t w i c e d a i l y ) t o he l p st i mu l a t e pr i mo r d i a fo r ma t i o n .

L i g ht : In d i r e c t n a t u r a l o r e x po s r e t o g r o w -l u x t y pe fl u o r e s e n t fo r 1 2 ho u r s/ d a y .C o ppi n g :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 8 5 -9 2 % .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s / 2 1 3

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 5 5 -6 2 ° F.

C 2 : l e ss t ha n 1 0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 2 -4 pe r h o u r .

Fl u shi n g l n t e i v a l : E v e r y 1 0 -1 5 d a y s.

H a i v e s S t a g e : D r e c t l y be fo r e o r a s t he pa r t i a l v e i l t e a r s ( N t e t ha t y o u n g mu shr o o ms ha v e a

mu c h be t t e r fl a v o r t ha n ma t u r e o n e s .

L i g ht : In d i r e c t n a t u r a l o r e x po su r e t o g r o w -l u x t y pe fl u o r e s e n t fo r 1 2 ho u r s d a y .

Y i e l d P o t e n t i a l : A v e r a g e c o mme r c i a l y i e l d s a r e 2 -3 l bs. / s . ft . o v e r a 8 w e e k c r o ppi n g pe r i o d .

M a x i mu m y i e l d s a r e n e a r l y 6 l bs pe r s u a r e fo o t .

M o i s u r e C n t e n t o f M u shr o o ms: 9 2 % w a t e r ; 8 % d r y ma t t e r .

N t r i t i o n a l C o n t e n t : 2 2 % pr o t e i n ( d r y w e i g ht ) ; 3 4 mi l l i g r a ms o f n i a c i n pe r 1 0 0 g r a ms d r y

w e i g ht .

C mme n t s A m u s h r o o m r e c e n t l y c u l t i v a t e d i n E u r o pe ( G e r ma n y , Cz c h o s o v a k i a a n d P o l a n d )

by ho me g r o w e r s i n o u t d o o r c o l d fr a me s, t he st a t u s o f k n o w l e d g e r e g a r d i n g t he o pt i mu m g r o w i n g

pa r a me t e r s fo r t hi s spe c i e s r e ma i n s i n i t s i n fa n c y . Fo r i n s a n c e , S zu d y g a ( 1 9 7 8 ) n o t e d t ha t fr u i t bo d -

i e s fo r m j u st a s w e l l a t 5 0 ° F. a n d 6 8 ° F. , a c o n si d e r a bl e fr u i t i n g r a n g e fo r a n y spe c i e s.

A ft e r t he c r o ppi n g pe r i o d e n d s, t he spe n t st r a w i s u s d a s fo d d e r fo r fa r m a n i ma l s o r i s sa v e d fo r

fu t u r e i n o c u l a t i o n s T he s r a i n i s k e pt k e pt a l i v e by c o n t i n o u s t r a n sfe r o n t o f r e sh su bst r a t e s. ( S e e

Cha pt e r V I o n n a t u r a l c u l t u r e ) . P r o pa g a t i n g spa w n i n t hi s w a y , ho w e v e r , i s l e ss a ssu r e d t ha n s e r i l e

me t ho d s

S t a n e k ( 1 9 7 4 ) r e p o r t e d t ha t t he i n t r o d u c t i o n o f s v e r a l t he r mo t o l e r a n t e n d o spo r e -fo r mi n g ba c -

t e r i a o f t he g e n u s B a c i l l u s ( B . su bt i l u s, B . me s a t e r i c u s a n d B . ma c e r a n s t o t he c a si n g n o t o n l y i n -

hi bi t e d a t t a c k s by c o mpe t i t o r s bu t a l so s i mu l a t e d my c e l i a l g r o w t h w hi c h pr e s ma bl y w o u l d e n -

Page 235: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 235/437

ha n c e y i e l d s E n d o spo r e s o f t he s ba c t e r i a su r v i v e pa s e u r i z t i o n bu t n o t s e r i l i z t i o n , a n d a r e a bu n -

d a n t i n s i l s T hi s d i s o v e r y ma y e x pl a i n w hy s t e r i l i ze d c a s n g s d o n o t pr o d u c e fr u i t bo d i e s

G e n e t i c C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : B a s d i a t e t r a po l a r ( 4 -spo r e d ) , fo r mi n g ha pl o i d spo r e s he t e r o t ha l l i c .

C a mp c o n n e c t i o n s a r e pr e s n t . S e e Cha pt e r X V

Fo r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n c o n s u l t :K . S z d y g a , 1 9 7 8 . " S t r o p ha r i a r u g o so -a n n u / a t a " i n T he B i o l o g y a n d C l t i v a t i o n o f E d i bl e

M u shr o o ms e d . by S . T . C ha n g a n d W . A . H a y e s A c a d e mi c P r e ss, N w Y o r k .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 1 4 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

S P E CIE S : V o l v a r i e l l a v o l v a c e a ( B u l l . c x F r . ) S i n g .

S T R A I N S : M a n y s r a i n s o f V v o l v a c e a a r e a v a i l a bl e fr o m c o mme r c i a l a n d pr i v a t e st o c k s. T he

A me r i c a n T y pe C l t u r e C l l e c t i o n , w hi c h s l l s c u l t u r e s t o e d u c a t i o n a l o r g a n i z t i o n s a n d r e s a r c h

fa c i l i t i e s, ha s s o c k c u l t u r e s o f s v e r a l w i l d a n d d o me s i c a t e d s r a i n s. S e v e r a l c o mme r c i a l c o mpa n i e s

a l s s l l s r a i n s o f t hi s spe c i e s

C M M O N N M E S : T he P a d d y S t r a w M u s hr o o m ; T h e Chi n e s M u shr o o m.

L A T I N R O O T : V o l v a r i e l l a i s t he c o n j u n c t i o n o f t w o w o r d s " v o l v a t u s"w hi c h me a n s ha v i n g a

v o l v a o r c u p-l i k e she a t h a n d t he su ffi x " - e l l u s d e n o t i n g sma l l n e ss i n s ze . T he spe c i e s n a me

v o l v a c e a sha r e s t he sa me r o o t a s t he g e n u s

G E N R A L D S C IP T IO N M u shr o o ms w hi t i sh a t fi r s , be c o mi n g a d a r k t a n a s t he v e i l t e a r s a n d

e v e n t u a l l y a pa l e t a n w i t h a g e . Fr u i t bo d i e s a r e r e l a t i v e l y s ma l l w he n y o u n g , e n v e l o pe d by a she a t h-

l i k e u n i v e r sa l v e i l , so o n br e a k i n g a s t he fr u i t bo d i e s ma t u r e a n d l e a v i n g a n i r r e g u l a r sa c k a t

t he ba s o f t he s e m. T he c a p i s e g g sha pe d a t fi r st , s o n he mi sphe r i c a l t o c o n v e x a n d e x pa n d i n g t o

pl a n e w i t h a g e . It s spo r e s a r e pi n k i sh t o pi n k i sh br o w n i n ma ss

N T U R A L H A B IT A T : C mmo n l y o c c u r r i n g i n d e c o mpo si n g st r a w i n t he O r i e n t a n d i n o t he r

s bt r o pi c a l r e g i o n s o f t he w o r l d .

G R O W T H P A R A M E T E R S

M y c e l i a l T y pe s: Fa st g r o w i n g r hi zo mo r phi c t o s o w c o t t o n y my c e l i a n o t e d . T he c o l o r i s t y p i c a l l y

w hi t e t o g r a y i sh w hi t e .

S pa w n M e d i u m: R i c e st r a w o r r y e g r a i n . S e e Cha pt e r III.

Fr u i t i n g S u bs r a t e a n d M e t ho d o f P r e p a r a t i o n : T r a d i t i o n a l l y g r o w n o n r i c e s r a w t ha t ha s be e n

c o mpo s e d fo r 1 -2 d a y s . M o r e r e c e n t l y H u ( 1 9 7 4 ) fo u n d t ha t a mi x t u r e o f c o t t o n w a st e s su ppl e -

Page 236: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 236/437

me n t e d w i t h w he a t br a n a n d c a l c i u m c a r bo n a t e ( 5 % a n d 5 - 6 % by w e i g ht , r e spe c t i v e l y ) a n d c o r n -

po s e d fo r 3 d a y s, pa st e u r i ze d fo r 2 ho u r s a t 1 4 0 ° F. , c o n d i t i o n e d fo r 8 ho u r s a t 1 2 5 0 F. a n d t he n

g r a d u a l l y l o w e r e d t o 7 7 ° F. o v e r a 8 -1 2 ho u r pe r i o d , pr o d u c e d a hi g he r y i e l d i n g s bst r a t e t ha n t ha t

o f o t he r s pr e v i o u s y u s d . A mo i s u r e c o n t e n t o f 6 5 -7 0 % i s r e c o mme n d e d fo r r i c e s r a w a n d 7 0 %

fo r c o t t o n w a s e m i x t u r e s Cha n g ( 1 9 7 8 ) r e c o mme n d e d a c o mbi n a t i o n o f t he t w o — w i t h t he r i c e

st r a w / c o t t o n w a st e i n a pr o po r t i o n o f 2 : 1 o r 1 : 1 by w e i g ht .

S pa w n R u n :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 0 + % .

S u bs r a t e T e mpe r a t u r e : Fa s e s g r o w t h a t 8 8 -9 5 ° F.

D r a t i o n : 4 -6 d a y s fo r t ho r o u g h c o l o n i za t i o n .

C 2 : 5 0 0 0 -1 0 , 0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 0 pe r ho u r .L i g ht R e q u i r e m e n t s In c u ba t i o n i n t o t a l d a r k n e ss

T y p e o f C si n g : N n e n e e d e d .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

G r o w i n g P a r a m e t e r s fo r V r i o u s M u shr o o m S pe c i e s / 2 1 5

P i n he a d In i t i a t i o n :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 9 5 + % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 8 2 -8 8 ° F.

D r a t i o n : 4 d a y s

C 2 : l e ss t ha n 1 0 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s 2 -4 pe r ho u r .

L i g ht : D ffu s n a t u r a l o r d i r e c t g r o w -l i g ht fl u o r e sc e n t fo r 1 2 -1 8 ho u r s pe r d a y .W a t e r i n g : R e g u l a r mi s i n g o n c e t o t w i c e d a i l y .

C o ppi n g :

R e l a t i v e H u mi d i t y : 8 5 -9 2 % .

A i r T e mpe r a t u r e : 8 2 -8 8 ° F.

D r a t i o n : 5 - 7 w e e k s

C 2 : l e ss t ha n 6 0 0 ppm.

Fr e sh A i r E x c ha n g e s: 2 - 4 pe r ho u r o r s ffi c i e n t t o me e t C 2 a n d / o r c o o l i n g r e q u i r e me n t s

H a r v e s S t a g e : D r e c t l y b e fo r e r u pt u r i n g o f t he u n i v e r sa l v e i l .

Fl u shi n g t n t e ,v a l s: 5 -1 0 d a y s.

L i g ht : S a me a s a bo v e .

W a t e r i n g : R e g u l a r mi st i n g t o pr e v e n t c a ps fr o m c r a c k i n g a n d t o k e e p r e s i n g pi n he a d s v i a bl e .

Y i e l d P o t e n t i a l : A v e r a g e c o mme r c i a l y i e l d s o n r i c e st r a w a r e 2 2 -2 8 k i l o g r a m s o f fr e sh mu sh-

r o o ms pe r 1 0 0 k i l o g r a ms o f d r y s r a w . O pt i mu m y i e l d s o n c o t t o n w a st e c o mpo st a r e 2 5 -3 5

k i l o g r a ms pe r 1 0 0 k i l o g r a ms o f su bst r a t e . M a x i mu m y i e l d s a r e n e a r l y 4 5 k i l o g r a ms o n c o t t o n

w a s e c o mpo st .

M o i st u r e C n t e n t o f M u shr o o ms: 8 8 -9 0 % w a t e r ; 1 0 -1 2 % d r y m a t t e r .

Page 237: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 237/437

N t r i t i o n a l C n t e n t : C u d e pr o t e i n i s r e po r t e d a t 2 1 . 2 % o f d r y w e i g ht ; 9 1 mi l l i g r a ms o f n i a c i n

pe r 1 0 0 g r a m s d r y w e i g ht .C mme n t s In c o n t r a st t o o t he r spe c i e s g r o w i n g o n st r a w , t hi s mu shr o o m d o e s n o t c o mpa r e fa -

v o r a bl y i n t e r ms o f y i e l d . T he sma l l e r c r o p fi g u r e s a r e pr o ba bl y a r e su l t o f t he e a r l y pi c k i n g o f t he

mu shr o o m fr u i t bo d i e s, w he n t he y a r e mo s fl a v o r f u l .

S e v e r a l r e se a r c he r s ha v e n o t e d t he d i ffi c u l t y o f ma i n t a i n i n g hi g h y i e l d i n g st r a i n s o f t hi s spe c i e s

fo r a n y l e n g t h o f t i me . It s my c e l i u m se e ms t o ha v e a l i mi t e d t r a n sfe r p o t e n t i a l a n d sho u l d be st o r e d

a t mo d e r a t e t e mpe r a t u r e s ( 5 0 ° F. ) . C l t u r e s a r e fr e q u e n t l y r e n e w e d t hr o u g h mu l t i spo r e g e r mi n a -

t i o n s

V l v a r i e l l a v o l v a c e a i s pr i ma r i l y g r o w n i n t he O r i e n t a n d i s a w a r mt h l o v i n g mu shr o o m.

G e n e t i c Cha r a c t e r i st i c s: B a si d i a t e t r a po l a r , pr o d u c i n g 4 ha pl o i d spo r e s; pr i ma r y ho mo t ha l l i c .

C a mp c o n n e c t i o n s a r e pr e s n t . Chi a my d o spo r e s fo r m. S e e Cha pt e r X V

Fo r mo r e i n fo r ma t i o n c o n su l t :S . T . C ha n g , 1 9 7 2 . " T he Chi n e s M u shr o o m ( V l v a r i e l l a v o l v a c e a ) : M o r pho l o g y , C t o l o g y ,

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 1 6 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

G e n e t i c s , N t r i t i o n a n d C l t i v a t i o n " T h e Chi n e se U n i v e r s t y o f H o n g K o n g , H o n g K o n g .

S . T . Cha n g , 1 9 7 8 . " V l v a r i e l l a v o l v a c e a " i n T he B i o l o g y a n d C l t i v a t i o n o f E d i bl e M u sh-r o o ms, pp. 5 7 3 -6 0 3 . A c a d e mi c P r e ss, N w Y o r k .

Page 238: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 238/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

C l t i v a t i o n P r o bl e ms a n d T he i r S o l u t i o n s/ 2 1 7

CH A P T E R X I I

C U L T I V A T I O N P R O B L E M SA N D T H E I R S O L U T I O N S :

A T R O U B L E - S H O O T I N G G U I D E

Page 239: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 239/437

Fi g u r e 1 7 2 a ,b,c ,d . T he r e s l t s o f ba c t e r i a l c o n t a mi n a t i o n .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 1 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

M a n y fi r st -t i me c u l t i v a t o r s fa i l t o g r o w mu shr o o ms fo r t h e si mpl e st o f r e a s n s. O ft e n t i me s t he

sl i g ht e st e r r o r i n t e c hn i q u e s t s i n t o m o t i o n a s r i e s o f e v e n t s t ha t d r a st i c a l l y i n fl u e n c e t he o u t -

c o me o f t he c r o p. W he n e v e r c o n d u c t i n g st e r i l e t e c hn i q u e , ma k i n g spa w n , pr e pa r i n g c o mpo st o r

c r o ppi n g mu shr o o ms, w i se c u l t i v a t o r s fo l l o w a r o u t i n e t ha t ha s pr o v e n su c c e ssfu l i n t he pa st . O n c e

a c o n si st e n t me t ho d o l o g y ha s be e n e s a bl i she d , n e w v a r i a t i o n s a r e i n t r o d u c e d , o n e a t a t i me , t o

g a u g e t he i r e ffe c t .

P r o bl e ms i n t r i n si c t o m u shr o o m c u l t u r e ha v e be e n e n c o u n t e r e d by mo st e v e r y o n e a t t e mpt i n g

t o g r o w mu shr o o ms T he fo l l o w i n g t r o u bl e -sho o t i n g g u i d e l i s s pr o bl e ms, c a u se s a n d so l u t i o n s a c -c o r d i n g t o t he i r fr e q u e n c y o f o c c u r e n c e a n d ha s be e n o r g a n i ze d i n t o fi v e c a t e g o r i e s:

1 . S t e r i l e T e c hn i q u e : me d i a ( a g a r a n d g r a i n ) pr e pa r a t i o n , spo r e g e r mi n a t i o n , t i ssu e c u l t u r e

a n d spa w n -ma k i n g .

2 . C mpo st P r e p a r a t i o n : r a w ma t e r i a l s, c ha r a c t e r i st i c s o f c o mpo st s a t d i ffe r e n t s st a g e s,

P ha s I a n d P ha se II.

3 . S pa w n R u n n i n g : c o l o n i z a t i o n o f c o mpo s a n d bu l k su bs r a t e s

4 . C a s e R u n n i n g : a p p l i c a t i o n , c o l o n i z t i o n by my c e l i u m, pr e - pi n n i n g s r a t e g y .

5 . M u shr o o m Fo r ma t i o n a n d D v e l o pme n t ( P i n n i n g t o C o ppi n g ) : st r a t e g y fo r pi n he a d

fo r ma t i o n , ma t u r a t i o n a n d ha r v e st i n g .Id e n t i fy t he pr o bl e m, l o c a t e i t o n t he l i st , r e a d i t s po ssi bl e c a u se s, r e fe r t o t he s l u t i o n s a v a i l a -

bl e , a n d i f i n d i c a t e d , t u r n t o t he c ha pt e r n o t e d i n pa r e n t he s s. G o o d l u c k , pa y a t t e n t i o n t o d e t a i l a n d

ma y y o u r p r o bl e ms be fe w .

Page 240: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 240/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

C l t i v a t i o n P r o bl e ms a n d T he i r S o l u t i o n s/ 2 1 9

P R O B L E M

S T E R I L E T E C H N I Q U E

C A U S E S O L U T I O N

A g a r C l t u r e

M e d i a fa i l s t o so l i d i fy . In su ffi c i e n t q u a n t i t y o f a g a r o r

d i st r i bu t i o n t he r e o f.

T ho r o u g hl y mi x me d i a be fo r e

po u r i n g .

M e d i a bo i l s o u t o f v e sse l o r

fl a sk c o n t a i n i n g i t .

E x c e ssi v e e sc a pe o f st e a m

fr o m pr e ssu r e c o o k e r .

D n o t v e n t pr e s su r e c o o k e r

u n t i l r e a c hi n g 1 p si .

G r e a se pr e ssu r e c o o k e r se a l s

w i t h t hi n fi l m o f pe t r o l e u m j e l -

l y .

Fo r pr e ssu r e c o o k e r s u si n g 5 ,

1 0 , 1 5 l b w e i g ht s, d o n o t

o pe r a t e so st e a m e sc a pe s.

C n t a mi n a t i o n o c c u r s i n p e t r id i she s a ft e r po u r i n g me d i a

bu t be fo r e i n o c u l a t i o n .

H i g h c o n t a mi n a n t spo r e l o a di n l a b.

C e a n , pa i n t l a b. In st a l l l a mi -n a r fl o w ho o d .

Impr o pe r me d i a pr e pa r a t i o n

t e c h n i q u e .

C n t a mi n a t e d pr e ss r e

c o o k e r ( ba c t e r i a ) .

A l l o w pr e s su r e c o o k e r t o c o o l

i n st e r i l e se t t i n g be fo r e o pe n -

i n g .

S t e r i l i ze pr e ssu r e c o o k e r fo r

2 4 - 4 8 ho u r s a t 1 5 psi .

Page 241: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 241/437

N g r o w t h fr o m spo r e s o r t i s-s e t r a n sfe r r e d .

W r o n g t y p e o f me d i a .

W r o n g p H .

O l d o r d e hy d r a t e d spo r e s

S c a l pe l o r l o o p t o o ho t .

S u g a r i n me d i a c a r a m e l i ze d .

S e e me d i a pr e p a r a t i o n .

S e e me d i a pr e p a r a t i o n

S o a k i n s e r i l i z d w a t e r fo r

1 2 -2 4 ho u r s.

C o l t o o l be fo r e c o n t a c t i n g

spo r e s o r t i ssu e .

L o w e r s e r i l i za t i o n pr e ss r e

a n d t e mp. t o r e c o mme n d e d

l e v e l s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 2 0 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

P R O B L E M C U S E S O L U T I O N

C n t a mi n a t i o n o c c u r s a r o u n d In o c u l u m ( s po r e s o r t i ssu e ) O bt a i n " c l e a n e r " spo r e s o r

po i n t o f t r a n sfe r o n t o a g a r c o n t a mi n a t e d , t a k e a t i ss e c u l t u r e fr o m a

me d i a .

In o c u l a t i o n t o o l s n o t s e r i l e .

fr e she r s pe c i me n , o r i n o c u l a t e

a s m a n y pl a t e s a s po ss bl e ,

s v i n g o n l y t ho s n o t be c o m-

i n g c o n t a mi n a t e d .A u t o c l a v e t o o l s, s a k i n a l c o -

ho l , fl a me st e r i l i ze be fo r e u s-

i n g .

R hi zo mo phi c my c e l i a be - S e n e s e n c e , s r a i n a g i n g . R e t r i e v e s o c k c u l t u r e s a n d r e -

c o me s c o t t o n y , sl o w g r o w i n g . a c t i v a t e a s t r a i n o f k n o w n

Fr u i t i n g s d i mi n i sh. S t r a i n a p- v i g o r .

pe a r s t o be d e g e n e r a t i n g .

M u t a t i n g . S u g a r i n me d i a c a r -

a me l i ze d . M e d i a c o n t a i n i n g

mu t a g e n s.

In su ffi c i e n t j e l l i n g a g e n t c a u s-

i n g my c e l i u m t o g r o w su bs r -

fa c e l y a n d a ppe a r c o t t o n y .

A l t e r n a t e me d i a so t ha t g e n e

e x pr e ssi o n i s n o t se l e c t e d bya l i mi t e d c he mi c a l ma t r i x .

C o k a g a r me d i a a t l o w e r

t e mp. a n d pr e ssu r e , be t w e e n

1 2 a n d 1 5 psi .

A d d mo r e a g a r o r t ho r o u g hl y

mi x me d i a be fo r e po u r i n g

pe t r i d i she s.

Page 242: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 242/437

G r a i n C l t u r eG l a ss spa w n j a r s br o k e n P r e ssu r e c o o k e r c o o l e d t o o A l l o w c o o k e r t o d e sc e n d t o

w he n pr e ssu r e c o o k e r i s r a pi d l y . Cha n g e i n t e mp. t o o r o o m t e mp. g r a d u a l l y .

o p e n e d . a br u pt .

J a r s t o o t i g ht l y pa c k e d .

J a r s d e fe c t i v e o r c r a c k e d .

W r o n g t y p e o f j a r s.

A l l o w spa c e so j a r s c a n e x -

pa n d .

Che c k fo r c r a c k s o r d e fe c t s.

O bt a i n n e w j a r s.

R e pl a c e w i t h c a n n i n g o r a u t o -

c l a v a bl e t y p e .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

C l t i v a t i o n P r o bl e ms a n d T he i r S o l u t i o n s/ 2 2 I

P R O B L E M C U S E S O L U T IO N

G r a i n j a r s d i ffi c u l t t o sha k e . T o o mu c h g r a i n i n c o n t a i n e r .

T o o mu c h w a t e r r e l a t i v e t o

g r a i n .

M e a s r i n g c u ps n o t a c c u r a t e .

R e d u c e g r a i n t o r e c o m-

me n d e d l e v e l s.

Fo l l o w r e c o mme n d e d fo r -

mu l a s.

C l i br a t e me a s r i n g c u ps w i t h

a g r a d u a t e d c y l i n d e r .

G r a i n " spo n t a n e o u s y " c o n - In t r o d u c t i o n o f a l i e n spo r e s C o l -d o w n i n st e r i l e e n v i r o n -

t a mi n a t e s be fo r e i n o c u l a t i n g u po n c o o l i n g . me n t o r i n fr o n t o f l a mi n a r

o r o p e n i n g pr e s su r e c o o k e r . fl o w ho o d .

S u r v i v a l o f ba c t e r i a l e n d o -

spo r e s d e spi t e a u t o c l a v i n g .

R e pl a c e s u r c e o f g r a i n o r

pr e s a k g r a i n fo r 2 4 ho u r s

be fo r e a u t o c l a v i n g .

A g a r w e d g e st i c k s t o g l a ss A g a r me d i a t o o t hi n , e i t he r U se my c e l i u m c o v e r e d me d i a

w he n g r a i n j a r i s sha k e n . fr o m e v a po r a t i o n o r fr o m

sha l l o w po u r i n g ,

be fo r e su bst a n t i a l e v a po r a t i o n

o c c u r s. P o u r mo r e m e d i a i n t o

e a c h pe t r i d i sh i n i t i a l l y .

L i t t l e o r n o g r o w t h a ft e r my - G r a i n t o o ho t w he n i n o c u - A l l o w t o c o o l t o r o o m t e r n -

c e l i a l w e d g e ha s be e n t r a n s- l a t e d . pe r a t u r e b e fo r e i n o c u l a t i n g .

fe r r e d . G r a i n t o o d r y . B a l a n c e a c c o r d i n g t o r e c o m -

me n d e d r e c i pe s

Page 243: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 243/437

M y c e l i u m n o t e v e n l y d i s r i b-

u t e d .

V g o r o u sl y sha k e spa w n j a r

a ft e r t r a n sfe r o f a g a r w e d g e

a n d a g a i n 3 -5 d a y s a ft e r i n o c -

u l a t i o n .

In c u ba t e d a t w r o n g t e mpe r a -

t u r e .

pH w r o n g .

S e e r e c o mme n d e d spa w n i n -

c u ba t i o n t e mpe r a t u r e s i n

Cha p. X l .

B u ffe r w i t h c a l c i u m c a r bo n a t e

a c c o r d i n g t o spe c i e s be i n g

c u l t u r e d .

W r o n g spa w n me d i u m. U se me d i a r e c o mme n d e d fo r

t ha t s pe c i e s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 2 2 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

P R O B L E M C U S E S O L U T I O N

P o o r s r a i n . C n t a mi n a t e d s r a i n . D sc a r d s r a i n . O bt a i n pu r e r

st r a i n , ma k e u p mo r e g r a i n

me d i a a n d c l e a n l a bo r a t o r y .

N g r o w t h o n g r a i n a ft e r i n - T o o ma n y i n d i v i d u a l hy pha e S t i r r e d fo r t o o l o n g . N mo r e

o c u l a t e d w i t h l i q u i d c u l - ( c e l l s) se v e r e d , t ha n 5 r e c o m-l a bo r a -

t u r e / st i r r e r t e c hn i q u e .-

B a c t e r i a .

me n d fo r hi g h spe e dt o r y -t y pe bl e n d e r s t o pr o d u c e

fr a g me n t e d c ha i n s o f hy pha e .

R e pl a c e my c e l i a w i t h pu r e

s r a i n , fr e e o f ba c t e r i a . B e

s r e t o o l s a n d w a t e r a r e st e r -

i l e be fo r e i n o c u l a t i o n .

P o o r s r a i n . C t t o n y t y p e my c e l i a i s sl o w

g r o w i n g . R e pl a c e w i t h r hi zo -

mo r phi c o r f a st e r g r o w i n gst r a i n .

pH

W a t e r t o o h o t .

Fo l l o w r e c o mme n d e d r e c i pe s

S e e Cha p. I I.

A l l o w t o c o o l be fo r e i n o c u l a t -

i n g .

C n t a m i n a t i o n a ft e r t r a n sfe r o f H i g h c o n t a m i n a n t spo r e C e a n l a b be fo r e i n o c u l a t i o n sst a n d a r d s o fc o u n t i n l a bo r a t o r y . M a i n t a i n hi g h

Page 244: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 244/437

my c e l i u m.

T o o l s n o t st e r i l e .

M y c e l i u m be i n g t r a n sfe r r e d

ha s hi g h r e s d e n t l o a d o f c o n -

t a mi n a n t s po r e s.

hy g i e n e .

A u t o c l a v e t o o l s, s a k i n a l c o -

ho l , fl a me s e r i l i ze be fo r e i n -

o c u l a t i o n .

O bt a i n c l e a n e r s r a i n o r

spa w n o f be t t e r p u r i t y .

M y c e l i u m fa i l s t o g r o w o u t In su ffi c i e n t sha k i n g o f g r a i n T ho r o u g h sha k i n g a ft e r d o u -c o mbi n e dt hr o u g h e n t i r e spa w n j a r . a ft e r i n o c u l a t i o n . bl e - w e d g e t r a n sfe r ,

w i t h r e -sha k i n g fo u r d a y s a ft e r

i n o c u l a t i o n .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

C l t i v a t i o n P r o bl e ms a n d T he i r S o l u t i o n s/ 2 2 3

P R O B L E M C U S E S O L U T I O N

M y c e l i u m i n hi bi t e d by c o n - In o c u l a t e mo r e s e r i l i z d g r a i n

t a mi n a t i o n ( u s a l l y ba c t e r i a ) , u s n g a pu r e s r a i n a n d fo l -

E x t e r n a l l y o r i n t e r n a l l y i n t r o - l o w i n g s a n d a r d pr a c t i c e s fo r

d u c e d . d o i n g s . S e e Cha p. II.

T o p k e r n e l s i n spa w n j a r n o t T o p k e r n e l s d e hy d r a t e d fr o m If u si n g po r o u s fi l t e r d i s s,

c o l o n i ze d by my c e l i u m. e x c e ss v e e v a po r a t i o n , l i mi t e v a po r a t i o n . O r u se o n l y

i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h n a r r o w

mo u t he d j a r s

S pa w n j a r d i sc o l o r e d w i t h y e l - S pa w n j a r i n c u ba t e d fo r a n In c u ba t e a t t e m pe r a t u r e a n d

l o w i sh d r o pl e t s o f fl u i d . o v e r l y l o n g pe r i o d o f t i me , a t fo r p e r i o d o f t i me

hi g he r t ha n o pt i mu m t e mpe r - r e c o mme n d e d fo r s pe c i e s

a t u r e s, o r b o t h, c a u s n g t he be i n g c u l t i v a t e d .

e x u d a t i o n o f me t a bo l i t e s

( " sw e a t " ) a n d t he bu i l d -u p o ffl u i d s i n w hi c h ba c t e r i a t h r i v e .

C O M P O S T P R E P A R A T I O N

Page 245: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 245/437

P ha se IC mpo st d o e s n o t he a t u p, U n d e r s ppl e me n t e d . Che c k c o mpo s fo r mu l a .

r e m a i n s u n d e r 1 4 0 ° F. Che c k N t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f

r a w ma t e r i a l s.

P i l e t o o o pe n , a i r y . C mpr e ss pi l e s d e s. P r o t e c t

pi l e fr o m st r o n g w i n d s.

M o i st u r e c o n t e n t t o o hi g h o r B a l a n c e mo i st u r e t o 7 0 % .

l o w .

In s ffi c i e n t p i l e ma ss In c r e a se t o t a l r a w ma t e r i a l s.

C mpo s g e n e r a t e s n o a m- U n d e r s ppl e me n t e d . Che c k c o mpo s fo r mu l a c a l -

mo n i a . c u l a t i o n s. Che c k N t r o g e n

c o n t e n t o f r a w ma t e r i a l s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 2 4 / T h e M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

P R O B L E M C U S E

C mpo s a n a e r o bi c . M o i s u r e c o n t e n t t o o hi g h. B a l a n c e mo i s u r e t o 7 0 % .

S t r a w t o o sho r t ; pi l e t o o C r e fu l l y m o n i t o r r a w ma t e r i -

d e n s . a l s a n d a d j u st pi l e s ze a s ma -

t e r i a l s c o mpa c t .

P i l e s t t i n g t o o l o n g be t w e e n T u r n m o r e f r e q u e n t l y .

t u r n s.

C mpo st d e c o mpo s n g u n - Impr o pe r t u r n i n g pr o c e d u r e s. M o v e i n si d e o f pH e t o o u t si d e

e v e n l y , a n d v i c e v e r s .

V r i a bl e s a r t i n g ma t e r i a l s H o r s m a n u r e o r st r a w

sho u l d a l l be i n t he sa me

st a t e o f d e c o mpo si t i o n a t t he

st a r t o f c o m po st i n g .

C mpo s g r e a s . G y p su m q u a n t i t y t o o l o w .

S t a r t i n g ma t e r i a l s t o o o l d .

A d d mo r e g y psu m.

U se o n l y fr e sh, u n d e c o m-po s d st a r t i n g ma t e r i a l s.

C mpo s t o o w e t o r t o o d r y In c o r r e c t w a t e r a d d i t i o n o r Che c k mo i s u r e c o n t e n t o f

a t fi l l i n g . t i mi n g . pi l e be fo r e e a c h t u r n .

S t r a w s s i l l br i g ht a n d shi n y a t P ha se I t o o sho r t . C n t i n u e c o mpo st i n g .

fi l l i n g .

P ha s I t o o l o n g . S ho r t e n P ha s I.

Page 246: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 246/437

C mpo st sho r t a n d bl a c k a t P ha s I t o o l o n g .

fi l l i n g .

P ha s II

C mpo st w i l l n o t he a t u p. S u ppl e me n t a t i o n r a t e s t o o

l o w .

C mpo s t o o ma t u r e .

O v e r s u ppl y o f fr e sh a i r .

A i r t o be d r a t i o t o o g r e a t .

C mpo s t o o w e t .

Che c k c o mpo st fo r m u l a c a l -

c u l a t i o n s.

S ho r t e n P ha s I.

R e d u c e fr e sh a i r s ppl y .

A d d mo r e be d s o r t r a y s a n d

fi l l w i t h mo r e c o mpo st .

C mpo s sho u l d be 7 0 % a t- fi l l i n g .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

C l t i v a t i o n P r o bl e ms a n d T he i r S o l u t i o n s/ 2 2 5

P R O B L E M C U S E S O L U T IO N

C mpo st t e mpe r a t u r e e r r a t i c . Ir r e g u l a r fr e sh a i r su ppl y . Fr e sh a i r s ppl y sho u l d be

c o n s a n t . M a k e v o l u m e

c h a n g e s s o w l y a n d a s n e e d e d

t o s a bl i z t e mp.

R o o m e n v i r o n me n t n o t mo n i - Che c k r o o m e v e r y 4 -6 ho u r s.

t o r e d e n o u g h .

C mpo s t e m pe r a t u r e u n - C n t a i n e r s fi l l e d u n e v e n l y . Fi l l a l l c o n t a i n e r s w i t h e q u a le v e n ,

U n e v e n su ppl e me n t d i st r i bu -

H o n i n P ha se I.

Fa u l t y a i r sy s e m d e s g n .

a mo u n t s o f c o mpo st a n d t o

t he s me d e pt h.

B e s r e su ppl e me n t s a r e

e v e n l y m i x e d a n d a r e n o t

c o n c e n t r a t e d i n sma l l po c k e t s.

A i r s s e m sho u l d i n su r e e v e n

t e mp. t hr o u g ho u t t he r o o m.

C mpo st t e mp. t o o hi g h a ft e r In a d e q u a t e su ppl y o f fr e sh a i r . In c r e a se fr e sh a i r .

pa st e u r i za t i o n . P a s e u r i z t i o n t o o l o n g . P a s e u r i z f o r 2 h o u r s a t

1 4 0 ° F.

C mpo st t e mp. d r o ps t o o l o w P r o l o n g e d fr e sh a i r s ppl y . A n t i c i pa t e d r o p i n c o mpo sa ft e r p a s e u r i z t i o n . t e mp. a n d r e d u c e fr e sh a i r

be fo r e r e a c h i n g c o n d i t i o n i n g

t e mp.

Page 247: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 247/437

P a st e u r i ze a t a l o w e r t e mp.

fo r mo r e t i me .

L o w t e mpe r a t u r e s pr e se r v e

mo r e mi c r o o r g a n i sms t ha tpr e v e n t t e mp. fr o m fa l l i n g

r a pi d l y .

P r o l o n g e d a mmo n i fi c a t i o n . O v e r su ppl e me n t a t i o n w i t h

n i t r o g e n .

P r o l o n g e d t i me a t t e mp. o v e r

1 3 0 ° F.

R e d u c e n i t r o g e n s u ppl e me n t s.

K e e p t e mp. u n d e r 1 3 0 ° a ft e r

pa st e u r i za t i o n .

U s l o w t e mp. r a n g e s d u r i n g

c o n d i t i o n i n g .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 2 6 / T h e M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

S P A W N R U NNING

P R O B L E M C U S E S O L U T IO N

S pa w n g r o w s s o w l y o r n o t a t In fe r i o r s pa w n . Che c k spa w n ma k i n g pr o c e -

a l l .d u r e s . R e v i e w st r a i n st o r a g e

me t ho d s. T e st s r a i n pu r i t y by

i n o c u l a t i n g a g a r pl a t e s.

D g e n e r a t i v e o r i n v i a bl e A l w a y s t e st u n t r i e d st r a i n s i n

s r a i n . ''mi n i c u l t u r e '' t r i a l s pr i o r t oi n o c u l a t i o n i n t o bu l ksu bs r a t e s. S w i t c h t o a st r a i n

o f k n o w n v i a bi l i t y .

R e si d u a l a mmo n i a i n c o r n - P r o l o n g P ha se II c o n d i t i o n i n g

po st . u n t i l l i t mu s pa pe r t e st s ho w s

n o c o l o r c h a n g e .

Impr o pe r P ha s I o r P ha se II. R e v i e w c o mpo s i n g se c t i o n .

S u bst r a t e m o i st u r e c o n t e n t C mpo s sho u l d be 6 4 -6 6 %

t o o hi g h. w a t e r ; st r a w sho u l d be

7 0 -7 5 % a t spa w n i n g .

Fl y o r n e ma t o d e i n fe st a t i o n . Che c k pa s e u r i za t i o n t i me a n d

t e m pe r a t u r e .

M y c e l i u m l a c k s o x y g e n . B e su r e t he c o n t a i n e r ha s

pr o v i si o n s fo r a i r e x c ha n g e .

Impr o pe r P ha s I o r P ha s II. R e v i e w c o mpo s i n g se c t i o n .

Page 248: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 248/437

M o l d s pr e se n t d u r i n g spa w n

r u n . Che c k c o n t a mi n a t i o nfo r i d e n t i fi c a t i o n a n d fa c t o r s

pr e d i spo s n g t o mo l d g r o w t h.

In k y C ps ( C pr i n u s sp. ) o c - R e si d u a l a mmo n i a i n c o r n - P r o l o n g P ha se II c o n d i t i o n i n gsho w sc u r d u r i n g s pa w n r u n . po st . u n t i l l i t mu s pa pe r t e st

n o c h a n g e .

M i t e s o r n e r n a t o d e s pr e s e n t . In s ffi c i e n t p a s e u r i za t i o n .

C mpo st w i t h d e n se o v e r w e f

a r e a s.U n c l e a n s bs r a t e c o n t a i n e r s

o r spa w n i n g t o o l s

P a st e u r i ze 2 hr s. a t 1 4 0 ° F.

R e v i e w c o mpo sfi n g a n d fi l l i n g

pr o c e d u r e s.C n t a i n e r s a n d t o o l s sho u l d

be d i si n fe c t e d be fo r e u se .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

P r o bl e ms a n d T he i r S o l u t i o n s/ 2 2 7

P R O B L E M

CA S E R U NNING

C U S E S O L U T I O N

M y c e l i u m fa i l s t o

t he c a s n g l a y e r .

r u n t hr o u g h T e mpe r a t u r e t o o hi g h o r t o o

l o w ,

pH i mpr o pe r l y a d j u s e d .

C s n g t o w e t o r t o o d r y .

U n s t i sfa c t o r y c a si n g ma t e r i -

a l s.

W e a k m y c e l i a l g r o w t h i n s b-

s r a t e .

S u bs r a t e c o n t a mi n a t e d .

t n c u ba t e a t o pt i mu m t e mp.

fo r m y c e l i a l g r o w t h.

T e st pH be fo r e a ppl i c a t i o n .

A d j u s w i t h l i me s o n e bu ffe r( w i t h o n e e x c e pt i o n ) . C n su l t

Cha p. X I o n t he c o r r e c t pH

fo r e a c h spe c i e s

T e st mo i st u r e be fo r e a ppl i c a -

t i o n . A ppl y a t 9 0 % o f c a pa c i -

t y ( 7 0 -7 5 % mo i s u r e ) .

R e v i e w pr e pa r a t i o n o f c a si n g

i n Cha p. VIII.

R e v i e w t e c hn i q u e s fo r su b-

s r a t e pr e pa r a t i o n i n a ppr o pr i -a t e c ha pt e r .

Che c k su bst r a t e fo r mo l d s

a n d n e ma t o d e s be fo r e c a s n g .

C si n g d r i e s o u t

t i o n .

a ft e r a ppl i c a - G r o w i n g r o o m hu mi d i t y t o ol o w ,

Fa n spe e d t o o hi g h. T o o

In c r e a se hu mi d i fi c a t i o n . I n -

c r e a s fr e q u e n c y o f w a t e r i n g ,

o r c o v e r w i t h pl a st i c .

D c r e a se fa n spe e d . M a i n t a i n

Page 249: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 249/437

mu c h a i r fl o w , s o w , e a sy c i r c u l a t i o n .

U n e v e n my c e l i a l

c a s n g .

g r o w t h i n t o C si n g ma t e r i a l s po o r l y

mi x e d .

U n e v e n l y a ppl i e d c a si n g .

U n e v e n my c e l i a l g r o w t h i n t o

su bs r a t e u n d e r l y i n g c a si n g .

T ho r o u g hl y mi x c a si n g i n g r e -

d i e n t s t o i n su r e a n e v e n

bl e n d .

R e d i st r i bu t e o r a ppl y c a si n g t o

a n e v e n d e pt h.

T ho r o u g hl y a n d e v e n l y

spr e a d spa w n t hr o u g ho u t su b-

s r a t e a t i n o c u l a t i o n .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 2 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

P R O B L E M C U S E S O L U T I O N

M y c e l i u m c o v e r s t he c a si n g " O v e r l a y " c a u s d b y pr o - P a t c h t he c a s n g . B e g i n i n i t i a -

bu t f o r m s fe w pr i mo r d i a . l o n g e d my c e l i a l g r o w t h i n t o

t he c a s n g l a y e r .

t i o n se q u e n c e so o n e r , If d e a l -

i n g w i t h a sl o w pi n n i n g st r a i nbe c a r e fu l t ha t t he e v a po r a t i o n

r a t e o ff t he c a si n g su r fa c e i s

n o t e x c e ssi v e .

M y c e l i u m o v e r l a y s t he c a si n g Impr o pe r w a t e r i n g a n d / o r t o o S c r a t c h a n d / o r r e - c a se . M a i n -

a n d t he n " ma t s" , be c o mi n g l o w hu mi d i t y i n t he e x t e r n a l fa i n 9 5 % hu mi d i t y a t pi n n i n g .

fl a t t e n e d a n d i mpe r v i o u s t o e n v i r o n me n t . E v a po r a t i o n r a t e R e d u c e e v a p o r a t i o n r a t e . If

w a t e r . N pr i mo r d i a fo r m. t o o e x t r e me . w a t e r i n g , mi st l i g ht l y a n d

e v e n l y .

M y c e l i u m r u n s t hr o u g h t he D e B a c k D se a se ( V r u s . D s a r d a n d be g i n a n e w w i t h

c a si n g a n d t he n d i sa ppe a r s. a v i r u s-fr e e st r a i n . S e e Cha p.

X III.

D n s w hi t e ma t t e d z n e s S t r o m a . S e l e c t s r a i n s n o t pr e d i spo se dfo r m o n c a si n g . t o st r o ma fo r ma t i o n ( t ho se

w i t ho u t fl u ffy s c t o r s . R e d u c e

C 2 .

C n t a mi n a n t ( S c o pu l a r i o ps s . pH t o o hi g h. C mpo st i m-pr o pe r l y pr e pa r e d . S e e Cha p-

t e r s V , X III.

Page 250: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 250/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

C l t i v a t i o n P r o bl e ms a n d T he i r S o l u t i o n s/ 2 2 9

P R O B L E M

M U S H R O O M F O R M A T I O N A N D D E

C A U S E

V E L O P M E N T

S O L U T I O N

P i n he a d In i t i a t i o n

M y c e l i u m fa i l s t o fo r m pr i - M o n o k a r y o t i c st r a i n w i t h l o w S t a r t a g a i n w i t h n e w t i ssu e

mo r d i a . o r n o fr u i t i n g a bi l i t y ,

H u mi d i t y t o o l o w .

C 2 t o o hi g h.

i s l a t e o r i so l a t e fr o m mu l t i -

spo r e g e r mi n a t i o n .K e e p hu mi d i t y a t 9 5 % d u r i n g

pi n n i n g .

R e d u c e C 2 b y i n t r o d u c i n g

fr e sh a i r .

T e mpe r a t u r e t o o hi g h.

In su ffi c i e n t l i g ht .

D c r e a se a i r t e mp. t o t he

fr u i t i n g r a n g e .

Il l u mi n a t e c r o ppi n g su r fa c e

fo r 1 2 ho u r s/ d a y .

P r i mo r d i a fo r m e a r l y . U n e v e n c a si n g d e pt h.

E a r l y l i g ht st i mu l a t i o n .

T e mpe r a t u r e t o o l o w .

C 2 l e v e l s t o o l o w .

A ppl y c a s n g a t a n e v e nd e pt h a n d pa t c h a r e a s w he r e

my c e l i u m a ppe a r s pr e ma t u r e -

l y .

In c u ba t e c u l t u r e i n d a r k n e ss

u n t i l r e a d y t o pi n .

In c u ba t e a t o pt i mu m t e mp.

fo r my c e l i a l g r o w t h a n d t he n

d r o p t e mp. fo r pi n n i n g .

M a i n t a i n a i r t i g ht r o o m a n d r e -

Page 251: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 251/437

c i r c u l a t e a i r u n t i l r e a d y t o pi n .

P r i mo r d i a fo r ma t i o n u n e v e n . U n e v e n c a si n g d e pt h. P a t c h sha l l o w a r e a s a s my c e -

hu m a ppe a r s u n t i l g r o w t h i s

e v e n .

U n e v e n mo i st u r e i n c a s n g .

C s n g s r fa c e pa r t i a l l y d a m-

a g e d fr o m he a v y w a t e r i n g ,

U n e v e n e n v i r o n me n t a l c o n d i -t i o n s w i t hi n t he g r o w i n g

r o o m.

W a t e r c a si n g e v e n l y a n d c a r e -

fu l l y .

K e e p c a s n g su r fa c e o pe n a n d

po r o u s t hr o u g h pr o pe r mi st -

i n g t e c hn i q u e s.

R e v i e w a i r s s t e m d e si g n .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

C s n g l a y e r mo i st u r e t o o l o w

o r t o o hi g h.

C si n g l a y e r pH i mba l a n c e d .

M a g n e si u m i n l i me st o n e bu f-

fe r t o o hi g h ( a bo v e 2 % ) .

Impr o pe r pi n he a d i n i t i a t i o n

s r a t e g y .

D fe c t i v e st r a i n .

A d j u st mo i s u r e l e v e l i n

c a si n g t o 7 0 -7 5 % fo rpi n he a d fo r ma t i o n .

A d j u st pH t o l e v e l s r e c o m-me n d e d i n Cha p. X l fo r t he

spe c i e s be i n g c u l t i v a t e d .S o me spe c i e s a r e i n hi bi t e d by

mi n e r a l s i n t he c a s n g l a y e r ,

e spe d a l l y t h e ma g n e si u m i n

d o l o mi t i c l i me st o n e . U se a

l o w ma g n e si u m l i me , l e ss

t ha n 2 % .

L o w e r C 2 t o r e c o mme n d e d

l e v e l s ( S o me spe c i e s fr u i t

po o r l y i n h i g h C 2 e n v i r o n -

me n t s) .P ho t o s n s t i v e spe c i e s r e q u i r e

se v e r a l ho u r s o f l i g ht st i mu l a -

t i o n pe r d a y fo r pi n he a d fo r -

ma t i o n .

S e e Cha pt e r I X .

R e pl a c e w i t h st r a i n o f k n o w n

v i a bi l i t y .

S e e Cha pt e r X IV

2 3 0 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

P i n he a d s fa i l t o fo r m a bu n -

d a n t l y .

P R O B L E M C U S E S O L U T IO N

C 2 t o o hi g h.

In su ffi c i e n t l i g ht .

Page 252: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 252/437

N ma t o d e i n fe s a t i o n .

P i n he a d s fo r m bu t fa i l t o ma -

t u r e .

In s ffi c i e n t n u t r i e n t ba se .

E x c e ssi v e C 2 l e v e l s.

H u mi d i t y t o hi g h.

In s ffi c i e n t fr e sh a i r .

S t r a i n i d i o s n c r a s y .

R e v i e w su bst r a t e m a t e r i a l s

a n d fo r mu l a s Fo l l o w t ho se

t ha t a r e r e c o mme n d e d fo r t he

spe c i e s be i n g c u l t i v a t e d .

R e d u c e C 2 t o r e c o m-

me n d e d l e v e l s

R e d u c e hu mi d i t y t o 8 5 -9 2 % .

In c r e a s fr e sh a i r i n pu t t o 2 -4

r o o m e x c ha n g e s pe r ho u r .R e pl a c e w i t h a st r a i n ha v i n g

be t t e r f r u i t i n g c a l a bi l i t i e s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

C l t i v a t i o n P r o bl e ms a n d T he i r S o l u t i o n s/ 2 3 I

P R O B L E M C U S E S O L U T I O N

Fl y , n e ma t o d e o r o t he r c o n - R e v i e w c o n t a m i n a n t c o n t r o l

t a mi n a n t i n hi bi t i n g d e v e l o p- pr o c e d u r e s. Che c k so u r c e

me n t . a n d q u a l i t y o f c a si n g ma t e r i -

a l s. Che c k mi x i n g pr o c e -

d u r e s .

E x c e ss v e l o ss o f mo i st u r e M a i n t a i n s u ffi c i e n t mo i st u r efr o m c a si n g . ( 7 0 -7 5 % ) i n t he c a s n g

t hr o u g h d a i l y mi st i n g s i f r e -

q u i r e d .

C O P P IN

L o w y i e l d i n g fi r s fl u sh. P o o r pi n s t .

S u bst r a t e l o w i n n u t r i e n t s.

R e v i e w pi n n i n g p r o c e d u r e s

a n d g r o w i n g pa r a m e t e r s fo r

t he spe c i e s be i n g g r o w n .

R e v i e w su bst r a t e m a t e r i a l s

a n d f o r mu l a s

Fe w mu shr o o ms d e v e l o p fu l - U n e v e n pi n n i n g . R e mo v e e a r l y d e v e l o pi n g

l y , ma n y a bo r t .

L a c k o f n u t r i e n t s

pi n s.

R e v i e w su bst r a t e ma t e r i a l s

a n d fo r mu l a s

T e mpe r a t u r e t o o hi g h.

P a r a s t i ze d by c o n t a mi n a n t .

M a i n t a i n a i r t e mp. w i t hi n

c r o ppi n g r a n g e .

S e e Cha pt e r s X a n d X III. Fo l -

l o w pr o c e d u r e s fo r e n c o u r a g -

Page 253: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 253/437

i n g c r o ppi n g , n o t c o n t a mi n a -t i o n .

M u shr o o ms ha v e l o n g st e ms C 2 t o o hi g h. In c r e a se fr e sh a i r i n pu t .

a n d s ma l l u n d e r d e v e l o pe d In su ffi c i e n t l i g ht i n g . E v a l u a t e l i g ht i n g sy st e m a n d

c a ps t y pe o f l i g ht

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 3 2 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

P R O B L E M C U S E S O L U T IO N

M u shr o o ms d e v e l o p bu f a b- P a r a s t i z d by c o n t a mi n a n t . E l i mi n a t e st a g n a n t a i r po c k e t s

n o r ma l l y , i n t he g r o w i n g e n v i r o n me n t .

S e e Cha p. IV

E x c e ssi v e C 2 . Impr o pe r l y L o w e r C 2 t o r e c o m me n d e d

ba l a n c e d g r o w i n g e n v i r o n - l e v e l s M a i n t a i n a i r c i r c u l a t i o n ,

me n t . t e mp. a n d hu mi d i t y a t r e c o m-me n d e d l e v e l s. S e e Cha p. X .

E x po su r e t o mu t a g e n i c c he m- L i mi t e x po su r e o f mu shr o o ms

i c a l s ( i n se c t i c i d e s, d e t e r g e n t s, t o su c h c he mi c a l s

c hl o r i n e , e t c . )

L a c k o f a d e q u a t e l i g ht fo r In c r e a se l i g ht e x po s r e t o 1 2

fr u i t bo d y d e v e l o pme n t , ho u r s pe r d a y . S e e Cha pt e r s

IV a n d IX .

S t r a i n i d i o s n c r a s . S w i t c h t o s r a i n o f k n o w n

fr u i t i n g a bi l i t y .

Page 254: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 254/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 3 3

CH A P T E R X I I IT H E C O N T A M I N A N T S O F

M U S H R O O M C U L T U R E

Page 255: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 255/437

Fi g u r e 1 7 3 S po r u l a t i n g st r u c t u r e o f A spe r g i l u s mo l d .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 256: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 256/437

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 3 5

d e n l y a n u n fa mi l i a r c o n t a mi n a n t a ppe a r s, i d e n t i fy i n g t he v e c t o r c a n be mu c h mo r e d i ffi c u l t . O n l y

w he n t he c u l t i v a t o r c a n pi n po i n t t he v a r i a bl e s l e a d i n g t o t he i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t ha t c o n t a m i n a n t c a n a p-

pr o pr i a t e c o u n t e r - me a su r e s be a ppl i e d . Fr e q u e n t l y w ha t se e ms t o be a n i n c o n se q u e n t i a l a l t e r a t i o n

i n t e c h n i q u e a t o n e st a g e l e a d s t o a r a d i c a l e sc a l a t i o n o f t he c o n t a mi n a t i o n r a t e a t l a t e r st a g e s.

S i n c e c o n t a m i n a t i o n a t a n y pha se o f c u l t i v a t i o n o c c u r s fo r spe c i fi c r e a so n s, t he c o n t a mi n a n t s

c a n be t he c u l t i v a t o r 's mo st v a l u a bl e g u i d e fo r t e a c h i n g o n e w ha t N T t o d o . If t he pr o bl e m c a u si n g

o r g a n i sm i s i d e n t i fi e d a n d i f t he r e c o mme n d e d me a su r e s o f c o n t r o l a r e c a r e fu l l y fo l l o w e d , a c o n -

s i e n t i o u s c u l t i v a t o r w i l l a v o i d t ho se c o n d i t i o n s pr e d i spo si n g t o t ha t o n e c o mpe t i t o r a n d , i n c i d e n t a l -

Fi g u r e 1 7 4 P e n i c i l l i u m mo l d n e a r t o Fi g u r e 1 7 5 P e n i c i i i u m mo l d a l o n g o u t e r

t r a n sfe r r e d w e d g e o f mu shr o o m my c e l i - pe r i p he r y o f pe t r i d i sh.u r n .

Page 257: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 257/437

l y , ma n y o t he r s. In e ffe c t , sk i l l i n mu shr o o m c u l t u r e i s t a n t a mo u n t t o sk i l l i n c o n t a mi n a t i o n c o n t r o l .

M o l d s a n d ba c t e r i a d o n o t g r o w w e l l i n a c l i ma t e spe c i fi c a l l y a d j u st e d fo r mu shr o o ms A l t ho u g h

bo t h mu shr o o ms a n d c o n t a mi n a n t s pr e fe r h u mi d c o n d i t i o n s, t he l a t t e r t hr i v e i n pr o l o n g e d st a g n a n t

a i r e n v i r o n me n t s w he r e a s mu shr o o ms d o n o t . T he d i ffe r e n c e s a r e fr e q u e n t l y su bt l e — a mo u n t i n g t o

o n l y a fe w pe r c e n t a g e po i n t s i n r e l a t i v e hu mi d i t y a n d sl i g ht a d j u st me n t s t o t he a i r i n t a k e d a mpe r s i n

t he g r o w i n g r o o m.

T he c o n t a mi n a n t s c a n be d i v i d e d i n t o t w o w e l l d e fi n e d g r o u ps. T ho se a t t a c k i n g t he mu sh-

r o o ms a r e c a l l e d pa t ho g e n s w hi l e fho se c o mpe t i n g fo r t he s bst r a t e a r e l a be l e d i n d i c a t o r s o r

c o mpe t i t o r s. ( M u shr o o m pa t ho g e n s a r e e i t he r mo l d s, ba c t e r i a , v i r u s s o r pe st s; i n d i c a t o r s a r e

a l w a y s fu n g i o f s me so r t ) . In g e n e r a l , mu shr o o m pa t ho g e n s a r e n o t a s n u me r o u s a s t he c o mpe t i t o r

mo l d s, t ho u g h t he y c a n be mu c h mo r e d e v a s a t i n g .

N t a l l mo l d s a n d ba c t e r i a a r e d a ma g i n g t o t he mu shr o o m c r o p. T o t he c o n t r a r V, se v e r a l a r e

be n e fi c i a l . T he s c a n n o t be c a l l e d t r u e " c o n t a mi n a n t s" s i n c e c u l t i v a t o r s t r y t o pr o m o t e , n o t hi n d e r ,

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 3 6 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

t he i r g r o w t h. T o t he be g i n n e r , ho w e v e r , t he y r e se mbl e r e a l c o n t a mi n a n t s a n d t he r e fo r e mu st be i n -

c l u d e d i n t hi s c ha pt e r . E x a mpl e s o f y i e l d e n ha n c i n g o r g a n i sms a r e s v e r a l t he r mo phi l i c fu n g i a n d

ba c t e r i a , i n c l u d i n g :

Fi g u r e 1 7 6 H i g h ma g n i fi c a t i o n s a n n i n g e l e c t r o n mi c r o g r a ph o f A spe r g i l u s spo r e be -si d e g e r mi n a t i n g spo r e o f P si o c y be c u be n si s.

Page 258: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 258/437

H u m i c o l aT o r u / a

A c t i n o my c e s

S t r e p t o my c e s

S e l e c t P s u d o mo n a s a n d B a c i l l u s spe c i e s

T he s o r g a n i sms a r e e n c o u r a g e d d u r i n g t he pr e p a r a t i o n o f c o mpo st o r d u r i n g spa w n r u n a n d a r e

r a r e l y s e e n i n a g a r o r g r a i n c u l t u r e . S i n c e t he y c a n n o t a c c u r a t e l y b e t e r me d c o n t a mi n a n t s, t hea fo r e me n t i o n e d g r o u ps a r e n o t i n t he fo l l o w i n g k e y t ho u g h t he y a r e fu l l y d i s u ss d i n t he e n su i n gd e sc r i pt i o n s

Fu n g i , ba c t e r i a a n d v i r u s s c a n be r o u g hl y d e l i mi t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t he i r s z . A l l bu t v i r u se s c a n

be d e fe c t e d by t he ho me c u l t i v a t o r . V r u se s c a n pr e v e n t fr u i t i n g , ma l fo r m t he mu shr o o m fr u i t bo d y ,

a n d e x po s t he c r o p t o fu r t he r i n fe st a t i o n s fr o m o t he r pa t ho g e n s. S i n c e d e t e c t i n g v i r u se s i s be y o n d

t he me a n s o f ho me c u l t i v a t o r s , t he y ha v e a l s be e n e x c l u d e d fr o m t hi s k e y .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 3 7

M e t ho d o f D t e c t i o n

X -r a y d e fr a c t i o n , t r a n smi ssi o n e l e c t r o n mi c r o s o py a n d u l t r a c e n t r i fu g e .

T y pi c a l l y a t t a c he d t o o t he r l a r g e r pa r t i c e s, o c c u r r i n g w i t hi n c e l l s, o r

a r e p r e s e n t i n l a r g e c o n g l o me r a t e c o l o n i e s O ft e n a sso c i a t e d w i t h

ba c t e r i a .

B a c t e r i a . 4 0 — 5 . 0D t e c t e d by e l e c t r o n mi c r o sc o py , l i g ht mi c r o sc o py a n d u l t r a c e n fr i -

fu g e . L a r g e c o l o n i e s v i s bl e t o u n a i d e d e y e . S o me t i me s a sso c i a t e d

w i t h mu shr o o m spo r e s o r m y c e l i u m.

Fu n g i 2 . 0 — 3 0 . 0 D t e c t e d by l i g ht mi c r o sc o py . L a r g e c o l o n i e s v i si bl e t o u n a i d e d e y e .

A sso c i a t e d w i t h a l a r g e r spo r e g e n e r a t i n g s r u c t u r e , o ft e n c ha i n -l i k e i n

fo r m.

R E L A T I V E S I Z E S O F T H E C O N T A M I N A N T G R O U P SS i z

O r g a n i sm ( i n mi c r o n s

V r u se s . 0 1 — . 2 0

P a r t i c u l a fe s sc r e e n e d o u t by. 3 M i c r o n H E P A ( H i g h E ffi c i e n c yP a r t i c u l a t e A i r ) Fi l t e r

4 5 mi c r o n sV si bl e t o E

V r u s s ( . 0 0 3 -0 5 mi c r o n s)

T o b a c c o S mo k e

B a c t e r i a ( 3 - 5 mi c r o n s)

Page 259: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 259/437

Fu n g u s S po r e s ( 5 - 3 0 mi c r o n s

P l a n t S po r e s ( 1 0 -8 0 mi c r o n s)

R a i n D o pl e t ( 6 0 0 -1 0 ,0 0 0 mi c r o n s)

Fi g u r e 1 7 7 D a g r a m i l l u st r a t i n g c o mpa r a t i v e si ze s o f a i r bo r n e pa r t i c u l a t e s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 260: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 260/437

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l fu r e / 2 3 9

3 a D o pl e t s fo r mi n g a c r o ss t he c a p a n d st e m bu t l a c k i n g s n k e n

l e s o n s M u shr o o ms e v e n t u a l l y r e d u c e d t o a w hi t i sh fo a m-

l i k e ma ss C u sa l o r g a n i sm n o t k n o w n" W e e pe r s

3 b C p n o t a s a bo v e bu t fi r s ha v i n g br o w n i sh spo t s t ha t e n l a r g e ,

d e e pe n , a n d i n w hi c h a g r a y i sh br o w n sl i me fo r ms. M u sh-r o o ms e v e n t u a l l y d i si n t e g r a t e i n t o a d a r k s i my , o o z n g ma ss

P se u d o mo n a s t o l a ssi i

B a c t e r i a l B l o t c h

B a c t e r i a l P i t4 a C n t a mi n a n t e v e n t u a l l y s po r u l a t i n g a s a g r e e n mo l d o n t he

mu shr o o m. U su a l l y pr e c e d e d by a n o u t br e a k o f g r e e n mo l d

o n t he c a s n g l a y e r T r i c ho d e r ma v i r k i e

T r i c h o d e r ma k o n i n g i i" T r i c ho d e r ma B l o t c h "

4 b N t a s a bo v e 5

5 a C n t a mi n a n t a ppe a r s o n t he c a si n g so i l a s a fa st r u n n i n g

g r a y i sh c o bw e b-l i k e my c e l i u m, e n v e l o pi n g mu shr o o ms i n i t spa t h. ( S po r e s u s a l l y t hr e e o r mo r e c e l l e d a n d 2 0 x 5mi c r o n s i n s z . If t w o c e l l e d , n o t a c o r n -sha pe d ) D c f l y i u m d e n d r o i d e s

" C bw e b M o l d "5 b C n t a mi n a n t a t t a c k i n g t he mu shr o o m bu t u s a l l y n o t a p -

pe a r i n g o n t he c a si n g l a y e r . ( S po r e s si n g l e c e l l e d o r i f t w oc e l l e d , r e s e mbl i n g a r o u g he n e d a c o r n a n d me a s r i n g mu c h

l e ss t ha n a bo v e ) 6

6 a C n t a mi n a n t t u r n i n g y o u n g mu shr o o ms i n t o a r o t t i n g a mo r -

pho u s ba l l -l i k e ma ss fr o m w hi c h a n a mbe r f l u i d o o z s u po n

c u t t i n g . S t e m t y p i c a l l y n o t spl i t t i n g o r pe e l i n g . ( S po r e s o n e

Page 261: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 261/437

a n d t w o c e l l e d , t he l a t t e r be i n g d a r k l y pi g me n t e d a n d a c o r n - -

sha pe d ) M y c o g o n e pe r n c i o s a

" W e t B u bbl e "

6 b C n t a mi n a n t a ffl i c t i n g y o u n g mu shr o o ms a s d e sc r i b e da bo v e bu t t ho s pa r a s t i z d n o t e x u d i n g a mbe r fl u i d w he n c u t

o pe n . S t e m i n mo r e ma t u r e mu shr o o ms o ft e n spl i t t i n g a n d

pe e l i n g , c a u si n g t he mu shr o o ms t o t i l t . ( S po r e s o n e c e l l e d ) . V r t i c i l l i u m ma l t ho u se i

" D y B u bbl e "

7 a C n t a mi n a n t i n t he fo r m o f a n o t he r mu shr o o m w ho se c a pd e l i q u e s e s ( me l t s i n t o a bl a c k i sh l i q u i d w i t h a g e C pr i n u s spp.

" In k y C p"

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 4 0 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

7 b C n t a mi n a n t n o t a s a bo v e 8

8 a C n t a mi n a n t be c o mi n g pi n k i sh t o r e d d i sh t o pu r pl i sh c o l -

o r e d i n a g e 9

8 b C n t a mi n a n t n o t a s a bo v e 1 4

9 a O c c u r r i n g o n c o mpo st o r t he c a s n g l a y e r 1 0

9 b O c c u r r i n g o n n u t r i e n t a g a r me d i a a n d o n g r a i n 1 1

1 O a M y c e l i u m fa s g r o w i n g , a e r i a l , a n d n e v e r ha v i n g a fr o s y t e x -

t u r e . P i n k i sh w i t h spo r e ma t u r i t y . ( S po r e s u n i c e l l u l a r w i t hn e r v e -l i k e r i d g e s l o n g i t u d i n a l l y a r r a n g e d a n d e l l i ps i d ) . . N u r o spo r a s p .

" P i n k M o l d "

1 O b M y c e l i u m sl o w g r o w i n g , a ppr e sse d , a n d d e v e l o pi n g a fr o s y

t e x t u r e . O ft e n be c o mi n g c h e r r y r e d . ( S po r e s c y l i n d r i c a l a n d

l a c k i n g n e r v e -l i k e r i d g e s G e o t r i c hu m " L i pst i c k M o l d "

1 1 a M y c e l i a l n e t w o r k o f c o n t a mi n a n t n o t w e l l d e v e l o pe d , n o tc l e a r l y v i s bl e t o t he u n a i d e d e y e , o ft e n s i me -l i k e 1 2

1 1 b M y c e l i a l n e t w o r k o f c o n t a mi n a n t w e l l d e fi n e d a n d e a si l y d i s-

c e r n i bl e t o t he n a k e d e y e , n o t s i me l i k e 1 3

1 2 a M o r e fr e q u e n t l y s e e n i n a g a r c u l t u r e . ( S po r e s pr o d u c e d by

si mpl e bu d d i n g , o v o i d , si n g l e c e l l e d ) T he Y e a s s

se e C ] . / pt o c o c c u s

1 2 b M o r e fr e q u e n t l y s e n i n g r a i n c u l t u r e . ( S po r e s pr o d u c e d o n a

sho r t c o n i d i o pho r e , si c k l e sha pe d , a n d mu l t i c e l l e d ) Fu sa r i u m

" Y e l l o w R a i n M o l d "

1 3 a M y c e l i u m fa st g r o w i n g a n d a e r i a l . ( S po r e s w i t h n e r v e -l i k e N u r o spo r a

Page 262: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 262/437

r i d g e s a n d e l l i ps i d )" P i n k M o l d "

1 3 b M y c e l i u m t y pi c a l l y s l o w g r o w i n g a n d a ppr e s s d . ( S po r e s t w o

c e l l e d , w i t ho u t r i d g e s, a n d pe a r -sha pe d ) T r i c ho t he c i u m sp.

" P i n k M o l d "

1 4 a C n t a mi n a n t sl i me -l i k e i n fo r m 1 5

1 4 b C n t a mi n a n t my c e l i u m-l i k e o r mo l d -l i k e i n fo r m 1 7

1 5 a N n -mo t i l e ( n o t mo v i n g spo n t a n e o u sl y ) . S po r e s r e l a t i v e l y

l a r g e , 4 -2 0 mi c r o n s i n d i a me t e r . N t a ffe c t e d by ba c t e r i a l a n - T he Y e a st s

t i bi o t i c s s c h a s g e n t a m y c i n s l fa t e ( s e C y p t o c o c c u s a n d

R ho d o t o r u l a u n d e r T o r u l a )

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 4 1

1 5 b M o t i l e ( mo v i n g spo n t a n e o u sl y ) . S po r e s r e l a t i v e l y m i n u t e ,r a r e l y e x c e e d i n g 2 mi c r o n s i n d i a me t e r . G r o w t h pr e v e n t e dby ba c t e r i a l a n t i bi o t i c s s c h a s g e n t a my c i n su l fa t e 1 6

1 6 a C l l s r o d -l i k e i n sha pe . G r a m po s t i v e ( r e t a i n i n g a v i o l e t d y e

w he n fi x e d w i t h c r y s a l v i o l e t a n d a n i o d i n e s l u t i o n ) B a c i l l u s

" W e t S po t "

1 6 b C l l s v a r i a bl e i n sha pe . G r a m n e g a t i v e ( n o t r e t a i n i n g a v i o l e t

d y e w he n fi x e d w i t h c r y s t a l v i o l e t a n d a n i o d i n e so l u t i o n ) . . . P s u d o mo n a s" B a c t e r i a l B l o t c h"

1 7 a C n t a mi n a n t mo l d g r e e n i sh w i t h spo r e ma t u r i t y 1 8

1 7 b C n t a mi n a n t mo l d bl a c k i sh w i t h spo r e ma t u r i t y 2 0

1 7 c C n t a mi n a n t mo l d br o w n i sh w i t h spo r e ma t u r i t y 2 4

1 7 d C n t a mi n a n t mo l d y e l l o w i sh w i t h spo r e ma t u r i t y 2 5

1 7 e C n t a mi n a n t mo l d w hi t i sh w i t h spo r e ma t u r i t y 2 8

1 8 a Fo r mi n g sma l l bu r r s a n d u s a l l y o l i v e g r e e n i n c o l o r . ( S po r e s

l e mo n sha pe d , e n v e l o pe d i n a s c -l i k e s r u c t u r e ( a pe r i t he -

c i u m) Cha e t o mi u m o l i v a c e u m

" O l i v e G r e e n M o l d "

1 8 b N t a sa b o v e 1 9

1 9 a M o l d s t y p i c a l l y b l u e -g r e e n i n c o l o r . ( C n i d i o pho r e d i v e r g i n g

a t a pe x i n t o mu l t i pl e c ha i n s o f l i g ht l y pi g me n t e d si n g l e c e l l e d

spo r e s P e n i c i l l i u m spp." B l u e G r e e n M o l d "

1 9 b M o l d s t y p i c a l l y t r u e g r e e n t o y e l l o w g r e e n i n c o l o r . ( C n d i o -

pho r e sw o l l e n a t a pe x a n d bu l b-l i k e ( c a pi t a t e ) , a r o u n d w hi c h

Page 263: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 263/437

mu l t i pl e c ha i n s o f l i g ht l y pi g me n t e d s n g l e c e l l e d spo r e s e x -

t e n d ) A spe r g i l l u s s pp.

" G r e e n M o l d "

1 9 c M o l d s fo r e s g r e e n i n c o l o r . ( C n i d i o pho r e e a si l y d i s sse m-

bl i n g i n w e t mo u n t s a n d d i ffi c u l t t o o bse r v e u n d e r t he mi c r o -

sc o pe . S po r e s si n g l e c e l l e d , l i g ht l y pi g me n t e d , a n d e n c a se d

i n a mu c o u s-l i k e s bs a n c e ) T r i c ho d e r m a spp.

" Fo r e s G r e e n M o l d "

1 9 d M o l d s bl a c k i sh g r e e n i n c o l o r . ( C n i d i o pho r e s br a n c hi n g

i n t o fe w fo r k s a t w ho se e n d s d a r k l y pi g me n t e d spo r e s fo r m,o ft e n t w o c e l l e d . ) C a d o spo r i u m spp.

" B l a c k i sh G r e e n M o l d "

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 4 2 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

2 0 a M o l d c o l o n y a ppr e s se d , r e s e mbl i n g a d a r k P e n i c i l l i u m-l i k e

mo l d , bu t n o t a e r i a l 2 1

2 0 b M o l d c o l o n y a e r i a l , n o t P e n i c i l l i u m-l i k e 2 2

2 1 a ( S po r e s e l o n g a t e d a n d o r n a me n t e d w i t h r i d g e s, g e n e r a l y e x -

c e e d i n g 2 0 mi c r o n s i n l e n g t h a n d 5 mi c r o n s i n d i a me t e r ) A l t e r n a r i a spp." B l a c k M o l d "

2 1 b ( S po r e s sphe r i c a l , n o t o r n a me n t e d w i t h r i d g e s, g e n e r a l l y l e ss

t ha n 5 mi c r o n s i n d i a me t e r ) A spe r g i l l u s spp." B l a c k M o l d "

2 2 a M o s fr e q u e n t l y s e n o n c o mpo st . R e se mbl i n g bl a c k

w hi s e r s ( Fo r mi n g a c o n i d i o pho r e t ha t d i v e r g e s i n t o m u l t i -

pl e s a l k s a t w ho s e n d s a r e c ha i n s o f d a r k l y pi g me n t e d

spo r e s) D r a t o my c e s st e mo n i t i s

" B l a c k W hi sk e r M o l d "

2 2 b M o st fr e q u e n t l y s e e n i n a g a r a n d g r a i n c u l t u r e . R e se mbl i n g a

fo r e st o f d a r k h e a d e d pi n s. ( Fo r mi n g a spo r a n g i o pho r e c o n -

si st i n g o f si n g l e st a l k a t w ho se e n d a ba l l -l i k e spo r u l a t i n gst r u c t u r e i s a t t a c he d ) 2 3

2 3 a C n i d i o pho r e a ppe a r i n g sw e l l e d a t a p e x ; p a r t i a l l y c o v e r e d by

a spo r u l a fi n g me mbr a n e R hi z pu s" B l a c k B r e a d M o l d "" B l a c k P i n M o l d "

2 3 b C n i d i o pho r e n o t sw e l l e d a s a b o v e ; a pe x t o t a l l y c o v e r e d by

spo r u l a t i n g me mbr a n e M u c o r" B l a c k P i n M o l d "

2 4 a M o l d d e v e l o pi n g sma l l be a d -l i k e ma ss s o f c e l l s ( e a si l y v i si -

Page 264: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 264/437

bl e w i t h a ma g n i fy i n g l e n s . N v e r pr o d u c i n g c u p-l i k e fr u i t -

bo d i e s. ( D r k l y p i g me n t e d c e l l s c l u s t e r e d o n a my c e l i a l ma t ;

spo r e s l a c k i n g ) P a pu l o spo r a by ss n a

" B r o w n P l a s e r M o l d "

2 4 b M o l d n o t d e v e l o pi n g t he ba l l -l i k e c l u st e r s o f t he a bo v e .S o me t i me s pr o d u c i n g c u p-l i k e fr u i t bo d i e s. ( S po r e s pr o d u c e d

i n bu n c he s i n a g r a pe -l i k e fa shi o n ) B o t r y t i s " B r o w n M o l d "

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 4 3

2 5 a M o l d fo r mi n g a c o r k y l a y e r be t w e e n t he c a s n g l a y e r a n d t he

c o mpo st , a n d ma t -l i k e . ( S po r e s bo r n e o n sho r t v a se sha pe d

pe g s l u t e u m" Y e l l o w M a t D se a se "''C n fe t t i ''

2 5 b M o l d n o t fo r mi n g a c o r k y l a y e r a n d a ppe a r i n g ma t -l i k e .( S po r e s n o t bo r n e i n t he ma n n e r a b o v e ) 2 6

2 6 a N t o c c u r r i n g o n c o mpo s . ( C n i d i o pho r e s sho r t , a r i si n gfr o m c u shi o n sha pe d c e l l s S po r e s, i f r e t i c u l a t e d , a ppe a r t o

be c o mpo s d o f s v e r a l t i g ht l y c o mpa c t e d c e l l s E pi c o c c u m

" Y e l l o w M o l d "

2 6 b Fr e q u e n t l y s e e n o n c o mpo st bu t n o t e x c l u si v e l y s . ( C n i d i o -

pho r e s n o t a s a bo v e . S po r e s a p pe a r i n g u n i c e l l u l a r ) 2 7

2 7 a S po r e s l a r g e , e x c e e d i n g 5 mi c r o n s i n d i a me t e r , a n d o f t w ot y p e s. S o me sphe r i c a l a n d spi n y , fo r mi n g s n g l y a t t he e n d o f

i n d i v i d u a l hy pha l br a n c he s o t he r s v a se sha pe d a r i si n g s n g l y

o r i n l o o se c l u st e r s fr o m a n i n d i st i n c t , hy pha l -l i k e c o n i d i o -pho r e ) S e pe c / o n i u m

" Y e l l o w M o l d "

2 7 b S po r e s sma l l , l e ss t ha n 5 mi c r o n s i n d i a me t e r , o v o i d , fo r m-i n g o n c ha i n s a r i s n g fr o m a he a d -l i k e st r u c t u r e po si t i o n e d a t

t he a pe x o f a l o n g s a l k A spe r g i l l u s spp.

" Y e l l o w M o l d "

2 8 a A ppe a r i n g a s a d e n s pl a st e r -l i k e o r s r o ma -l i k e my c e l i u m.( C n d i o pho r e br u sh sha pe d ( pe n c i l l a t e ) ) S c o pu l a r i o psi s

" W hi t e P l a s e r M o l d "2 8 b M y c e l i u m n o t pl a st e r -l i k e . ( C n i d i o pho r e n o t br u sh sha pe d

Page 265: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 265/437

( pe n c i l l a t e ) ) 2 9

2 9 a S po r e s fo r mi n g fr o m hy pha e i n c ha i n s t v l o n i l i a

" W hi t e Fl o u r M o l d "

2 9 b S po r e s a bs n t , n o t fo r mi n g fr o m hy pha e M y c e l i a S t e r i l i a

( s e a l so : M u c o r a n d

S e pe d o n i u m) .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 4 4 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

V I R U S

C o m m o n N me : D e -ba c k D se a se ; L a

Fr a n c e D se a se , M u mmy .

H a bi t a t a n d F r e q u e n c y o f O c c u r e n c e :A n i n fr e q u e n t a n d d i ffi c u l t t o d e t e c t d i se a se .

T he i r h a bi t a t s a r e o t he r l a r g e r p a r t i c l e s o r o r -

g a n i sms.

M e d i u m t hr o u g h w hi c h c o n t a mi n a t i o ni s spr e a d : P r i ma r i l y fr o m i n fe c t e d my c e l i u mo r f r o m t he spo r e s o f d i se a se d mu shr o o ms.D e l e ma n -v a n Z a a y e n ( 1 9 7 2 ) fo u n d t ha t t he

mo st c o mmo n w a y v i r u s spr e a d s i s t hr o u g h

t he a n a st o mo si n g ( " me r g i n g " ) o f he a l t hymy c e l i a w i t h i n fe c t e d my c e l i a t ha t w a s l e ft -

o v e r fr o m pr e v i o u s c r o ps. O n c e a n a st o -mo se d , t he v i r u s pa r t i c l e s spr e a d t hr o u g ho u t

t he my c e l i a l n e t w o r k o f t he n e w my c e l i u m.

M e a su r e s o f C n t r o l : T ho r o u g h d i s n fe c t i o n o f t he g r o w i n g r o o m be t w e e n c r o p r o t a t i o n s by

st e a m he a t i n g fo r 1 2 ho u r s a t F. ; t he i n s a l l a t i o n o f hi g h e ffi c i e n c y spo r e fi l t e r s t o sc r e e n

pa r t i c u l a t e s e x i t i n g t he g r o w i n g e n v i r o n me n t ; t he d i si n fe c t i o n o f fl o o r s a n d ha l l w a y s l e a d i n g t o a n d

fr o m t he g r o w i n g r o o m w i t h 2 % c hl o r i n e s l u t i o n ; a n d pi c k i n g d i se a se d mu shr o o ms w hi l e t he v e i l

i s i n t a c t be fo r e spo r e s ha v e t he o ppo r t u n i t y t o spr e d . Is l a t i o n o f i n fe c t e d c r o ps fr o m a d j a c e n t r o o ms

o r t ho s n e w l y spa w n e d he l ps r e t a r d t he spr e a d o f t hi s d i se a se . O t he r me a su r e s o f c o n t r o l i n c l u d e

Page 266: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 266/437

t he pl a c e me n t o f d i s n fe c t a n t fl o o r ma t s t o p r e v e n t t he t r a c k i n g i n o f v i r u s-c a r r y i n g pa r t i c l e s o n w o r k -

e r 's sho e s a n d t he ma i n t e n a n c e o f s r i c t hy g i e n i c pr a c t i c e s a t a l l t i me s, pa r t i c u l a r l y be t w e e n c r o ps.

M a c r o sc o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : O n n u t r i e n t a g a r me d i a , i n fe c t e d my c e l i a sl o w s o r n e a r l y a ba t e s i n

i t s r a t e o f g r o w t h a s t he d i s a s pr o g r e ss s t hr o u g ho u t t he my c e l i a l n e t w o r k . W he n r u n n i n gt hr o u g h t he c a s n g l a y e r , l a r g e z n e s o n e t o t hr e e fe e t i n d i a me t e r r e m a i n u n c o l o n i ze d . In so me

c a s s t he my c e l i a , o n c e pr e s n t , d i sa ppe a r s fr o m t he su r fa c e . Fr u i t bo d i e s ma y n o t fo r m a t a l l , o r

w he n t he y d o , t he mu shr o o ms a r e t y pi c a l l y d e fo r me d ( d w a r fe d o r a bo r t e d ) , o ft e n w i t h w a t e r y o r

spl i t t i n g st e ms, a n d br o w n r o t . T he c a ps pr e ma t u r e l y e x pa n d t o p l a n e . V r u s i n fe c t e d c u l t u r e s c a n

e x hi bi t a n y c o mbi n a t i o n o f t he a bo v e d e sc r i be d sy mpt o ms

M i c r o sc o pi c Cha r a c t e r i st i c s: P a r t i c l e s t y pi c a l l y o v o i d t o po l y he d r a l , me a su r i n g 2 5 o r 3 4 n a n o -

me t e r s. E l o n g a t e d pa r t i c l e s me a s r e 1 9 -5 0 n a n o me t e r s V r u s pa r t i c l e s d w e l l w i t hi n hy pha l c e l l s o r

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l fu r e / 2 4 5

o n t he s r fa c e s o f spo r e s T he y a r e d e t e c t a bl e o n l y t hr o u g h t r a n smi ss o n e l e c t r o n mi c r o sc o py o r

u l t r a c e n t r i fu g i n g .

H i st o r y , U s e a n d / o r M e d i c a l Impl i c a t i o n s R e spo n si bl e fo r ma n y pl a n t , a n i ma l a n d hu ma n d i s-

e a s s T y pi c a l l y v i r u se s a r e a sso c i a t e d w i t h l a r g e r c a r r i e r pa r t i c l e s, pa r t i c u l a r l y b a c t e r i a .

C mme n t s: V r u s i s mo s l i k e l y i n t r o d u c e d d u r i n g o r d i r e c t l y a ft e r spa w n i n g . In fe c t e d fa r ms e x pe r i -

e n c e l o sse s u p t o 7 0 % . Fi r s r e po r t e d fr o m E u r o pe , me a su r e s o f c o n t r o l a n d pr e v e n t i o n ha v e be e n

d e v e l o pe d a n d su c c e ssfu l l y t e st e d by t he D t c h . M o st n o t a bl y , v i r u s spr e a d s by a t t a c hi n g i t se l f t o

mu shr o o m spo r e s w hi c h t he n be c o me a i r bo r n e . V r u s a l so spr e a d s t hr o u g h t he c o n t a c t o f he a l t hymy c e l i a w i t h d i s a s d my c e l i a . A ffl i c t e d mu shr o o ms a r e s o n e x pl o i t e d by a ho st o f o t he r pa r a si t e s,

ma k i n g a l a t e a n d a c c u r a t e d i a g n o si s o f t hi s c o n t a m i n a n t d i ffi c u l t .

U n d o u bt e d l y , v i r u s i s t he c a u se o f w ha t ma n y h a v e n o t e d a s " s r a i n d e g e n e r a t i o n " . H e a t t r e a t -

me n t o f i n fe c t e d s r a i n s g r o w n o n e n r i c he d a g a r me d i a a t 9 5 O F. fo r t hr e e w e e k s ha s be e n su g -

g e s e d a s o n e r e me d y f o r c u r i n g d i s a se d m y c e l i a . ( S e e C n d y a n d H o l l i n g s, 1 9 6 2 a n d R a smu sse n

e t a l . , 1 9 7 2 ) .

V n Z a a y e n ( 1 9 7 9 ) a n d o t he r s ha v e n o t e d t ha t A g a r i c u s bi fo r q u i s s e ms r e si s a n t t o v i r u s d i s-

e a se e v e n w he n i n o c u l a t e d w i t h i n v i t r o pa r t i c l e s. A n o t he r spe c i e s o f A g a r i c u s, c a l l e d A g a r i c u sa r v e n si s, e x h i b i t s s mi l a r v i r u s r e si s a n t q u a l i t i e s.

V r u s -l i k e pa r t i c l e s ha v e a l so be e n fo u n d i n L e n t i n u s e d o d e s by M o n e t a l i a ( 1 9 7 9 ) bu t d o n o ta d v e r se l y a ffe c t fr u i t bo d y fo r ma t i o n o r d e v e l o pme n t . T he se sa me r e se a r c he r s r e po r t e d t ha t t hi s spe -

c i e s' v i r u s s c a n n o t be t r a n smi t t e d t o o t he r mu shr o o ms o r pl a n t s, a fa c t t he y a t t r i bu t e d t o t he i n t e r -

fe r o n pr o d u c i n g pr o pe r t i e s o f t he shi i t a k e mu shr o o m. N w o r k w i t h i n fe c t e d s r a i n s o f P si l o c y be a r e

k n o w n . O n l y a fr a c t i o n o f w i l d mu shr o o ms ha r bo r v i r u s- l i k e pa r t i c l e s

Page 267: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 267/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 4 6 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

A C T I N O M Y C E S

C a ss: A c t i n o my c e s

O r d e r : A c t i n o my c e t a l e sFa mi l y : A c t i n o my c e t a c e a e

C mmo n N me : Fi r e fa n g .

G r e e k R o o t : Fr o m " a c t i n o " me a n i n g r a y e d

o r s a r -l i k e a n d " my c e s o r fu n g u s, i n r e fe r -

e n c e t o i t s c ha r a c t e r i st i c a ppe a r a n c e w he n

c o l o n i z n g s r a w o r s r a w / ma n u r e c o mpo st .

H a bi t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e :M a n y spe c i e s t he r m o phi l i c ; t hr i v i n g i n t he1 1 5 -1 3 5 ° F. t e mpe r a t u r e r a n g e a n d c o m-

mo n l y fo u n d i n d e c o mpo s n g st r a w , ho r sea n d c o w ma n u r e s . A c t i n o my c e s a r e i mpo r -t a n t so i l c o n s i t u e n t s. T he y t hr i v e i n a e r o bi c ,

w e l l pr e pa r e d mu shr o o m c o mpo st s.

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a -t i o n Is S pr e a d : P r i ma r i l y a i r ; se c o n d a r i l y t he

s r a w u s d i n c o mpo s pr e pa r a t i o n .

M e a su r e s o f C n t r o l : G e n e r a l l y n o c o n t r o l s a r e n e c e ss r y d u r i n g c o mpo s pr e p a r a t i o n . H o w e v e r ,

A c t i n o my c e s c a n c a u se spo n t a n e o u s c o mbu st i o n i n w e t , c o mpa c t e d st r a w . C v e r i n g st o r e d ba l e d

s r a w fr o m e x c e ss w a fe r a bs r pt i o n sho u l d be a d e q u a t e p r o t e c t i o n fr o m A c t i n o my c e s a n d t he t he r -

mo g e n i c r e a c t i o n s t he y c a u se .

Fi g u r e 1 7 8 D a w i n g o f A c t i n o my c e s.

Page 268: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 268/437

M a c r o sc o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : G r a y i sh t o w hi t i sh spe c k l e d c o l o n i e s, r e a d i l y a ppa r e n t o n d a r k c o r n -

po s e d s r a w .

M i c r o sc o pi c Cha r a c t e r i s i c s: C mpo s d o f a n e x t e n si v e , fi n e hy pha l n e t w o r k t ha t r a r e l y

br a n c he s R o d -l i k e spo r e s fo r m w he n t he fi l a me n t s br e a k a t t he c e l l w a l l j u n c t i o n s T he fi l a me n t o u s

hy pha e a n d spo r e s a r e mi n u t e , me a su r i n g o n l y 1 mi c r o n i n d i a me t e r . W i t hi n e a c h c e l l , n o w e l l d e -

fi n e d n u c l e u s i s d i s e r n i bl e . L a c k i n g d i ffe r e n t i a t e d spo r e -pr o d u c i n g bo d i e s, A c t i n o my c e s a r e G r a m-

po s t i v e .

H i s o r y , U s , a n d / o r M e d i c a l Impl i c a t i o n s: Fe w spe c i e s pa t ho g e n i c . A mo n g s a g r i c u l t u r a l

w o r k e r s i n t he s me po s t i o n , ma l e s a r e t hr e e t i me s mo r e su sc e pt i bl e t o t hi s ba c t e r i u m t ha n fe ma l e s( se e C u i c k sha n k e t a l . , 1 9 7 3 ) . T w o n o t a bl e spe c i e s c a u s n g s r i o u s d i s a se s ( a c t i n o r n y c o si s) o f t he

s i n a n d o r a l c a v i t y i n hu ma n s a r e A c t i n o my c e s bo v i s a n d A c t i n o my c e s j s a e / i i . G e n e r a l l y , t he s

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l fu r e / 2 4 7

spe c i e s be ha v e a s s c o n d a r y i n fe c t i o u s o r g a n i sms. P e n i c i l l i n i s o ft e n u se d fo r t r e a t me n t . A c t i n o -

my c i n , a po t e n t a n t i bi o t i c c o mpo u n d i n t e r fe r i n g w i t h R N sy n t he si s, i s d e r i v e d fr o m t hi s g r o u p o f

ba c t e r i a .

A l t ho u g h t he l i k e l i ho o d o f mu shr o o m g r o w e r s c o n t r a c t i n g a c t i n o my c o s s i s r e mo t e , w o r k e r s

spa w n i n g c o mpo s a r e e x po se d t o hi g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f A c t i n o my c e s spo r e s a n d o ft e n r e po r t l e ss

se v e r e , t e mpo r a r y a l l e r g i c r e a c t i o n s. T he r e fo r e , t he u se o f a fi l t e r ma sk w he n spa w n i n g l a r g e

v o l u me s o f c o mpo st i s a d v i sa bl e .

C mme n t s T he A c t i n o my c e s r e s mbl e bo t h ba c t e r i a a n d fu n g i a n d ha v e a l t e r n a t e l y b e e n c a l l e do n e o r f he o t he r . P r e s n t l y , t he pr e v a i l i n g be l i e f i s t ha t t he y a r e fi l a me n t o u s ( G r a m-po si t i v e ) b a c t e r i a

be c a u se t he y a r e pr o k a r y o t i c ( l a c k i n g a d e fi n e d n u c l e u s , a r e i n hi bi t e d by ba c t e r i a l a n t i bi o t i c s a n d

n o t a ffe c t e d by fu n g a l a n t i bi o t i c s , a n d l a c k t he c hi t i n -l i k e c o mpo u n d s so t y p i c a l o f t he t r u e fu n g i .

T he hy pha l fi l a me n t s o f A c t i n o my c e s a r e o n e fi ft h t o o n e t e n t h a s t hi c k a s t ho se o f t r u e fu n g i .

A c t i n o my c e s a r e c o mmo n l y c a l l e d Fi r e fa n g fo r t he i r a bi l i t y t o c a u se spo n t a n e o u s c o mbu st i o n

o f d e c o mpo s n g ma t e r i a l s ( S po n t a n e o u s c o mbu s i o n i s pr e v e n t e d by pr o pe r c o mpo st i n gpr a c t i c e s. ) M a n y o f t he s ba c t e r i a / fu n g i a r e t r u e t he r mo phi l e s a n d c a n l i v e a e r o bi c a l l y o r a n a e r o bi c -

a l l y . A c t i n o my c e s i s t he ma j o r mi c r o o r g a n i sm se l e c t e d t o c o l o n i z t he c o mpo s d u r i n g P ha se II.

W he n t he fi n i she d c o mpo st i s spa w n e d , A c t i n o my c e s a r e c o n su me d by t he mu shr o o m my c e l i a .

S e e a l s S t r e pt o my c e s S e e C l o r P ho t o VIII.

Page 269: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 269/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 4 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

B A C I L L U S

C l a s s : S c hi z my c e fe sO r d e r : E u ba c t e r i a l e s

Fa mi l y : B a c i l l a c e a e

C mmo n N me : W e t S po t ; S o u r R o t .

L a t i n R o o t : Fr o m " b a c i l l i f o r mi s" m e a n i n gr o d -l i k e , i n r e f e r e n c e t o i t s c ha r a c t e r i st i c

sha pe .

H a b i t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e : L i v -i n g w i t hi n a br o a d r a n g e o f ha bi t a t s. B a c i l l u s

g r o w s o n a l mo st a n y t hi n go r g a n i c t ha t i s

mo i st a n d i s su r r o u n d e d by o x y g e n . It i s pa r -

t i c u l a r l y c o mmo n i n s i l s

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a -t i o n I s S pr e a d : P r i ma r i l y t hr o u g h t he a i r ;

s c o n d a r i l y t hr o u g h w a t e r , g r a i n , so i l s, c o m-

po st s, i n se c t s, t o o l s a n d w o r k e r s.

M e a su r e s o f C n t r o l : A i r fi l t r a t i o n t hr o u g h hi g h e ffi c i e n c y p a r t i c u l a t e a i r fi l t e r s; t ho r o u g h st e r i l i z -

t i o n o f g r a i n ; a n d pr o p e r st o r a g e a n d u se o f r e l a t i v e l y " c l e a n " g r a i n s. T he a d d i t i o n o f a n t i bi o t i c s t o

a g a r me d i a ( g e n t a my c i n s l fa t e , pe n i c i l l i n , st r e pt o my c i n , a u r e o my c i n , e t c . ) h i n d e r s o r p r e v e n t s t he

g r o w t h o f t he s c o n t a mi n a n t s. E n d o spo r e s a r e n e u t r a l i ze d by e x po su r e t o mo i s h e a t , su c h a s t hest e a m g e n e r a t e d w i t hi n a pr e s s r e c o o k e r a t t e mpe r a t u r e s o f 2 5 0 ° F. a n d 1 5 ps pr e ss r e fo r a fu l l

Fi g u r e 1 7 9 D a w i n g o f e n d o spo r e f o r mi n gB a c i l l u s c e l l s a s t he y a pp e a r t hr o u g h a mi c r o -s o pe a n d w i t ho u t spe c i a l st a i n s.

Page 270: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 270/437

ho u r . T e mpe r a t u r e s a s l o w a s 1 4 0 ° F. k i l l t he v e g e t a t i v e pa r e n t c e l l s bu t n o t t he e n d o spo r e s t he y

fo r m .

M a c r o s o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : A d u l l g r a y t o m u c u s-l i k e br o w n i sh sl i me c ha r a c t e r i ze d by a st r o n g

bu t fo u l o d o r v a r i o u sl y d e s r i be d a s sme l l i n g l i k e r o t t i n g a ppl e s, d i r t y s c k s o r bu r n t ba c o n . B a c i l l u s

ma k e s u n c o l o n i z d g r a i n a ppe a r e x c e ss v e l y w e t , he n c e t he n a me " W e t S po t " . P a l l i d t o w hi t i sh

r i d g e s a l o n g t he ma r g i n s o f i n d i v i d u a l g r a i n k e r n e l s c h a r a c t e r i ze t hi s c o n t a mi n a n t .

M i c r o sc o pi c Cha r a c t e r i st i c s: R o d -l i k e o r c y l i n d r i c a l i n sha pe , me a su r i n g 0 . 2 -1 . 2 mi c r o n s i n d i -

a me t e r a n d 1 -5 mi c r o n s i n l e n g t h. W he n w e t mo u n t s a r e v i e w e d t hr o u g h a mi c r o s o pe , B a c i l l i e x -

c i t e d l y w r i g g l e ba c k a n d fo r t h. S pe c i e s mo v e by t he v i br a t i n g a c t i o n o f fl a g e l l a ( " h a i r s" ) t ha t o u t l i n ee a c h c e l l . T he s fl a g e l l a a r e d i ffi c u l t t o o bse r v e mi c r o s o pi c a l l y w i t ho u t u s n g spe c i fi c s t a i n i n g t e c h-

n i q u e s B a c i l l i a r e e n c a psu l a t e d by a t hi n bu t fi r m s i me a n d c o n g l o me r a t i o n s o f c e l l s g i v e i n fe c t e d

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Fi g u r e 1 8 0 B a c i l l u s, t he W e t S po t ba c t e r -i u m, a s i t a ppe a r s o n g r a i n .

Fi g u r e 1 8 1 S c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n mi c r o -g r a ph o f r o d sha pe d ba c t e r i a o n a spo r e o f

P a n a e o l u s a c u mi n a t u s

Fi g u r e 1 8 2 S c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n mi c r o -

g r a ph o f r o d sha pe d ba c t e r i a o n my c e l i u mo f P si o c y be c u be n s s.

I

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 4 9

I

Page 271: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 271/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 272: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 272/437

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 5 1

2 7 psi ) i s s ffi c i e n t t o n e u t r a l i z g r a i n he a v i l y i n fe st e d w i t h e n d o spo r e fo r mi n g ba c t e r i a . If c o n v e r t -

i n g a s a n d a r d ho me pr e ssu r e c o o k e r fo r t hi s pu r po se , c o n t a c t t he ma n u fa c t u r e r a bo u t st r e ss l i mi t a -

t i o n s a n d fo l l o w a l l sa fe t y r e c o mme n d a t i o n s.

If " st e r i l i z d " r y e g r a i n spo n t a n e o u s y c o n t a mi n a t e s w i t h ba c t e r i a be fo r e i n o c u l a t i o n a n d t he

g r a i n i s t he c a u s , i t i s be s t o r e p l a c e t he g r a i n w i t h a c l e a n e r o n e t ha n t o u n d e r g o t he e x p e n se a n d

t i me o f d o u bl e st e r i l i za t i o n . S o me spa w n l a bo r a t o r i e s r e g u l a r l y pr e c o o k t he i r g r a i n fo r a ppr o x i ma t e -

l y 2 ho u r s i n w a t e r a t a l o w bo i l . E x c e ss w a t e r i s a l l o w e d t o d r a i n fr o m t he g r a i n s w hi c h a r e t he n

pl a c e d i n t o t he spa w n c o n t a i n e r a n d st e r i l i ze d a t s a n d a r d t i me a n d pr e ssu r e .T he mo st pr a c t i c a l me t ho d fo r e l i mi n a t i n g ba c t e r i a l e n d o spo r e s i n v o l v e s so a k i n g t he g r a i n a t

r o o m t e mpe r a t u r e 2 4 ho u r s pr i o r t o s e r i l i za t i o n . E n d o spo r e s, i f v i a bl e , w i l l g e r mi n a t e w i t hi n t ha t

t i me fr a me a n d t he n be su sc e pt i bl e t o s a n d a r d s e r i l i z t i o n pr o c e d u r e s A n d , n e w e n d o spo r e s w o n 't

fo r m i n t he mo i st e n v i r o n me n t o f t he r e st i n g j a r o f g r a i n .

B a c i l l u s s bt i l i s v a r . mu c o i d e s i s t he c o mmo n ba c t e r i u m r e spo n s bl e fo r spo i l i n g spa w nme d i a . If a l l o w e d t o p r o l i fe r a t e , t hi s c o n t a mi n a n t w r e a k s ha v o c i n a spa w n l a bo r a t o r y , n e c e ssi t a t i n g

a c o mpl e t e s hu t -d o w n o f o pe r a t i o n s. S po r e s a n d e v e n s r a i n s o f mu shr o o m my c e l i u m c a n be c o me

ho s s fo r B a c i l l u s, c a r r y i n g ba c t e r i a o n t he i r hy pha e ( s e Fi g s 1 8 1 & 1 8 2 ) , a n d t he n c o n t a mi n a t i n g

a n y me d i a o n t o w hi c h t he mu shr o o m my c e l i a i s t r a n sfe r r e d .

M a n y ba c t e r i a a r e r o d -sha pe d a n d t he t e r m ba c i l l u s ha s be e n l o o se l y u se d t o d e s r i be t he m.T he g e n u s c o n c e pt o f B a c i l l u s, ho w e v e r , ha s be e n n a r r o w e d c o n s d e r a bl y w i t h t i me ; B a c i l l u s i s

n o w d e fi n e d a s G r a m po si t i v e r o d -l i k e , a e r o bi c ba c t e r i a t ha t fo r m spo r e s

A c c o r d i n g t o P a r k a n d A g n i ho t r i ( 1 9 6 9 ) , B a c i l l u s me g a t e r i u m st i mu l a t e s pr i mo r d i a fo r ma t i o n

i n c e r t a i n st r a i n s o f A g a r i c u s br u n n e sc e n s ( bi spo r u s . ( S e e A ppe n d i x II fo r a fu t he r d i sc u ssi o n o n

t he i n fl u e n c e o f ba c t e r i a o n fr u i t i n g ) . A n o t he r s pe c i e s, B a c i l l u s t / i e r mo u i br i c o l o u s, i f i n t r o d u c e d a t

spa w n i n g , i n hi bi t s t he g r o w t h o f c o mpe t i t o r mo l d s i n r i c e br a n / s w d u s spa w n pr e pa r e d fo r shi i t a k e

c u l t i v a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o S t e i n e c k ( 1 9 7 3 ) .

S e e A l so P se u d o mo n a s.

Page 273: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 273/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 5 2 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

P S E U D O M O N A SC a ss: S c hi z my c e fe s

O r d e r : P se u d o m o n a d a l e s

Fa mi l y : P s u d o mo n a c e a e

C mmo n N me : B a c t e r i a lB a c t e r i a l P i t .

B l o t c h;

G r e e k R o o t : Fr o m " ps u d e s me a n i n gspu r i o u s, fa l se o r d e c e pt i v e a n d " mo n a s"me a n i n g o n e o r a s n g l e u n i t , i n r e fe r e n c e t ot he v a r i a bl e fo r m s o f t hi s si n g l e c e l l e d ba c t e r i -

u m.

H a bi t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e :U bi q u i t o u s i n a l l s i l s a n d a bo u n d i n g i n

a q u e o u s ha bi t a t s . P s u d o m o n a s t o l a a si i

c o mmo n l y pa r a si t i ze s mu shr o o ms t ha t r e -ma i n w e t o v e r a pr o l o n g e d pe r i o d o f t i me .

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a t i o n I s S pr e a d : P r i ma r i l y w a t e r ; se c o n d a r i l y t hr o u g hg r a i n , s i l s, c o mpo st s, fl i e s, mi t e s, n e ma t o d e s, t o o l s a n d w o r k e r s

M e a su r e s o f C n t r o l : U se o f mi l d l y c hl o r i n a t e d w a t e r ( 1 5 0 -2 5 0 ppm) o r w a t e r fr e e o f hi g h ba c -t e r i a c o u n t s T hi s c o n t a mi n a n t c a n e a s l y be pr e v e n t e d by : i so l a t i n g a n d pr o pe r l y d i spo si n g o f i n -

fe c t e d fr u i t bo d i e s e l i mi n a t i n g e x c e ssi v e l y hi g h hu mi d i t y l e v e l s d u r i n g c r o ppi n g ( g r e a t e r t ha n 9 2 % ) ;

Fi g u r e 1 8 3 D a w i n g o f P se u d o mo n u s, ag e n u s o f v a r i a bl y sha pe d ba c t e r i a t ha t ha v e

ha i r -l i k e fl a g e l l a a t t he i r e n d s

Page 274: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 274/437

a n d pr e v e n t i n g st a g n a n t a i r po c k e t s t hr o u g h a g o o d a i r c i r c u l a t i o n sy s e m. M a i n t a i n i n g a su ffi c i e n te v a po r a t i o n r a t e l e sse n s t he l i k e l i ho o d o f t he se ba c t e r i a i n fe c t i n g t he fr u i t bo d i e s.

M a c r o sc o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : Y e l l o w i sh spo t s o r c i r c u l a r o r i r r e g u l a r l e si o n s; s pe r fi c i a l ; r a pi d l yr e pr o d u c i n g o n w e t mu shr o o ms; a n d be c o mi n g c ho c o l a t e br o w n a n d sl i my w i t h a g e . T hi sba c t e r i u m ha s a d u l l g r a y t o mu c u s-l i k e br o w n i sh sl i me . It a l so ha s a mi l d l y t o s t r o n g l y u n pl e a sa n t

o d o r .

M i c r o s o pi c Cha r a c t e r i st i c s: C l i n d r i c a l ( ba c i l l i ) a n d sphe r i c a l ( c o c c i ) fo r ms c ha r a c t e r i ze t hi s

g e n u s C l l s a r e e x t r e me l y v a r i a bl e i n sha pe , me a su r i n g 0 . 4 - 0 . 5 x 1 . 0 -1 . 7 mi c r o n s. T y pi c a l l y t heba c t e r i a l c e l l ha s o n e o r mo r e fl a g e l l a ( " m o t i l e ha i r s" ) a t o n e o r b o t h o f i t s po l e s ( B a c i l l u s ha s fl a -g e l l a a l o n g i t s e n t i r e o u t e r pe r i phe r y ) . B o t h o r g a n i sms u s t he se fl a g e l l a fo r l o c o mo t i o n . S pe c i e s i n

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Fi g u r e 1 8 4 P se u d o mo n a spu t i d a , a be n e fi c i a l ba c t e r i u m s i m-

u l a t o r y t o fo r ma t i o n o f fr u i t bo d i e si n s me mu shr o o m spe c i e s, g r o w -i n g o n ma l t a g a r .

Fi g u r e 1 8 5 B a c t e r i a l pi t o n

P s l o c y be c u be n si s fr o m a

P s u d o mo n a s spe c i e s

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 5 3

Page 275: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 275/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 5 4 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

t hi s g e n u s a r e g e n e r a l l y G r a m n e g a t i v e .

H i st o r y , U s a n d / o r M e d i c a l Impl i c a t i o n s S o me spe c i e s pa t ho g e n i c t o hu ma n s. O f spe c i a ln o t e i s P s u d o mo n a s a e r u g i n o s ( a l s k n o w n a s P s py o c y a n e a ) , a spe c i e s t ha t c a u se s bl i n d n e ss

a n d o t he r d i se a s s. P se u d o mo n a s pu t i d a i s st i mu l a t o r y t o pr i mo r d i a fo r ma t i o n i n c e r t a i n st r a i n s o f

A g a r i c u s br u n n e s e n s ( bi spo r u s a n d i t s u s i s o f po t e n t i a l c o mme r c i a l v a l u e .

C mme n t s: M o r e t ha n 1 4 0 spe c i e s ha v e be e n i d e n t i fi e d t hu s fa r ; o n l y a fe w ha v e be e n i d e n t i fi e d

a s a ffe c t i n g mu shr o o ms. P s u d o mo n a s spe c i e s a r e mu c h mo r e se n s t i v e t o he a t s e r i l i za t i o n t ha n

t he e n d o spo r e -fo r mi n g ba c i l l i . P s u d o mo n a s ba c t e r i a pr o l i fe r a t e i n st a n d i n g w a t e r o r a n y w he r e

t he r e i s mo i st u r e .

P s u d o mo n a s t o l a a s i i s t he c a u se o f ba c t e r i a l bl o t c h t ha t c a n d e v a s a t e c r o ps o f A g a r i c u s a n d

P si l o c y be . O n e bi o l o g i c a l r e me d y fo r c o n t r o l l i n g t hi s spe c i e s w a s pr o po se d by N i r a n d Fa hy

( 1 9 7 2 ) w ho sho w e d t ha t i n t r o d u c t i o n o f P se u d o mo n a s fl u o r e s e n s, a n a t u r a l a n t a g o n i st t oP se u d o mo n a s t o l a a si i , ma r k e d l y d e c r e a se d t he o c c u r r e n c e o f bl o t c h w hi l e n o t hi n d e r i n g A g a r i c u s

br u n n e s e n s y i e l d s O t he r s be l i e v e P s u d o mo n a s fl u o r e sc e n s t o be me r e l y a v a r i e t y o f

P s u d o mo n a s t o l a a s i , a n d he s t a t e t o r e c o mme n d i t .

In a c ha r a c t e r i st i c ma n n e r , P se u d o mo n a s t o l a a s i c a u se s su n k e n g r a y i sh br o w n l e si o n s o n t he

mu shr o o m c a p i n w hi c h a sl i my fl u i d c o l l e c t s A n o t he r P se u d o mo n a s spe c i e s, y e t u n i d e n t i fi e d , ha s

be e n i mpl i c a t e d i n t he c a u s o f a mo r e se v e r e fo r m o f bl o t c h , B a c t e r i a l P i t .

P se u d o mo n a s a l so c o n t a m i n a t e s a g a r a n d g r a i n c u l t u r e s, i n hi bi t i n g my c e l i a l g r o w t h. T he u se

o f a n t i bi o t i c s ( g e n t a my c i n s l fa t e ) o r m i c r o n fi l t e r s pr e v e n t s o u t br e a k s o f t hi s c o n t a mi n a n t . A fe w

spe c i e s c a u se t he my c e l i u m t o g r o w mo r e r a pi d l y a n d l u x u r i a n t l y . S i mi l a r l y , c o n si d e r a bl e a t t e n t i o n

ha s c e n t e r e d o n t he be n e fi c i a l r o l e o f P se u d o mo n a s pu t i d a a n d a l l i e s i n t he c a s n g l a y e r . T hi s su b-

j e c t i s d i s u ss d i n d e t a i l i n A ppe n d i x II.

S e e a l so B a c i l l u s.

Page 276: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 276/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

S T R E P T O M Y C E S

C a ss A c t i n o my c e s

O r d e r : A c t i n o my c e t a / e s

Fa mi l y : S t r e pt o my c e t a c e a e

C mmo n N me : Fi r e fa n g .

G r e e k R o o t : Fr o m " s r e pt o " me a n i n g

t w i s e d a n d " my c e s o r fu n g u s, i n r e f e r e n c e

t o t he t w i st i n g a n d br a n c hi n g fi l a me n t s t ha t

g i v e r i s t o spo r e s

H a bi t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e : U bi -q u i t o u s o n st r a w , ma n u r e s a n d so i l . S t r e pt o -

my c e s i s a pr e d o mi n a n t mi c r o o g a n i sm i n t he

c o mpo st pi l e , t hr i v i n g be t w e e n 1 1 5 -1 3 5 ° F .a n d pr e fe r r i n g a e r o bi c z o n e s.

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a t i o nIs S pr e a d : P r i ma r i l y a i r ; se c o n d a r i l y fr o m

ma t e r i a l s u se d i n c o mpo st i n g . S t r e pt o my c e s

a r e n a t u r a l l y p r e s n t i n a l l so i l s

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 5 5

M e a s r e s o f C n t r o l : G e n e r a l l y n o c o n t r o l s a r e n e c e ss r y d u r i n g c o mpo st pr e p a r a t i o n , n o r d e si r e d .

G e n e r a l hy g i e n i c pr a c t i c e s pr e v e n t t hi s ba c t e r i u m fr o m be c o mi n g a pr o bl e m c o n t a mi n a n t i n t he l a bo r -

a t o r y .M a c r o s o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : G r a y i sh t o w hi t i sh spe c k e d c o l o n i e s, r e a d i l y a ppa r e n t o n c o mpo st e d

s r a w . O n g r a i n , S t r e pt o my c e s ha s a d e l i c a t e w hi t i sh my c e l i u m a n d i s po w d e r y i n fo r m.

Fi g u r e 1 8 6 D a w i n g o f spo r e pr o d u c i n gc e l l s o f S t r e p t o my c e s.

Page 277: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 277/437

M i c r o sc o pi c Cha r a c t e r i s i c s C mpo se d o f a n e x t e n si v e , fi n e hy pha l n e t w o r k , o ft e n br a n c hi n g ,

c o i i e d a n d t w i s e d . T he hy pha e i n S t r e pt o my c e s d o n o t fr a g me n t i n t o spo r e s a s i n A c t i n o my c e s bu t

fo r m a c ha i n -l i k e st r u c t u r e o f a e r i a l hy pha e c a l l e d a spo r o pho r e fr o m w hi c h c e l l s e v o l v e t e r mi n a l l y .

T he fi l a me n t o u s hy pha e a n d spo r e s me a su r e o n l y 1 mi c r o n i n d i a me t e r . W i t hi n e a c h c e l l , n o w e l l d e -

fi n e d n u c l e u s i s d i s e r n i bl e . S t r e pt o m y c e s l a c k d i ffe r e n t i a t e d spo r e -pr o d u c i n g bo d i e s h s spo r e s a r e

smo o t h o r s pi n y .

H i s o r y , U se , a n d / o r M e d i c a l Impl i c a t i o n s: S t r e pt o my c e s r e pr e s n t s 8 0 % o f a l l a c t i n o my c e t e s

w hi c h i n ha bi t mu shr o o m c o mpo s a n d i s se l e c t e d fo r i t s be n e fi c i a l pr o pe r t i e s d u r i n g P ha se II. ( S e eCha pt e r V .

S t r e pt o my c e s g r i se u s i s t he so u r c e o f t he a n t i bi o t i c st r e pt o my c i n , fi r st d i sc o v e r e d by W a k sma n i n

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 5 6 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

1 9 4 4 . T he a u t o c l a v a bl e a n t i bi o t i c g e n t a my c i n i s d e r i v e d fr o m a g e n u s c l o se l y a l l i e d t o S t r e pt o my c e s,

t he g e n u s M i c r o mo n o spo r a .

C mme n t s S t r e pt o my c e s r e se mbl e bo t h ba c t e r i a a n d fu n g i a n d a r e s me t i me s r e fe r r e d t o a s t he

" hi g he r ba c t e r i a . " S t r e pt o my c e s d i ffe r f r o m A c t i n o my c e s i n t ha t t he i r spo r e s a r e pr o d u c e d o n a na e r i a l c ha i n -l i k e s r u c t u r e a n d d o n o t s mpl y fr a g me n t fr o m t he hy pha l n e t w o r k . A l so , t he fi l a me n t s o f

S fr e pt o my c e s fr e q u e n t l y br a n c h w he r e a s t ho se o f A c t i n o my c e s d o n o t . T he hy pha l fi l a me n t s o fS t r e pt o my c e s a r e o n e fi ft h t o o n e t e n t h a s t hi c k a s t ha t o f t r u e fu n g i .

D n o g hu e ( 1 9 6 2 ) r e po r t e d t ha t a S t r e pt o my c e s c o n t a mi n a n t i n i t i a t e d fr u i t bo d i e s i n spa w n o f

A g a r i c u s bi spo r u s, a spe c i e s t ha t d o e s n o t n o r ma l l y fo r m mu shr o o ms o n g r a i n . Fu r t he r mo r e , heo bs r v e d t ha t my c e l i a a sso c i a t e d w i t h S t r e pt o my c e s g r e w fa s e r a n d mo r e l u x u r i a n t l y t ha n t ho se n o t

i n fe c t e d w i t h i t . ( Fo r mo r e i n fo r ma t i o n o n t he i n fl u e n c e o f ba c t e r i a o n my c e l i a l g r o w t h a n d fr u i t i n g ,

t u r n t o A ppe n d i x II. )

S e e a l so A c t i n o my c e s.

Fo r mo r e i n fo r ma t i o n c o n su l t : K u r y l o w i c z , W . e t a l . , 1 9 7 1 i n " A t l a s o f S po r e s o f S e l e c t e d G e n e r a a n d

S pe c i e s o f S fr e pt o my c e t a c e a e ," U n i v e r s t y P a r k P r e ss, B a l t i mo r e .

Page 278: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 278/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

A L T E R N A R I A

C l a s s : Fu n g i I mpe r f e c t i

O r d e r : M o n i l i a l e sFa mi l y : D ma t i a c e a e

C mmo n N me : B l a c k M o l d ; G r a y B l a c kM o l d ; B l a c k P o i n t .

L a t i n R o o t : Fr o m " a l t e r n u s" w hi c h me a n sa l t e r n a t i n g , i n r e fe r e n c e fo t he c ha i n s o f a l t e r -

n a t i n g sp o r e s, w hi c h so c h a r a c t e r i ze t hi sg e n u s

H a bi t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e :V r y c o mmo n i n n a t u r e , o c c a si o n a l l y t o fr e -

q u e n t l y e n c o u n t e r e d i n s pa w n p r o d u c t i o n ,a n d pr e se n t i n l a r g e n u mbe r s i n ho u se ho l dd u st . A l t e r n a r i a i s i n fr e q u e n t l y se e n o n r y eg r a i n , a n d a c c o r d i n g t o B i t n e r ( 1 9 7 2 ) , t hi sc o n t a mi n a n t i s mo r e pr e v a l e n t o n so r g hu mt ha n o n o t he r g r a i n s. A l t e r n a r i a i s o n e o f t he

ma j o r fu n g a l sa pr o phy t e s o n g r a i n , se e d s,s r a w , l e a v e s, r o t t i n g fr u i t s a n d u n sa l t e d bu t t e r .

t he l a t e s mme r a n d fa l l t ha n a t a n y o t he r t i me .

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a t i o n Is S pr e a d : A i r .

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 5 7

Fi g u r e 1 8 7 D a w i n g o f c o n i d i a t y p i c a l o ft he g e n u s A l t e r n a r i a .

In t e mpe r a t e c l i ma t i c zo n e s, i t i s mo r e pr e v a l e n t i n

M e a s r e s o f C n t r o l : G o o d hy g i e n i c ha bi t s ma i n t e n a n c e o f a l o w d u s l e v e l ; a n d fi l t r a t i o n o f a i r

t hr o u g h mi c r o n fi l t e r s

M a c r o sc o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : A r a pi d l y g r o w i n g r i c h g r a y bl a c k t o bl a c k i sh my c e l i u m. A l t e r n a r i a

Page 279: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 279/437

fi r s a ppe a r s a s sc a t t e r e d bl a c k i sh spo t s i n t he spa w n j a r s, s o n spr e a d i n g a n d o v e r w he l mi n g t he

mu shr o o m my c e l i u m. O n a g a r , i t r e s mbl e s a bl a c k P e n i c i l l i u m-l i k e mo l d .

M i c r o s o pi c Cha r a c t e r i s i c s V r t i c a l l y o r i e n t e d l e n g t hs o f c e l l s ( hy pha e ) e me r g i n g fr o m a ma t o f

my c e l i u m t ha t se g r e g a t e s i n t o c o n i d i a , a n d w hi c h o r i g i n a t e d t hr o u g h po r e s a t t he a pi c e s o f v e r t i c a l l y

o r i e n t e d hy pha e . C n i d i a ( spo r e s a r e u s a l l y mu l t i c e l l e d , so me t i me s t w o c e l l e d a n d l a r g e , me a su r -

i n g 2 0 -1 0 0 x 6 -3 0 mi c r o n s.

H i st o r y , U s a n d / o r M e d i c a l Impl i c a t i o n s: S pe c i e s i n t hi s g e n u s c a u s n g a l l e r g i e s a n d o t he rr e spi r a t o r y a i l me n t s i n hu ma n s, pa r t i c u l a r l y ha y -fe v e r . B e c a u s o f t he i r l a r g e si z , A l t e r n a r i a spo r e s

so o n se t t l e , fa l l i n g a t a r a t e o f 3 mi l l i me t e r s s c o n d i n s i l l a i r .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 5 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

C mme n t s: A bl a c k mo l d , o c c a si o n a l t o c o mmo n o n e n r i c he d a g a r , e a si l y se pa r a t e d fr o m si mi l a r -

l y c o l o r e d mo l d s by i t s u n i q u e c o n i d i a ( spo r e s . It ha s be e n c l a i me d t ha t A l fe r n a r i a mo r e fr e q u e n t l y

c o n t a mi n a t e s so r g hu m t ha n r y e a l t ho u g h t he a u t ho r s c a n n o t c o r r o bo r a t e t hi s s a t e me n t fr o m t he i r

e x p e r i e n c e s

Fi g u r e 1 8 8 S c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n mi c r o g r a p h o f A l t e r n a r i a c o n i d i a .

S e e A spe r g i l l u s a n d C a d o spo r i u m.

Page 280: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 280/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

A S P E R G I L L U S

C a ss F u n g i Impe r f e c t i

O r d e r : M o n i l i a l e sFa mi l y : E u r o t i a c e a e

C mmo n N me : G r e e n M o l d ; Y e l l o wM o l d ; B l a c k M o l d

L a t i n R o o t : Fr o m " a spe r g i l l i fo r mi s" w hi c hme a n s br u sh-sha pe d i n r e f e r e n c e t o t he

sha pe o f t he c o n i d i o pho r e .

H a bi t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e :V r y c o mmo n i n a g a r a n d g r a i n c u l t u r e , a n d

i n c o mpo s ma k i n g . Fo u n d o n mo s a n yo r g a n i c su bst r a t e , A spe r g i l l u s pr e fe r s a n e a rn e u t r a l t o s i g ht l y ba s c pH . W e l l u se d

w o o d e n t r a y s a n d she l v e s fo r ho l d i n g c o m-po s a r e fr e q u e n t ha bi t a t s fo r t hi s c o n t a mi n a n t

i n t he g r o w i n g ho u s .

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a -t i o n I s S pr e a d : A i r .

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r -e / 2 5 9

M e a su r e s o f C n t r o l : G o o d hy g i e n i c pr a c t i c e s; r e mo v i n g su ppo r t i v e s bst r a t e s, e spe c i a l l y fo o dr e si d u e s a n d spe n t c o mpo s ; a n d fi l t r a t i o n o f a i r t hr o u g h mi c r o n fi l t e r s .

M a c r o s o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : S pe c i e s r a n g e i n c o l o r fr o m y e l l o w t o g r e e n t o bl a c k . M o st fr e q u e n t -l y , A spe r g i l l u s spe c i e s a r e g r e e n i sh a n d s mi l a r t o P e n i c i / l i u m. A spe r g i l l u s n i g e r , a s i t s n a me i m-pl i e s, i s bl a c k ; A spe r g i l l u s fl a v u s i s y e l l o w ; A spe r g i l l u s c l a v a t u s i s bl u e -g r e e n ; A spe r g i l l u s

fu mi g a t u s i s g r a y i sh g r e e n ; a n d A spe r g i l l u s v e r i sc o l o r e x hi bi t s a v a r i e t y o f c o l o r s ( g r e e n i sh t o

Fi g u r e 1 8 9 D a w i n g o f t he c ha r a c t e r i st i cspo r u l a t i n g s r u c t u r e o f A spe r g i l l u s.

Page 281: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 281/437

pi n k i sh t o y e l l o w i sh) . T he se mo l d s, l i k e ma n y o t he r s, c h a n g e i n c o l o r a n d a ppe a r a n c e a c c o r d i n g t ot he me d i u m o n w hi c h t he y o c c u r . S e v e r a l spe c i e s a r e t he r m o phi l i c .

M i c r o s o pi c Cha r a c t e r i st i c s: S po r u l a t i n g s r u c t u r e t a l l , u n br a n c he d , st a l k -l i k e , su ppo r t i n g a t i t sa pe x a sphe r i c a l he a d t o w hi c h l i n e a r l y a r r a n g e d c ha i n s o f s n g l e c e l l e d spo r e s ( c o n i d i a ) , me a su r i n g3 -5 mi c r o n s, a r e a t t a c he d .

H i st o r y , U se a n d / o r M e d i c a l Impl i c a t i o n s S o me spe c i e s t o x i c . A spe r g i l l u s fl a v u s, a y e l l o w t o

y e l l o w i sh g r e e n spe c i e s, pr o d u c e s t he d e a d l y a fl a t o x i n s. A . fl a v u s a t t a c k s c o t t o n se e d me a l s, pe a n u t sa n d o t he r s e d s hi g h i n o i l t ha t ha v e be e n st o r e d i n ho t , d a mp e n v i r o n me n t s O f a l l t he bi o l o g i c a l l y

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 6 0 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

pr o d u c e d t o x i n s, t he a fi a t o x i n s a r e t he mo st po t e n t he pa t a c a r c i n o g e n s y e t fo u n d . T he t o x i c i t y o f t hi s

spe c i e s w a s l a r g e l y u n k n o w n u n t i l , i n 1 9 6 0 , 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 t u r k e y s my s e r i o u sl y d i e d fr o m a n o u t br e a ko f t hi s d i se a s i n G r e a t B r i t a i n .

S i n c e A . fl a v u s g r o w s o n pr a c t i c a l l y a l l t y p e s o f g r a i n , t hi s spe c i e s i s o f se r i o u s c o n c e r n t o

Fi g u r e 1 9 0 A spe r g i l l u s spe c i e s a s se e n Fi g u r e 1 9 1 S c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n mi c r o -

t hr o u g h a l i g ht mi c r o sc o pe . g r a ph o f spo r u l a t i n g A spe r g i l l u s.

Page 282: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 282/437

mu shr o o m spa w n pr o d u c e r s C r e fu l ha n d l i n g o f a n y mo l d s, pa r t i c u l a r y t ho se o f t he g e n u sA spe r g i l l u s, sho u l d be a pr i ma r y r e spo n si bi l i t y o f a l l ma n a g e r s a n d w o r k e r s i n mu shr o o m fa r ms.

A fl a t o x i n s a r e n o t , ho w e v e r , t a k e n u p i n t he fr u i t bo d i e s w he n c o n t a mi n a t e d spa w n o r c o t t o n se e d

me a l i s u s d t o s ppl e me n t a c o mpo s .

A spe r g i / / u s fu mi g a t u s a n d A spe r g i l / u s n i g e r , t w o t he r mo t o l e r a n t m e so phi l e s, a r e a l so pa t ho -

g e n i c t o h u ma n s i n c o n c e n t r a t e d q u a n t i t i e s. T he a ffl i c t i o n i s c a l l e d a spe r g i l l i o si s o r " M u shr o o m

W o r k e r 's L u n g D s a s " . S pe n t c o mpo s i s t he mo s fr e q u e n t so u r c e o f A spe r g i l l u s fu mi g a fu s.

A spe r g i / / u s n i g e r , t he c o mmo n bl a c k mo l d , ha s be e n c u l t u r e d c o mme r c i a l l y fo r i t s a bi l i t y t o

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 6 1

s n t he si ze c i t r i c a c i d a n d g l u c o n i c a c i d fr o m a si mpl e su c r o s e n r i c he d s l u t i o n . In t he pa st , c i t r i c

a c i d w a s e x t r a c t e d fr o m l e mo n j u i c e ; n o w i t i s ma d e mo r e pr o fi t a bl y fr o m t hi s fu n g u s.

C mme n t s T hi s i s a d a n g e r o u s g e n u s. S i n c e o n e c a n e n c o u n t e r s A spe r g i l l u s fl a v u s, A . n i g e r , A .

fu mi g a fu s i n t he c o u r s o f mu shr o o m c u l t u r e , pr e c a u t i o n a r y st e p s sho u l d be u n d e r t a k e n t o mi n i -

mi z e x po su r e t o t he se t o x i c c o n t a m i n a n t s.

A spe r g i l l u s c a n d i d u s i s a c r e a m c o l o r e d mo l d w ho se c o l o n i z t i o n o f t he g r a i n r e su l t s i n a sha r p

e sc a l a t i o n o f t he spa w n t e mpe r a t u r e .

S e e a l s P e n i c i l l i u m. Fo r fu r t he r i n fo r ma t i o n c o n su l t " T he G e n u s A spe r g i l l u s" b y R a pe r a n dFe n n e l , a mo n o g r a p h i n w hi c h 1 3 2 spe c i e s w e r e r e c o g n i z d . P r e s n t l y , mo r e t ha n 2 0 0 spe c i e s a r e

k n o w n .

S e e C l o r P ho t o g r a ph 2 1 .

Page 283: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 283/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 6 2 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

B O T R Y T I S

C l a s s : Fu n g i Impe r l e c t i

O r d e r : M o n i l i a l e s

Fa mi l y : M o n i l i a c e a e

C mmo n N me : B r o w n M o l d .

L a t i n R o o t : F r o m " bo t r y " me a n i n g bu n c h,

a s i n a bu n c h o f g r a pe s, w hi c h t he c l u st e r s o f

spo r e s r e s mbl e .

H a bi t a t & F r e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e :C mmo n , mo s fr e q u e n t l y s e n o n t he c a s-

i n g so i l w he r e i t pr e fe r s a mi x t u r e hi g h i nw o o d y t i ssu e ; t hr i v i n g i n a n e n v i r o n me n t o f

hi g h hu mi d i t y a n d mo d e r a t e t e mpe r a t u r e .B o fr y fi s o ft e n o c c u r s o n w o o d w o r k w he r e

mo i st u r e ha s c o n d e n se d . It i s l e ss fr e q u e n t l y

se e n o n c o mpo s .

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a t i o n I s S pr e a d : A i r ; so i l ; a n d d a mp w o o d .

M e a s r e s o f C n t r o l : U s o f c l e a n c a si n g so i l s r e mo v a l a n d i so l a t i o n o f c o n t a mi n a t e d fr a y s w hi c h

a r e t he n t ho r o u g hl y st e a m c l e a n e d ; po s t i v e pr e s s r i z t i o n o f t he g r o w i n g r o o m; a n d a d he r e n c e t o as r i c t s he d u l e o f hy g i e n e t o pr e v e n t t hi s mo l d fr o m spr e a d i n g .

M a c r o sc o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : W hi t e a t fi r st , e spe c i a l l y a l o n g t he ma r g i n s, s o n g r a y , fa st g r o w i n g ,

a e r i a l , t he n d u l l g o l d e n br o w n t o c i n n a mo n br o w n a s spo r e s ma t u r e , spr e a d i n g fr o m c a si n g so i l t o

Fi g u r e 1 9 2 D a w i n g o f spo r u l a t i n g st r u c -t u r e a n d spo r e s ( c o n i d i a ) c h a r a c t e r i st i c o fB o t r y t i s.

Page 284: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 284/437

w o o d w o r k a n d v i c e v e r s . S po r e s be c o me e a si l y a i r bo r n e by t he sl i g ht e s d r a ft s O u t br e a k s l a st t w o

w e e k s a t mo s , a n d so me t i me s d e v e l o p i n fo t he s x u a l st a g e i n d i c a t e d by t he fo r ma t i o n o f c u p-l i k e

fr u i t bo d i e s.

M i c r o sc o pi c Cha r a c t e r i st i c s: C n i d i o pho r e s l o n g , me a su r i n g 1 0 -2 0 x 5 -1 5 mi c r o n s, si mpl y bu t

i r r e g u l a r l y br a n c h e d a t t he a pe x bu t n o t e n l a r g e d , a n d n o t V r t i c i i i u m-l i k e . S po r e s ( c o n i d i a ) a r e o n e

c e l l e d , o v a l t o o bl o n g , c l e a r t o g r a y i sh, so me mo r e br i g ht l y c o l o r e d .

H i st o r y , U se a n d / o r M e d i c a l Impl i c a t i o n s A ppa r e n t l y i n o c u o u s; n o t o x i c sp e c i e s k n o w n .B o t n j t i s c i n e r e a i s a spe c i e s hi g hl y v a l u e d fo r i t s t i me l y a t t a c k o n r i pe n i n g g r a pe s. T hi s spe c i e s

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 6 3

d e c r e a se s t he g r a pe s' a c i d i fy w hi l e i n c r e a si n g t he i r su g a r c o n t e n t . It g i v e s t he g r a pe s a mo std e s r a b l e o d o r a n d fl a v o r , ma k i n g i n fe c t e d c r o ps i d e a l fo r s u t e r n e t a bl e w i n e s. C n s q u e n t l y , w i n e -

ma k e r s ha v e be e n e x pe r i me n t i n g w i t h t he d e l i be r a t e i n o c u l a t i o n o f t he i r v i n e y a r d s w i t h B . c i n e r e a

fo r mo r e t ha n a c e n t u r y .

C mme n t s If t he c o mpo st o v e r he a t s d u r i n g spa w n r u n o r c a s n g c o l o n i z t i o n , B o t i y t i s fl o u r i she s.

It i s g e n e r a l l y n o t c o n si d e r e d t o be a " pr o bl e m" c o n t a mi n a n t bu t l o o k e d u po n a s a n " i n d i c a t o r "

mo l d by mu shr o o m g r o w e r s B o fi y t i s i s u s a l l y o v e r w he l me d o r c o n t a i n e d by t he mu shr o o mmy c e l i u m, a l t ho u g h se v e r e o u t br e a k s, i f n o t c h e c k e d i n t he i r g r o w t h, c a n be d e t r i me n t a l t o y i e l d s.

B o t i y t i s c r y s a l / ma o r B o t r y t i s g e me / l a a r e pr o ba bl y t he spe c i e s mo s c o mmo n l y e n c o u n t e r e d .

T he t a x o n o my o f t he B o t r y t i s spe c i e s se e n i n mu shr o o m c u l t u r e i s u n r e so l v e d , a n d t he r e fo r e

pl a c i n g t he se mo l d s i n t he B o t i y t i s c o mpl e x a v o i d s n o me n c l a t u r a l pr o bl e ms. B o t i y t i s ha s a pe r fe c t

s a g e a s P e z za o st r a c o d e r ma , o n e o f t he c o mmo n c u p fu n g i . S o me a u t ho r s c o n s d e r t he i mpe r fe c t

fo r m t o mo r e pr o pe r l y be c l a ssi fi e d i n t he g e n u s Chr o me l o spo r i u m ( be l o n g i n g t o t he spe c i e s C

l u / v a ) . B y w ha t e v e r n a me , t hi s fr e q u e n t l y e n c o u n t e r e d br o w n mo l d i s n o t r e g a r d e d a s a v i r u l e n tc o mpe t i t o r .

P a pu l o spo r a by ssi n a , t he B r o w n P l a st e r M o l d , i s si mi l a r b u t c a n be d i sfi n q u i she d fr o m B o t i y t i s

by t he po w d e r y g r a n u l e s e v i d e n t u s n g a ha n d l e n s, a n d by t he sha pe o f t he c o n i d i o pho r e a s v i e w e d

t hr o u g h a mi c r o sc o pe .

S e e C l o r P ho t o g r a p h 2 3 .

Page 285: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 285/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 6 4 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

C H A E T O M I U M

C a ss A s o my c e t e s

O r d e r : S pha e r i a / e s

Fa mi l y : C ha e t o mi a c e a e

C mmo n N me : T he O l i v e G r e e n M o l d .

G r e e k R o o t : H a v i n g t he sa me r o o t a s t hes ffi x " - c ha e t a " w hi c h me a n s l o n g ha i r .

H a bi t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e :C mmo n o n fr e sh ma n u r e ; e spe c i a l l y o nc o mpo st t ha t ha s be e n a n a e r o bi c a l l y pa st e u r -

i ze d ; r e fu s ma t e r i a l s st r a w ; " l e a f mo l d " ;so i l s; pl a n t d e br i s p a pe r p r o d u c t s; a n d c l o t h

fa br i c . Cha e t o mi u m i s a r a r e c o n t a mi n a n t o f

g r a i n a n d i s i n fr e q u e n t l y s e e n i n a g a r c u l t u r e .

A w hi t e spe c i e s o c c u r s o n t he c a si n g l a y e r .

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a t i o n Is S pr e a d : A i r ; s i l ; c o mpo st ; a n d g r a i n .

M e a su r e s o f C n t r o l : G e n e r a l hy g i e n i c p r a c t i c e s; a e r o bi c p a s e u r i z t i o n a n d P ha se II. S e e C m-

me n t s.M a c r o sc o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : M y c e l i a i n c o n spi c u o u s a t fi r st , g r a y i sh a n d i n so me spe c i e s w hi t i sh,

c o t t o n y , d e n se a n d a e r i a l ( a s i n " W hi t e Cha e t o mi u m" ) . S o me fo r ms be c o me l i g ht br o w n , y e l l o w i sh

o r w i t h o r a n g i sh hu e s w he n w e l l d e v e l o pe d . A t ma t u r i t y t he se mo l d s c a n be c o me d a r k g r e e n t o

Fi g u r e 1 9 3 D a w i n g o f Cha e fo mi u mpe r i t he c i u m, a sc i a n d spo r e s.

Page 286: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 286/437

o l i v e g r e e n c o l o r e d , a n d fo r m sc a t t e r e d " bu r r s" w hi c h i n fa c t a r e pe r i t he c i a c o n t a i n i n g spo r e s

M i c r o sc o pi c Cha r a c t e r i st i c s M y c e l i u m fo r mi n g a t hi n w a l l e d e n v e l o pe ( a pe r i t he c i u m) fr o mw hi c h u n br a n c he d ha i r s e x t e n d . A sl i t i n t he pe r i t he c i u m e x po s s sa c s ( a s i ) c o n t a i n i n g spo r e sw hi c h a r e t he n l i be r a t e d i n t o t he a i r . S po r e s a r e u n i c e l l u l a r , d a r k l y p i g me n t e d a n d c a n be o v o i d ,

l e mo n -sha pe d o r e l l i pso i d .

H i s o r y , U se a n d / o r M e d i c a l I mp l i c a t i o n s: S e c r e t i n g a c o mpo u n d c a l l e d " c h a e t o mi n " t ha t i s

t o x i c t o G r a m-po s t i v e ba c t e r i a a n d t o m u shr o o ms a n d o t he r fu n g i .

C mme n t s: Cha e fo mj u m i n hi bi t s my c e l i a l g r o w t h t hr o u g h t he t o x i n s i t pr o d u c e s a s w e l l a s by

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C i t u r e / 2 6 5

c o mpe t i n g w i t h t he mu shr o o m my c e l i u m fo r ba se n u t r i e n t s

S e v e r a l fr u e t he r mo phi l e s a r e pr e se n t i n t hi s g e n u s. C t he r mo phi l e a n d i t s ma n y v a r i e t i e s

t hr i v e i n t e mpe r a t u r e z n e s fr o m 8 2 -1 3 6 0 F. I t s spo r e s a r e e spe c i a l l y h e a t r e s st a n t . Cha e fo mi u m

spo r e s a r e k i l l e d a t 1 4 0 0 F. fo r 6 -1 6 ho u r s o r a t 1 3 0 0 F. fo r 2 4 -4 8 ho u r s. Cha e fo mi u mo l i v a c e u m i n fe st s c o mpo st t ha t ha s be e n e x po s d t o hi g h t e mpe r a t u r e , a n a e r o bi c c o n d i t i o n s d u r i n g

P ha s II. C mpo s pr e pa r e d a c c o r d i n g t o t he P ha s II pr o g r a m o u t l i n e d i n Cha pt e r V pr a c t i c a l l y

e l i mi n a t e s t he ma n i fe s a t i o n o f Cha e fo mi u m. Cha e t o mi u m g l o bo s m, t he mo s c o mmo n spe c i e s

i n t hi s g e n u s, a t t a c k s s r a w , c o mpo s a n d pa pe r p r o d u c t s a n d fo r ms sma l l bu r r -l i k e c o l o n i e s S po r e s

o f t hi s spe c i e s a r e l e ss r e si l i e n t t ha n t ho se o f i t s t he r mo t o l e r a n t a l l i e s

C g l o bo su m i s a n o c c a s o n a l c o n t a mi n a n t o f a g a r a n d g r a i n c u l t u r e , a n d l i k e C o l i v a c e u m i t i s

c o mmo n o n i mma t u r e c o mpo s s W hi t e Cha e t o mi u m g r o w s o n t he c a si n g l a y e r a s a d e n se w hi t i sh

mo l d . In g e n e r a l , Cha e t o mi u m i s o l i v e g r e e n w hi l e P e n i c i l l i u m a n d T r i c ho d e r ma a r e g e n e r a l l y

bl u e g r e e n o r fo r e s t g r e e n i n c o l o r .

Page 287: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 287/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 6 6 / T he M u shr o o m

C H R Y S O S P O R I U M

C l a s s : Fu n g i Impe n 'e c t i

O r d e r : M o n i l i a l e s

Fa mi l y : A l e u r i o spo r a e

C mmo n N me s: T he Y e l l o w M a t D s-e a s ; Y e l l o w M o l d ; C n fe t t i D s a se .

L a t i n R o o t : Fr o m " c hr y so -" me a n i n g

g o l d e n a n d " spo r i u m" o r spo r e .

H a b i t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r e n c e : S a p-r o phy fi c , a c o mmo n mo l d i n s i l s, a n d e n -d e mi c t o c o mpo s s pr e pa r e d i n d i r e c t c o n t a c t

w i t h t he g r o u n d . A l t ho u g h Chi y so spo r i u mspe c i e s n a t u r a l l y i n ha bi t t he d u n g o f mo sf

pa st u r e d a n i ma l s a n d o f c hi c k e n s, t o d a y t he y

a r e r a r e l y se e n i n fi n i she d mu shr o o m c o r n -po st s w i t h t he d e v e l o pme n t o f mo d e r n c o m-

po st i n g me t ho d s.

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a -t i o n Is S pr e a d : A i r ; s i l ; a n d d u n g .

M e a su r e s o f C n t r o l : C n c r e t e su r fa c e u se d fo r c o mpo sfi n g ; i so l a t i o n o f mu shr o o m c o mpo stfr o m a r e a s w he r e u n t r e a t e d so i l s a n d r a w d u n g a r e b e i n g s o r e d ; a n d fi l t r a t i o n o f a i r d u r i n g P ha se IT .

If Chn j s spo r i u m o c c u r s be fo r e o r a t t he t i me o f c a s n g , sa l t o r a s mi l a r a l k a l i n e bu ffe r c a n be a p-pl i e d t o l i mi t t he spr e a d o f i n fe c t i o n .

M a c r o sc o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : W hi t i sh a t fi r s , s o n y e l l o w i sh t o w a r d s t he c e n t e r a n d ma y be y e l l o w -

i sh o v e r a l l i n c o l o r , fo r mi n g a " c o r k y " l a y e r o f t i ssu e be t w e e n t he i n fe c t e d c o mpo s a n d t he c a si n g

Fi g u r e 1 9 4 D a w i n g o f t he spo r u l a t i n gst r u c t u r e t y pi c a l o f Chr y so spo r i u m l u t e u m,t he c a u s o f Y e l l o w M a t D se a se .

Page 288: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 288/437

s i l , a n d i n hi bi t i n g fr u i t bo d y fo r ma t i o n .

M i c r o s o pi c C ha r a c t e r i s i c s C n i d i o pho r e s po o r l y d e v e l o pe d , r e l a t i v e l y u n d i ffe r e n t i a t e d , i r r e g u -

l a r l y br a n c he d , v e r t i c a l l y o r i e n t e d , fo r t he mo s pa r t r e se mbl i n g a n d a sso c i a t e d w i t h t he v e g e t a t i v e

my c e l i u m. C e a r , u n i c e l l u l a r a n d o ft e n o r n a me n t e d spo r e s ( c o n i d i a ) d e v e l o p t e r mi n a l l y , e i t he r i n

sho r t c ha i n s o r si n g u l a r l y , a n d me a su r e 3 -5 x 4 - 7 mi c r o n s

H i st o r y , U se a n d / o r M e d i c a l Impl i c a t i o n s T he g e n u s i n g e n e r a l d o e s n o t ho st ma n y p a t ho -g e n i c spe c i e s O n e spe c i e s o f spe c i a l c o n c e r n i s Chi y s spo r i u m d e r ma t i d i s a n d a l l i e s, a mo l d c a u s-

i n g a sk i n d i se a se i n hu ma n s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 6 7

C mme n t s: Chr y s spo r i u m i s a n i n d i c a t o r mo l d w ho se pr e s n c e c a n be t r a c e d t o c o mpo st pr e -

pa r e d o n s i l . Y e l l o w ma t d i s a s i s c a u se d by Chr y so spo r i u m l u t e u m, a sy n o n y m o f

M y c e l i o pt ho r a l u t e a . A n o t he r spe c i e s, Chr y s spo r i u m su i phu r e u m, i s k n o w n a s C n fe t t i , a n d i s a t

fi r s w hi t i sh, t he n y e l l o w i sh t o w a r d s t he c e n t e r . T he se mo l d s w e r e fa i r l y c o mmo n i n A g a r i c u s

c u l t u r e pr e v i o u s t o 1 9 4 0 , w he n c o mpo s s w e r e pr e p a r e d d i r e c t l y o n s i l . W i t h t he a d v e n t o f c o n -

c r e t e c o mpo st i n g w ha r fs, t he y ha v e a l l bu t d i sa ppe a r e d . A c c o r d i n g t o A t k i n s ( 1 9 7 4 ) , t hi s c o n t a mi -

n a n t i s mo r e f r e q u e n t i n c a v e c u l t u r e be c a u s o f t he u se o f r i d g e be d s ma d e d i r e c t l y o n t he fl o o r o f

t he c a v e . Chi y so spo r i u m i s u su a l l y n o t d e t e c t e d u n t i l t he fi r st br e a k a n d r e t a r d s su bse q u e n t fl u she s.

M o d e r a t e t o se v e r e o u t br e a k s o f e i t he r spe c i e s c a n a d v e r se l y a ffe c t y i e l d s.B o t h r a w a n d pr e pa r e d c o mpo st s c a n be c o me i n fe c t e d w i t h t hi s mo l d . It i s t ho u g ht t ha t t he

spo r e s a r e i n t r o d u c e d w i t h t he fr e sh a i r d u r i n g t he c o o l d o w n pe r i o d o f t he P ha se II o r fr o m t he r mo -

t o l e r a n t spo r e s fr o m w i t hi n t he c o mpo s i t s l f. S pe c i e s i n t hi s g e n u s c a n be fo u n d o n me d i a o f po o r

n u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y . T he y a r e g e n e r a l l y n o t s e n i n spa w n c u l t u r e .

Ch,y so spo r i u m c a n be g r o w n fo r st u d y o n a ha y i n fu si o n a g a r s ppl e me n t e d w i t h su g a r . M a n y

Chr y so spo r i a ha v e se x u a l fo r ms i n t he G y mn o a sc a c e a e , a n a sc o my c e t o u s fa mi l y .

Fo r fu t he r i n fo r ma t i o n se e :

C r mi c ha e l , J . W . , 1 9 6 2 " Cht y so spo r i u m a n d s me o t he r A l e u r i o spo r i c H y pho my c e t e s. " .

v a n O o r sho t , C A . N , 1 9 8 0 " A R e v i s o n o f Chr y s o spo r i u m a n d A l l i e d G e n e r a " . S t u d i e s i nM y c o l o g y N . 2 0 . C S P u bl i c a t i o n , B a a r n , N d e r l a n d .

Page 289: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 289/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 6 8 / T he M u sh r o o m C l t i v a t o r

C L A D O S P O R I U M

C l a s s : Fu n g i Impe r l e c t i

O r d e r : M o n i l i a l e s

Fa mi l y : D e m a t i c a e a e

C o m m o n N a m e : T h e D a r k G r e e n M o l d .

G r e e k R o o f : F r o m " k l a d o s " w h i c h m e a n sbr a n c he d a n d " s po r i u m" o r spo r e . T hen a me i s i n r e fe r e n c e t o fhe t w o c e l l e d spo r e s

pr o d u c e d o n br a n c he s fr o m t he ma i n bo d y o f

t he c o n i d i o pho r e .

H a bi t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e :C a d o spo r i u m i s t he mo s pr e d o mi n a n t

g e n u s o f a l l t he a i r bo r n e c o n t a mi n a n t s, It sspe c i e s c a n be bo t h s pr o phy t i c a n d pa r a s t i c .

A t l e a st t hr e e spe c i e s i n fe c t g r a i n sp a w na l t ho u g h t he y a r e n o t a s c o mmo n a s t h eA spe r g i l l i a n d P e n i c i l l i a . M o s spe c i e s g r o w

po o r l y o n ma l t a g a r me d i a . M a n y d e c o mpo se pa pe r p r o d u c t s ( se v e r a l o f t he bl a c k mo l d s o n o l dbo o k s a r e C a d o spo r i a ) , pl a n t d e br i s, v e g e t a bl e s a n d o t he r hi g he r pl a n t s

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a t i o n Is S pr e a d : A i r .

M e a su r e s o f C n t r o l : G o o d hy g i e n i c pr a c t i c e s; r e mo v a l o f s ppo r t i v e s bst r a t e s; a n d fi l t r a t i o n o fa i r t hr o u g h mi c r o n fi l t e r s

M a c r o sc o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : S pe c i e s o f C a d o spo r i u m c a u si n g pr o bl e ms i n spa w n pr o d u c t i o n a r et y p i c a l l y d a r k g r e e n i n c o l o r , o ft e n be c o mi n g b l a c k i sh w i t h

Fi g u r e 1 9 5 D a w i n g o f C a d o sp o r i u m. N t et he t w o c e l l e d c o n i d i a .

Page 290: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 290/437

a g e , a n d r e se mbl e t he po w d e r yP e n i c i / l i u m t y p e mo l d s.

M i c r o sc o pi c Cha r a c t e r i st i c s: C n i d i a ( spo r e s) a n d c o n i d i o pho r e s d i st i n c t l y se pt a t e ; d a r k l y pi g -me n t e d ; c o n i d i o pho r e s v e r t i c a l l y o r i e n t e d a n d v a r i o u sl y d i v e r g i n g ; t a l l ; fo r k e d i n t o se v e r a l t e r m i n a lsho o t s a t t h e a pe x fr o m w hi c h t he c o n i d i a a r i s i n a c ha i n -l i k e fa shi o n w i t h t he ba s l c o n i d i u m be i n gt he o l d e st a n d t he a pi c a l o n e be i n g t he y o u n g e s . C n i d i a a r e o n e o r t w o c e l l e d , d e v e l o pi n g fr o m

t he s o l l e n e n d s o f t he c o n i d i o pho r e s, a n d v a r i o u sl y sha pe d ( me a su r i n g fr o m a s sma l l a s 3 -6 x2 -3 . 5 m i c r o n s t o a s l a r g e a s 1 5 -2 0 x 6 -8 mi c r o n s) . S o me c o n i d i a a r e o v o i d , l e mo n sha pe d a n d

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 6 9

c y l i n d r i c a l , o r a r e si mpl y i r r e g u l a r i n fo r m a n d ha v e pe g -l i k e ma r k i n g s ( " sc a r s ) w he r e a d j a c e n tspo r e s ha v e be e n a t t a c he d .

H i st o r y , U s e a n d / o r M e d i c a l I m p l i c a t i o n s : S o m e spe c i e s t o x i c . C a d o spo r i u m c a r r i o n hic a u se s a s v e r e s i n i n fe c t i o n t ha t i s u s a l l y a sso c i a t e d w i t h w o r k e r s w ho su ffe r pu n c t u r e s fr o m

t ho r n s o r spl i n t e r s .

C mme n t s: I n o n e st u d y ( K r a m e r , 1 9 5 9 ) w he r e a g a r pl a t e s w e r e e x p o se d d a i l y t o t he o u t si d e a i r

o v e r a pe r i o d o f t w o y e a r s, C a d o spo r i u m spo r e s w e r e fo u n d t o be t he mo s n u me r i c a l l y c o mmo n

o f a l l a i r bo r n e fu n g i , r e pr e s n t i n g 4 5 % o f t he t o t a l s t a l l i e d . O f t he se spe c i e s, C c l a d o spo r i o i d e s

w a s t he mo st fr e q u e n t l y e n c o u n t e r e d . In c o n t r a st , P e n / c / Il i u m i s t he mo st c o mmo n fu n g u s i n d o o r s,u n d o u bt e d l y d u e t o t he fo o d ha bi t s o f hu ma n s

T he d a r k c o n i d i o pho r e a n d t he t w o c e l l e d c o n i d i a ( spo r e s a r e t he mo s d i st i n q u i shi n g fe a t u r e s

o f t hi s g e n u s O v e r 1 6 0 spe c i e s ha v e be e n d e s r i be d . T he pe r fe c t s a g e o f a v a r i e t y o f C he r ba r u m

L i n k e x Fr . i s M y c o spha e r e l l a t u l a sn e l J a n z. C he r ba r u m ha s be e n i s l a t e d fr o m t i mbe r , l o g s a n dw o o d pu l p. C a d o spo r i u m r e s n a e l i v e s o n c r e o s t e a n d o t he r pe t r o l e u m pr o d u c t s, i n c l u d i n g t he

pe t r o l e u m j e l l y u se d t o " g r e a s " t he se a l s o f pr e ssu r e c o o k e r s. C fu l v u m C e . a t t a c k s t o ma t o

l e a v e s, a ppe a r i n g a s br o w n t o v i o l e t c o l o n i e s. O t he r mo l d s s mi l a r i n a ppe a r a n c e a r e P e n / c / / I/ u r n

a n d A spe r g i l l u s.

Fo r mo r e i n fo r ma t / o n s e " C n t r i bu t i o n t o t he K n o w / e d g e o f t he G e n u s C a d o spo r i u m L / n k .

e x Fr . " by D Fr i e s, 1 9 5 2 .

S e e C / o r P ho t o g r a ph 2 0 .

Page 291: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 291/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 7 0 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

C O P R I N U S

C l a s s : B a si d i o my c e fe sO r d e r : A g a r i c a l e s

Fa mi l y : C pr i n a c e a e

C mmo n N me : In k y C p.

H a bi t a t a n d F r e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e :Fr e q u e n t t o c o mmo n o n c o mpo s a n d / o r d e -

c o mpo s n g s r a w .

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a t i o nIs S pr e a d : P r i ma r i l y a i r ; s c o n d a r i l y t hr o u g h

ma t e r i a l s u se d i n c o mpo st pr e pa r a t i o n .M e a u r e s o f C n t r o l : P r o p e r P ha se I a n d

P ha se II ma n a g e me n t , e spe c i a l l y f u l l t e r mpa st e u r i za t i o n ; r e d u c t i o n o f a mmo n i a a n dw a t e r i n fi n i she d c o mpo s ; a n d ho mo g e n o u s

c o n si s e n c y o f c o mpo st st r u c t u r e ( a v o i d a n c e

o f d e n s l y c o mpa c t e d zo n e s .

M a c r o sc o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : A ppe a r i n g a s a fa s g r o w i n g w hi t i sh my c e l i u m, t y pi c a l l y fi n e a n d l a c k -

i n g r hi zo mo r phs, so o n k n o ffi n g i n t o sma l l o v o i d pr i mo r d i a t ha t q u i c k l y e n l a r g e i n t o a w hi t i sh mu sh-

r o o m w i t h a l o n g fr a g i l e s e m a n d o bl o n g c a p. T he c a p so o n d i s n t e g r a t e s i n fo a bl a c k i n k y l i q u i d

w i t h spo r e ma t u r i t y .M i c r o s o pi c Cha r a c t e r i s i c s S mo o t h, e l l i pt i c a l spo r e s pr o d u c e d o n c l u b-sha pe d c e l l s c a l l e dba si d i a . H y pha e o ft e n ha v e c l a mp c o n n e c t i o n s j o i n i n g a d j a c e n t c e l l s.

H i st o r y , U se a n d / o r M e d i c a l Impl i c a t i o n s C pr i n u s spe c i e s a r e n o t e d fo r bo t h t he i r e d i bi l i t ya n d t o x i c i t y . C pr i n u s c o ma t u s, t he S ha g g y M a n e , i s a po pu l a r e d i bl e a n d c ho i c e spe c i e s t ha t i s

Fi g u r e 1 9 6 C pr i n u s, t he In k y C p, o nho r se ma n u r e .

Page 292: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 292/437

c u l t i v a t e d . ( S e e t he g r o w i n g pa r a me t e r o u t l i n e fo r t ha t spe c i e s) . C pr i n u s a t r e me n t a r i u s ha s be e n

r e po r t e d by A t k i n s ( 1 9 7 3 ) t o be a c o mpe t i t o r t o t he c o mme r c i a l c u l t i v a t i o n o f A g a r i c u s, o c c u r r i n g

i n u n d e r -c o mpo st e d st r a w / ma n u r e . T hi s spe c i e s a l so c a u se s se v e r e n a u se a a n d o t he r u n pl e a sa n t

sy mpt o ms i f a l c o ho l i s c o n s me d w i t hi n t w e n t y fo u r s o f i n g e st i o n . J o n sso n e t a l . ( 1 9 7 9 ) r e po r t e dma r k e d r e d u c t i o n i n spe r m c o u n t s i n r a t s t r e a t e d w i t h c o pr i n e , t he s me c o mpo u n d r e spo n si bl e fo r

t he a bo v e d e s r i be d s mpt o msC mme n t s: C pr i n u s spo r e s a r e n o t e d fo r t he i r he a t r e s s a n c e a n d o ft e n s r v i v e t he c o mpo sfi n g

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

H n 0 3 U 0   0 0 3 n -

Page 293: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 293/437

-   - -   C -   r C   C - C C   c C - 0 I

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 7 2 / T he M u sh r o o m C l t i v a t o r

pr o c e ss. A l t ho u g h n o t c o n s d e r e d a d a n g e r o u s c o mpe t i t o r , spe c i e s i n t hi s g e n u s a r e c o mmo n i n t he

pi l e s o f be g i n n i n g c o mpo s ma k e r s. If t hi s spe c i e s o c c u r s d u r i n g spa w n r u n o r a t c r o ppi n g , i t i s a n

i n d i c a t i o n o f r e s d u a l a mmo n i a i n t he c o mpo st . C mpo sfs t ha t ha v e e x c e ss v e a mmo n i a c o n c e n t r a -

t i o n s, c o mpo st s t ha t ha v e be e n o v e r -w a t e r e d o r fho s t ha t a r e n o t ho mo g e n o u s i n t he i r st r u c t u r e e n -

c o u r a g e C pr i n u s i n fe st a t i o n .

T h e spe c i e s k n o w n t o c o n t a mi n a t e m a n u r e / st r a w c o mp o s s a r e : C pr i n u s l i me t a r i u s;C pr i n u s a t r e me n t a r i u s a n d C pr i n u s n i v e u s. A c c o r d i n g t o K u r t zma n ( 1 9 7 8 ) , C p r i n u sl i me fa r i u s ha s po t e n t i a l v a l u e a s a c o mme r c i a l l y c u l t i v a t e d mu shr o o m. A l l t he a bo v e me n t i o n e d

spe c i e s a r e o n e s se e n i n po o r l y pr e pa r e d c o mpo s s B i t n e r ( 1 9 7 2 ) n o t e d t ha t C pr i n u s i s a c o n t a m-

i n a n t o f g r a i n spa w n , a l t ho u g h r a r e l y s e n a n d pr e s n t i n o n l y o n e o f e v e r y h u n d r e d o r so c o n t a mi -

n a t e d spa w n j a r s.

Page 294: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 294/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

CR Y P T O CO CCU S

C a ss: F u n g i i mpe r l e c t i

O r d e r : C ) J pt o c o c c a l e s

Fa mi l y : C ,i pt o c o c c a c e a e

C mmo n N me s T he Y e l l o w i sh B r o w nY e a s ; T h e C a r c i n o g e n i c Y e a st .

G r e e k R o o t : Fr o m " k r y p t o s" me a n i n g hi d -d e n a n d " k o k k u s" o r be r r y , fo r t he fo r m o f

t he c o n i d i a .

H a bi t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r e n c e : U bi -q u i t o u s a n d c o mmo n . C j pt o c o c c u s spe c i e s

a r e mo s l y s pr o phy t i c o n pl a n t d e br i s, i n

s i l s, c e r e a l g r a i n s a n d o n bi r d ( pi g e o n o r

c hi c k e n ) d r o ppi n g s.

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a •t i o n Is S pr e a d : A i r a n d pi g e o n a n d / o rc hi c k e n w a st e s .

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 7 3

M e a su r e s o f C n t r o l : G o o d hy g i e n i c pr a c t i c e s; e l i mi n a t i o n o f hi g h hu mi d i t y p o c k e t s; r e mo v a l o f

s ppo r t i v e s bs r a t e s a n d fi l t r a t i o n o f a i r t hr o u g h mi c r o n fi l t e r s.

M a c r o s o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : A sphe r i c a l y e a s n o t fo r mi n g a ps u d o my c e l i u m, e n c a psu l a t e d by ac r e a m t o br o w n c o l o r e d mu c u s

M i c r o sc o pi c Cha r a c t e r i st i c s: C n i d i a ( spo r e s) v a r y i n si z , 4 -2 0 mi c r o n s i n d i a me t e r ; o v o i d ; r e -pr o d u c i n g t hr o u g h si mpl e bu d d i n g ; n o t fo r mi n g a t r u e my c e l i u m; a n d l a c k i n g a spe c i a l i ze d spo r e -

fo r mi n g st r u c t u r e . In s me spe c i e s t he r e c a n be a si mpl e a s u s ( a " sa c k " ) e n c l o s n g a si n g l e spo r e .

Fi g u r e 1 9 8 D a w i n g o f spo r e fo r ma t i o n t y p -i c a l o f C y pt o c o c c u s a n d ma n y y e a st s.

Page 295: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 295/437

C ,'pt o c o c c u s spe c i e s a r e G r a m-po si t i v e .

H i st o r y , U se a n d / o r M e d i c a l Impl i c a t i o n s: A n o n -fe r me n t i n g y e a s w i t h a l l i a n c e s t o t heA sc o my c e t e s, C j pt o c o c c u s n e o fo r ma n s ( S a n f. ) V i l l . c a u se s a d e a d l y d i se a s i n a n i ma l s a n d

hu ma n s c a l l e d c r y p t o c o c c o si s, o t he r w i se k n o w n a s " T o r u l a me n i n g i t i s o r " y e a st me n i n g i t i s" . T hi s

y e a st a t t a c k s a n d r e pr o d u c e s i n t he c e n t r a l n e r v o u s sy s e m, pa r t i c u l a r l y i n t he br a i n a n d spi n a l fl u i d .

S y mpt o ms be g i n w i t h a s i ff n e c k a n d he a d a c he a n d e n d i n t o t a l o r pa r t i a l bl i n d n e ss, pa r a l y si s, c o ma

a n d r e spi r a t o r y fa i l u r e . L e ss s v e r e sy mpt o ms o c c u r i n o t he r pa r t s o f t he bo d y , fo r w hi c h t he r e i s a

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 7 4 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

be t t e r c ha n c e o f r e c o v e r y . I t i s be l i e v e d t ha t a i r bo r n e spo r e s a r e i n ha l e d , e n t e r i n g t he bo d y v i a t he

l u n g s. T hi s y e a s t hr i v e s i n d r o ppi n g s o f pi g e o n s a n d c hi c k e n s.

C mme n t s C y p t o c o c c u s i s a n o n -fe r me n t i n g y e a s w i t h a l l i a n c e s t o so me A s o my c e t e s T o r u l a

( B l a c k Y e a st ) , R ho d o t o r u l a ( R e d Y e a st ) a n d C n d i d a .

In 1 9 7 9 o n e o f t he c o n t a i n me n t bu i l d i n g s a t t he T e n n e ss e C i n c h R i v e r B r e e d e r R e a c t o r pr o -

j e c t ha d t o be q u a r a n t i n e d be c a u s o f a ma ss v e o u t br e a k o f C y p t o c o c c u s n e o fo r ma n s.

Page 296: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 296/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 7 5

M e a su r e s o f C n t r o l : Imme d i a t e i so l a t i o n o f pa r a si t i ze d fr u i t bo d i e s fr o m t he g r o w i n g e n v i r o n -me n t ; l o w e r i n g o f t he r e l a t i v e hu mi d i t y ; a n d / o r i n c r e a si n g a i r c i r c u l a t i o n . C r e fu l l y e x a mi n e c a si n g

s i l c o mpo n e n t s fo r hy g i e n i c q u a l i t y . P a s e u r i za t i o n o f c a si n g so i l g e n e r a l l y p r e v e n t s i t s o c c u r r e n c e .

G r o w t h c a n be st o p pe d by c o v e r i n g t he c o bw e b mo l d w i t h s l t , ba k i n g so d a o r a n y hi g hl y a l k a l i n e

c o mpo u n d .

M a c r o s o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : D c t y l i u m d e n d r o i d e s Fr . i s c o bw e b-l i k e i n a ppe a r a n c e , fi r st a ppe a r -

i n g a s sma l l s a t t e r e d pa t c h e s r a pi d l y r u n n i n g o v e r t he s r fa c e o f t he c a si n g s i l , t he n o v e r w he l mi n g

D A C T Y L U M

C l a s s : Fu n g i Impe r l e c t i

O r d e r : M o n i l i a l e s

Fa mi l y : M o n i l i a c e a e

C mmo n N me : C bw e b M o l d ; D w n yM i l d e w ; S o f t M i l d e w .

G r e e k R o o t : Fr o m " d a k t y l o s me a n i n g

fi n g e r , i n r e fe r e n c e t o t he fo r k i n g o f t he c o n -i d i o pho r e .

H a bi t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e :C mmo n l y se e n o n t he c a s n g so i l o r p a r a si -

t i z n g t he mu shr o o m fr u i t bo d y .

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a -t i o n Is S pr e a d : A i r ; c a si n g s i l ; w a t e r a n di n se c t s

Fi g u r e 1 9 9 D a w i n g o f spo r u l a t i n g st r u c -t u r e o f D c t y l i u m. N t e mu l t i c e l l e d c o n i d a .

Page 297: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 297/437

a n y a n d a l l mu shr o o ms i n i t s pa t h. A ffl i c t e d mu shr o o ms a r e c o v e r e d w i t h a fl u ffy d o w n o f d e l i c a t e

my c e l i u m. T hi s mo l d i s i n i t i a l l y g r a y i sh, so me t i me s w hi t i sh a n d c a n be c o me pi n k i sh t i n g e d w i t ha g e . W he n c u t o pe n , i n fe c t e d mu shr o o ms a r e c o mpo s d o f r o t t i n g fl e sh a n d y o u n g bu t t o n s a r e

r e d u c e d t o fo r ml e ss ma ss s o f s ft t i ssu e .

M i c r o s o pi c Cha r a c t e r i s i c s: C n i d i a mu l t i c e l l e d , u su a l l y c o mpo se d o f t hr e e o r mo r e c o n n e c t e d

c e l l s. C n i d i a c a n o c c u r si n g l y o r c l u s e r e d , t e r mi n a l l y po si t i o n e d o n t he e n d s o f br a n c he s w hi c h

o ft e n fo r k i n a V r t i c i l l i u m-l i k e fa shi o n a n d w hi c h o r i g i n a t e fr o m a ma j o r v e r t i c a l sho o t . C n i d i a a r e

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 7 6 / T h e M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

c l e a r o r s i g ht l y y e l l o w i sh i n c o l o r a n d me a su r e 2 0 x 5 mi c r o n s.

H i st o r y , U s a n d / o r M e d i c a l Impl i c a t i o n s: N n e n o t e d .

C mme n t s: T he C bw e b M o l d i s a fa st g r o w i n g , t e n a c i o u s c a si n g l a y e r c o n t a mi n a n t . S po r e s g e r -mi n a t e u po n c o n t a c t w i t h a mu shr o o m, a n d so o n e n v e l o pe i t w i t h a s ft mi l d e w y m y c e l i u m.

S po r e s o f D c t y l i u m d e n c i r o i d e s a r e k i l l e d w he n e x p o s d t o 1 1 5 -1 2 2 ° F. fo r o n l y ½ ho u r .

( S e e A n d e r so n , 1 9 5 6 ) . T he g e n u s D c t l y l a r i a i s sy n o n o mo u s w i t h D c t y l i u m. S e v e r a l spe c i e s a r e

k n o w n fo r t he i r spe c i a l i za t i o n i n t r a ppi n g n e ma t o d e s by a r r a n g i n g t he i r hy pha e i n t o l o o se c o i l sW he n o n e e n t e r s a l o o p, t he hy pha c o n t r a c t a n d t r a ps t he n e ma t o d e .

Fi g u r e 2 0 0 P ho t o g r a ph o f D c t y l i u m r u n n i n g t hr o u g h c a si n gl a y e r .

Page 298: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 298/437

D c t y l i u m i s t he c o n i d i a l fo r m o f H y po my c e s, s me spe c i e s o f w hi c h a t t a c k w i l d mu shr o o ms,

pa r t i c u l a r l y L a c t a r i u s, R u ss l a , A g a r i c u s, A ma n i t a a n d o t he r s. D c t l y i u m d e n d r o i d e s i s t he a s x u a l

fo r m o f H y po my c e s r o se l l u s

Fo r mo r e i n fo r ma t i o n c o n su l t :

L e n t z, P . L . 1 9 6 6 " D c t y l a r i a i n R e l a t i o n t o t he C n se n . 'a t i o n o f D c t y l i u m. " M y c o l o g i a 5 8 :9 6 5 - 9 6 6 .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

D O R A T O M Y C E S( S T Y S A N U S )

C a ss F u n g i Impe r f e c t i

O r d e r : M o n i l i a l e s

Fa mi l y : S t i l b e l l a c e a e

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 7 7

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a t i o n Is S pr e a d : P r i ma r i l y a n a i r bo r n e c o n t a mi n a n t ; se c -o n d a r i l y t r a n smi t t e d t hr o u g h spe n t c o mpo st a n d l e ft o v e r d e br i s

M e t ho d s o f C n t r o l : A i r fi l t r a t i o n ; c o r r e c t pr e pa r a t i o n a n d pa st e u r i z t i o n o f c o mpo s ; a n d a d he r -

e n c e t o a st r i c t s he d u l e o f hy g i e n e i n t he l a bo r a t o r y a n d g r o w i n g r o o m. W he n e v e r a r o o m be -

c o me s c o n t a mi n a t e d w i t h t hi s fu n g u s, a t ho r o u g h c l e a n i n g i s i n o r d e r , pa r t i c u l a r l y a n y t r a y s t ha t ha r -

bo r e d t hi s r a pi d l y g r o w i n g c o n t a mi n a n t . T he mo st c o mmo n so u r c e o f t hi s fu n g u s i s spe n t c o mpo s

o r n e w l y t u r n e d s i l s

C mmo n N me s: T he B l a c k W hi sk e rM o l d ; T he S mo k y G r e y M o l d .

H a bi t a t a n d F r e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e :A s pr o phy t e , o c c a si o n a l l y t o fr e q u e n t l y se e n

o n t he st r a w s o f a n i n a d e q u a t e l y p a s e u r i ze d

c o mpo st ; o n w o o d e n t r a y s r a r e l y s pr e a d i n g

t o t he c a s n g s i l ; s me t i me s c o n t a mi n a t i n gg r a i n c u l t u r e s ; a n d se l d o m s e n o n a g a r . In

n a t u r e D r a t o my c e s i s a ma j o r c o n st i t u e n t o f

a s i l 's mi c r o fl o r a .

Fi g u r e 2 0 1 D a w i n g o f t he spo r u l a t i n gst r u c t u r e o f D r a t o my c e s ( S fy sa n u s) , t he

B l a c k W hi sk e r M o l d .

Page 299: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 299/437

M a c r o sc o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : A he a v i l y spo r u l a t i n g g r a y i sh t o bl a c k i sh mo l d , pe r me a t i n g t hr o u g h-

o u t t he c o mpo st a n d w he n d i sr u pt e d , e mi t t i n g c l o u d s o f g r a y i sh spo r e s C n t a mi n a t e d r e g i o n s o f

c o mpo s a r e m o r e d a r k l y c o l o r e d a n d s e m d a mpe r t ha n u n c o n t a mi n a t e d r e g i o n s It s c o mmo n

n a me , t he B l a c k W hi s e r M o l d , w e l l d e sc r i be s t he ma c r o s o pi c a ppe a r a n c e .

M i c r o s o pi c Cha r a c t e r i st i c s H y pha e , c o n i d i o pho r e s a n d c o n i d i a d a r k l y pi g me n t e d . C n i d i o -

pho r e s a r e si n g l e o r a l i g n e d a s c o mpa c t e d v e r t i c a l a sse mbl a g e s o f hy pha e t ha t v a r i o u sl y d i v e r g e

n e a r t he a pe x i n t o sho r t c ha i n s o f d r y , o v o i d , u n i c e l l u l a r spo r e s i n a P e n i c i l l i u m- l i k e fa shi o n .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 7 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

H i st o r y , U s e a n d / o r M e d i c a l I m p l i c a t i o n s : S o m e spe c i e s t o x i c . D r a fo my c e s c a u se s a n

a st hma -l i k e r e spi r a t o r y r e spo n se ( c o u g hi n g , so r e n e ss o f t hr o a t , n o se bl e e d s) i n t ho se w ho a r e e x -

po s d t o c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f i t s spo r e s. W o r k e r s e mpt y i n g spe n t c o mpo st fr o m g r o w i n g ho u se s a r e

t he mo st l i k e l y t o be i n fl i c t e d w i t h t hi s i l l n e ss

C mme n t s: D r a t o my c e s s s n o n y mo u s w i t h S t y sa n u s. D r a t o my c e s mi c r o spo r u s ( — S t y s n u s

mi c r o spo r u s , t he S mo k y G r e y M o l d a n d D r a t o my c e s st e mo n i fi s ( = S t y s a n u s s e mo n i fi s) , t heB l a c k W hi sk e r M o l d , bo t h c o n t a m i n a t e t he c o mpo st a n d e mi t hu g e q u a n t i t i e s o f spo r e s w he nd i s u r be d . A mo d e r a t e l y st r o n g c o mpe t i t o r o f mu shr o o m my c e l i u m, t hi s mo l d g r o w s w e l l i n u n d e r -

c o mpo st e d , po o r l y pa s e u r i z d a n d / o r w e t c o mpo st s— c o m po s s po o r l y s i t e d fo r g o o d mu shr o o m

c r o ps If t he c o mpo s be d he a t s u p d u r i n g spa w n r u n n i n g a n d k i l l s t he g r a i n i n o c u l u m, t he g r a i nk e r n e l s a r e so o n a t t a c k e d by t hi s fu n g u s w hi c h t he n r e spo r u l a t e s a n d i n fe c t s t he c o mpo st .D r a fo my c e s i s a n i n d i c a t o r mo l d , w ho se pr e se n c e s g g e st s po o r c o mpo st i n g , pa st e u r i za t i o n o r

spa w n r u n n i n g pr a c t i c e s.

Page 300: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 300/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 7 9

M a c r o s o pi c A p pe a r a n c e : S pe c i e s i n t hi s g e n u s a r e v a r i o u sl y pi g me n t e d . In g r a i n c u l t u r e ,

E pi c o c c u m i s d i st i n q u i she d by i t s br i g ht y e l l o w i sh o r a n g e t o pi n k i sh o r a n g e c o l o r a n d i s o ft e n a sso -c i a t e d w i t h a y e l l o w i sh fl u i d w hi c h i t a ppa r e n t l y e x u d e s. It s my c e l i u m a ppe a r s a s d e n se zo n e s w i t hi n

w hi c h bl a c k i sh spo r e s a r e fo r me d . O n mo s a g a r me d i a , E pi c o c c u m i s sl o w g r o w i n g a n d w hi t i sh.

O u t si d e t he l a bo r a t o r y , E pi c o c c u m c a n be fo u n d o n l e a v e s a n d t w i g s, fo r mi n g sma l l bl a c k d o t c o l -

o n i e s

E P ICO CCU M

C a ss: F u n g i Impe r l e c t i

O r d e r : M o n i l i a l e s

Fa mi l y : T u b e r c u l a r i a c e a e

C mmo n N me : Y e l l o w M o l d .

H a bi t a t a n d Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e :A n o c c a s o n a l c o n t a mi n a n t o f g r a i n c u l t u r e .

S pe c i e s i n t hi s g e n u s a r e d e c o mpo se r s o fw o o d , l e a v e s a n d s e m s o f pl a n t s, pl a y i n g a n

i mpo r t a n t r o l e i n t he so i l c o mmu n i t y .

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a t i o nIs S pr e a d : A i r ; so i l ; a n d g r a i n .

M e t ho d s o f C n t r o l : Iso l a t i o n o f c o n t a mi -n a t e d c u l t u r e s c a r e f u l sc r e e n i n g o f g r a i n u s-

e d fo r i n o c u l u m; a n d s ffi c i e n t st e a m

pe r me a t i o n o f g r a i n d u r i n g s e r i l i z t i o n .

M i c r o sc o pi c C ha r a c t e r i st i c s: C n i d i o pho r e s c o mpa c t , sho r t a n d r a d i a t i n g fr o m c u shi o n sha pe d

Fi g u r e 2 0 2 D a w i n g o f c u shi o n sha pe dspo r u l a t i n g st r u c t u r e t y p i c a l o f E pi c o c c u m, a

y e l l o w mo l d .

Page 301: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 301/437

c e l l s c a l l e d " spo r o d o c hi a " a n d fr o m w hi c h d a r k , o n e c e l l e d , r o u n d spo r e s ( c o n i d i a ) a r i se o r w i t h

w hi c h t he y a r e a sso c i a t e d . T he c o n i d i a a r e t y pi c a l l y r e t i c u l a t e d o r o r n a me n t e d w i t h sma l l spi n e -l i k e

pr o j e c t i o n s, me a s r i n g ( 5 ) 1 5 -2 5 ( 5 0 ) mi c r o n s T he s r e t i c u l a t e d c o n i d i a a ppe a r t o be c o mpo se d

o f se v e r a l t i g ht l y i n t e r c o n n e c t e d c e l l s.

H i s o r y , U s a n d / o r M e d i c a l Impl i c a t i o n s N n e n o t e d .C mme n t s: N t st r o n g l y i n hi bi t o r y t o mu shr o o m my c e l i u m. T hi s mo l d c a n , ho w e v e r , spo i l

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 8 0 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

spa w n . In g r a i n c u l t u r e , fr u i t i n g s s i l l d e v e l o p i n c o n t a i n e r s t ha t a r e pa r t i a l l y c o n t a m i n a t e d w i t h t hi s

mo l d .

E pi c o c c u m o r y z e a t t a c k s r i c e , c a u s n g l e si o n s t ha t a r e pi n k i sh t o r e d d i sh i n c o l o r a t i o n . A n o t h-

e r E pi c o c c u m spe c i e s w a s r e po r t e d by B i t n e r ( 1 9 7 2 ) t o be t he mo s c o mmo n mo l d a t t a c k i n gso r g hu m spa w n , c o mpr i si n g n e a r l y 3 0 % o f a l l c o n t a m i n a t e d c u l t u r e s. O n t he o t he r ha n d , i t r e p r e -

se n t e d o n l y 5 % o f t he c o n t a mi n a n t s o n r y e . T he fr e q u e n c y w i t h w hi c h t hi s c o n t a mi n a n t o c c u r s

v a r i e s su bst a n t i a l l y .

Fo r m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n :

M . B . S c h o l - S c h w a r t z ( 1 9 5 7 ) , " T h e G e n u s E pi c o c c u m ( L i n k . ) . "

Page 302: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 302/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

F U S A R I U M

C l a s s : Fu n g i Impe r l e c t iO r d e r : M o n i l i a l e s

Fa mi l y : T u b e r i c u l a r i a c e a e

C mmo n N a m e s : T h e B r i g ht l y C l o r e d

C n t a mi n a n t ; D mpi n g O ff D s a se ; o r

Y e l l o w R a i n M o l d .

G r e e k R o o t : H a v i n g t he sa me r o o t a s " fu si -

fo r m" , me a n i n g t o be sw o l l e n i n t he c e n t e ra n d n a r r o w i n g t o w a r d s t he e n d s, i n r e f e r e n c e

t o t he d i st i n c t i v e sha pe o f t he c o n i d i a .H a bi t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e :

C mmo n l y e n c o u n t e r e d i n spa w n pr o d u c -

t i o n a n d i n a g a r c u l t u r e . A n a t u r a l i n ha bi t a n t

o f g r a i n s ( r y e , w he a t , ba r l e y , r i c e ) , Fu sa r i aa l so a r e f o u n d i n s i l s, o n l i v i n g a n d d e c a y i n g

pl a n t s a n d o n d e c o mpo s n g t e x t i l e s a n dpa pe r .

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 8 1

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a t i o n I s S pr e a d : A i r ; g r a i n ; a n d c a si n g so i l .

M e a s r e s o f C n t r o l : S u ffi c i e n t st e r i l i za t i o n o f g r a i n ; i so l a t i o n a n d pr o pe r d i spo sa l o f c o n t a mi -

n a t e d c u l t u r e s G e n e r a l hy g i e n i c pr a c t i c e s a n d a i r fi l t r a t i o n pr e v e n t t hi s c o n t a mi n a n t . In c r e a si n g v e n -t i l a t i o n w hi l e s mu l t a n e o u s y d e c r e a s n g hu mi d i fy hi n d e r s t he pr o l i fe r a t i o n o f t hi s po t e n t i a l l y

d a n g e r o u s c o n t a mi n a n t .

M a c r o sc o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : A ppe a r i n g a s a n e x t e n s v e , fa s g r o w i n g , a n d w hi t i sh c o t t o n y my c e l i -

u m w hi c h c a n r e ma i n w hi t i sh o r , a s i n mo st c a se s, be c o me s br i g ht l y pi g me n t e d . Fu s r i u m spe c i e s

mo st fr e q u e n t l y s e n o n g r a i n a r e sha d e s o f pi n k , pu r pl e o r y e l l o w .

Fi g u r e 2 0 3 D a w i n g o f si mpl e spo r u l a t i n gs r u c t u r e t y pi c a l o f t he g e n u s Fu sa r i u m.

Page 303: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 303/437

M i c r o s o pi c Cha r a c t e r i s i c s C n i d i a g e n e r a l l y s c k l e sha pe d ; mu l fi c e l l e d ; se pt a t e ( se g me n t e d ) ;

a n d d e v e l o pi n g fr o m sho r t , s mpl e a n d i r r e g u l a r l y br a n c he d c o n i d i o pho r e s t ha t a r i se fr o m a c o t t o n y

my c e l i a l ma t . C n i d i a a r e c a n o e , c r e sc e n t o r s i c k l e sha pe d , w i t h t he ba sa l e n d n o t c h e d o r n i c h e d .

S o me pe a r sha pe d , si n g l e c e l l e d mi c r o c o n i d i a a r e a l so pr o d u c e d .H i st o r y , U se a n d / o r M e d i c a l Impl i c a t i o n s S o me Fu sa r i u m spe c i e s hi g hl y t o x i c . T hr o u g ho u t

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 8 2 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

I/

Fi g u r e 2 0 4 L i g ht mi c r o g r a ph o f Fu sa r i u m c o n i d i a . N t e mu l t i -c e l l e d ma c r o c o n i d i a a n d si n g l e c e l l e d mi c r o c o n i d i a .

hi s o r y Fu sa r i u m mo l d s ha v e be e n r e spo n s bl e fo r d i s a s s o f ma j o r pr o po r t i o n s U su a l l y t he c a u s

ha s be e n br e a d ma d e fr o m po o r l y w i n t e r e d g r a i n . In r e g i o n s o f t he U k r a i n e , E a st e r n S i be r i a a n d

c e n t r a l A s a , t he d i se a se c a u se d by t h i s fu n g u s w a s c a l l e d " S t a g g e r i n g S i c k n e ss" fo r i t s sy mpt o ms

o f v e r t i g o , bl e e d i n g , he a d a c he s, c hi l l s a n d n a u se a . In a S o v i e t pr o v i n c e d u r i n g W o r l d W a r II, a

s n g l e o u t br e a k c a u se d t he d e a t hs o f n e a r l y 3 0 ,0 0 0 pe o pl e .G i v e n t he i r pa st , i t i s n o t su r pr i s n g t o l e a r n t he se fu n g i ha v e a i fr a c t e d t he i n t e r e st o f t he mi l i t a r y .

In 1 9 8 0 a n d 1 9 8 1 , t he U n i t e d S t a t e s g o v e r n me n t a c c u se d t he S o v i e t U n i o n o f e mba r k i n g o n a

n e w v a r i a t i o n o f bi o c h e mi c a l w a r fa r e w he n l e a f a n d t w i g spe c i me n s a l l e g e d l y br o u g ht fr o m t he w a r

z n e s o f C mbo d i a a n d A fg ha n i st a n w e r e fo u n d l a d e n w i t h hi g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t o x i n s fr o m t he se

spe c i e s. T he mo st pr o mi n e n t spe c i e s pr o d u c i n g t he se t o x i n s ( t he t r i c ho t he c e n e s) a r e Fu sa r i u m

))

I

Page 304: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 304/437

spo r o t hr i c hi o d e s a n d Fu sa r i u m po a e , a l t ho u g h o t he r F u s r i a a r e a l s v i r u l e n t . Fu sa r i u m po a e i s a

v i o l e t c o l o r e d c o n t a mi n a n t o c c a si o n a l l y e n c o u n t e r e d i n mu shr o o m spa w n pr o d u c t i o n . S e e C m-

me n t s be l o w .

B e c a u s t he r e a r e ma n y t o x i c s pe c i e s i n t he g e n u s, o n e sho u l d t r e a t a l l Fu sa r i u m c o n t a mi n a n t s

w i t h d u e c a u t i o n .C mme n t s: Fu s r i u m ma y be a c a u se o f mu shr o o m " a bo r t s . In o n e st u d y , E n g l i sh r e se a r c he r s

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 8 3

c o r r e l a t e d hi g h l e v e l s o f Fu s r i u m t o t hi s phe n o me n o n . E v e n a mo d e r a t e i n fe st a t i o n by t hi s c o n -

t a mi n a n t i n hi bi t s mu shr o o m g r o w t h. M u shr o o ms a ffl i c t e d w i t h t hi s d i s a s r e ma i n sma l l a n d o ft e n

ha v e d i spr o po r t i o n a t e l y sma l l c a ps a n d st e ms w ho se i n t e r i o r s a r e br o w n i sh. W o l fe ( 1 9 3 7 ) w a s a bl e

t o i n d u c e D mpi n g O ff D se a se by fi r st i so l a t i n g Fu sa r i a a n d t he n phy si c a l l y i n t r o d u c i n g i t i n t o t h e

c a si n g l a y e r o f a he a l t hy be d .

A l t ho u g h n o t a s c o mmo n l y e n c o u n t e r e d a s P e n i c i l l i u m o r T r i c h o d e r ma , Fu sa r i u m c a n w r e a k

ha v o c i n a s e r i l e l a b i f n o t so o n c o n t a i n e d . G r a i n i s t he ma i n so u r c e o f Fu sa r i u m c o n t a mi n a t i o n i n

mu shr o o m c u l t u r e . T w e n t y - e i g ht Fu sa r i a ha v e be e n i d e n t i fi e d fr o m c e r e a l g r a i n s, fi v e o f w hi c h ha v e

be e n i s l a t e d fr o m c o n t a mi n a t e d mu shr o o m spa w n j a r s ( s e P e ppe r & K e i sl i n g , 1 9 6 3 ) . T he se a r e :F l a t e r i t i u m, a pi n k i sh spe c i e s.

F a v e n a c e u m, a r e d d i sh spe c i e s

F c u l mo r u m, a v i v i d y e l l o w i sh r e d spe c i e s.

F po a e , a v i o l e t c o l o r e d spe c i e s.

F o x y spo r u m, a r e d v i o l e t spe c i e s

F sp. , a fa s g r o w i n g w hi t i sh spe c i e s

Fu s r i a c a n c a u s s v e r e m y c o si s a n d t he s mo l d s mu st be t r e a t e d w i t h e x t r e m e c a u t i o n . G r a i n

c o n t a mi n a t e d w i t h E u s r i u m sho u l d be s e r i l i z d be fo r e ha n d l i n g .

T he r e a r e , u n d o u bt e d l y , mo r e t o x i c spe c i e s t ha n t he l i t e r a t u r e pr e se n t l y i n d i c a t e s.

O n e o f t he fi r st pa t e n t s e v e r t o be a w a r d e d t o a l i v i n g o r g a n i sm w a s g i v e n fo r F g r a mi n e r a u m.

Fo r mo r e i n fo r ma t i o n se e :W o o d , F. C , 1 9 3 7 " S t u d i e s o f 'D mpi n g O ff' o f C l t i v a t e d M u shr o o ms a n d It s A sso c i a t i o n

w i t h Fu sa r i u m S pe c i e s. " P hy t o pa t h. 2 7 : 8 5 -9 4 .

T o u sso u n , T A . a n d P . E . N l so n , 1 9 6 8 " A P i c t o r i a l G u i d e t o t he Id e n t i fi c a t i o n o l Fu s r i u m

S pe c i e s " P e n n sl y v a n i a S t a t e U n i v e r si t y P r e ss.

S e a g r a v e , 5 . , 1 9 8 1 " Y e l l o w R a i n : A T e st o f T e r r o r " S e a t t l e P o s In t e l / i g e n c e r , S e pt e mbe r

2 7 , B 2 .

Page 305: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 305/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 8 4 / T h e M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

G E O T R J C H U M

C l a s s : Fu n g i Impe r l e c t iO r d e r : M o n i l i a l e s

Fa mi l y : M o n i l i a c e a e

C mmo n N me : L i p st i c k M o l d .

L a t i n R o o t : Fr o m " g e o " me a n i n g e a r t h,a n d " t r i c hu m" me a n i n g ha i r y , i n r e fe r e n c e t o

t he c ha r a c t e r o f t he my c e l i a l ma t .

H a bi t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e :G e n e r a l l y a s pr o phy t e a l t ho u g h so me fo r ms

a c t a s pa r a s t e s. C o fr i c hu m spe c i e s a r e e x -

t r e me l y c o mmo n i n n a t u r e bu t i n fr e q u e n t l y

e n c o u n t e r e d i n mu shr o o m c o mpo st — u n l e ss

i t ha s be e n pr e pa r e d d i r e c t l y o n s i l .

G e o t r i c hu m d w e l l s i n s i l s, c o w d u n g , o l dst r a w , c o mpo s pi l e s a n d r o t s so me fr u i t s a n d

v e g e t a bl e s. In g e n e r a l , spe c i e s o f t hi s g e n u s

a r e me s phi l i c t he r mo phi l e s a n d a r e t he r e -

fo r e s n s t i v e t o p a s e u r i za t i o n t e mpe r a t u r e s.

M e d i u m T h r o u g h W h i c h C n t a mi n a t i o n Is S pr e a d : A i r ; so i l ; a n d fr o m o l d st r a w a n d spe n t

c o m po s s

M e a su r e s o f C n t r o l : C mpo sfi n g o n a c o n c r e t e su r fa c e ; t ho r o u g h pa st e u r i z t i o n o f c o mpo st

a n d s r a w ; a n d u se o f c l e a n c a si n g ma t e r i a l s.

M a c r o s o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : M y c e l i u m w hi t i sh a t fi r st , o ft e n fa k i n g o n a " fr o st y " a ppe a r a n c e a n d

t he n fo r m i n g w hi t i sh ba l l s o f my c e l i u m. W i t h a g e , t he my c e l i u m be c o me s pi n k i sh a n d t he n r e d d i sh

d u e t o t he ma t u r a t i o n o f spo r e s O l d e r c o l o n i e s o f t hi s fu n g u s fa d e t o a d u l l o r a n g e .

Fi g u r e 2 0 5 D a w i n g o f spo r u l a t i n g st r u c -t u r e o f G e o t r i c hu m, t he L i p s i c k M o l d , a n d i t sc ha r a c t e r i s i c a l l y sha pe d c o n i d i a .

Page 306: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 306/437

M i c r o sc o pi c Cha r a d e r i s i c s: H y pha e se pt a t e , i n t he fo r m o f e x t e n s v e bu t r a n d o m c ha i n s o fc e l l s, fr o m w hi c h c y l i n d r i c a l c o n i d i a l spo r e s se g me n t , me a su r i n g 5 -1 0 x 3 -6 mi c r o n s. C n i d i o -pho r e s a r e si mpl e a n d o ft e n i n d i st i n g u i sha bl e fr o m t he my c e l i a l n e t w o r k .

H i s o r y , U se a n d / o r M e d i c a l Impl i c a t i o n s Fe w spe c i e s t o x i c . G e o t r i c hu m c a n c l i d u m c a u se s

a n o r a l , br o n c hi a l , pu l mo n a r y a n d / o r i n t e st i n a l d i se a s k n o w n a s g e o t r i c ho s s t ha t i n fe c t s hu ma n sa n d o t he r m a mma l s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 8 5

C mme n t s: C mmo n l y e n c o u n t e r e d i n a g a r pl a t e s ma d e fr o m a s i l i n fu s o n ; o t he r w i se r a r e l y e n -

c o u n t e r e d i n st e r i l e c u l t u r e . A n o c c a si o n a l c o n t a mi n a n t o f mu shr o o m be d s ( c o mpo st ) , L i pst i c kM o l d i n hi bi t s pr i mo r d i a fo r ma t i o n a n d d e v e l o pme n t . W i t h t he a d v e n t o f c o n c r e t e c o mpo sfi n g su r -

fa c e s a n d pe a t ba se d c a si n g s, t hi s c o n t a mi n a n t ha s be e n v i r t u a l l y e l i mi n a t e d fr o m mo d e r n mu sh-

r o o m fa r m s.

T hi s fu n g u s i s c l o s l y a l l i e d t o , i f n o t sy n o n y mo u s w i t h S po r e n d o n e ma pu r pu r e sc e n s.

Fo r mo r e i n fo r ma t i o n s e :

S i n d e n , J . W . , 1 9 7 1 " E c o l o g i c a l C n t r o l o f P a t ho g e n s a n d W e e d M o l d s i n M u shr o o m C l -

t u r e " A n n u a l R e v i e w o f P hy t o pa t ho l o g y 9 .C r mi c h a e l , J . W . , 1 9 5 7 " G e o t r i c h u m c a n d i d u m" M y c o l o g i a 4 9 . pp. 8 2 0 -8 3 0 .

Page 307: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 307/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 8 6 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

H U M I C O L A

C l a s s : Fu n g i Impe r f e c t

O r d e r : M o n i l i a l e s

S e r i e s: A l e u r i o spo r a e

C mmo n N me : G r a y M o l d .

L a t i n R o o t : Fr o m " hu mu s" m e a n i n g so i la n d t he su ffi x " c o l a " me a n i n g d w e l l e r , i n ha b-

i t a n t .

H a bi t a t & F r e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e : Ar a r e c o n t a mi n a n t o f s e r i l e c u l t u r e . T he r mo -phi l i c spe c i e s a r e fr e q u e n t l y se e n i n t he se c -

o n d pha se o f c o mpo st i n g , t hr i v i n g i n t h e1 1 5 -1 2 5 d e g r e e F. r a n g e . N t u r a l l y o c c u r -

r i n g o n g r a i n s, s r a w , w o o d , s i l s a n d o t he r

o r g a n i c ma t t e r hi g h i n c e l l u l o se .

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a -t i o n I s S pr e a d : A i r ; so i l ; a n d g r a i n .

M e a su r e s o f C n t r o l : T ho r o u g h s e r i l i za t i o n o f g r a i n a n d i n c u ba t i o n o f spa w n a t mo d e r a t e t e m-pe r a t u r e s H u mi c o l a i s a t he r mo phi l e a n d t hr i v e s i n e l e v a t e d t e mpe r a t u r e z n e s. S i n c e t he pr e se n c e

o f H u mi c o l a i s c o n si d e r e d be n e fi c i a l t o c o mpo st , n o c o u n t e r m e a su r e s a r e n e c e ss r y i f i t o c c u r s i n

t ha t s u bs r a t e .

M a c r o s o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : M y c e l i u m o n a g a r a f i n e t o t hi c k g r a y i sh t o c o l o r l e ss ma t , v a r y i n g a c -

c o r d i n g t o t he me d i a e mpl o y e d . O n g r a i n i t s my c e l i u m i s t y pi c a l l y t hi c k , c o l o r l e ss a t fi r s , s o n g r a y

a n d e v e n t u a l l y d a r k g r a y w i t h spo r e pr o d u c t i o n . O n c o mpo st , H u mi c o l a i s a n a e r i a l , fl u ffy , w hi t i sh

my c e l i u m t ha t i s so o n g r a y i sh w i t h spo r e ma t u r i t y . It i s fr e q u e n t l y s e n a t o r n e a r t he s r fa c e w he r e

t e mpe r a t u r e s a r e 1 1 5 -1 2 5 ° F.

M i c r o s o pi c Cha r a d e r i st i c s C n i d i a o n e c e l l e d , t y pi c a l l y g l o bo se , br o w n i sh c o l o r e d a n d o ft e n

Fi g u r e 2 0 6 D a w i n g o f spo r u l a t i n g st r u c -t u r e a n d spo r e s ( c o n i d i a ) o f H u mi c o l a .

Page 308: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 308/437

sc u l pt u r e d . C n i d i o pho r e s a r e a l so d a r k l y pi g me n t e d , si mpl e , u n d e v e l o pe d a n d s mi l a r t o t hemy c e l i u m o r a t t i me s ha v i n g sho r t l a t e r a l br a n c he s a t w ho se sw o l l e n a pi c e s a s n g l e c o n i d i u m i s

bo r n e . A l t e r n a t e l y , sho r t c h a i n s o f mi c r o c o n i d i a fo r me d by fl a s sha pe d c e l l s ( phi a l i d e s) c a n o c c u r .

H i st o r y , U s a n d / o r M e d i c a l Impl i c a t i o n s: S e l e c t e d fo r u se i n c o mpo s n u t r i e n t c o n v e r si o nd u r i n g P ha s II o f c o mpo s i n g .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 8 7

C mme n t s: H u m i c o l a pl a y s a n i mpo r t a n t r o l e i n t he c o n v e r s o n o f t he n i t r o g e n i n a mmo n i a i n t o

pr o t e i n r i c h c o mpo u n d s t ha t t he mu shr o o m my c e l i a c a n d i g e s . In t hi s r e g a r d H u mi c o l a i s a n a l l y t o

t he c o mpo st pr e pa r a t i o n pr o c e ss. C mpo st ma k e r s ha v e l o n g be l i e v e d t ha t H u mi c o l a n i g r e sc e n s

sho u l d be e n c o u r a g e d t o g r o w d u r i n g P ha se II be c a u s a c o mpo st c o l o n i ze d w i t h i t r e s l t e d i nhi g he r y i e l d s. H u mi c o l a pr o spe r s i n t he 1 1 5 -1 2 5 ( 1 3 0 ) ° F. r a n g e . W he n t he fi n i she d c o mpo st ha s

be e n br o u g ht d o w n t o spa w n i n g t e mpe r a t u r e , t he s fu n g i a r e r e n d e r e d i n a c t i v e , a n d a r e t he n c o n -

su me d by t he mu shr o o m my c e l i u m.

O n g r a i n H u m/ c o l a g r i se a i s mo st fr e q u e n t l y se e n ; o n h o r se ma n u r e / s r a w c o mpo st sH u mi c o l a n i g r e sc e n s i s mo st c o mmo n l y e n c o u n t e r e d . H u mi c o l a t ha t o c c u r s d u r i n g c r o ppi n g d o e s

n o t se e m t o po s a s r i o u s t hr e a t t o t he o v e r a l l c r o p.

M o s spe c i e s a r e me so phi l i c ; s me a r e t he r mo phi l i c ; a n d a l l a r e s pr o phy t i c . H u m/ c o l a i s n o t a

pr o bl e m c o n t a mi n a n t .

S e e T o r u l a , a n o t he r t he r m o phi l i c fu n g u s be n e fi c i a l t o c o mpo s i n g .

Fo r m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n c o n s u l t :

B e l s - K o n i n g , H . C , G e r r i t s , J . P . G . , a n d V a n d r a g e r , M . H . 1 9 6 2 . " S o me Fu n g i A ppe a r i n g

T o w a r d s t he E n d o f C mpo st i n g ," M u shr o o m S c i e n c e V

Page 309: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 309/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 8 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

M O N I L J A

C a s s : Fu n g i Impe r f e c t i

O r d e r : M o n i l i a / e s

Fa mi l y : M o n i l i a c e a e

C mmo n N me s W hi t e M o l d ; W hi t e Fl o u r

M o l d ; o r P i n k M o l d

L a t i n R o o t : Fr o m " mo n i l e " o r n e c k l a c e fo rt he c ha i n - l i k e a r r a n g e me n t o f t he my c e l i u m

a n d spo r e pr o d u c i n g c e l l sH a bi t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r e n c e : R e l -

a t i v e l y c o mmo n o n a g a r ; g r a i n ; c o mpo st a n d

c a s n g so i l .

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a -t i o n Is S p r e a d : P r i ma r i l y a i r ; s i l ; a n d g r a i n .

M e a s r e s o f C n t r o l : A i r fi l t r a t i o n ; ma i n t e n a n c e o f g o o d hy g i e n e i n l a bo r a t o r y a n d g r o w i n g

r o o m, e spe c i a l l y i n t he i so l a t i o n a n d r e mo v a l o f c o n t a mi n a t e d c u l t u r e s a n d d e br i s fr o m pr e v i o u s

c r o ppi n g s T ho r o u g h s e r i l i z t i o n o f g r a i n a n d pa s e u r i z t i o n o f c a s n g r e d u c e s t h e po ssi bi l i t y o f

c o n t a m i n a t i o n a r i si n g fr o m w i t hi n . T hi s c o n t a m i n a n t i s be l i e v e d t o be e x t e r n a l l y i n t r o d u c e d t hr o u g h

a i r bo r n e spo r e s. H i g h e ffi c i e n c y fi l t e r s pr e v e n t M o n i l i a spo r e s fr o m c o n t a m i n a t i n g spa w n a n d l e sse n

t he r i sk o f c o n t a mi n a t i o n i n t he g r o w i n g r o o m.

M a c r o s o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : R e pr e s n t e d by t w o mu t a b l e fo r ms: t he i mpe r fe c t fo r m M o n i l i a i s

g e n e r a l l y a fi n e po w d e r y w hi t i sh mo l d ; a n d t he pe r fe c t fo r m N u r o spo r a i s a r a pi d g r o w i n g t e n a -

c i o u s a e r i a l mo l d t ha t i s pi n k i sh w i t h spo r e ma t u r i t y . In g r a i n bo t h t he w hi t i sh a n d t he pi n k i sh

N u r o spo r a a r e e n c o u n t e r e d . W hi t e M o n i l i a ha s a r e ma r k a bl e r e se mbl a n c e t o fi n e l y g r o u n d pe r l i t e

Fi g u r e 2 0 7 D a w i n g o f c ha i n -l i k e s r u c t u r eby w hi c h M o n i l i a pr o d u c e s c o n i d i a ( spo r e s .

Page 310: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 310/437

a n d c a n e a si l y be mi st a k e n fo r i t . O n c a si n g so i l , t he pi n k fo r m i s mo r e c o mmo n . B o t h a r e v e r y

r a pi d g r o w i n g .

M i c r o s o pi c C ha r a c t e r i s i c s C n i d i a u n i c e l l u l a r ; o v a l t o l e mo n sha pe d ; pr o d u c e d i n l a r g e q u a n -

t i t i e s o n y e a st -l i k e c ha i n s w i t h t he t e r mi n a l c e l l s be i n g t he y o u n g e st a n d o r i g i n a t i n g fr o m a si mpl e ,se pt a t e my c e l i a l n e t w o r k . L e ss fr e q u e n t l y , c o n i d i a l spo r e s a r e pr o d u c e d si n g l y . C n i d i o pho r e s a r e

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 8 9

e x t r e me l y s mpl e a n d s mi l a r t o my c e l i u m o r a bse n t a l t o g e t he r . It s my c e l i u m i s hy a l i n e , w hi t e o r

g r a y c o l o r e d w hi l e t he c o n i d i a a r e t a n , g r a y o r mo s c o mmo n l y pi n k i n c o l o r .

H i s o r y , U s e a n d / o r M e d i c a l I m p l i c a t i o n s : N o t k n o w n t o be pa t ho g e n i c . A d i s a se k n o w n a s

mo n i l i a si s i n me d i c i n e i s a c t u a l l y c a u s d by a r e l a t e d y e a st -l i k e fu n g u s, C n d i d a , a n d i s mo r e c o r -

r e c t l y t e r me d c a n d i d i a si s. C n d i d a ha s be e n i n c o r r e c t l y c a l l e d M o n i l i a i n me d i c a l my c o l o g y t e x t s.

S e v e r a l g e n e r a sha r e t he sa me o v e r a l l mi c r o sc o pi c fe a t u r e s a n d c a n be e a si l y c o n fu se d w i t h

M o n i l i a . In d e e d , M o n i l i a i s a pi v o t a l g e n u s a mo n g s a c o n st e l l a t i o n o f g e n e r a . Fo r t he pu r po se s o f

t he ho me c u l t i v a t o r , a l l t he s fo r ms mi g ht be mo r e u se fu l l y c a l l e d a " c o mpl e x o f g e n e r a " .

C mme n t s: M o n i l i a ' s pe r fe c t fo r m i s r e pr e s n t e d by N u r o spo r a ( se e t ha t g e n u s) a n d e i t he rphe n o t y p e i s l a r g e l y d e t e r mi n e d by n u t r i t i o n a l fa c t o r s, pa r t i c u l a r l y p H . M o n i l i a c a n v a r y s u bst a n t i a l l y

i n c o l o r o n g r a i n spa w n : fr o m a t hi c k w hi t i sh my c e l i a l ma t t o a po w d e r y w hi t e , g r a y o r pi n k c o l o r e d

my c e l i u m. P e r h a ps t he mo st d e v a st a t i n g fo r m i s t he w hi t i sh o n e fo r i t s r e se mbl e n c e t o mu shr o o m

my c e l i u m. A l s s e n i n a g a r c u l t u r e , t he pi n k fo r m i s n o t e d fo r i t s hi g h a e r i a l my c e l i u m. It c l i mbs

t he s d e s o f pe t r i d i she s If n o t t r e a t e d , t hi s c o n t a mi n a n t c a n be v e r y d i ffi c u l t t o e r a d i c a t e . C mpl e t e

c l e a n i n g o f t he l a bo r a t o r y i s t he o n l y r e c o u r s . A ft e r a M o n / / i a o u t br e a k c a r e f u l a t t e n t i o n mu st be

d i r e c t e d a t r e e st a bl i shi n g spa w n i n t e g r i t y .

M o n / / i a a n d N u r o s po r a a t t a c k t he mu shr o o m be d s a n d c a si n g l a y e r s w i t h r a p i d g r o w i n g g r a y -

i sh my c e l i a t ha t s o n d e v e l o p pi n k i sh t o n e s w i t h spo r e ma t u r i t y . C n t a mi n a t i o n by t hi s fu n g u s i s

u s a l l y t r a c e d t o u n c l e a n c a si n g o r i n fe c t e d spa w n .

C n su / t t he g e n u s N u r o s po r a .

Page 311: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 311/437

F i g u r e 2 0 8 M o n / I/ a -l i k e mo l d o n a g a r m e d i a w i t h m u s h r o o mm y c e l i u m .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 9 0 / T h e M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

M U CO R

C a ss Z y g o my c e t e s

O r d e r : M u c o r a l e s

Fa mi l y : M u c o r a c e a e

C o m m o n N a m e s : t h e B l a c k P i n M o l d ; t he

B l a c k B r e a d M o l d

H a bi t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e : Ac o mmo n sa pr o phy t e o f st o r e d g r a i n s; ho r s e

d u n g ; o l d st r a w ; mu shr o o m c o mpo st s; pe a t ;

s i l ; a n d pl a n t d e br i s M u c o r a l s o r o t s t e x t i l e s.

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a -t i o n Is S pr e a d : P r i ma r i l y a i r ; se c o n d a r i l y

g r a i n a n d c o n t a mi n a t e d c o mpo s .

Fi g u r e 2 0 9 D a w i n g o f spo r u l a t i n g s r u c -M e a su r e s o f C n t r o l : A i r fi l t r a t i o n ; s ffi -

t u r e ( spo r a n g i o pho r e ) o f M u c o r .c i e n t s e r i l i z t i o n o f g r a i n ; a n d i mme d i a t e r e -

mo v a l a n d i so l a t i o n o f c o n t a mi n a t e d r e g i o n s,

'spe n t ' c o mpo st , a g e d mu shr o o ms o r c r o ppi n g d e br i s. E x e r c i z n g g e n e r a l hy g i e n i c p r a c t i c e s u su a l -

l y pr e v e n t s t hi s c o n t a mi n a n t fr o m be c o mi n g a pr o bl e m.

M a c r o s o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : A fa s g r o w i n g fu n g u s fo r mi n g a n i n t e r w o v e n d e n se my c e l i a l ma t ,

w hi t i sh a t fi r st , pr o d u c i n g a st a l k - l i k e spo r a n g i o pho r e w hi c h i s n o t s o l l e n a t t he a pe x bu t i s e n v e l -o pe d by sphe r i c a l spo r e pr o d u c i n g bo d y . S o o n be c o mi n g g r a y i sh a n d t he n bl a c k i sh o v e r a l l w i t h

spo r e pr o d u c t i o n . W he n M u c o r spo r u l a t e s, i t a ppe a r s l i k e a " fo r e s o f bl a c k he a d e d pi n s" . O n ma l t

a g a r , spo r a n g i o pho r e s o f t e n d o n o t fo r m, ma k i n g i d e n t i fi c a t i o n d i ffi c u l t .

M i c r o sc o pi c C ha r a d e r i st i c s: T a l l spo r a n g i o pho r e s a r i s n g s n g l y fr o m t he my c e l i a l ma t , a d o r n e d

w i t h a sphe r i c a l spo r a n g i u m c o mpo s d o f ma n y spo r e s H y pha e a r e n o n -se pt a f e ( l a c k i n g d i s i n c t

c e l l w a l l s .

Page 312: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 312/437

H i s o r y , U se a n d / o r M e d i c a l Impl i c a t i o n s: S o me sp e c i e s t o x i c . M u c o r pu s / l u s a n d o t he r mu -

c u r a c e o u s fu n g i a r e t he c a u se o f a r a r e bu t d e a d l y d i se a s k n o w n a s mu c o r my c o s s o r p hy c o msi -

c o si s A l t ho u g h M u c o r a t t a c k s o pe n w o u n d s, t he o u t e r e a r a n d t he l u n g s, i t i s n o t a pr i ma r y pa r a si t e

bu t o n e t ha t t a k e s a d v a n t a g e o f po o r he a l t h c a u se d fr o m o t he r d i se a se s. T hi s d i se a se a n d o n e sr e l a t e d t o i t a r e mo r e pr e v a l e n t i n t r o pi c a l a n d s mi t r o pi c a l zo n e s t ha n i n t e mpe r a t e r e g i o n s Fo r

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 9 1

mo r e i n fo r ma t i o n o n t he pa t ho g e n i c a spe c t s o f fu n g i i n t hi s g r o u p r e fe r t o t he r e fe r e n c e be l o w .

C mme n t s: A v i g o r o u s c o n t a mi n a n t a n d se e n a t v a r i o u s t i me s i n spa w n pr o d u c t i o n , i n hi bi t i n g a n d

o v e r w he l mi n g t he mu shr o o m my c e l i u m. O n ma l t a g a r me d i a M u c o r i s a fa s g r o w i n g , n o n -spo r u -l a t i n g , c o t t o n y a n d w hi t i sh my c e l i a l n e t w o r k c o mpe t i n g w i t h o r o v e r w he l mi n g mu shr o o m my c e -

hu m. M u c o r my c e l i u m i s n o n -r hi z mo r phi c a n d l a c k s t he c l a mp c o n n e c t i o n s t ha t i s c ha r a c t e r i st i c o f

ma n y mu shr o o m my c e l i a .

i n d o u bt w he t he r a w hi t i sh my c e l i u m i s M u c o r o r n o t , i n o c u l a t e so me br e a d w i t h so me my c e -

hu m c o v e r e d k e r n e l s a n d i n c u ba t e a t a w a r m t e mpe r a t u r e . If t he mo l d i s M u c o r , i t w i l l spo r u l a t e i n afe w d a y s a n d be e a sy t o i d e n t i fy .

T he mo s fr e q u e n t l y s e n spe c i e s o f t hi s g e n u s a r e M u c o r r a c e mo su s a n d M u c o r pl u m be u s.

M u c o r pu s I/ u s, a t r u e t he r mo phi l e , t hr i v e s i n t he 6 8 - 1 3 1 F. ( 2 0 -5 5 ° C ) r a n g e a n d i s a ma j o rc o n st i t u e n t i n t he mi c r o fl o r a o f c o mpo s pi l e s. M u c o r i n fe c t e d spa w n , w he n i n a d v e r t e n t l y i n o c u l a t e d

o n t o t he mu shr o o m c o mpo s , c a n r e s l t i n t he t o t a l c o n t a mi n a t i o n o f t he be d w i t hi n a fe w d a y s.

C n su l t S e pe d o n i u m, a c o n t a mi n a n t w ho se v e g e t a t i v e my c e hi a r e s mbl e s t he n o n -spo r u l a t i n g my -

Fi g u r e 2 1 0 M u c o r , t he B l a c k P i n M o l d , o n ma l t a g a r .

Page 313: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 313/437

c e hi u m o f M u c o r . S e e a l s R hi z pu s, a g e n u s t ha t d i ffe r s fr o m M u c o r b y i fs ha v i n g a sma l l e r spo r .

a n g i u m r e c e d i n g fr o m t he " he a d " o f t he spo r a n g i o pho r e .

Fo r mo r e i n fo r ma t i o n c o n su l t :

E mma n s, C W . , C H . B i n fo r d , a n d J . P . U t z 1 9 6 3 , " M e d i c a l M y c o l o g y " L e a a n d Fe bi g e r ,P hi l a d e l phi a .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 9 2 / T h e M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

M Y CE L IA S T E R IL IA

C a ss F u n g i i mpe r l e c t i

O r d e r : M y c e l i a S t e r i l i a

C mmo n N me : W h i t e M o l d .

H a bi t a t a n d F r e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e :C n t a m i n a n t s fi t t i n g i n t o t hi s o r d e r o c c a s o n -

a l l y e n c o u n t e r e d i n s e r i l e c u l t u r e .

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a t i o n

Is S pr e a d : H y pha l fr a g me n t s a i r bo r n e .M e a su r e s o f C n t r o l : G e n e r a l hy g i e n i c

pr o c e d u r e s, i n c l u d i n g t he fi l t r a t i o n o f a i r

t hr o u g h hi g h e ffi c i e n c y pa r t i c u l a t e a i r ( H E P A )

fi l t e r s, r e c o mme n d e d .

M a c r o s o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : T y pi c a l l y a p-

pe a r i n g a s a fa s g r o w i n g w hi t i sh my c e l i u m,

fi n e a n d o r c o t t o n y i n i t s g r o w t h. S pe c i e s o f

M y c e l i a S t e r i l i a c l o se l y r e se mbl e mu shr o o m my c e l i u m a n d ma y be mi s a k e n fo r i t . S o me t i me s t he y

fo r m w hi t i sh t o bl a c k i sh a g g r e g a t e s o f hy pha e t ha t a r e s i e r o t i a -l i k e .

M i c r o s o pi c Cha r a c t e r i s i c s H a v i n g a w e l l d e v e l o pe d hy pha l n e t w o r k , w i t h o r w i t ho u t c l a mp

c o n n e c t i o n s. O n l y a v e g e t a t i v e my c e l i a l s a g e i s k n o w n . S i n c e spo r u l a t i n g st r u c t u r e s a r e a bse n t ,

fu n g i i n t hi s g r o u p r e pr o d u c e t hr o u g h r a n d o m fr a g me n t a t i o n o f hy pha e .

H i s o r y , U se a n d / o r M e d i c a l I mp l i c a t i o n s: T h e g e n u s S c i e r o t i u m n o t e d fo r t w o spe c i e s t ha t

pa r a s t i ze a v a r i e t y o f g r e e n pl a n t s. O t he r w i se , t he O r d e r i s u n r e m a r k a bl e .

C mme n t s: M y c e l i a S t e r i l i a i s o ft e n c a l l e d a " g a r ba g e o r d e r " fo r n o n -spo r u l a t i n g my c e l i u m o f

mo l d s t ha t c a n n o t be o t he r w i s i d e n t i fi e d . E i t he r a fu n g u s ha s l o st t he a bi l i t y t o pr o d u c e spo r e s a n d

Fi g u r e 2 1 1 D a w i n g o f my c e l i a l n e t w o r ksho w i n g hy pha e w i t h c l a mp c o n n e c t i o n s a n ds i e r o t i a -l i k e bo d i e s c ha r a c t e r i s i c o f spe c i e s

i n t he O r d e r M y c e l i a S t e r i l i a .

Page 314: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 314/437

c a n e x i s o n l y i n a v e g e t a t i v e s a t e , o r i t w i l l o n l y pr o d u c e spo r e s o n me d i a o f n a r r o w n u t r i t i o n a l

spe c i fi c a t i o n s In bo t h c a s s, i t i s e x t r e me l y d i ffi c u l t , i f n o t i mpo ss bl e , t o i d e n t i fy a fu n g u s t ha t ha s n o

v i si bl e c o n i d i a l ( spo r u l a t i n g ) s a g e .T he r e i s a w hi t e mo l d t ha t o c c a si o n a l l y c o n t a mi n a t e s a g a r me d i a a n d , by d e fa u l t , q u a l i fi e s fo r

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 9 3

pl a c e me n t i n t o t he O r d e r M y c e l i a S t e r i l i a . B e g i n n i n g c u l t i v a t o r s ha v e be e n k n o w n t o pr o p a g a t et he s st e r i l e fu n g i i n l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s t hi n k i n g t he m t o be mu shr o o m my c e l i a . T hi s g r o u p o f c o n -

t a mi n a n t s c a n be v e r y c o mpe t i t i v e a n d sho u l d n o t be u n d e r e st i ma t e d .

S e e a l so M u c o r , a mo l d t ha t ha s a v i g o r o u sl y g r o w i n g w hi t i sh my c e l i u m o n a g a r me d i a a n d

o n e t ha t o ft e n d o e s n o t spo r u l a t e u n t i l i t i s t r a n sfe r r e d t o g r a i n .

Page 315: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 315/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 9 4 / T h e M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

M Y CO G O NE

C a ss: Fu n g i Impe r l e c t i

O r d e r : M o n i l i a / e sFa mi l y : H y pho my c e fe a e

C mmo n N me s: B u bbl e ; W e t B u bbl e ;W hi t e M u shr o o m M o l d ; a n d L a M o l e .

G r e e k R o o t : Fr o m " my c o " o r fu n g a l a n d

t he su ffi x " g o n e " m e a n i n g r e pr o d u c t i v ebo d y . T hi s mo l d i s n a me d i n r e fe r e n c e t o t hi s

mo l d 's t e n d e n c y t o pa r a si t i z t he mu shr o o m

fr u i t bo d y .

H a bi t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e :V r y c o mmo n , i n fe c t i n g t he mu shr o o m i t se l fa n d c a u si n g si g n i fi c a n t l o sse s t o c r o ps.

M y c o g o n e n a t u r a l l y o c c u r s i n so i l s fr o m

w hi c h t hi s a g g r e ssi v e c o n t a mi n a n t a t fa c k s t he

mu shr o o m fr u i t bo d y . It d o e s n o t g r o w w e l l a t

t e mpe r a t u r e s l o w e r t ha n 6 0 ° F.

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a t i o n Is S pr e a d : M o s l y t hr o u g h so i l s d e br i s ( s t e m bu t t s ,

e t c . ) ; a n d spe n t c o mpo st . W o r k e r s, e spe c i a l l y ha r v e st e r s, a r e o n e o f t he pr i ma r y v e hi c l e s fo r s po r e

d i spe r sa l . W a t e r i n g i n fe c t e d a r e a s fu r t he r spr e a d s t hi s c o n t a mi n a n t .

M e a su r e s o f C n t r o l : U se o f c l e a n c a si n g ma t e r i a l s mo d e r a t i o n o f t e mpe r a t u r e a n d a d he r i n g t o a

st r i c t r e g i me n o f hy g i e n e , e spe c i a l l y be t w e e n c r o ppi n g c y c l e s. W i t ho u t t o u c hi n g t he c a s n g , i n fe c t e d

mu shr o o ms sho u l d be r e mo v e d fr o m t he be d . T he l o c a l i ze d a r e a i s t he n spr i n k l e d w i t h sa l t , ba k i n g

so d a o r a si mi l a r a l k a l i n i c s bs a n c e . D n o t w a t e r u n t i l t he i n fe c t e d a r e a i s t r e a t e d .

M a c r o sc o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : A ppe a r i n g a s a w hi t i sh mo l d a t t a c k i n g pr i mo r d i a a n d t u r n i n g t he m

i n t o a s ft w hi t i sh ba l l o f my c e l i a . Fr o m t he br o w n a n d r o t t i n g i n t e r i o r o f t he s " bu bbl e s" , a mbe r

fl u i d c o n t a i n i n g spo r e s a n d ba c t e r i a o o ze . M o r e ma t u r e mu shr o o ms t ha t a r e a ffl i c t e d w i t h t h i s d i s -

e a se ha v e a fe l t -l i k e c o v e r i n g o f my c e l i u m a n d a d i spr o po r t i o n a t e l y sma l l c a p r e l a t i v e t o t he si ze o f

Fi g u r e 2 1 2 D a w i n g o f spo r u l a t i n g s r u c -t u r e c ha r a c t e r i st i c o f M y c o g o n e .

Page 316: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 316/437

t he s e m.

M i c r o sc o pi c Cha r a c t e r i s i c s C n i d i o pho r e s sho r t ; g e n e r a l l y hy a l i n e ; r e l a t i v e l y u n d e v e l o pe d ; l a t -

e r a l ; a n d a l t o g e t he r s mi l a r t o t he my c e l i a . T w o t y pe s o f c o n i d i a , t e r mi n a l l y pr o d u c e d , c a n o c c u r .T he fi r s a n d mo s d i s i n c t i v e t y pe o f c hl a my d o spo r e i s d a r k , r o u n d a n d t w o c e l l e d w i t h o n e be i n g

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 9 5

l a r g e a n d r o u g h w a l l e d , o ft e n a d o r n e d w i t h sho r t spi n e -l i k e pr o j e c t i o n s, a n d w hi c h i s a t t a c he d t o a

sma l l e r c u p sha pe d smo o t h c e l l . T he se c o n d c o n i d i a l t y pe i s sma l l e r , e l l i ps i d , u n i c e l l u l a r a n d d e -

v e l o ps a pi c a l l y fr o m t he e n d s o f V r t i c i l l i u m- l i k e c o n i d i o pho r e s

H i st o r y , U se a n d / o r M e d i c a l Impl i c a t i o n s: N t k n o w n t o b e p a t h o g e n i c t o ma n o r a n i ma l s.

C mme n t s: M y c o g o n e pe r n i c i o s M a g n u s i s t he spe c i e s i n t he g e n u s r e spo n si bl e fo r a t t a c k i n g

t he mu shr o o m c r o p. It s my c e l i a i n t e r g r o w s w i t h mu shr o o m my c e l i a , a c c o r d i n g K n e e bo n e ( 1 9 6 1 ) .

T hi s i s a v i g o r o u s a n d r e si l i e n t c o n t a mi n a n t . It s spo r e s a r e k i l l e d a t 1 2 0 O F. w he n e x po se d t o mo i st

he a t ( pa s e u r i za t i o n ) fo r 2 4 ho u r s Iso l a t i o n o f c o n t a mi n a t e d mu shr o o ms, i n c r e a s n g v e n t i l a t i o n ,

l o w e r i n g t e mpe r a t u r e a n d pr o p e r be d c l e a n i n g t e c hn i q u e s a l l l i mi t t he spr e a d o f M y c o g o n e .

K n e e bo n e r e c o mme n d s t he u s o f c hl o r i n a t e d w a t e r ( 1 5 0 ppm) d u r i n g n o r ma l c r o p w a t e r i n g t o i m-

pe d e t he g e r mi n a t i o n o f i t s spo r e s.

H a r v e y e t a l . 1 9 8 2 , n o t e d t ha t i f M y c o g o n e a ppe a r s d u r i n g t he fi r st fl u sh, t he n i t s spo r e s w e r e

pr o ba bl y i n t r o d u c e d v i a t he c a si n g — e i t he r a t t he t i me o f i t s a ppl i c a t i o n o r d u r i n g spa w n r u n t hr o u g h

i t , a pe r i o d o f a bo u t t w o w e e k s L a t e r i n fe st a t i o n s a r e mo r e pr o ba bl y spr e a d by fl i e s, w o r k e r s, a i r c u r -

Page 317: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 317/437

r e n t s o r o t he r me a n s.

M y c o g o n e i s be l i e v e d by so me my c o l o g i st s t o be a n i mpe r fe c t fo r m o f H y po my c e s, a na sc o my c e t o u s fu n g u s t ha t pa r a s t i ze s w i l d mu shr o o ms, e spe c i a l l y R u ssu l a a n d L a c t a r i u s.

S e e a l so V e r t i c i l l i u m a n d D a c t y l i u m .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 9 6 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

N E U R O S P O R A

C l a s s : A sc o my c e t e s

O r d e r : X y l a r i a l e s

Fa mi l y : S o r d a r i a c e a e

C o m m o n N a m e s : P i n k M o l d ; R e d B r e a dM o l d

L a t i n R o o t : Fr o m " n e u r o " me a n i n g n e r v ea n d " spo r a " o r spo r e , i n r e fe r e n c e t o t he l o n -

g i t u d i n a l n e r v e -l i k e r i d g e s r u n n i n g a l o n g t he

a x i s o f t he spo r e .

H a bi t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e :

C mmo n l y t o o c c a s o n a l l y s e n o n a g a r a n dg r a i n . N u r o spo r a i s fa st g r o w i n g , so me -t i me s t a k i n g o n l y 2 4 fo u r ho u r s t o t o t a l l y c o l -

o n i ze a me d i a fi l l e d pe t r i d i sh. i t i s u bi q u i t o u s

i n n a t u r e , o c c u r r i n g o n d u n g , i n so i l s a n d o n

d e c a y i n g p l a n t ma t t e r .

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a t i o n Is S pr e a d : P r i ma r i l y a i r ; s c o n d a r i l y s i l s; d u n g a n d

g r a i n s.

M e a s r e s o f C n t r o l : A i r fi l t r a t i o n ; i n c u ba t i o n o f c u l t u r e s i n a s e r i l e e n v i r o n me n t ; t ho r o u g h st e r i l i -

z t i o n o f g r a i n ; i s l a t i o n a n d d e s r u c t i o n o f c o n t a mi n a t e d c u l t u r e s a n d o t he r w i se ma i n t a i n i n g t he

s a n d a r d r e g i me n o f hy g i e n e .

M a c r o s o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : A fa s g r o w i n g , c r e e pi n g a e r i a l my c e l i a t ha t be c o me s br i g ht pi n k i sh i n

c o l o r w i t h spo r e ma t u r i t y .

M i c r o s o pi c Cha r a c t e r i s i c s S po r e s d i s i n c t i v e l y l o n g i t u d i n a l l y r i bbe d w i t h n e r v e -l i k e r i d g e s,pr o d u c e d e i g ht a t a t i me ( r a r e l y f o u r ) i n a sa c -l i k e o r g a n c a l l e d a n a s u s w hi c h i s i n t u r n e n c l o se d

w i t hi n a ba l l -l i k e pe r i t he c i u m t ha t c a n be d a r k br o w n t o bl a c k t o pi n k i n c o l o r . It s my c e l i u m i s u su a l -

l y p i g me n t e d , a fe a t u r e i n fl u e n c e d by t he t y pe o f ha bi t a t . It s i mpe r f e c t fo r m, M o n i l i a , c o n si st s o f a

Fi g u r e 2 1 4 D a w i n g o f spo r u l a t i n g s r u c -t u r e a n d d i st i n c t i v e spo r e s o f N u r o spo r a , a

pi n k mo l d .

Page 318: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 318/437

s mpl e my c e l i a n e t w o r k w hi c h br a n c he s. M o n i l i a se g me n t s a t t he t i ps fr o m w hi c h e l l i pso i d , o v a l o r

g l o bo s spo r e s a r e fo r me d i n sho r t c ha i n s fr o m t he t e r mi n a l e n d s M o n i l i a spo r e s a r e fr e q u e n t l ypi n k i sh.

H i st o r y , U se a n d / o r M e d i c a l Impl i c a t i o n s: N t k n o w n t o b e p a t h o g e n i c t o ma n o r a n i ma l s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 9 7

N u r o spo r a c r a ss ha s be c o me a s a n d a r d s pe c i e s fo r st u d y i n g fu n g a l g e n e t i c s i n c u l t u r e .

C mme n t s N u r o spo r a ha s a n i mpe r fe c t fo r m r e pr e se n t e d by t he g e n u s M o n i l i a w hi c h fo r msspo r e s n o t i n a sa c -l i k e e n v e l o pe bu t i n si mpl e c ha i n s a t t he e n d o f hy pha e . ( S e e t ha t g e n u s) .

N u r o spo r a a n d / o r M o n i l i a a r e s o me o f t he fa st e st g r o w i n g c o n t a mi n a n t s o n g r a i n a n d a g a r . T he

c o l o r o f t hi s c o n t a mi n a n t , i n e i t he r fo r m, v a r i e s s bst a n t i a l l y . T he a bi l i t y o f t hi s o r g a n i sm t o mu t a t e

i n t o bo t h a n a s x u a l l y r e pr o d u c i n g fu n g u s ( M o n i l i a ) a n d a s x u a l o n e ( N u r o s po r a ) i s a fa c t o r l a r g e -

l y d e t e r mi n e d by n u t r i t i o n a n d pH — l o w pH l e v e l s e n c o u r a g e t he e x p r e s si o n o f M o n i l i a w hi l e hi g he r

pH me d i a fa v o r N u r o spo r a .

T he c ha r a c t e r i st i c p i n k i sh t o n e a n d u n i q u e spo r e s r u c t u r e m a k e N u r o spo r a a n e a sy c o n t a mi -

n a n t t o i d e n t i fy . S i n c e t hi s fu n g u s g r o w s t hr o u g h c o t t o n st o ppe r s o r fi l t e r d i sc s, a si n g l e c o n t a mi -

n a t e d j a r , t ho u g h s a l e d , c a n spr e a d spo r e s t o a d j a c e n t spa w n j a r s w i t hi n t he l a bo r a t o r y . T hi s c o n d i -

t i o n i s mo r e l i k e l y i f t he fi l t e r d i s s o r c o t t o n pl u g s a r e t he l e a st bi t d a mp; o r i f t he e x t e r n a l hu mi d i t y i s

hi g h. Fu r t he r mo r e , N u r o spo r a spo r e s g e r mi n a t e mo r e r e a d i l y a t e l e v a t e d t e mpe r a t u r e s.

T he r e d br e a d mo l d be l o n g s t o t he N u r o spo r a c r a ssa c o mpl e x . T he pi n k mo l d s e n i n mu sh-

r o o m c u l t u r e i s mo st fr e q u e n t l y N u r o spo r a s t o phi l a , a pe r n i c i o u s c o n t a mi n a n t t ha t i s d i ffi c u l t t o

e l i mi n a t e .

A l l i n fe c t e d c u l t u r e s sho u l d be r e mo v e d a s s o n a s po ss bl e fr o m t he l a bo r a t o r y a n d d e st r o y e d .

A t ho r o u g h c l e a n i n g o f t he l a bo r a t o r y i s a bs l u t e l y n e c e ssa r y . If c o n t a mi n a t i o n pe r si s s, r e mo v e a l l

spa w n a n d st a r t a n e w . S i n c e N u r o s po r a spo r e s a r e spr e a d v i at he a i r , hi g h e ffi c i e n c y pa r t i c u l a t e a i r

( H E P A ) fi l t e r s r e a d i l y e l i mi n a t e t hi s c o n t a m i n a n t .

R e fe r t o t he g e n u s M o n i l i a , a n i mpe r fe c t fo r m o f N u r o spo r a .

Page 319: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 319/437

Fi g u r e 2 1 5 N u r o s po r a c o n t a mi n a t i n g P D me d i a . N t e c r e e pi n g a e r i a l my c e l i u m.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

2 9 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

P A P U L O S P O R A

C l a s s : Fu n g i Impe r l e c t i

O r d e r : M y c e l i a S t e r i l i a

C mmo n N me : B r o w n P l a st e r M o l d .

L a t i n R o o t : Fr o m " pa pu l o su s" m e a n i n gpi mpl e -l i k e a n d " s po r a " o r s po r e . N me d i n

r e fe r e n c e t o t he r o u n d e d g r o u ps o f c e l l s t ha t

r e se mbl e sc l e r o t i a a n d a r e c ha r a c t e r i st i c o f

t hi s g e n u s

H a bi t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e : As pr o phy t e , c o mmo n o n o v e r l y ma t u r e c o m-

po st s o r o n c o mpo st w i t h e x c e ssi v e mo i st u r e .

S o me spe c i e s g r o w d i r e c t l y o n t h e w o o du s d i n t he c o n s r u c t i o n o f t he t r a y s a n d t he n

spr e a d t o t he be d s

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a -t i o n Is S pr e a d : P r i ma r i l y a i r ; fr o m spe n tc o mpo st ; o r fr o m u n t r e a t e d t r a y s t ha t o n c e

ha r bo r e d t hi s c o n t a mi n a n t .

M e a su r e s o f C n t r o l : A v o i d a n c e o f o v e r -c o mpo st i n g ; pr o pe r ba l a n c i n g o f mo i s u r e i n t he c o m-

po s ; e x pe d i t i o u s r e mo v a l o f o l d o r c o n t a m i n a t e d c o mpo st ; s e a m c l e a n i n g o f t r a y s; a n d ma i n t a i n i n g

g o o d hy g i e n e be t w e e n c r o ps.

M a c r o sc o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : D n se w hi t i sh my c e l i u m, r e se mbl i n g S c o pu / a r i o ps s u i mi c o l a ( t heW hi t e P l a st e r M o l d ) i n t he e a r l y s a g e s, s o n be c o mi n g c i n n a mo n br o w n fr o m sma l l be a d -l i k e o r

" po w d e r y " s l e r o t i a -l i k e ba l l s o f c e l l s T he ba l l s o f c e l l s a r e e a si l y s e n w i t h a ha n d l e n s a n d a r e

d a r k l y pi g me n t e d . O ft e n t he r e i s a w hi t i sh r i m o f n e w g r o w t h a l o n g t he o u t e r pe r i phe r y o f t he my c e -

hu m.

M i c r o s o pi c Cha r a c t e r i st i c s: T r u e c o n i d i a a bs n t , pr o pa g a t i n g t hr o u g h si mpl e fr a g me n t a t i o n o f

my c e l i a o r t hr o u g h d e n se sphe r i c a l sc l e r o t i a -l i k e ma sse s o f d a r k c e l l s.

H i st o r y , U se a n d / o r M e d i c a l i mpl i c a t i o n s N n e k n o w n .

Fi g u r e 2 1 6 D a w i n g o f n o n -spo r u l a t i n gsc i e r o t i a -l i k e my c e l i a l ma ss t ha t i s t y pi c a l o ft he B r o w n P l a st e r M o l d , P a pu l o spo r aby ss n a .

Page 320: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 320/437

C mme n t s: P a pu l o spo r a i s c o mpe t i t i v e t o mu shr o o m my c e l i u m a n d c a n t he r e fo r e po st po n e o r

i n hi bi t fr u i t i n g . P a pu l o spo r a by ss n a H o t s n i s t he br o w n pl a s e r mo l d c o mmo n l y e n c o u n t e r e d i nmu shr o o m c u l t i v a t i o n . C l o n i e s o f t hi s c o n t a m i n a n t c a n g r o w u p t o s v e r a l fe e t i n d i a me t e r i f c o r -

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 2 9 9

r e c t i v e c o u n t e r me a su r e s a r e n o t t a k e n . It fr e q u e n t l y g r o w s o n w o o d e n t r a y s o r she l v e s. T he B r o w n

P l a st e r M o l d i s d e t r i me n t a l t o mu shr o o m c r o ps o n l y i n t he se n s t ha t P a pu l o spo r a u su r ps v a l u a bl e

n u t r i e n t s t ha t w o u l d o t he r w i se be a v a i l a bl e t o t he mu shr o o m my c e l i u m. A c c o r d i n g t o A t k i n s

( 1 9 7 4 ) , w e t , c o mpa c t a n d o v e r l y ma t u r e c o mpo st i s l i k e l y t o fa v o r t he se c o n t a m i n a n t s.

B e c a u s n o c o n i d i a l ( spo r e p r o d u c i n g ) pha s i s k n o w n , i t ha s be e n pl a c e d i n t he " g a r ba g e "

o r d e r o f l i t t l e u n d e r s o o d fu n g i , t he M y c e l i a S t e r i l i a .

S e e a l so B o fi y t i s a n d S c o pu l a r i o ps s.

Page 321: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 321/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

3 0 0 / T h e M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

P E N I C J L L I U M

C l a s s : Fu n g i Impe r l e c t i

O r d e r : M o n i l i a l e s

Fa mi l y : E u r o t i a c e a e

C mmo n N me : T he B l u i sh G r e e n M o l d .

L a t i n R o o t : Fr o m " pe n i c i l l u m" m e a n i n g abr u sh-l i k e t u ft o f ha i r s, so n a me d i n r e fe r e n c e

t o t he sha pe o f t he spo r u l a t i n g bo d y .

H a bi t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e : A ne x t r e me l y c o mmo n c o n t a mi n a n t . A l t ho u g h

n o t a s pr e v a l e n t i n n a t u r e a s C a d o spo r i u m,

P e n i c i l l i u m i s t he mo s pr e v a l e n t o f i n d o o r

c o n t a mi n a n t s, a fa c t t ha t i s u n d o u bt e d l y r e -l a t e d t o hu ma n e a t i n g h a bi t s P e n i c i l l i u mspe c i e s a bo u n d o n fo o d s u ffs su c h a s fr u i t s,

c he e se s a n d st o r e d g r a i n s. M a n y spe c i e s pr e -

fe r ha bi t a t s w i t h a n a c i d pH . P e n i c i l l i a a r e o c -

c a si o n a l t o fr e q u e n t o n u n d e r -d e v e l o pe d

mu shr o o m c o mpo st , c a si n g so i l a n d o n d i s-

c a r d e d mu shr o o m d e br i s.

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a t i o n Is S pr e a d : P r i ma r i l y t hr o u g h t he a i r , a l t ho u g h st o r e dg r a i n a n d o t he r fo o d s u ffs, a s w e l l a s hu ma n s a r e t he mo st fr e q u e n t c a r r i e r s o f t hi s mo l d .

M e a su r e s o f C n t r o l : A i r fi l t r a t i o n ; r e mo v a l o f w a s e pr o d u c t s; i s l a t i o n o f c o n t a mi n a t e d c u l t u r e s;a n d ma i n t e n a n c e o f a hi g h l e v e l o f hy g i e n e .

M a c r o sc o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : A ppe a r i n g a s a g r a n u l a r o r po w d e r y b l u i sh g r e e n mo l d , o ft e n w i t h a

br o a d w hi t i sh r i m o f n e w g r o w t h. S o me spe c i e s, l e ss fr e q u e n t l y e n c o u n t e r e d , a r e w hi t i sh, y e l l o w i sh

o r e v e n r e d d i sh i n c o l o r . M a n y spe c i e s e x u d e d r o pl e t s o f fl u i d fr o m t he i r su r fa c e s ha v i n g a n t i bi o t i cpr o pe r t i e s

M i c r o sc o pi c Cha r a c t e r i st i c s: C n i d i o pho r e s a r i si n g si n g l y , l o n g , a n d br a n c hi n g n e a r t he a pe xi n t o sho r t c h a i n s o f g l o bo se , g r e e n , d r y c o n i d i a . C mpa r e d t o mu shr o o m spo r e s, t he c o n i d i a o f

Fi g u r e 2 1 7 D a w i n g o f spo r u l a t i n g st r u c -t u r e c ha r a c t e r i st i c o f P e n i c i l l i u m mo l d s.

Page 322: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 322/437

P e n i c i l l i a a r e mi n u t e , me a su r i n g o n l y 2 -4 mi c r o n s i n d i a me t e r .

H i st o r y , U se a n d / o r M e d i c a l Impl i c a t i o n s: In 1 9 2 8 -1 9 2 9 w hi l e D . A l e x a n d e r Fl e mi n g w a ss u d y i n g S t a phy l o c o c c u s a u r e u s, he n o t i c e d t ha t a g r e e n mo l d c o n t a mi n a n t i n hi bi t e d hi s c u l t u r e d

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 3 0 1

ba c t e r i a w he n fhe t w o g r e w i n c l o se pr o x i mi t y . A fl u i d t ha t w a s be i n g e x u d e d fr o m t he fu n g u s

c a u g ht hi s c u r i o s t y . U po n r e po r t i n g hi s fi n d i n g , c o l l e g u e s l a t e r fo u n d t he fl u i d c o n t a i n e d a po w e r fu l

n e w a n t i bi o t i c w hi c h w a s n a me d pe n i c i l l i n . H e ha d , i n fa c t , c u l t u r e d P e n i c i l l i u r n n o t a t u r n W e st l .

C r r e n t l y p e n i c i l l i n i s c o mme r c i a l l y p r o d u c e d by h i g h y i e l d i n g st r a i n s o f P e n i c i l l i u r n c hi y so g e n u r nT ho m. T hr o u g h i t s u se , mi l l i o n s o f pe o pl e ha v e be e n c u r e d o f i l l n e ss s t ha t w e r e pr e v i o u sl y u n t r e a t -

a bl e . Fr o m t he w i d e spr e a d u se a n d a bu se o f t hi s d r u g , ho w e v e r , n e w , mo r e v i r u l e n t a n d pe n i c i l l i nr e si st a n t s r a i n s o f ba c t e r i a ha v e e v o l v e d .

Fr o m t he pr o d u c t i o n o f st e r o i d s t o t he ma k i n g o f r o q u e fo r t c h e e se ( by P e n i c i l l i u r n r o q u e Io r t i i ) ,

t hi s g e n u s i s r e spl e n d e n t w i t h spe c i e s o f pr o v e n v a l u e t o ma n . Fe w , i f a n y , a r e pa t ho g e n i c .

C mme n t s S i n c e t he hi g h c o u n t o f P e n i c i l l i u r n spo r e s i n d o o r s i s d i r e c t l y t r a c e a bl e t o d e c o mpo s-

i n g fo o d s u f fs, o n e c a n r e d u c e t he pr e v a l a n c e o f t hi s c o n t a m i n a n t by s mpl y fo l l o w i n g g o o d hy g i e n -

i c pr a c t i c e s P e n i c i l l i u r n , a pr o l i fi c spo r e pr o d u c e r , i s a n u bi q u i t o u s fu n g u s It i s pr o ba bl y t he mo stc o mmo n c o n t a m i n a n t se e n i n t he l a bo r a t o r y . A l t ho u g h P e n / c l / hu m c a n a t t a c k c o mpo st , c a si n g so i l

a n d mu shr o o m d e br i s, i t i s n o t a s pr e v a l e n t a s T r i c ho c l e r r n a i n t he se ha bi t a t s. O t he r g r e e n mo l d s,s mi l a r i n a ppe a r a n c e , a r e C a c l o spo r i u m a n d A spe r g i / / u s.

P e n i c i l l i u r n so me t i me s c o n t a mi n a t e s po o r l y pr e pa r e d c o mpo s o r s pa w n e d c o mpo st t ha t ha su n d e r g o n e s c o n d a r y h e a t i n g . H e r e , k e r n e l s fo r me r l y c o l o n i z d by mu shr o o m my c e l i u m be -

c o me su s e pt i bl e t o w e e d mo l d s su c h P e n i c i hl i u r n a n d D r a t o r n y c e s a n d t he n spr e a d o n t o t hec o mpo st a n d / o r c a si n g so i l .

D ffe r i n g fr o m A spe r g i l l u s a n d T r i c ho d e r ma i n t he sha pe o f t he c o n i d i o pho r e .

Fo r fu r t he r i n fo r ma t i o n :

Fi g u r e 2 1 8 S c a n n i n g e l e c t r o nmi c r o g r a ph o f P e n / c / Il i u m.

Page 323: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 323/437

" T he P e n i c i hl i a " by R a pe r a n d T ho m ( 1 9 4 9 ) w ho r e c o g n i ze d 1 3 8 spe c i e s a t t he t i me o f pu b-

l i c a t i o n .S e e C l o r P ho t o g r a p h 2 0 .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

3 0 2 / T h e M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

R H I Z O P U S

C l a s s : Z y g o m y c e t e s

O r d e r : M u c o r a l e s

Fa mi l y : M u c o r a c e a e

C mmo n N me s: B r e a d M o l d ; T he P i nM o l d .

L a t i n R o o t : Fr o m t he pr e fi x " r h i zo " , pe r -t a i n i n g t o r o o t s, a n d t he s ffi x " pu s o r fo o t ,

i n r e fe r e n c e t o t he r hi z i d s a t t he ba se o f t he

spo r a n g i o pho r e t ha t i s c ha r a c t e r i st i c o f so me

spe c i e s i n t hi s g e n u s.

H a bi t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e : A

sa pr o phy t e , c o mmo n l y se e n i n bo t h a g a r a n dg r a i n c u l t u r e . R hi zo pu s n a t u r a l l y i n ha bi t s

d u n g a n d s i l s a n d i s a d e c o m po se r o f d e a d

pl a n t a n d a n i ma l ma t t e r . W i t hi n t he ho me ,t hi s c o n t a mi n a n t i s mo st o ft e n s e n o n o l d

br e a d o r o n po o r l y s o r e d g r a i n a n d fr u i t s.

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a t i o n Is S pr e a d : P r i ma r i l y a i r .

M e a su r e s o f C n t r o l : A i r f i l t r a t i o n ; st r i c t a d he r e n c e t o g e n e r a l hy g i e n i c pr a c t i c e s a n d st e a m st e r i -

l i za t i o n o f g r a i n a n d a g a r me d i a .

M a c r o s o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : S i mi l a r t o M u c o r . W he n spo r u l a t i n g , R hi zo pu s a p pe a r s a s a a d e n se

ma t o f t a l l , a e r i a l , v e r t i c a l l y o r i e n t e d hy pha e u po n w hi c h s t d a r k g r e y t o g r e y b l a c k h e a d s. It r e se m-

bl e s a fo r e st o f pi n s.

M i c r o sc o pi c Cha r a c t e r i st i c s: A c r e e pi n g hy pha l n e t w o r k t ha t g i v e s r i se t o i n d i v i d u a l , v e r t i c a l l y

o r i e n t e d s a l k s t ha t a r e u n br a n c h e d a n d a t w ho s ba se d i s i n c t r hi z i d s c a n be a t t a c h e d . T he a pe x i s

sw e l l e d i n t o a v e s c l e u po n w hi c h a d a r k sphe r i c a l bo d y ( spo r a n g i u m) r e st s. T hi s spo r a n g i u m d o e s

n o t fu l l y e n v e l o pe t he spo r a n g i o pho r e . H e n c e , t he spo r a n g i o pho r e s e l l s be fo r e c o n t a c t i n g t he

spo r a n g i u m. T he spo r a n g i u m i s a ma ss o f spo r e s w i t hi n a t hi n e n v e l o pe o f t i ssu e t ha t so o n d i si n t e -

g r a t e s a n d fr e e s t he a s x u a l spo r e s J o i n i n g t he se i n d i v i d u a l spo r a n g i o pho r e s a r e l o n g i n t e r c o n n e c t -

Fi g u r e 2 1 9 D a w i n g o f a se x u a l spo r a n g i o -pho r e a n d s x u a l zy g o spo r i u m o f R hi z pu s

Page 324: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 324/437

i n g my c e l i a l v e i n s c a l l e d sfo l o n s. M a t i n g c a n a l so o c c u r be t w e n t w o se x u a l l y c o mpl e me n t a r yhy pha e a n d r e su l t s i n t he fo r ma t i o n o f a g l o bo s r e pr o d u c t i v e bo d y , a zy g o spo r i u m. ( S e e Fi g . 2 1 9 ) .

It s my c e l i a l a c k s d i st i n c t c e l l w a l l s

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 3 0 3

H i s o r y , U s a n d / o r M e d i c a l Impl i c a t i o n s In i t se l f, n o t a pa t ho g e n t o ma n . R e po r t s i n t he

me d i c a l l i t e r a t u r e ha v e i n t he pa s bl a me d R hi z pu s fo r z g o my c o s s w he n i n fa c t o t he r r e l a t e d

g e n e r a — A bsi d i a a n d Iv i u c o r — w e r e r e s po n si bl e .

R hi zo pu s s o l o n i fe r , t he bl a c k br e a d mo l d , i s a l s u t i l i ze d i n t he c o mme r i c a l pr o d u c t i o n o f fu -

ma r i c a c i d a n d c o r t i so n e . O t he r spe c i e s i n t he g e n u s se c r e t e a sso r t e d a l c o ho l s a n d a c i d s a s me t a -

bo l i c w a s e pr o d u c t s.

C mme n t s: A l o n g w i t h A spe r g i l l u s a n d P e n / c l / hu m, spe c i e s o f t hi s g e n u s a r e t he pr i ma r y c o n -

t a mi n a n t s o f g r a i n spa w n . R hi zo pu s i s v e r y r a pi d g r o w i n g , a n d i s c a l l e d t he P i n M o l d fo r t he sha pe

o f t he spo r e pr o d u c i n g bo d y . R hi z pu s s o l o n i fe r ( = R hi zo pu s n i g r a c a n s) i s c a l l e d t he B l a c k P i nM o l d a n d c a n e l e v a t e t he s bs r a t e t e mpe r a t u r e fr o m r o o m t e mpe r a t u r e t o t he 9 5 -1 0 4 ° F. r a n g e .

A t t hi s l e v e l , t he po pu l a t i o n s o f t he t r u e t he r mo phi l e s i n c r e a s d r a ma t i c a l l y , fu r t he r h e a t i n g u p t he

ho st su bst r a t e t o t e mpe r a t u r e s l e t ha l t o t he mu shr o o m my c e l i u m.

S e e a l so M u c o r , a mo l d t ha t i s c l o se l y r e l a t e d t o R hi zo pu s, bu t w ho se spo r a n g i u m c o mpl e t e l y

c o v e r s t he a pe x o f t he spo r a g i o pho r e .

Page 325: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 325/437

Fi g u r e 2 2 0 R hi zo pu s, t he B l a c k P i n M o l d , o n ma l t a g a r .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

3 0 4 / T h e M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

S C O P U L A R I O P S I S

C l a s s : Fu n g i Impe r l e c t i

O r d e r : M o n i l i a l e s

S e r i e s: A n n e l o spo r a eC mmo n N me s W hi t e P l a st e r M o l d ;

Fl o u r M o l d .

L a t i n R o o t : Fr o m " s o pu l a t u s" me a n i n gbr o o m-l i k e o r b r u sh sha pe d , i n r e fe r e n c e t o

t he s r u c t u r e o f t he spo r u l a t i n g r e pr o d u c t i v e

bo d y .

H a bi t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e : Asa pr o phy t e , o c c a s o n a l l y s e n i n c o mpo s s

t ha t ha v e be e n o v e r -w a t e r e d o r a r e t o o hi g h

i n n i t r o g e n . S c o pu l a r i o psi s a l so fo r ms o n t hec a si n g d u r i n g t he fr u i t i n g c y c l e . It n a t u r a l l y

g r o w s i n s i l s, o n ha y , o n r o t t i n g l e a v e s a n d

o n o t he r d e c a y i n g p l a n t ma t e r i a l i n c l u d i n g

g r a i n . T hi s g r o u p o f mo l d s g e n e r a l l y pr e fe r

a n a l k a l i n e pH .

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a t i o n Is S pr e a d : P r i ma r i l y a i r bo r n e spo r e s, spe n t c o mpo sta n d i n s c t s a n d fr o m ma t e r i a l s pr e v i o u sl y i n c o n t a c t w i t h t hi s c o n t a mi n a n t t ha t w e r e n o t t ho r o u g hl y

c l e a n e d b e fo r e u s .

M e a su r e s o f C n t r o l : P r o pe r pr e pa r a t i o n a n d su ffi c i e n t a i r d u r i n g P ha se II c o mpo st i n g d i sc o u r -

a g e s t hi s fu n g u s A t k i n s ( 1 9 7 4 ) r e po r t e d t ha t e x c e ssi v e mo i st u r e a n d su bse q u e n t a n a e r o bi cpa st e u r i za t i o n w e r e t he t w o ma i n fa c t o r s c o n t r i bu t i n g t o t he spr e a d o f t he W hi t e P l a st e r M o l d . B e -

fo r e fi l l i n g , t he a d d i t i o n o f g y psu m t o a n o v e r l y w e t c o mpo s w i l l bi n d l o o se w a t e r , a c o n d i t i o n

fa v o r a bl e t o t hi s mo l d .

M a c r o s o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : C r c u l a r c o l o n i e s o f d e n se l y ma t t e d , w hi t i sh my c e l i a ; w i t h a g e d e v e l -

o pi n g sl i g ht pi n k i sh t o n e s. T hi s mo l d o ft e n a ppe a r s a s " s pl o t c he s" , mo s l y o n t he c o mpo st be d a n d

t o a l e sse r d e g r e e o n t he c a si n g so i l .

M i c r o s o pi c Cha r a c t e r i s i c s: C n i d i o pho r e s sho r t , so o n br a n c hi n g , d e l i n e a t i n g i n t o s v e r a l

c o n i d i a

Fi g u r e 2 2 1 D a w i n g o f spo r u l a t i n g st r u c -t u r e t y p i c a l o f S c o pu l a r i o psi s

Page 326: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 326/437

e l o n g a t e d c e l l s w hi c h t he n g i v e r i s t o sho r t c ha i n s o f g l o bo se , hy a l i n e , fi n e l y w a r t e d , d r y

t ha t me a s r e 5 -8 x 5 -7 mi c r o n s. A n n u l a r zo n a t i o n s a r e pr e s n t a t t he j u n c t i o n o f t he spo r o g e n o u s

c e l l s a n d t he fi r st spo r e i n t he c o n i d i a l c ha i n . T e r mi n a l c e l l s i n t he c ha i n a r e t he o l d e st a n d t y p i c a l l y

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 3 0 5

t he l a r g e s . T he c o n i d i o pho r e s g e n e r a l l y r e s mbl e t ha t o f P e n i c i l l i u m a n d t hu s a r e d e sc r i be d a spe n c i l l a fe , o r b r u sh sha pe d .

H i s o r y , U s e a n d / o r M e d i c a l I m p l i c a t i o n s : O n e spe c i e s t o x i c t o h u ma n s S c o pu l a r i o psi sbr e v i c a u l i s ( S a c c a r d o ) B r a i n e r . T hi s spe c i e s u s a l l y a t t a c k s t i ss e a l r e a d y d i se a s d by o t he r mi c r o -

o r g a n i sms I t i s a n i mpr o ba bl e t hr e a t t o t he he a l t h o f mu shr o o m c u l t i v a t o r s .

C mme n t s: S c o pu l a r i o psi s fi mi c o l a i s t he W hi t e P l a s e r M o l d se e n o n c o mpo st be d s. It i s v e r y d e -t r i me n t a l t o t he g r o w t h o f mu shr o o m my c e l i a . It s pr e se n c e i s u su a l l y a n i n d i c a t i o n o f a sho r t , w e ta n d o v e r -ma t u r e c o mpo s . T hi s c o n d i t i o n pr e d i spo s s t he c o mpo s t o a d i ffi c u l t P ha se II w i t h d e n se

a n a e r o bi c a r e a s, a mmo n i a -l o c k a n d c o n s q u e n t l y hi g h pH l e v e l s A l l t he se fa c t o r s c o n t r i bu t e t o t he

g r o w t h a n d spr e a d o f S c o pu l a r i o ps s fi mi c o l a , t he spe c i e s o f W hi t e P l a s e r M o l d mo st fr e q u e n t l yse e n i n mu shr o o m c u l t u r e .

C n t a mi n a t i o n c a n a l s a r i s fr o m w i t hi n t he mu shr o o m ho u se i f t he r e ha s be e n a pr i o r h i st o r yo f pr o bl e ms w i t h t hi s c o n t a m i n a n t a n d i f st r i c t c o n t a m i n a t i o n c o n t r o l pr o c e d u r e s ha v e n o t be e n i n -

st i g a t e d . N t s r pr i si n g l y , o n e o ft e n fi n d s S c o pu l a r i o psi s w i t h t he In k y C p ( a C pr i n u s spe c i e s)

w hi c h i s a l s a sso c i a t e d w i t h r e si d u a l a mmo n i a i n c o mpo st s

S e e a l s P a pu l o spo r a ( P . by s s n a H o t s ) , a g e n u s c o n t a i n i n g t he B r o w n P l a s e r M o l d w ho se

e a r l y s a g e s o f g r o w t h r e s mbl e t he W hi t e P l a st e r M o l d .

Page 327: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 327/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

3 0 6 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

S E P E DO NIU M

C a ss: F u n g i I mpe r f e c t i

O r d e r : M o n i l i a / e s

S e r i e s: A l e u r i spo r a e

C mmo n N me s: Y e l l o w M o l d ; W hi t eM o l d .

H a bi t a t a n d F r e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e :O c c a si o n a l l y t o f r e q u e n t l y e n c o u n t e r e d o na g a r ; mo r e c o mmo n o n c o mpo s ; a n d pa r a -

si t i c o n w i l d mu shr o o ms ( b o t h B a si d i o my -c e t e s a n d A sc o my c e t e s) .

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a -t i o n I s S pr e a d : P r i ma r i l y t hr o u g h t he a i r ,bu t a l so fr o m spe n t c o mpo s .

M e t ho d s o f C n t r o l : A i r fi l t r a t i o n ; s r i c t

ma i n t e n a n c e o f hy g i e n e i n t he l a bo r a t o r y a n d

g r o w i n g r o o m; t he e x pe d i t i o u s r e mo v a l o f spe n t c o mpo st ; a n d t he t ho r o u g h d i si n fe c t i o n o f w o o d e n

c o mpo s c o n t a i n e r s

M a c r o s c o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : O n m a l t a g a r a n d o n r y e g r a i n a ppe a r i n g a s a fa s g r o w i n g w hi t i sh

mo l d , v e r y s mi l a r t o c o t t o n y mu shr o o m my c e l i a a n d fr e q u e n t l y mi st a k e n fo r i t . O n c o mpo st i t i s afi n e w hi t e mo l d w hi c h w i t h a g e be c o me s y e l l o w i sh t o g o l d e n y e l l o w fr o m spo r e pr o d u c t i o n . It i s n o t

a s pr o l i fi c a spo r e pr o d u c e r a s t he po w d e r y T r i c ho d e r ma . If spo r e s a r e n o t pr o d u c e d a t a l l , t he my -

c e l i a r e ma i n s w hi t i sh. T hi s mo l d a t t a c k s c o mpo st s t ha t o t he r w i s ha v e be e n pr o pe r l y pr e pa r e d fo r

mu shr o o m g r o w i n g .

M i c r o s o pi c Cha r a c t e r i st i c s: T w o t y p e s o f spo r e s fo r me d . T he mo r e o bv i o u s a r e l a r g e , g l o bo se

c hl a my d o spo r e s o r n a me n t e d w i t h sho r t spi n e s a n d si mi l a r t o t ho s o f M y c o g o n e ; e x c e pt i n t hi s

g e n u s a he mi sphe r i c fo o t c e l l , sha pe d l i k e a t e a c u p i s a bse n t . C n i d i o pho r e s a r e s mpl e , r e l a t i v e l y

u n d e v e l o pe d , r e se mbl i n g mu shr o o m my c e l i u m a n d n o t e a si l y d i st i n g u i she d fr o m i t e x c e pt t ha t t he y

Fi g u r e 2 2 2 D a w i n g o f spo r u l a t i n g st r u c -t u r e a n d fl a sk sha pe d c o n i d i a .

Page 328: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 328/437

l a c k c l a mps. G l o bo s t o v a s sha pe d c o n i d i a d e v e l o p t e r m i n a l l y a t t he e n d o f t he se br a n c he s, e i t he r

s n g l y o r i n l o o se c l u st e r s .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 3 0 7

H i st o r y , U s e a n d / o r M e d i c a l I m p l i c a t i o n s : S o m e s p e c i e s po ssi bl y t o x i c , It h a s be e n su g g e s e d

t ha t t hi s mo l d s c r e t e s a sw e e t o d o r n a u se o u s t o s me mu shr o o m w o r k e r s a n d po ss bl y t he c a u se

o f a l i t t l e u n d e r s o o d r e spi r a t o r y i l l n e ss N t mu c h i s k n o w n .

C mme n t s: S e p e d o n i u m spo r e s a r e n o t e d fo r t he i r he a t r e si s a n c e . It i s a w hi t i sh mo l d u n t i l t he

y e l l o w c o n i d i a a r e pr o d u c e d . O n ma l t a g a r me d i a , S e pe d o n i u m i s fa s r u n n i n g , a n d o u t -g r o w s mo st

mu shr o o m my c e l i a . W he n t he t w o fu n g i g r o w w i t hi n c l o se pr o x i mi t y t o o n e a n o t he r , a l i n e o f i n hi bi -

t i o n u su a l l y d e v e l o ps be t w e e n t he t w o . If c o n i d i o spo r e s o r c h l a my d o spo r e s a r e n o t pr o d u c e d , t hi s

mo l d i s d i ffi c u l t t o i d e n t i fy . T he c o n i d i o pho r e s a r e i n d i st i n c t , v e r y mu c h r e se mbl i n g i t s o w n my c e l i -

u r n . Fr o m t he a u t ho r s' e x pe r i e n c e t hi s c o n t a mi n a n t i s a v i g o r o u s c o mpe t i t o r o n a g a r m e d i a . Ifs a p-

pe a r a n c e n e c e ssi t a t e s a t ho r o u g h c l e a n i n g o f t he l a bo r a t o r y a n d spa w n i n c u ba t i o n e n v i r o n me n t . Ift hi s mo l d c o n t a mi n a t e s g r a i n spa w n a n d g o e s u n d e t e c t e d , u se o f t hi s spa w n i n su be q u e n t i n o c u l a -

t i o n s w o u l d be d i sa st r o u s.

T he se c o n d si t e o f c o n t a mi n a t i o n i s ho r se ma n u r e / st r a w c o mpo st w he r e i t mo s fr e q u e n t l y a p-

pe a r s d u r i n g spa w n r u n . O n l y d e t r i me n t a l w he n l a r g e o u t br e a k s o c c u r , S e pe d o n i u m's pr e s e n c e o n

c o mpo s c a n be t r a c e d t o i n su ffi c i e n t pa st e u r i za t i o n o r spe n t c o mpo st r e s d u e s i n t he t r a y s o rshe l v e s A l t ho u g h n o t r e g a r d e d a s a se r i o u s c o mpe t i t o r o n mu shr o o m c o mpo st , S e pe c l o n i u m i s a n -

o t he r fu n g u s be l i e v e d t o be a fo o d s u r c e fo r mi t e s ( K n e e bo n e , 1 9 6 1 ) .

S e pe d o n i u m, l i k e M y c o g o n e , i s a n i mpe r fe c t st a t e o f H y po my c e s, a c o mmo n pa r a si t e o n

mu shr o o ms In t he w i l d , S e pe d o n i u m c hi y s spe r ma pa r a s t i z s B o l e t u s spe c i e s ( pa r t i c u l a r l y B .

c hi y se n t e r o n ) a n d c a u s s t he m t o a bo r t . T he c hl a my d o spo r e s o f S e pe d o n i u m a r e g e n e r a l l y si mi l a rt o M y c o g o n e .

S e e a l so M u c o r a n d M y c e l i a S t e r i l i a , t w o fa st r u n n i n g w hi t i sh mo l d s o n a g a r me d i a .

F i g u r e 2 2 3 S e pe d o n i u m mo l d c o m p e t -

Page 329: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 329/437

i n g w i t h P s i l o c y b e c u be n s s my c e l i a o n

m a l t a g a r m e d i a .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

3 0 8 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

T O R U L A

C a ss F u n g i Impe r l e c t i

O r d e r : M o n / / i a / e sFa mi l y : D ma t i a c e a e

C mmo n N me : B l a c kn i g r a ) .

Y e a st ( T o r u / a

L a t i n r o o t : Fr o m t he sa me r o o t a s t he a d j e c -

t i v a l " t o r u l o su s , me a n i n g c y l i n d r i c a l sha pe d

w i t h bu l g e s a n d c o n st r i c t i o n s a t r e g u l a r i n t e r -

v a l s, c ha i n -l i k e .

H a bi t a t a n d F r e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e :

S a pr o phy t i c , c o mmo n . M a n y t he r m o phi l i cspe c i e s pa r t i c i pa t e i n t h e d e c o mpo si t i o n o fs r a w a n d ma n u r e i n t he ma k i n g o f mu sh-r o o m c o mpo st s A l t ho u g h T o r u / a i s r a r e l y

s e n i n a g a r c u l t u r e , i t s c o u si n R ho d o t o r u l a ,

a r e d y e a st , i s fr e q u e n t l y s e e n .

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a t i o n Is S pr e a d : P r i ma r i l y a n a i r bo r n e c o n t a mi n a n t ; se c -

o n d a r i l y t r a n smi t t e d t hr o u g h c o mpo s .

M e t ho d s o f C n t r o l : N n e g e n e r a l l y n e e d e d o r d e s r e d . T o r u l a i s a be n e fi c i a l , t he r mo phi l i cmi c r o o r g a n i sm t hr i v i n g i n t he 1 1 5 -1 2 5 ° F . r a n g e .

M a c r o s o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : W hi t i sh a t fi r s , t he n g r a y i sh, s o n d a r k br o w n o r j e t bl a c k w i t h spo r epr o d u c t i o n . A s T o r u / a ma t u r e s, t he my c e l i u m be c o me s c o v e r e d w i t h a ma ss o f spo r e s t ha t g i v e i t a

so o t -l i k e a ppe a r a n c e . O n c o mpo s , t hi s fu n g u s a ppe a r s si mi l a r t o H u mi c o / a .

M i c r o s o pi c Cha r a c t e r i st i c s M y c e l i u m c o l o r l e ss o r s l i g ht l y pi g me n t e d . T r u e c o n i d i o pho r e s a r el a c k i n g . H y pha e a br u pt l y t e r mi n a t e i n t o c o n i d i a w hi c h a r e o v o i d , t r a n sl u c e n t , d a r k br o w n , smo o t h

a n d pr o d u c e d i n br a n c he d o r u n br a n c he d c ha i n s by e i t he r o f t w o me t ho d s. In o n e fo r m, t he mo r e

ma t u r e spo r e s o f a c o n i d i a l c ha i n d e v e l o p a pi c a l l y , w i t h t he y o u n g e r spo r e s a r i s n g fr o m t he spo r e

c l o se st t o t he hy pha l br a n c h. ( T hi s i s c a l l e d ba s pe t a l d e v e l o pme n t ) . In a s c o n d fo r m, c o n i d i a c a n

d e v e l o p by s mpl e bu d d i n g fr o m t he t i ps o f a hy pha , i n a y e a st -l i k e fa shi o n . T he bu d d i n g hy pha n a r -

Fi g u r e 2 2 4 D a w i n g o f t he spo r u l a t i n gs r u c t u r e o f T o r u l a , t he B l a c k Y e a st .

Page 330: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 330/437

r o w s t o w a r d s t he a pe x i n t o i mma t u r e spo r e s a n d fi n a l l y t e r m i n a t e s w i t h a n a t t e n u a t i n g t a i l . Fr e e d a r e

c o n i d i a fo u n d si n g l y o r a t t a c h e d s v e r a l a t a t i me .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 3 0 9

H i s o r y , U s e a n d / o r M e d i c a l I m p l i c a t i o n s : N o t t ho u g ht t o b e pa t ho g e n i c . C n fu si o n w i t h

C y p t o c o c c u s ha s i n t he pa st g i v e n T o r u l a a n u n d e se r v e d pa t ho g e n i c r e p u t a t i o n . C y p t o c o c c o si s i n

t he me d i c a l l i t e r a t u r e i s o ft e n t ho u g h i n c o r r e c t l y t e r m e d t o r u l o s s.

C mme n t s T o r u l a , l i k e H u m/ c o l a , i s a n a l l y t o t he mu shr o o m c o mpo st ma k e r , c o n v e r t i n g a m-

mo n i c n i t r o g e n i n t o p r o t e i n u sa bl e t o t he mu shr o o m. T o r u l a fhe r mo phi l a C o n e y & E me r s n i st he spe c i e s mo s fr e q u e n t l y se e n i n c o mpo st i n g s r a w a n d ma n u r e . O r i g i n a l l y i so l a t e d fr o m c hi c k e n

d r o ppi n g s, t hi s spe c i e s i s a t r u e t he r mo phi l e w i t h a t e mpe r a t u r e r a n g e fr o m 7 3 -1 3 6 0 F. , a n d a n o p-

t i mu m o f 1 0 4 0 F. T he T o r u l a g e n u s i s k n o w n fo r a n u mbe r o f t he r mo phi l i c s pe c i e s t ha t su r v i v e t he

pa st e u r i za t i o n pr o c e ss a n d fl o u r i sh a t s a n d a r d P ha s II c o n d i t i o n i n g t e mpe r a t u r e s F) .

W he n pa st e u r i z d c o mpo s i s c o o l e d d o w n t o r o o m t e mpe r a t u r e , t hi s fu n g u s i s r e n d e r e d i n a c t i v ea n d i n t u r n be c o me s a fo o d so u r c e fo r t he mu shr o o m my c e l i u m.

R ho d o t o r u l a r e pr o d u c e s v e r y s mi l a r l y fo T o r u l a . If i s k n o w n a s t he R e d Y e a st , c o mmo n l y c o n -

t a mi n a t i n g a g a r c u l t u r e s. R ho d o t o r u l a g l u t i n i s, a c o mmo n so i l i n ha bi t a n t , ma y pl a y a n i mpo r t a n t

r o l e i n t he r e pr o d u c t i v e c y c l e o f t he c o mmo n Cha n t a r e l l e mu shr o o m, C n t ha r e l l u s c i ba r i u s. P u r e

c u l t u r e s o f Cha n t a r e l l e s ha v e be e n d i ffi c u l t t o o bt a i n fr o m w i l d spe c i me n s. A n d , Cha n fa r e l l e spo r e s

d o n o t g e r mi n a t e u s n g s a n d a r d l a bo r a t o r y t e c hn i q u e s. In 1 9 7 9 , a S w e e d i sh my c o l o g i st n a me d

N l s Fr i e s d i sc o v e r e d t ha t , i n fhe pr e se n c e o f R ho d o t o r u l a g l u t i n i s a n d a c fi v a fe d c ha r c o a l , C

c i ba r i u s spo r e s r e a d i l y g e r mi n a t e . P u r e c u l t u r e s o f Cha n fa r e l l e s, o n c e n e a r l y i mpo ssi bl e t o o bt a i n ,

a r e n o w fe a s bl e . O t he r r e l a t e d y e a st s ma y ha v e a si mi l a r st i mu l a t o r y e ffe c t o n v a r i o u s mu shr o o ms

spe c i e s c u r r e n t l y n o t pr o n e t o c u l t i v a t i o n .T o r u l a spe c i e s, a s w i t h mo st y e a st s, a r e se pa r a t e d fr o m o n e a n o t he r l a r g e l y by c he mi c a l

me a n s

Page 331: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 331/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

3 1 0 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

T R I C H O D E R M A

C l a s s : Fu n g i Impe r f e c t IO r d e r : M o n i l i a l e s

Fa mi l y : M o n i l i a c e a e

C mmo n N me s Fo r e s t G r e e n M o l d ;G r e e n M o l d ; a n d T r i c h o d e r ma B l o t c h .

G r e e k R o o t : Fr o m " t r i c ho s m e a n i n g ha i r y

a n d " d e r ma " o r s i n .

H a bi t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e :V r y c o mmo n o n c o mpo st , c a si n g so i l a n d

t oa l e sse r d e g r e e o n g r a i n a n d a g a r .

T r i c ho d e r ma o ft e n pa r a si t i ze s mu shr o o msu n d e r c u l t i v a t i o n a n d c a n i n hi bi t o r r e d u c e

fr u i t i n g s. M a n y spe c i e s g r o w o n w o o d o rw o o d y t i ssu e a n d a r e a bu n d a n t i n pe a t .

T r i c h o d e r ma fr e q u e n t l y g r o w s o n t he w o o d -

e n t r a y s ho l d i n g c o mpo s .

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a t i o n Is S pr e a d : P r i ma r i l y a n a i r bo r n e c o n t a mi n a n t w he n

c o n t a mi n a t i n g a g a r o r g r a i n c u l t u r e s O n c a s n g s i l s, i t i s i n t r o d u c e d t hr o u g h t he pe a t o r h u mu s.

T r i c ho d e r ma i s o ft e n spr e a d d u r i n g ha r v e s i n g , be d c l e a n i n g o r w a t e r i n g . S pe c i e s i n t hi s g e n u s

g e n e r a l l y p r e f e r a n a c i d p H i n t he 4 -5 . 5 ( 6 ) r a n g e .M e a s r e s o f C n t r o l : C r e fu l pi c k i n g ; d i spo sa l o f d e a d a n d d i se a se d mu shr o o ms; l o w e r i n g o f hu -

mi d i t y l e v e l s l o w e r i n g c a r bo n d i o x i d e a n d i n c r e a s n g a i r c i r c u l a t i o n t o e l i mi n a t e d e a d a i r po c k e t s.

U se o f c l e a n c a si n g ma t e r i a l s l a c k i n g u n d e c o mpo se d w o o d y t i ss e l e ss n t he c h a n c e o f T r i c ho d e r

ma c o n t a mi n a t i o n . Iso l a t e d o u t br e a k s o f T r i c ho d e r ma c a n e a s l y b e c o n t a i n e d by o n e o f se v e r a l

me t ho d s S i n c e T r i c ho d e r ma t hr i v e s i n a c i d ha bi t a t s, r a i si n g t he pH o f t he s r r o u n d i n g so i l i n hi bi t s

fu r t he r g r o w t h. P e r ha ps t he si mpl e st w a y t o r a i se pH i s t o c o v e r t he i n fe c t i n g c o l o n y w i t h s l t , so d i -

u m hy po c hl o r i t e o r s d i u m bi c a r bo n a t e ( ba k i n g so d a ) o r a so l u t i o n t he r e o f. R e c o g n i zi n g a n d

t r e a t i n g t hi s fu n g u s i n i t s e a r l i e s st a g e s, be fo r e ma n y s po r e s a r e pr o d u c e d , g r e a t l y r e d u c e s t h e r i s k

o f s t e l l i t e c o l o n i e s spr e a d i n g t hr o u g ho u t t he g r o w i n g r o o m. M u shr o o ms a ffl i c t e d w i t h T r i c ho d e r ma

Fi g u r e 2 2 5 D a w i n g o f c o n i d i a a n d spo r u -l a t i n g st r u c t u r e t y pi c a l o f T r i c ho d e r ma .

Page 332: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 332/437

sho u l d be c a r e fu l l y i so l a t e d . A l l i t e ms c o mi n g i n c o n t a c t w i t h i t ( t o o l s, w o r k e r s, e t c . ) sho u l d be

r e sa n i t i z d . S t e a m pa st e u r i za t i o n a t 1 6 0 ° F . fo r o n e ho u r e ffe c t i v e l y k i l l s t he spo r e s o f t hi s fu n g u s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 3 1 1

M a c r o s o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : A c o t t o n y mo l d , g r o w i n g i n c i r c u l a r c o l o n i e s o n t he c a si n g s i l o r o nc o mpo s ; g r a y i sh a n d d i ffu s a t fi r s ; r a pi d l y g r o w i n g ; a n d s o n fo r e st g r e e n fr o m spo r e pr o d u c t i o n .

O n ma l t a g a r c o l o n i e s o f T r i c ho d e r ma ha v e a n a e r i a l , c o t t o n y a n d br i l l i a n t fo r e s g r e e n my c e l i u mw he r e a s P e n i c i l l i u m ha s a n a ppr e sse d , g r a n u l a r a n d bl u e g r e e n my c e l i u m. S o me i n fr e q u e n t l y e n -

c o u n t e r e d spe c i e s a r e w hi t i sh o r y e l l o w i sh, bu t t he ma j o r i t y o f t ho s s e n i n m u shr o o m c u l t u r e a r e

g r e e n i sh sha d e d .

P a r a s t i ze d mu shr o o ms ha v e d r y b r o w n i sh bl o t c h e s o r s n k e n l e s o n s o n t he c a p o r s t e m.T he y a r e o ft e n e n v e l o pe d by a fi n e d o w n y m i l d e w t ha t ma y e v e n t u a l l y b e c o me g r e e n i sh fr o m spo r epr o d u c t i o n , a n d a r e g r o ss y m i spr o po r t i o n e d .

M i c r o sc o pi c Cha r a c t e r i st i c s: C n i d i o pho r e s c l e a r , pr o fu s l y br a n c he d u po n w ho se e n d s sma l lbu n c he s o f o v o i d g r e e n i sh pi g me n t e d , smo o t h spo r e s a r e bo r n e . In ma n y spe c i e s u n i q u e l y sha pe d

spo r o g e n o u s c e l l s a r e pr e se n t r o u g hl y r e se mbl i n g bo w l i n g pi n s a n d a r r a n g e d a s t r i a d s. A ft e rsq u a shi n g a sa mpl e fo r v i e w i n g u n d e r t he mi c r o s o pe , t he c o n i d i o pho r e s r e a d i l y d i s sse mbl e a n d

a r e d i ffi c u l t t o r e c o g n i z . T he fr e e d c o n i d i a , ho w e v e r , a r e n o t a r r a n g e d i n l i n e a r c h a i n s a s c o mmo n -

l y se e n i n A spe r g i l l u s a n d P e n i c i l l i u m, bu t a r e i n l o o s c l u st e r s o r a r e s a t t e r e d a s i n d i v i d u a l s. A

i g u r e 2 2 6

Page 333: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 333/437

P s o c y bei g u r e 2 2 6 T r i c h o d e r ma -Ii k e mo l d pa r a s t i zi n g

c u be n s s

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 334: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 334/437

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 3 1 3

M e a su r e s o f C n t r o l : A i r fi l t r a t i o n a n d ma i n t e n a n c e o f g o o d hy g i e n e i n t he l a bo r a t o r y .

T R I C H O T H E C I U M

C l a s s : Fu n g i Impe r l e c t i

O r d e r : M o n i l i a l e s

Fa mi l y : M o n i l i a c e a e

C mmo n N me : P i n k M o l d .

G r e e k R o o t : Fr o m " t r i c ho s m e a n i n g ha i r ya n d " t he k e " me a n i n g s c o r c a psu l e .

H a bi t a t a n d F r e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e :Fo r t h e mo s p a r t , a sa pr o phy t e , r a r e l y e n -

c o u n t e r e d i n spa w n ma k i n g e v e n t ho u g h i t i s

o n e o f t he ma n y m i c r o fl o r a a ss c i a t e d w i t h

g r a i n . T r i c ho t he c i u m i s a n o c c a si o n a l c o n -t a mi n a n t i n a g a r c u l t u r e a n d i n po o r l y p r e -pa r e d o r i mma t u r e c o mpo st s.

M e d i u m T hr o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a -t i o n Is S pr e a d : P r i ma r i l y a n a i r bo r n e c o n -

t a mi n a n t .

M a c r o s o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : M y c e l i u m i n i t i a l l y w hi t i sh; s o n pi n k i sh w i t h spo r e pr o d u c t i o n ; a n dt y pi c a l l y s o w g r o w i n g o n ma l t a g a r s. T r i c ho t he c i u m i s a po w d e r y P e n i c i l l i u m t y pe mo l d .

M i c r o s o pi c C ha r a c t e r i st i c s: C n i d i a me a su r i n g 1 2 -1 8 x 4 -1 0 mi c r o n s c o l o r l e ss t o br i g ht l yc o l o r e d ; t w o c e l l e d ; pe a r sha pe d , e l l i ps i d o r o v o i d ; bo r n e i n c l u st e r s w i t h t he ba sa l c e l l be i n g sma l l -e r t ha n t he t e r m i n a l o n e ; a n d po s t i o n e d a t t he a pe x o f t a l l , t hi n , u n br a n c he d , bu t se pt a t e c o n i d i o -pho r e s. S po r e bu n c he s a r e a t t a c he d t o o n e a n o t he r e i t he r i n a c ha i n -l i k e fa shi o n o r i n l o o se g r o u psbu t n o t l i n e a l l y .

H i s o r y , U se a n d / o r M e d i c a l Impl i c a t i o n s: O n e mo l d n o t a bl e . T r i c ho t he c i u m r o se u m L i n k e xFr . se c r e t e s a n a n t i bi o t i c ( t r i c ho t he c i n ) t ha t i s t o x i c t o ba c t e r i a , fu n g i a n d a n i ma l s

C mme n t s: M o r e fr e q u e n t l y se e n i n t he c o u r se o f a g a r c u l t u r e t ha n o n g r a i n , t hi s c o n t a mi n a n t c a nbe c o me a fo r mi d a bl e pr o bl e m i f n o t d e t e c t e d e a r l y , a n d i f l a r g e spo r e po pu l a t i o n s a r e pe r mi t t e d t od e v e l o p w i t hi n t he l a bo r a t o r y .

Fi g u r e 2 2 7 D a w i n g o f c o n i d i a a n d spo r u -l a t i n g st r u c t u r e o f T r i c ho t he c i u m.

Page 335: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 335/437

A l s o c c u r r i n g o n c o mpo s a n d o c c a si o n a l l y o n t he c a si n g so i l , pa r t i c u l a r l y w he r e n i t r o g e n

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

3 1 4 / T he M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

e n r i c h e d c o mpo u n d s ha v e n o t be e n c o n v e r t e d i n t o pr o t e i n u s bl e t o t he mu shr o o m my c e l i u m. B y

i t s l f i t i s n o t s r o n g l y i n hi bi t o r y t o mu shr o o m my c e l i u m, bu t t hr i v e s i n ha bi t a t s g e n e r a l l y u n su i t e d

fo r g o o d mu shr o o m g r o w t h. A d he r i n g t o g o o d c o mpo st pr a c t i c e s a n d fo l l o w i n g st a n d a r d hy g i e n i c

pr o c e d u r e s pr e v e n t s t hi s fu n g u s fr o m o c c u r r i n g .

S e e a l so Fu sa r i u m, a g e n u s c o n t a i n i n g se v e r a l pi n k i sh c o l o r e d c o n t a mi n a n t s a n d C o r i c hu m, a

g e n u s k n o w n f o r t he R e d L i pst i c k mo l d s.

Page 336: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 336/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

T he C n t a mi n a n t s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 3 1 5

H a b i t a t & Fr e q u e n c y o f O c c u r r e n c e : Ac o mmo n pa r a si t e o f t he fr u i l bo d y .

V r t i c i l l i u m i s pr o mo t e d d u r i n g c r o ppi n gu n d e r c o n d i t i o n s o f e x c e ssi v e hu mi d i t y c o m-

bi n e d w i t h i n a d e q u a t e a i r c i r c u l a t i o n .

V r t i c i l l i u m g r o w s w i t hi n a br o a d

t e m pe r a t u r e r a n g e a l t ho u g h w a r me r t e mpe r -

a t u r e s ( 6 2 ° F. a n d a bo v e ) a r e pr e fe r r e d .

S i n g e r ( 1 9 6 1 ) r e po r t e d a n o pt i mu m o f 7 2 ° F. V r t i c i l l i u m a bo u n d s i n so i l s a n d i s i n t r o d u c e d i n t o

t he g r o w i n g e n v i r o n me n t v i a t he ma t e r i a l s c o mpo si n g t he c a si n g .

M e d i u m T h r o u g h W hi c h C n t a mi n a t i o n Is S pr e a d : P r i ma r i l y t r a n smi t t e d fr o m o n e i n fe c t e d

r e g i o n t o a n o t he r by mu shr o o m ha r v e st e r s, fl i e s a n d i n se c t s W a t e r i n g i n fe c t e d mu shr o o ms fu r t h e r

spr e a d s V r t i c i l l i u m spo r e s.

M e a su r e s o f C n t r o l : G e n e r a l hy g i e n e ma i n t e n a n c e ; pr o p e r pi c k i n g a n d c l e a n i n g pr a c t i c e s; r e -

mo v a l o r i so l a t i o n o f i n fe c t e d c u l t u r e s; i n c r e a si n g a i r c i r c u l a t i o n ; l o w e r i n g o f hu mi d i t y ; a n d e l i mi n a -

t i o n o f fl i e s a n d mi t e s. If V r t i c i l l i u m i s e v i d e n t be fo r e a c r o p i s ha r v e st e d , c a r e fu l l y p i c k t he i n fe c t e d

mu shr o o ms, se a l t he m i n a pl a st i c ba g a n d l e a v e t he g r o w i n g r o o m w i t h mi n i ma l c o n t a c t w i t h u n a f-

fe c t e d a r e a s. V r t i c i / l i u m spo r e s a r e hi g hl y v i sc o u s a n d a r e be st t r a n smi t t e d by mo t i l e ho s s ,

e spe c 4 a l l y mi t e s a n d o t he r i n s c t s N v e r w a t e r a n i n fe c t e d be d u n t i l t he d i se a s d mu shr o o ms ha v e

be e n r e mo v e d a n d t he i n fe c t e d zo n e s ha v e be e n s l t e d w i t h a l k a l i n e bu ffe r ( ba k i n g so d a , so d i u m

hy po c h l o r i t e ) .

V E R T J C I L L I U M

C l a s s : Fu n g i Impe r l e c t i

O r d e r : M o n i l i a l e s

Fa mi l y : M o n i l i a c e a e

C mmo n N me s: D y B u bbl e ; B r o w nS po t ; a n d V r t i c i l l i u m D s a s .

L a t i n R o o t : Fr o m " v e r t i c i l l u s" me a n i n gw ho r l e d o r ha v i n g br a n c he s o n t he sa me

pl a n e , i n r e fe r e n c e t o t he sha pe o f t he c o n i d -

i o pho r e .

Fi g u r e 2 2 8 C n i d i a a n d spo r u l a t i n g st r u c -t u r e o f V r t i c i l l i u m.

Page 337: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 337/437

M a c r o s o pi c A ppe a r a n c e : S l i g ht l y i n fe c t e d mu shr o o ms c h a r a c t e r i z d by b r o w n c o l o r e d spo t s o r

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

3 1 6 / T h e M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

st r e a k s o n t he ba sa l o r u ppe r r e g i o n s o f t he st e m a n d o n t he c a ps o f d e v e l o pi n g pr i mo r d i a . T he se

spo t s be c o me g r a y i sh c o l o r e d fr o m spo r e pr o d u c t i o n . A ffl i c t e d mu shr o o ms o ffe n be n d t o w a r d s t he

s d e t ha t i s i n fe c t e d . If t he mu shr o o ms d o d e v e l o p a t a l l , t he y a r e t y p i c a l l y t i l t e d t o o n e si d e o r t he

o t he r . V r t i c i l l i u m a t t a c k s d e v e l o pi n g fr u i t bo d i e s— t he mo r e s v e r e l y i n fe c t e d a r e g r o ssl y ma l -

fo r me d , e spe c i a l l y y o u n g pr i mo r d i a w hi c h a r e t u r n e d i n t o sc l e r o t i a -l i k e ba l l s o f a mo r pho u s w hi t i sh

my c e l i a . M o r e ma t u r e bu t d i s a s d mu shr o o ms ha v e a d e fo r me d pi l e u s, s me t i me s w i t h a " ha i r

l i p" , a n d fr e q u e n t l y w i t h a d o w n y g r a y i sh my c e l i u m o v e r t he c a p. T he s e m c a n be c o v e r e d w i t h a

d o w n y m y c e l i u m a n d o ft e n v e r t i c a l l y s pl i t s, r o u g hl y r e se mbl i n g a pe e l e d ba n a n a . T he c a p be c o me s

d i spr o po r t i o n a t e l y sma l l r e l a t i v e t o t he fa t t e r t ha n n o r ma l st e m. T he o v e r a l l t e x t u r e o f t he mu shr o o m

i s d r y a n d l e a t he r y .

W he n t hi s mo l d a t t a c k s P si l o c y be c u be n si s, t he r e a r e se v e r a l a d d i t i o n a l c ha r a c t e r s w o r t hy o f

n o t e . P a r a s i t i ze d P . c u be n s s c a ps fr e q u e n t l y be c o me pl a n e a t a n e a r l y st a g e . T he s e m be c o me s

s o l l e n a n d ho l l o w , n a r r o w i n g r a d i c a l l y t o w a r d s t he a pe x . O n l y i n a n e x t r e me l y h u mi d e n v i r o n me n t

d o e s a d o w n y mi l d e w d e v e l o p o v e r t he c a p a n d s e m su r fa c e . T he " V r fi c i l l i u m spo t s" so c o m-

mo n l y r e po r t e d by g r o w e r s o f A g a r i c u s, a w hi t e m u shr o o m, a r e mo r e a c c u r a t e l y c a l l e d " V r t i c i l l i u m

s r e a k s o n P . c u be n s s, a mu shr o o m w i t h a br o w n i sh c a p a n d a w hi t i sh s e m.

Page 338: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 338/437

Fi g u r e 2 2 9 V r t i c i l l i u m a t t a c k i n g P s l o c y be c u be n si s.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 339: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 339/437

3 1 8 / T h e M u shr o o m C l t i v a t o r

Page 340: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 340/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

P e st s o f M u shr o o m

CH A P T E R X I VT H E P E S T S O F

M U S H R O O M C U L T U R E

Page 341: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 341/437

Fi g u r e 2 3 0 R e d P e ppe r M i t e s s a r mi n g o n A g a r i c u s b r u n n e s c e n s .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 342: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 342/437

O r d e r : D pt e r a

P e s s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 3 2 l

F a m i l y : L y c o r i i d a e ( Fu n g u s G n a t s

G e n u s S pe c i e s L y c o r i e l l a s l a n i , L y c o r i e l l a m a l i , L y c o r i e l l a a u r i pi l a

C mmo n N me s S c i a r i d Fl y , B i g Fl y

N t u r a l H a bi t a t : P r e d o mi n a n t l y sa pr o phy t e s, l i v i n g o n w i l d mu shr o o ms, r o t t i n g w o o d , l e a f mo l d

a n d ma n u r e pi l e s M a t u r i n g mu shr o o ms a r e fr e q u e n t l y i n fe s e d w i t h sc i a r i d l a r v a e , t he so -c a l l e d

" w o r ms" t ha t c o mmo n l y r u i n c ho i c e w i l d e d i bl e sP H Y S IC L C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S

M a t u r e S t a g e : S c i a r i d s a r e sma l l g n a t -l i k e fl i e s c h a r a c t e r i z d by t w o l o n g se g me n t e d a n t e n n a e ,

l a r g e c o mpo u n d e y e s, a bl a c k he a d a n d t ho r a x a n d a y e l l o w se g me n t e d a bd o me n . Fe ma l e s a r e

a bo u t 3 m m. l o n g a n d c a n be d i st i n q u i she d by t he s o l l e n a bd o me n w hi c h e n d s i n a n o v i po si t o r .

M a l e s a r e a bo u t 2 mm. l o n g a n d ha v e a n a r r o w a bd o me n e n d i n g i n a d i s i n c t c l a spe r .

L a r v a l S t a g e : L a r v a e me a su r e 6 -1 2 mm. l o n g w i t h t w e l v e a bd o mi n a l s c t i o n s a n d a d i st i n c t bl a c k

shi n y he a d . T he l o n g c r e a my w hi t e b o d y ha s a se mi -t r a n spa r e n t c u t i c l e w i t h a v i si bl y d a r k e n e d a l i -

me n t a r y c a n a l . L a r v a e g o t hr o u g h fo u r d e v e l o pme n t s a g e s, o r i n s a r s, be fo r e pu pa t i n g .

P u pa l S t a g e : Fu l l y m a t u r e l a r v a e spe n d t w o t o t hr e e d a y s spi n n i n g a c o c o o n o f fi n e si l k y t hr e a d s

a n d c o mpo s fr a g me n t s T he s t hr e a d s a r e so me t i me s d e t e c t e d a s sl i me t r a i l s l e ft be hi n d i n t he su b-

Fi g u r e 2 3 1 S c i a r i d a d u l t a n d i t s l a r v a . ( A d a pt e d fr o m P . R . V n d e r M e e r ; P e n n . S t .U n i v . C o p. E x t . S e r . )

Page 343: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 343/437

a n d c o mpo s fr a g me n t s T he s t hr e a d s a r e so me t i me s d e t e c t e d a s sl i me t r a i l s l e ft be hi n d i n t he su b-

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

3 2 2 / P e st s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e

s r a t e a s t he w a n d e r i n g l a r v a e pu pa t e . O n c e t he c o c o o n i s fi n i she d , t he l a r v a c o n t r a c t s i n t o a pu pa l

s a g e , t hu s be g i n i n g t he t r a n si t i o n t o t he a d u l t s a g e . P u pa e a r e 2 - 4 mm. l o n g a n d c h a n g e fr o m

w hi t e t o a l mo s bl a c k .

L i fe C c l e : D v e l o pme n t a l pe r i o d i n d a y s

T e mpe r a t u r e E g g L a r v a P u pa A d u l t

A t 7 5 ° F. 2 1 6 3 5 -7

A t 6 1 F. 7 2 3 8 ( n o d a t a )

S c i a r i d s t hr i v e i n t he s mme r a n d fa l l w i t h po pu l a t i o n s bu i l d i n g t o a pe a k i n S e pt e m be r a n d

O c t o be r . S c i a r i d s t he n d i e w i t h t he o n s t o f c o l d o u t si d e t e mpe r a t u r e s.

C mme n t s: T he s i a r i d f l y i s r e spo n s bl e f o r c o n s d e r a bl e d a ma g e t o c o mme r c i a l A g a r i c u s c r o ps.A t t r a c t e d by t he sme l l o f n e w l y pa st e u r i ze d c o mpo s , s i a r i d s ho me i n fr o m mi l e s a w a y . A fe ma l e

c a n l a y b e t w e e n 1 5 0 -1 7 0 e g g s a t a t i me . E g g s l a i d i n t h e c o mpo st j u st a ft e r P ha s II c o mpo st i n g

ha t c h q u i c k l y i n fo l a r v a e d u r i n g t he spa w n r u n n i n g pe r i o d . T he s l a r v a e t he n fe e d o n t he r u n n i n g

my c e l i u m a s w e l l a s c o mpo st , w hi c h i s br o k e n d o w n i n t o a fo u l sme l l i n g , s g g y ma ss, t o t a l l y u n su i t -

a bl e fo r spa w n g r o w t h. M a ssi v e i n fe st a t i o n s c a n c a u se t o t a l c r o p fa i l u r e .

A t l o w e r i n fe st a t i o n l e v e l s, l a r v a e mi g r a t e i n t o t he c a s n g l a y e r a n d t he n e me r g e j u s a s t h e fi r st

mu shr o o m pi n s a ppe a r o r a s l a t e a s t he fi r st fl u sh. T he se a d u l t s l a y mo r e e g g s i n t he c a si n g , a n d t he

n e w l y ha t c h e d l a r v a e a t t a c k bo t h my c e l i a a n d mu shr o o ms. S y mpt o ms o f t hi s a t t a c k i n c l u d e :

1 . D a d pi n he a d s

2 . P i n s o r mu shr o o ms t ha t a r e l o o se l y c o n n e c t e d t o t he c a s n g d u e t o se v e r e d my c e l i a l c o n -

n e c t i o n s.

3 . B r o w n o r b l a c k spo t s o n pi n he a d s o r o n t he st e ms o f mu shr o o ms.

4 . " S a l t sha k e r pi n s p e r fo r a t e d by l a r v a l t u n n e l s

5 . B r o w n i n g o f t he st e m w he r e c u t .

S e c o n d a r y d a ma g e t o mu shr o o m c r o ps by s i a r i d fl i e s c o me s fr o m t he i r r o l e a s c a r r i e r s o f

mi t e s a n d d i s a se s, i n c l u d i n g t he pa t ho g e n s V r t i c i l l i u m a n d T r i c ho d e r ma . A s n g l e sc i a r i d fl y c a n

c a r r y u p t o 2 0 mi t e s

Page 344: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 344/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Fa mi l y : P ho r i d a e

P e s s o f M u shr o o m C t u r e / 3 2 3

G e n u s/ S pe c i e s: M e g a se l i a n i g r a , M e g a se l i a ha l fe r a fa

C mmo n N me s: P ho r i d Fl y , D n g Fl y

N t u r a l H a bi t a t : C mmo n l y i n h a bi t i n g ma n u r e p i l e s a n d r a n k , d e c a y i n g v e g e t a t i o n ; fe e d i n g o nw i l d fu n g i a n d t he i r my c e l i a . P ho r i d l a r v a e a r e fr e q u e n t l y se e n t u n n e l i n g t hr o u g h w i l d mu shr o o ms

P H Y S IC L C A R A C E R IS T I C :

M a t u r e S t a g e : D s i n g u i shi n g fe a t u r e s a r e a hu mpe d ba c k , a r a p i d j e r k y r u n , a r o u n d e d t hi r d a n -t e n n a l se g me n t a n d a y e l l o w i sh t o r e d d i sh br o w n ba c k . A d u l t s me a su r e 2 -5 mm. l o n g . Fe ma l e s l i v e

1 6 d a y s a n d ma l e s l i v e 1 0 d a y s .

L a r v a l S t a g e : L a r v a e a r e 6 -1 0 mm. l o n g , w hi t e a n d se mi - t r a n spa r e n t . T he he a d i s c h a r a c t e r i ze dby a pa i r o f " mo u t h ho o k s w i t h s v e n t e e t h. T he se g me n t e d bo d y t a pe r s fr o m t he he a d t o t he po s-t e r i o r e n d . L a r v a e pa ss t hr o u g h t hr e e i n st a r s.

P u pa l S t a g e : P u pa e a r e w hi t e a t fi r s t he n be c o mi n g pa l e y e l l o w t o br o w n . T he y c a n be d i s i n -g u i she d by . a p a i r o f c u r v e d bl a c k r e spi r a t o r y ho r n s

L i fe C c l e : D v e l o pme n t a l pe r i o d i n d a y s

T e mpe r a t u r e E g g s L a r v a e P u pa

7 5 ° F. 2 5 86 1 ° F. 4 1 4 2 8

C mme n t s: P ho r i d s c a n d o e x t e n si v e d a ma g e t o t he mu shr o o m c r o p a n d a r e c o n s d e r e d t he pr i n -

Fi g u r e 2 3 2 P ho r i d fl y a n d i t s l a r v a . ( A d a pt e d fr o m P . R . V n d e r M e e r ; P e n n . S t . U n i v .C o p. E x t . S e r . )

O r d e r : D pt e r a

Page 345: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 345/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

3 2 4 / P e s s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e

c i pa l mu shr o o m pe s i n w e s e r n E u r o pe . M a t e d fe ma l e pho r i d s a r e d r a w n by t he o d o r o f mu shr o o m

my c e l i u m. T hi s a t t r a c t i o n i n c r e a se s d u r i n g t he spa w n r u n n i n g pe r i o d a n d pe a k s a t fu l l c o l o n i za t i o n .

E a c h fe ma l e c a n l a y u p t o 5 0 e g g s w hi c h a r e pl a c e d i n c l o se pr o x i mi t y t o t he my c e l i u m. In ma t u r e

mu shr o o m c r o ps, fe ma l e s l a y e g g s o n t he g i l l s, i n t he c a si n g , a n d a d j a c e n t t o y o u n g pi n he a d s.

O n c e ha t c he d , t he l a r v a e fe e d o n t he my c e l i u m, t he n t u n n e l i n t o t h e mu shr o o ms t h r o u g h t h e ba se

o f t he st e m. A r i si n g fr o m t he se t u n n e l s a r e se c o n d a r y ba c t e r i a l i n fe c t i o n s c a u s n g fu r t he r d a ma g e

a n d br o w n i sh d i s o l o r a t i o n s

T he fa c t t ha t fe ma l e s w i l l n o t l a y e g g s i n t o t a l d a r k n e ss g i v e s t he g r o w e r a n e ffe c t i v e me t ho d fo r

pr e v e n t i n g P ho r i d i n fe s a t i o n d u r i n g spa w n r u n n i n g .

Page 346: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 346/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

O r d e r : D pt e r a

Fa mi l y : C c i d o my i i d a e

P e st s o f M u shr o o m C t u r e / 3 2 5

G e n u s S pe c i e s H e fe r o pe z pi g ma e a , M y c o phi l a spe y e r i .

C mmo n N me s C c i d s, G a l l M i d g e s

N t u r a l H a bi t a t : C o m m o n l y i n ha bi t i n g d e c a y i n g w o o d , r o t t i n g v e g e t a t i o n a n d ma n u r e p i l e s o rw he r e v e r fu n g a l my c e l i u m o c c u r s

P H Y S IC L C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S :

M a t u r e S t a g e : A d u l t c e c i d s me a s r e l e ss t ha n 1 mm. l o n g ma k i n g t he m a l mo st i n v i si bl e t o t hen a k e d e y e . H . pi g m a e a a r e o r a n g e w i t h a l o n g s g m e n t e d a b d o me n a n d s g m e n t e d a n t e n n a e .

W i n g v e n a t i o n o r s r u c t u r e i s n o t i c a bl y a bse n t e x c e pt c l o se t o t he t ho r a x .

L a r v a l S t a g e : N w l y bo r n l a r v a e a r e 1 mm. l o n g a n d 2 -3 mm. w he n ma t u r e . H . pi g ma e a a r ew hi t e t o c r e a m; M . spe y e r i a r e br i g ht o r a n g e . L a r v a l mo v e me n t i s fa c i l i t a t e d by fr e e w a t e r ,w he r e a s i n d r y c o n d i t i o n s t hi s mo v e me n t i s by fl e x i o n , j u mpi n g a s fa r a s 2 c m. L a r v a e a r e pho t o -

k i n e t i c ( mo v i n g t o l i g ht ) a n d c a n r e pr o d u c e t hr o u g h pa e d o g e n e si s, a pr o c e ss w he r e by mo t he r l a r -

v a e g i v e bi r t h t o d a u g ht e r l a r v a e . U n d e r o pt i ma l c o n d i t i o n s mo t he r l a r v a e c a n pr o d u c e 1 4 -2 0d a u g ht e r l a r v a e i n si x d a y s. T hu s, i n a sho r t pe r i o d o f t i me a po pu l a t i o n e x pl o si o n c a n o c c u r .

P u pa l S t a g e : H . py g ma e a l a r v a e mo l t t o a r i g i d " he mi -pu pa " w i t hi n w hi c h n e w d a u g ht e r l a r v a

e v o l v e . C n d i t i o n s fa v o r a b l e t o l a r v a l g r o w t h l e a d t o a " r e s i n g mo t he r l a r v a e " s a g e w hi c h c a n

aM

I/ I 1 ,

2 / / I.

Fi g u r e 2 3 3 C c i d f l y a n d i t s mo t he r l a r v a . ( A d a pt e d fr o m P . R . V n d e r M e e r ; P e n n . S t .U n i v . C o p. E x t . S e r . )

Page 347: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 347/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

3 2 6 / P e st s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e

r e ma i n a l i v e u p t o 1 8 mo n t hs. M . spe y e r i ha s n e i t he r o f t he s pa r t i c u l a r a t t r i bu t e s a l t ho u g h i t a l so

pe r fo r ms pa e d o g e n e s s L a r v a e o f bo t h spe c i e s c a n c ha n g e t o " i ma g o " l a r v a e , fo r m o n l y o n e i n -

s a r , t he n mo l t t o fr e e pu pa e , e me r g i n g a s a d u l t s fi v e d a y s l a t e r .

L i f e C y c l e : D v e l o pme n t a l P e r i o d i n D y s

E g g M o t he r L a r v a D u g h t e r L a r v a

2 5 - 6 ( 2 ) 5 - 6

C mme n t s: C c i d l a r v a e pi e r c e o r t e a r g r o w i n g hy pha e , s c k i n g o u t t he c o n t e n t s. T he ma i n

l o ss s ffe r e d by c o mme r c i a l g r o w e r s i s c o n t a mi n a t i o n o f t he mu shr o o ms by l a r v a e . H . py g ma e a

c a n a l so c a r r y a ba c t e r i u m w hi c h pr o d u c e s l o n g i t u d i n a l br o w n st r i pe s o n t he st e m. t he i n fe c t e d

mu shr o o ms, t i n y bl a c k d r o pl e t s o f fl u i d fo r m o n t he g i l l s, w hi c h t he n be c o me spo t t e d o r t u r nbl a c k .

Page 348: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 348/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

P e st s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 3 2 7

Fi g u r e 2 3 4 W i n g v e n a t i o n o f mu shr o o m fl i e s: c l o c k w i se fr o m t o p r i g ht , L e pt o c e r a ,

S c i a r i d , C c i d a n d P ho r i d .

O r d e r : D pt e r a

Fa mi l y : S pha e r o c e r i d a e ( B o r bo r i d a e )

G e n u s S pe c i e s L e pt o c e r a he t e r o n e u r a

N t u r a l H a bi t a t : A sso c i a t e d w i t h ma n u r e , c o mpo st pi l e s a n d d e c a y i n g o r g a n i c ma t t e r .

P H Y S I C L C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S :M a t u r e S t a g e : L e pt o c e r a h a s l a r g e r e d c o mpo u n d e y e s a n d w i t h a y e l l o w a n d bl a c k st r i pe d a b-

d o me n . L e pt o c e r a fl i e s a r e v e r y s mi l a r t o pho r i d fl i e s bu t a r e sma l l e r a n d ha v e a d i st i n c t i v e w i n g

v e n a t i o n . T he y s me w ha t r e s mbl e t he c o mmo n fr u i t fl y .

L a r v a l S t a g e : L a r v a e ha v e a bl u n t po st e r i o r e n d t a pe r i n g t o a sl e n d e r he a d w hi c h i s e q u i ppe d

w i t h mo u t h ho o k s. L e pt o c e r a l a r v a e a r e v e r y s mi l a r t o ho u s fl y ma g g o t s i n a ppe a r a n c e .

P u pa l S t a g e : P u pa e a r e g o l d e n br o w n a n d ba r r e l sha pe d .

L i fe C c l e : D v e l o pme n t a l P e r i o d i n D y s

E g g L a r v a P u pa

3 1 4 -2 8 1 0 -1 4

C mme n t s: T he L e pt o c e r a fl y a c t s a s a v e c t o r fo r d i s a s o r g a n i sms a n d i s fr e q u e n t l y a ss c i a t e d

w i t h ba c t e r i a l i n fe c t i o n s. It i s a k n o w n c a r r i e r o f mi t e s.

Page 349: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 349/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

3 2 8 / P e st s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e

M U S H R O O M M IT E SM i t e s a r e v e r y s m a l l s p i d e r - l i k e i n s e c t s t h a t l i v e a n d b r e e d i n d e c o m p o s i n g v e g e t a b l e m a t t e r ,

fe e d i n g o n mo l d s pr e s n t t he r e i n . O pt i mu m br e e d i n g e n v i r o n me n t s a r e m o i s a n d w a r m, g i v i n g

r i s t o a r a p i d su c c e ss o n o f g e n e r a t i o n s a n d e x p o n e n t i a l g r o w t h. U n d e r a d v e r se c o n d i t i o n s c e r -

t a i n mi t e s h a v e t he a bi l i t y t o c ha n g e i n t o a n i n t e r me d i a t e st a g e c a l l e d a " hy po pu s" . T he hy po pa e

ha v e fl a t t e n e d bo d i e s, sho r t s u bby l e g s a n d a s c k e r p l a t e w i t h w hi c h t he y a t t a c h t o mo v i n g o b-

j e c t s. T he se a t t r i bu t e s fa c i l i t a t e d i spe r sa l . A n e x c e l l e n t su r v i v a l me c ha n i sm, i t i s t he hy po pa e t ha t

a r e c o mmo n l y c a r r i e d by fl i e s. A t y p i c a l l i fe c y c l e fo r m i t e s i n d a y s i s

T e mpe r a t u r e E g g s L a r v a e P r o t o n y mph T r i t o n y mph T o t a l

7 5 ° F. 6 2 2 3 1 36 0 ° F. 1 1 8 6 1 1 3 6

M i t e s a r e k n o w n t o e a t mu shr o o ms a n d t he i r my c e l i a . A d d i t i o n a l l y t he y d e v a l u e t he c r o p a n d

c r a w l o n t o pi c k e r s, c a u s n g t e mpo r a r y d i sc o mfo r t . T he i r pr e s n c e i s a n i n d i c a t i o n o f u n sa t i sfa c -t o r y s bs r a t e pr e pa r a t i o n a n d i n s ffi c i e n t pa st e u r i za t i o n t i me s a n d / o r t e mpe r a t u r e s.

Fi g u r e 2 3 5 S t r a w mi t e s

Page 350: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 350/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

P e st s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e / 3 2 9

O r d e r : A r c a n a

Fa mi l y : T y r o g e l y phi d a e

G e n u s S pe c i e s: T y r o pha g u s pu t r e s e n t i a e , C / o g l y ph u s my c o pha g u s

C mmo n N me s: S t r a w o r H a y M i t e s

D s u ss o n : S t r a w mi t e s ha v e so ft t r a n sl u c e n t pi n k i sh o r y e l l o w i sh bo d i e s pu n c t u a t e d by l o n g

fl e x i bl e ha i r s. O n e fe ma l e i s c a pa bl e o f pr o d u c i n g 5 0 0 e g g s i n a l i fe t i me . C mmo n l y fo u n d i n ha yo r s t r a w pi l e s, t he se sa pr o phy t i c mi t e s a r e e n d e mi c t o fo u l c o mpo st . T he y fe e d o n mo l d s a n d

ba c t e r i a l c o n t a mi n a n t s o f t he mu shr o o m c r o p a n d a l so e a t my c e l i u m a n d mu shr o o ms, ma k i n gsma l l i r r e g u l a r pi t s i n t he st e m a n d c a p. T he se pi t s c a n l a t e r be c o me i n fe c t e d by ba c t e r i a .

O r d e r : A r c a n a

Fa mi l y : E u po d i d a e

G e n u s/ S pe c i e s: L i n o po d e s a n t e n n a e pe s

C mmo n N me : L o n g L e g g e d M u shr o o m M i t e .

D sc u ss o n : T hi s mi t e i s e a s l y r e c o g n i z d by i t s l o n g fr o n t l e g s w hi c h a r e t w i c e t he l e n g t h o f t he

l i g ht , y e l l o w i sh br o w n bo d y . It i s n o t be l i e v e d t o be d i r e c t l y i n j u r i o u s t o t he mu shr o o m c r o p a n d i n

fa c t i s a pr e d a t o r o n o t he r mi t e spe c i e s.

O r d e r : A r c a n a

Fa mi l y : T a r so n e mi d a e

G e n u s S pe c i e s T a r s n e m u s my c e l i o pha g u s

C mmo n N me : T he M u sh r o o m L o v i n g M i t e .

D sc u ssi o n : T a r so n e mu s mi t e s a r e v e r y sma l l , 1 8 0 -1 9 0 mi c r o n s l o n g , w i t h pa l e br o w n , shi n -i n g , o v a l bo d i e s. T he y o c c a si o n a l l y sw a r m i n ma sse s o n mu shr o o m c a ps bu t o t he r w i se a r e r a r e l y

s e n e x c e pt by mi c r o sc o pi c e x a mi n a t i o n . Fe ma l e s pr o d u c e a n a v e r a g e o f 2 2 e g g s i n a l i fe t i me o f

2 -8 w e e k s T he se mi t e s c a u se a br i g ht r e d d i sh-br o w n d i s o l o r a t i o n a t t he ba s o f t he mu shr o o m

s e m a n d ma y c u t t he st e m 's my c e l i a l c o n n e c t i o n s K n o w n t o s r v i v e n o r ma l c o mpo st pa st e u r i za -

t i o n t e mpe r a t u r e s, t he y c a n c a r r y a v i r u s d i se a s t o A g a r i c u s br u n n e s e n s

O r d e r : A r c a n a

Fa mi l y : P y e mo t i d a e

G e n u s S pe c i e s: P y g me pho r u s sp.

C mmo n N me s R e d P e ppe r M i t e s P y g my M i t e s.

D sc u ssi o n : P e ppe r mi t e s a r e sma l l ( 2 5 0 mi c r o n s l o n g ) w i t h y e l l o w i sh br o w n , w e d g e -sha pe dbo d i e s, c r o sse d by a c e n t r a l w hi t i sh ba n d . R e d pe ppe r mi t e s a r e o ft e n s e n a s a sw a r mi n g j o st l i n g

ma ss, o n mu shr o o m c a ps o r t he su r fa c e o f t he c a s n g . T he se mi t e s a r e c o mmo n l y a sso c i a t e d w i t h

P e n i c i l l i u m a n d T r i c ho d e r ma mo l d s, u po n w hi c h t he y fe e d .

Page 351: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 351/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

3 3 0 / P e s s o f M u shr o o m C l t u r e

Fi g u r e 2 3 6 L i g ht mi c r o g r a ph o f R e dP e ppe r M i t e . N t e t ha t d a r k e n e d sha pe s

by f r o n t l e g a r e P a n a e o l u s su bba l t e a t u ssp o r e s. S e e a l so Fi g u r e 2 3 0 .

Fi g u r e 2 3 7 N ma t o d e t e st i n g a p pa r a t -u s. S a mpl e i s w r a ppe d i n g a u ze a n d

su bme r g e d i n a w a t e r fi l l e d f u n n e l . A f t e rt w e n t y - fo u r h o u r s, a sma l l a mo u n t o fw a t e r i s d r a w n o ff a n d e x a mi n e d w i t h a

ma g n i fy i n g l e n s o r d i sse c t i n g sc o pe .

Page 352: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 352/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 353: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 353/437

3 3 2 / P e st s o f M u shr o o m C ft u r e

e e l w o r ms t o br e e d a n d fe e d . A n d , a s t he i r po pu l a t i o n i n c r e a s s, t he bu i l d -u p o f w a st e ma t e r i a lfr o m me t a bo l i c e x c r e t i o n s so o n fo u l s t he su bst r a t e , r e n d e r i n g i t u n su i t a bl e fo r my c e l i a l g r o w t h.T he s e x c r e t i o n s r e s l t i n s mi l a r d a ma g e t o i n fe s e d c a s n g s i l s

A l t ho u g h sa pr o pha g o u s e e l w o r ms a r e n o t pr i ma r y pa t ho g e n s, t he i r pr e se n c e i n d i c a t e s i m-pr o pe r hy g i e n e o r i mba l a n c e d g r o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s Fo r t hi s r e a s n , c o n t r o l me a s r e s fo c u s o npr e v e n t i o n r a t he r t ha n t r e a t me n t . In fa c t , t he r e a r e n o pr a c t i c a l me a n s t o t r e a t i n fe s e d a r e a s t ha t

w o u l d n o t l i k e w i se ha r m t he mu shr o o m my c e l i u m.

M y c o pha g o u s N ma t o d e sG e n u s S pe c i e s D t y l e n c h u s my c e l i o pha g u s A phe l e n c hi o d e s c o mpo st i c o l a

M y c o pha g o u s e e l w o r ms fe e d d i r e c t l y o n mu shr o o ms. T he y a r e c ha r a c t e r i ze d by a mo u t h

st y l e t o r n e e d l e w i t h w hi c h t he se e e l w o r ms pu n c t u r e hy pha e , i n j e c t d i g e s i v e j u i c e s a n d t he n su c k

o u t t he c e l l u l a r c o n t e n t s. T he d a ma g e d c e l l , d r a i n e d o f i t s c y t o pl a sm, so o n d i e s Fe e d i n g c o n t i n u -a l l y a n d mo v i n g fr o m c e l l t o c e l l , my c o pha g o u s e e l w o r ms c a n s o n d e st r o y w ho l e my c e l i a l n e t -

w o r k s. In i n fe c t e d su bst r a t e s, t he fi n e my c e l i a l g r o w t h d i s ppe a r s, l e a v i n g o n l y t he c o a r se st r a n d s

w hi c h g i v e t he a ppe a r a n c e o f s r i n g y g r o w t h. E v e n t u a l l y t he s bst r a t e be c o me s s g g y a n d fo u l

sme l l i n g , a c o n d i t i o n fu r t he r pr o mo t e d by t he bu i l d - u p o f a n a e r o bi c ba c t e r i a . O ft e n t he n e ma t o d e

t r a ppi n g fu n g i , spp. d e v e l o p i n a sso c i a t i o n w i t h t he m. It i s v i s bl e a s a fi n e g r a y i shmo l d -l i k e g r o w t h. A l t ho u g h t he pr e s n c e o f t hi s mo l d i s a u se fu l i n d i c a t o r o f n e ma t o d e i n fe st a t i o n , i t

i s n o t a t r u e c o n t r o l fo r t he s o r g a n i sms

M y c o pha g e s d i ffe r fr o m s pr o pha g e s i n t he i r sl o w e r n o n -pa r t ho g e n e t i c r e pr o d u c t i o n a n d t he i r

l a c k o f t he " w i n k i n g " be ha v i o r me n t i o n e d e a r l i e r . B o t h M y c o pha g u s spe c i e s c a n r e pr o d u c e

3 0 -1 0 0 fo l d i n a bo u t t w o w e e k s a t 7 0 -7 5 ° F.

Fi g u r e 2 3 8 M y c o pha g o u s e e l w o r m ( t o p) a n d S a pr o pha g o u s e e l w o r m. N t e st y l e t i nmo u t h t u be o f fo r m e r .

Page 354: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 354/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

M u shr o o m G e n e t i c s/ 3 3 3

CH A P T E R X VM U S H R O O M G E NE T I CS

Fi g u r e 2 3 9 G i l l fa c e o f P si l o c y b e c y a n e sc e n s p o p u l a t e d w i t h fe r t i l e spo r e -be a r i n g

ba si d i a a n d s e r i l e c e l l s c a l l e d pl e u r o c y s i d i a .

Page 355: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 355/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 356: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 356/437

Page 357: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 357/437

Page 358: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 358/437

Page 359: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 359/437

Page 360: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 360/437

C l t u r e T r i a l s

M u shr o o m G e n e t i c s/ 3 3 9

W he n a n u mbe r o f s r a i n s ha v e be e n g e n e r a t e d fr o m a spo r e pr i n t , t he y a r e d i ffe r e n t be c a u s o f

r e c o mbi n a t i o n i n t he ba si d i u m. S o me o f t he st r a i n s M A Y be i d e n t i c a l t o t he pa r e n t st r a i n , bu t t ha t

mu s d e mo n s r a t e d by s me t e st i n g pr o c e d u r e . A s i n a n y s c r e e n i n g o pe r a t i o n , t he mo r e s t r a i n su se d , t he be t t e r t he c ha n c e o f a g o o d r e s l t . In fa c t , pr o fe ssi o n a l mu shr o o m br e e d e r s o ft e n d o t r i a l s

w i t h t ho u s n d s o f st r a i n s a t a t i me . T hi s k i n d o f w o r k , ho w e v e r , t a k e s l a r g e a n d e x pe n si v e fa c i l i t i e s,

a n d i s u n n e c e ss r y i f t he pu r po s i s s mpl y t o fi n d a st r a i n w hi c h fr u i t s w e l l u n d e r a c e r t a i n s t o f

c o n d i t i o n s A st r a i n w hi c h fr u i t s w e l l i n t e st ba t c h e s u n d e r u n i fo r m c o n d i t i o n s ha s a hi g h l i k e l i ho o d

o f d o i n g w e l l i n l a r g e s ba t c he s w he n t he sa me c o n d i t i o n s o f t e mpe r a t u r e , hu mi d i t y a n d a e r a t i o n a r e

ma i n t a i n e d . H o w ma n y s t r a i n s n e e d t o b e t e st e d ? If t he mu shr o o m be i n g w o r k e d w i t h i s t e t r a po l a r ,o n l y o n e t hi r d o f t he d i k a r y o t i c c o l o n i e s pi c k e d o u t w i l l be c a pa bl e o f fr u i t i n g a t a l l . In o r d e r t o ma k e

t r i a l s o ft e n fr u i t i n g s r a i n s, be g i n w i t h a t l e a s t hi r t y d i k a r y o t i c s r a i n s

M a n y mu shr o o ms, e spe c i a l l y t he w o o d -r o t t e r s, fr u i t o n e n r i c he d a g a r me d i a i n a pe t r i pl a t e i f

g i v e n pr o pe r t e mpe r a t u r e s a n d so me l i g ht . If t he mu shr o o m be i n g t e st e d i s o n e o f t he se , t he se l e c -

t i o n o f fr u i t i n g s r a i n s i s s mpl e . A mu shr o o m r e q u i r i n g a spe c i a l su bst r a t e o r a d d i t i v e t o fr u i t sho u l d

be pr o v i d e d w i t h t he sma l l e s a mo u n t a l l o w a bl e . Fo r e x a mpl e , A g a r i c u s br u n n e sc e n s c a n be fr u i t e d

o n 5 0 g r a ms o f s e r i l i ze d g r a i n i n a pi n t j a r , i f i t i s c a se d w i t h so i l c o n t a i n i n g c e r t a i n ba c t e r i a . T he

Fi g u r e 2 4 0 T w o spo r e d ba s d i u m o f a C pe l a n d i a n P a n a e o l u s

Page 361: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 361/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 362: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 362/437

M u shr o o m G e n e t i c s/ 3 4 1

c i a l l y v a l u a bl e i f t he r e a r e spo r e s fr o m se v e r a l st r a i n s a v a i l a bl e . W he n spo r e s a r e si mpl y spr e a d o n t o

a pl a t e , t he y a d he r e t o o n e a n o t he r , s a t t e mpt s t o s mpl y st r e a k spo r e s o f t w o st r a i n s o n a pl a t e u su -

a l l y d o n o t y i e l d hy br i d s.

( T he a u t ho r s g r a t e fu IIy a c k n o w l e d g e M i c ha e l M c C w fo r t he c o n t r i bu t i o n o f t hi s c ha pt e r o n

g e n e t i c s ) .

Page 363: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 363/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

3 4 2 / M u shr o o m G e n e t i c s

Page 364: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 364/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 365: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 365/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 366: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 366/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 367: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 367/437

3 4 6 / A ppe n d i x I : M e d i c i n a l P r o p e r t i e s

l u c i d u m ( t he c l a ss c " R e i shi M u shr o o m" ) , P he l i n u s l i n t e u s, A r m i l l a r i a po n d e r o sa ( T r i c ho l o mama t s t a k e ) a n d P ho l i o t a n a me k o . ( S e e Y a ma mu r a a n d C c h r a n , 1 9 7 4 ) .

In t he t r e a t me n t o f o t he r d i s a s s, C c hr a n a n d L u c a s ( 1 9 5 9 ) r e p o r t e d P a n a e o l u s su b-

ba l t e a t u s, a mu shr o o m pr o d u c i n g psi l o c y bi n a n d psi l o c i n , pr o v i d e d si g n i fi c a n t pr o t e c t i o n fr o m

po l i o v i r u s i n mi c e a s d i d se v e r a l o t he r e d i bl e a n d i n e d i bl e mu shr o o m spe c i e s P si l o c y bi a n mu sh-

r o o ms mi g ht b e o f fu r t h e r u se fu l n e ss i n i mpr o v i n g e y e si g ht , he a r i n g , c i r c u l a t i o n a n d i n a c t i v a t i n g

t he s l f-he a l i n g pr o c e sse s w i t hi n t he hu ma n bo d y .

W i t h t he c u r r e n t e mpha si s o n pr e v e n t i o n a n d n a t u r a l c u r e s fo r hu ma n d i se a se s, mu shr o o ms

a r e p r o v i n g t o be a c o n v e n i e n t , i n e x p e n s v e a n d a n e ffe c t i v e me t ho d o f s s a i n i n g he a l t h. H e a l t h

c o n s i o u s i n d i v i d u a l s be g i n n i n g a d a i l y r e g i me n o f e a t i n g shi i t a k e , fo r i n st a n c e , ha v e be e n sho w n t o

be l e ss su c e pt i bl e t o v i r u s-i n d u c e d d i s a s s t ha n t ho s a bs a i n i n g . U n t i l t he s st u d i e s pr o g r e ss a n da r e t e st e d mo r e e x t e n s v e l y o n hu ma n po pu l a t i o n s, ho pe s sho u l d n o t be u n d u l y r a i s d fo r m u sh-

r o o ms mi g ht be o f fu r t he r u s fu l n e ss i n i mpr o v i n g e y e si g ht , he a r i n g , c i r c u l a t i o n a n d i n a c t i v a t i n g

t he s l f-he a l i n g pr o c e sse s w i t hi n t he hu ma n bo d y .

Page 368: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 368/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 369: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 369/437

3 4 8 / A ppe n d i x II: L a m i n a r Fl o w S y s e ms

T he Fi l t e rT w o t y p e s o f hi g h e ffi c i e n c y fi l t e r s a r e a v a i l a bl e t o d a y . O n e i s a n e l e c t r o s a t i c fi l t e r w hi c h w i l l

sc r e e n o u t spo r e s d o w n t o 5 mi c r o n s o r l e ss. T he se fi l t e r s o pe r a t e o n a c ha r g e d pa r t i c l e pr i n c i pl e

w he r e , by a v a r i e t y o f me a n s, a i r bo r n e pa r t i c l e s a r e pa sse d t hr o u g h a n i o n i zi n g fi e l d a n d t he n be -

t w e e n t w o o ppo si t e l y c ha r g e d e l e c t r i c a l pl a t e s. Cha r g e d pa r t i c l e s a r e d r a w n t o t he g r o u n d e d pl a t e

by t he fo r c e o f t he e l e c t r i c f i e l d . B e c a u s a n a g g l o me r a t i o n o f pa r t i c l e s i s l i k e l y t o bl o w o ff t he r e t a i n -

i n g pl a t e , t he y a r e o ft e n c o a t e d w i t h a spe c i a l o i l . T he a d v a n t a g e s o f e l e c t r o st a t i c fi l t e r s a r e t ha t t he y

ha v e l i t t l e r e s st a n c e ( a l o w pr e ssu r e d r o p) a n d t ha t t he y a r e r e u s bl e . B u t t he y ha v e se v e r a l d i sa d -

v a n t a g e s. O n e d i sa d v a n t a g e i s t ha t t he y d o n o t sc r e e n o u t t he pa r t i c l e s o f 1 mi c r o n o r l e ss w i t h a

9 9 + % e ffi c i e n c y i n hi g h v e l o c i t y a i r s r e a ms H e n c e , a s a i r v e l o c i t y i n c r e a se s, t he i r e ffi c i e n c y d e -

c r e a s s M a n y e l e c t r o s a t i c f i l t e r s ha v e , a s a r e s l t , a sl i d i n g sc a l e o f e ffi c i e n c i e s ba se d o n a i r spe e d .

A n o t he r pr o bl e m a sso c i a t e d w i t h e l e c t r o st a t i c fi l t e r s i s t ha t pa r t i c l e s n o t c a u g ht i n t he fi l t e r a r e st i l lpa r t i a l l y c ha r g e d a n d st i c k t o t he w a l l s o f a r o o m, d i sc o l o r i n g t he m. A l s , t o x i c o zo n e ma y be g e n e r -

a t e d by t he c o n st a n t a r c i n g i n t he e l e c t r o st a t i c fi e l d .

T he ba si c e l e me n t i n a n a i r fi l t e r i s t he me d i a , pa r t i c u l a r l y t he d r y e x t e n d e d su r fa c e k i n d t ha t i s

A IR FL O W

FIB E R G L A S SP R E FIL T E R

M IC O NFIL T E R

Fi g u r e 2 3 9 A st a n d a r d d e s g n o f a l a mi n a r fl o w c a bi n e t fo r t i ssu e c u l t u r i s s.

Page 370: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 370/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

A ppe n d i x II: L a mi n a r Fl o w S y st e ms/ 3 4 9

r a t e d t o . 3 o r . 1 mi c r o n s. E x t e n d e d su r fa c e fi l t e r s a r e c o mmo n l y k n o w n a s H E P A ( H i g h E ffi c i e n c y

P a r t i c u l a t e A i r ) fi l t e r s Fi r s u s d c o mme r c i a l l y i n 1 9 6 1 , t he se fi l t e r s a r e ho n e y c o mbe d w i t h fi n eshe e t s o f mi c r o po r o u s ma t e r i a l t ha t c a n sc r e e n o u t pa r t i c u l a t e s d o w n t o l e ss t ha n o n e t hi r d o f a

mi c r o n s ze w i t h a r a t e d 9 9 . 9 9 % e ffi c i e n c y . A l l spo r e s o f pl a n t s, fu n g i a n d mo st ba c t e r i a a r e t he r e by

t r a ppe d w i t hi n t he fo l d s o f t he fi l t e r .

T he c o l l e c t i o n me d i a i n t hi s t y p e o f fi l t e r c a n be c o mpo s d o f v a r i o u s ma t e r i a l s i n c l u d i n g ha i r ,

spu n g l a ss, w o o l , pa pe r a n d a sbe st o s ( In t he pa st , a sbe s o s ha s be e n u se d i n t he ma n u fa c t u r i n g o f

a l l t y pe s o f fi l t e r s S i n c e a sbe s o s i s c a n c e r c a u s n g , be su r e t o spe c i fy a n o n -a sbe st o s fi be r ) . T he e x -

t e n d e d su r fa c e me d i a fi l t e r c o n s s s o f fo l d s o f ma t e r i a l w o v e n ba c k a n d fo r t h. C r r o g a t e d a l u mi n u m

o r pa pe r se pa r a t o r s a r e i n s r t e d pe r pe n d i c u l a r l y t o t he fi l t e r f a c e a n d se pa r a t e t he fo l d s t o he l p d i r e c t

a i r fl o w i n a n e v e n , pa r a l l e l fa shi o n .

T he a i r st r e a m hi t s t he fi l t e r ma t e r i a l a t a pe r pe n d i c u l a r a n g l e a n d i s fo r c e d t o pa ss t hr o u g h t he

ma n y w e a v e s o f t he fi l t e r be fo r e e x i t i n g . Fr o m t he fo r c e o f i mpa c t , i n e r t i a a n d t he s ze o f t he me d i a

w e b, pa r t i c l e s a r e t r a ppe d w i t hi n t he fi l t e r . T he r e s l t i s t ha t a v e r y hi g h e ffi c i e n c y i s a c hi e v e d , pa r t i c -

u l a r l y w i t h sma l l d i a me t e r p a r t i c l e s

E x t e n d e d s r fa c e fi l t e r s ha v e mu c h hi g he r r e si st a n c e t ha n e l e c t r o st a t i c fi l t e r s bu t t he y ha v e a fa r

Fi g u r e 2 4 0 A c o mme r c i a l l y a v a i l a bl e l a mi n a r fl o who o d .

Page 371: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 371/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 372: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 372/437

A ppe n d i x II: L a mi n a r F l o w S y st e ms/ 3 5 1

T he l i fe o f a H E P A fi l t e r c a n be e x t e n d e d w i t h t he pl a c e me n to f pr e fi l t e r s t o sc r e e n o u t c o a r se

pa r t i c u l a t e s P r e fi l t e r s c a n be ma d e o f fi be r g l a ss me d i a , t he t y pe c o mmo n l y u s d fo r fu r n a c e fi l t e r s,

o r t he y c a n be c o mpo se d o f a t hi n o pe n -c e l l e d fo a m. P r e fi l t e r s o f t he l a t t e r t y p e i n c r e a se r e si st a n c e

s g n i fi c a n t l y w he r e a s fu r n a c e t y p e f i l t e r s i n c r e a s r e s s a n c e o n l y s i g ht l y . In t hi s r e g a r d , fu r n a c e fi l -

t e r s a r e w e l l su i t e d be c a u se t he y a r e c he a p ( l e ss t ha n fi v e d o l l a r s) , r e a d i l y a v a i l a bl e , a n d c o me i n n u -

me r o u s s z s

L a mi n a r F l o w D e s i g n sT h e r e a r e se v e r a l t y pe s o f l a mi n a r fl o w sy st e ms, e a c h d e s g n e d fo r spe c i fi c a ppl i c a t i o n s T he

a i r fl o w i n a bi o l o g i c a l s fe t y c a bi n e t , bu i l t fo r u s w i t h pa t ho g e n i c o r g a n i sms, i s su c h t ha t t he w o r k e r

i s n o t e n d a n g e r e d i f spo r e s fr o m a v i r u l e n t o r g a n i smbe c a me a i r bo r n e . T he a i r i s d r a w n fr o m t he

w o r k a r e a i n t o t he ho o d a n d t he n u p t hr o u g h mi c r o n fi l t e r s a n d e x i t e d t o t he o u t s d e . L a mi n a r fl o w

ho o d s fo r w o r k w i t h r a d i o a c t i v e a n d t o x i c m a t e r i a l s a r e si mi l a r l y d e si g n e d . B e c a u se o f t he i r i n t r i -

Fi g u r e 2 4 1S t e r i l e r o o m w i t h c e i l i n g c o mpo se d o f mi c r o n fi l t e r s.

Page 373: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 373/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

3 5 2 / A ppe n d i x II: L a m i n a r Fl o w S y s e ms

c a c y , t he y a r e c o n si d e r a bl y mo r e e x pe n si v e t ha n t he k i n d n e e d e d fo r mu shr o o m a n d pl a n t c u l t u r e .

L a mi n a r fl o w s s e ms fo r t i ss e c u l t u r i s s o pe r a t e o n a r e v e r s pr i n c i pl e o f t he o n e d e si g n e d fo r

u se w i t h t o x i c s bst a n c e s. A i r i s fo r c e d t hr o u g h a mi c r o n fi l t e r t o t he w o r k a r e a , c r e a t i n g a po si t i v e

pr e ss r e s e r i l e w i n d i n w hi c h t o c o n d u c t my c e l i a l t r a n sfe r s. T he se t y p e s o f ho o d s a r e pe r fe c t fo r

po u r i n g me d i a , ma i n t a i n i n g pu r e my c e l i a a n d i n o c u l a t i n g spa w n c o n t a i n e r s S i n c e t he y g r e a t l y r e -

d u c e t he w a st e c a u s d by c o n t a mi n a t i o n , t he i r c o s i s s o n o ffs t by t he s v i n g s r e a l i ze d . A l a mi n a r

fl o w ho o d i s a l o w ma i n t e n a n c e , a ffo r d a bl e a n d a ppr o pr i a t e t e c hn o l o g y fo r t he se r i o u s ho me c u l t i -

v a t o r .

A n a l t e r n a t i v e t o bu i l d i n g a l a mi n a r fl o w ho o d i s t he c o n s r u c t i o n o f a l a mi n a r fl o w w a l l o r c e i l -

i n g . A l a mi n a r fl o w c e i l i n g i s pr e fe r a bl e be c a u se t he d r a ft i s d i r e c t e d d o w n w a r d s t o t he f l o o r w he r e i t

e x i s s t hr o u g h e v e n l y pl a c e d pr e ssu r e a c t i v a t e d d a mpe r s. W he n a w a l l o r c e i l i n g i s c o mpo se d o f mi -

c r o n fi l t e r s, t he a i r i s u s a l l y d r a w n fr o m t he o u t si d e w he r e t he pr e fi l t e r s c a n be c ha n g e d w i t ho u t e n -

t e r i n g t he s e r i l e l a bo r a t o r y . A n y c o n t a mi n a n t spo r e s t r a c k e d i n o n t he sho e s o f w o r k e r s a r e k e pt

c l o se t o t he fl o o r a n d i s i mme d i a t e l y sw e pt a w a y by t he fl o w o f st e r i l e a i r . T he a t mo sphe r e i n a t hi s

t y p e o f s e r i l e r o o m i s fu l l y e x c ha n g e d 1 0 -2 0 t i me s pe r ho u r .

Fo r e mo s , t i ss e c u l t u r i st s a r e i n t e r e s e d i n pr e v e n t i n g c o n t a m i n a t i o n fr o m o c c u r r i n g , n o t fr o m

spr e a d i n g . T he y a r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h c r e a t i n g st e r i l e me d i a a n d ma i n t a i n i n g t he pu r i t y o f c u l t u r e s. A

l a mi n a r fl o w ho o d i s o f l i t t l e v a l u e i n he l pi n g a c u l t i v a t o r i so l a t e a c o l o n y o f mu shr o o m my c e l i u m

a w a y fr o m, fo r i n st a n c e , a g r e e n mo l d o n a pe t r i d i sh. T he t u r bu l e n c e g e n e r a t e d fr o m t he ho o d

w o u l d fr e e t ho u s n d s o f spo r e s, s me o f w hi c h w o u l d a d he r e t o t he su r fa c e o f t he st e r i l e me d i a , g e r -

mi n a t e a n d pr o d u c e mo r e spo r e s. In t he s c a s s, a l a mi n a r fl o w ho o d i s be s u se d a s a n a i r c l e a n e r

pr i o r t o i so l a t i n g a c u l t u r e a w a y fr o m a c o n t a mi n a n t . S e v e r a l mi n u t e s a ft e r i t ha s be e n t u r n e d o ff a n d

t he a i r c u r r e n t s ha v e s t t l e d , t r a n sfe r s c a n be ma d e a w a y fr o m n e i g hbo r i n g c o n t a m i n a n t s w i t h l i t t l e

d a n g e r o f a i r bo r n e spo r e s.

A l t ho u g h s e r i l e w o r k c a n be c o n d u c t e d w i t ho u t a l a mi n a r fl o w s st e m, t he y h a v e be c o me a

s a n d a r d pi e c e o f e q u i pme n t i n pr o fe ssi o n a l spa w n l a bo r a t o r i e s a n d i n c r e a s n g l y i n t he s e r i l e r o o ms

o f ma n y ho me c u l t i v a t o r s

Page 374: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 374/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

A ppe n d i x i i : E ffe c t s o f B a c t e r i a o n Fr u i t i n g / 3 5 3

A P P E NDIX I I IT H E E F F E C T O F B A C T E R I A

A N D O T H E R M I C R O O R G A N I S M SO N F R U I T I N G

Al t ho u g h mu shr o o ms ha v e be e n c u l t i v a t e d fo r mo r e t ha n t w o hu n d r e d y e a r s, l i t t l e i s k n o w n

a bo u t t he bi o l o g i c a l pr o c e sse s o f fr u i t i n g . Fo r mu shr o o m pi n he a d s t o fo r m su d d e n l y a n d t he n

t o e n l a r g e i n t o t o w e r i n g mu shr o o ms w i t hi n o n l y a fe w d a y s r e p r e se n t s a ma n y h u n d r e d -fo l d mu l t i -

pl i c a t i o n i n bi o ma ss T hi s a bi l i t y t o g e n e r a t e t i ss e so r a pi d l y ha s fe w pa r a l l e l s i n n a t u r e a n d ha s

be e n t he su bj e c t o f n u me r o u s sc i e n t i fi c p a pe r s.

M u shr o o ms a r e i n c o n st a n t c o mpe t i t i o n w i t h o r g a n i sms sha r i n g t he sa me ha bi t a t . D n g i n ha bi t -

i n g mu shr o o ms i n pa r t i c u l a r ( l i k e P s l o c y be c u be n si s a n d A g a r i c u s br u n n e s e n s) l i v e i n a n e n v i -

r o n me n t t ha t t e e ms w i t h o t he r mi c r o o r g a n i sms fe e d i n g o n o r g a n i c w a st e s a n d d e a d c e l l ma t t e r .

D n g i s by n a t u r e a t e m po r a r y s bst r a t e , d e c o mpo s n g c o mpl e t e l y i n o n l y a fe w w e e k s. W i t hi n t hi s

sho r t pe r i o d o f t i me t he r e i s a su c c e ssi o n o f d o mi n a n t mi c r o o r g a n i sms, mo s n o t a bl y fu n g i a n d ba c -

t e r i a . Fo r a n e w mu shr o o m c o l o n y t o g r o w , i t s spo r e s mu st fa l l , g e r mi n a t e , ma t e , fo r m a su bst a n t i a l

Fi g u r e 2 4 2ba c t e r i a .

Page 375: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 375/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 376: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 376/437

Page 377: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 377/437

3 5 6 / A ppe n d i x U I: E ffe c t s o f B a c t e r i a o n Fr u i t i n g

c o a l mi mi c s t he pr i mo r d i a s i mu l a t i n g pr o pe r t i e s o f P s u d o mo n a s pu fi d a a n d o t he r b e n e fi c i a l mi -

c r o o r g a n i sms ( S e e Cha pt e r V III) . It s a d d i t i o n t o u n st e r i l i z d c a s n g s s e ms w ho l l y u n n e c e ssa r y

c o n si d e r i n g t he e a se w i t h w hi c h A g a r i c u s br u n n e s e n s a n d P si l o c y be c u be n si s fo r m pi n he a d s.

B u t , i n s e r i l i ze d c a s n g s o r i n c a si n g s a ppl i e d t o d i ffi c u l t t o fr u i t spe c i e s, t he u se o f a c t i v a t e d c ha r c o a l

a n d s l e c t ba c t e r i a g i v e s t he c u l t i v a t o r a n o t he r me a n s t o pr o mo t e fr u c t i fi c a t i o n . A l t ho u g h ma n y

st u d i e s ha v e be e n pu bl i she d , w o r k w i t h fr u i t i n g po t e n t i a t o r s i s st i l l i n i t s i n i n fa n c y . S pe c i fi c mu sh-

r o o m st r a i n s mu s b e c a r e fu l l y ma t c h e d w i t h spe c i fi c s r a i n s o f po t e n t i a t o r s A n d t he po t e n t i a t o r s

t he mse l v e s, w hi l e o f v a l u e a t fr u i t i n g , c a n be fo r mi d a bl e c o mpe t i t o r s t o s e r i l e c u l t u r e i n t he l a bo r a -

t o r y . N v e r t he l e ss, u t i l i z n g t he se be n e v o l e n t mi c r o o r g a n i sms ho l d s g r e a t pr o mi se fo r t he fu t u r e o f

mu shr o o m c u l t u r e .

N T E : B a c t e r i a , i f c u l t u r e d , mu s be k e pt s pa r a t e f r o m t he mu shr o o m c u l t u r e l a bo r a t o r y .P se u d o mo n a s a n d B a c i l l u s g r o w w e l l o n s a n d a r d 2 % ma l t a g a r me d i a .

Page 378: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 378/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 379: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 379/437

3 5 8 / A ppe n d i x I V E x t r a c t s t o I n d u c e P r i mo r d i a Fo r ma t i o n

c o mpo u n d s— c y c l i c a d e n o si n e mo n o pho spha t e ( c A M P ) a n d r e l a t e d e n z me s. T he y f u r t he r fo u n d

t ha t l i g ht st i mu l a t e d t he pr o d u c t i o n o f c A M P i n t he my c e l i u m o f pho t o t r o pi c mu shr o o m spe c i e s.

C n v e r se l y , t he a bs n c e o f l i g ht i n pho t o t r o pi c mu shr o o m spe c i e s r e su l t e d i n n o pr o d u c t i o n o f c

A M P .

W o o d ( 1 9 7 9 ) t r i e d t o s bs a n t i a t e t he fi n d i n g s o f U n o a n d Ishi k a w a w i t h A g a r i c u s br u n n e sc e n s

a n d fa i l e d . H e c o u l d n o t i n d u c e pr i mo r d i a t o f o r m u si n g c A M P . H o w e v e r , t hi s fa c t d o e s n o t be a r

a n y s g n i fi c a n c e o n t he i mpo r t a n c e o f c y c l i c a d e n o si n e mo n o pho spha t e i n pho t o t r o pi c spe c i e ssi n c e A . br u n n e s e n s i s a mu shr o o m n e e d i n g n o l i g ht w ha t so e v e r fo r pr i mo r d i a fo r ma t i o n a n d d e -

v e l o pme n t .

T he q u e s i o n o f ho w mu shr o o ms fr u i t i s n o t s mpl e ; n o r w i l l t he r e be o n e a n sw e r e x pl a i n i n g t he

me c ha n i sms i n a l l spe c i e s W ha t i s a ppa r e n t a t t hi s e a r l y st a g e o f r e se a r c h i s t ha t pho t o se n si t i v e a n d

n o n -pho t o s n s t i v e spe c i e s ha v e d e v e l o pe d d i ffe r e n t me a n s fo r mu shr o o m d e v e l o pme n t . T he i n fo r -

ma t i o n mo s u se fu l fo r ho me a n d c o mme r c i a l c u l t i v a t o r s w i l l c o me i n t he a r e a s o f y i e l d e n ha n c e -

me n t a n d t he g r o w i n g o f e x o t i c m u shr o o ms o n r e a d i l y a v a i l a bl e , c he a p ma t e r i a l s. B y g o o d fo r t u n e ,

t hi s i s o n e a r e a o f r e s a r c h t ha t i s n o t be y o n d t he me a n s o f t he i n n o v a t i v e ho me c u l t i v a t o r .

Page 380: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 380/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

A ppe n d i x V D t a C l l e c t i o n R e c o r d s / 3 5 9

A P P E NDIX VD A T A C O L L E C T I O N

A N D E N V I R O N M E N T A LM O N I T O R I N G R E C O R D S

Su c c e ss i n mu shr o o m g r o w i n g r e q u i r e s a c o n si s e n t a n d r e pe a t a bl e me t ho d o l o g y . B e c a u se

t he r e a r e s ma n y v a r i a bl e s t ha t a ffe c t t he c r o p, c a r e fu l r e c o r d k e e pi n g i s e sse n t i a l fo r g o o dma n a g e me n t . W i t h a d a t a c o l l e c t i o n sy st e m , t he c u l t i v a t o r c a n l e a r n fr o m mi st a k e s a n d g a i n a

d e e pe r u n d e r st a n d i n g o f t he fa c t o r s t ha t i n fl u e n c e he a l t hy mu shr o o m g r o w t h.

T he fo l l o w i n g d a t a c o l l e c t i o n r e c o r d s r e f l e c t y e a r s o f mu shr o o m g r o w i n g e x p e r i e n c e a n d a r e

t he r e fo r e q u i t e d e t a i l e d . E a c h c u l t i v a t o r mu st e v a l u a t e h i s o r he r pa r t i c u l a r c i r c u mst a n c e t o d e c i d e

w hi c h c a t e g o r i e s a r e mo s a ppr o pr i a t e . I n t u r n , t he s d a t a she e t s c a n be mo d i fi e d t o me e t a n i n d i v i d -

u a l 's r e q u i r e me n t s.

Page 381: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 381/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

3 6 0 / A ppe n d i x V D t a C l l e c t i o n R e c o r d s

S P A W N M A K ING

M u shr o o m spe c i e s S t r a i n : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

t i ssu e : spo r e s:

S pa w n me d i a : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

w a t e r :

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

a d d i t i v e s:

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

S t e r i l i za t i o n t i me a n d t e mpe r a t u r e :

In o c u l a t i o n d a t e : D t e o f Fu l l C l o n i z t i o n :

S ha k i n g s he d u l e :

O bs r v a t i o n s

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

T e mpe r a t u r e Cha r t

a i r t e mp.

9 4

9 2

9 0

8 8

8 6

8 48 2

8 0

7 8

7 6

7 4

7 2

7 0

6 8

6 66 4

D t e / t i me

H e a t / t he r mo -s t a t se t t i n g

Page 382: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 382/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

A ppe n d i x V D t a C l l e c t i o n R e c o r d s/ 3 6 1

P e r c e n t N t r o g e n :

T y p e o f S t r a w :

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

D sc r i pt i o n :

s r u c t u r e :

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

c o l o r :

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

a g e :

D t e pr e -c o mpo st i n g s a r t e d :

M e t ho d o f w a t e r i n g :

S u ppl e me n t s a d d e d : _ _ _ _ _ _ _

N mbe r o f t u r n s

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

T o t a l pr e -c o m po st i n g t i me : -

C mme n t s:

C O M P O S T M A K I N G : P h a s e I

C o m p o s t fo r m u l a

In g r e d i e n t w e t w e i g h t % H 2 0 d r y w e i g ht % N l b s. N

S o u r c e o f H o r se ma n u r e :

Page 383: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 383/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

3 6 2 / A ppe n d i x V D t a C l l e c t i o n R e c o r d s

CO M P O S T M A K I N G : P h a s e I

C o m p o s t i n g S c h e d u l e

D t e A c t i o n S u ppl e me n t s % H 2 0 W a t e r a d d e d T e mp s

R i c k i n g

1 st t u r n

2 n d t u r n

3 r d t u r n

4 t h t u r n

5 t h t u r n

D t e o f Fi l l : D pt h o f Fi l l :

C mpo s d e s r i pt i o n :

S t r u c t u r e : pH :

C l o r : % H 2 0 :

C mme n t s

Page 384: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 384/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

A ppe n d i x V D t a C l l e c t i o n R e c o r d s / 3 6 3

CO M P O S T M A K ING : P ha se IIc o mpo st t e mp. — — -— a i r t e m p. —

1 5 0

1 4 8

1 4 6

1 4 4

1 4 2

1 4 0

1 3 8

1 3 6

1 3 4

1 3 2

1 3 0

1 2 8

1 2 6

1 2 4

1 2 2

1 2 0

1 1 8

1 1 6

1 1 4

1 1 2

1 1 0

1 0 8

1 0 6

1 0 4

1 0 2

1 0 09 5

9 0

D t e / t i me

Fa n spe e d

% Fr e sh a i r

H e a t / t he r mo -s a t s t t i n g

A mmo n i a

Page 385: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 385/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

3 6 4 / A ppe n d i x V D t a C l l e c t i o n R e c o r d s

S P A W N R U NNINGS pa w n i n g D t e : S u bs r a t e d e n si t y ( l bs. d r y w t / ft . 2 ) :

S pa w n t y p e a n d a m o u n t :

S u bst r a t e d e s r i pt i o n : —

pH :

c o l o r :

st r u c t u r e :

% H 2 0 :

S u ppl e me n t s

° F.

T e mpe r a t u r e Cha r t

su bst r a t e t e mp. - a i r t e mp.

9 6

9 4

9 2

9 0

8 8

8 6

8 4

8 2

8 0

7 8

7 6

7 4

7 2

7 0

6 8

6 6

6 4

6 2

6 0

D t e / t i me

Fa n spe e d

% Fr e sh a i r

H e a t / t he r mo -st a t s t t i n g

H u mi d i t y

C 2 — — — — — — — — — — — — — a — — —

Page 386: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 386/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

A ppe n d i x V D t a C l l e c t i o n R e c o r d s / 3 6 5

CA S ING : CA S E R U NNINGC si n g fo r mu l a : pH :

% mo i st u r e a t a ppl i c a t i o n : d e pt h:

S u bs r a t e su ppl e me n t a t i o n :

S c r a t c h i n g : P a t c h i n g :

su bst r a t e t e mp. a i r t e m p.

9 6

9 4

9 2

9 0

8 8

8 6

8 4

8 2

8 0

7 8

7 6

7 47 2

7 0

6 8

6 6

6 4

6 2

6 0

5 8

5 6D t e / t i me

Fa n spe e d

% Fr e sh a i r

—e a t / t he r mo -st a t s t t i n g

C 2

H u mi d i t y

W a t e r i n g

Page 387: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 387/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

3 6 6 / A ppe n d i x V D t a C l l e c t i o n R e c o r d s

P I N H E A D I N I T I A T I O N

P i n i n i t i a t i o n E a r l y p i n n i n g ? :

% M y c e l i u m sho w i n g : E v e n n e ss:

C 2 d a y b e fo r e p i n n i n g : C s n g mo i s u r e c o n t e n t :

C mme n t s o n c a s n g s r fa c e :

su bst r a t e t e mp. a i r t e m p.

8 8

8 6

8 4

8 2

8 0

7 8

7 6

7 4

7 2

7 0

6 8

6 66 4

6 2

6 0

5 8

5 6

5 4

5 2

5 0

D t e / t i meFa n spe e d

% Fr e sh a i r

H e a t / f he r mo -s a t s t t i n g

C 2

H u mi d i t y

W a t e r i n g

L i g ht

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 388: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 388/437

A ppe n d i x V D t a C l l e c t i o n R e c o r d s / 3 6 7

C R O P P I N GE v e n n e s s o f pi n se f:

% o f s r fa c e pi n n e d :

D t e o f fi r st ha r v e st :

T e mpe r a t u r e C ha r t

su bst r a t e t e mp. - a i r t e mp.

- -- -0

7 8

7 6

7 4

7 2

7 0

6 8

6 6

6 4

6 2

6 0

5 8

5 6

5 4

5 2

5 0

D l e / t i me

Fa n spe e d

% Fr e sh a i r

H e a t / t he r mo -st a t s e t t i n g

C 2

H u mi d i t y

W a t e r i n g

L i g h t —

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 389: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 389/437

3 6 8 / A ppe n d i x V D t a C l l e c t i o n R e c o r d s

P o u n d s o ffr e sh

mu shr o o ms

F L U S H I N G P A T T E R NB a r G r a p h

C n t a mi n a n t s e n c o u n t e r e d :

T o t a l t i me ( fi l l i n g t o e mpt y i n g ) :

T o t a l y i e l d :

2 0

1 9

1 8

1 7

1 6

1 5

1 4

1 3

1 2

1 1

1 0

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5

D y s

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 390: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 390/437

A ppe n d i x A n a l y se s o f M a fe r i a l s/ 3 6 9

A P P E NDIX V IA N A L Y S E S O F B A S I C M A T E R I A L S

U S E D I N S U B S T R A T E P R E P A R A T I O N

D R Y R O U G H A G E S O F F I B R O U S M A T E R I A L SM a t e r i a l

T o t a l d r yma t t e rP e r c t .

P r o t e i n

P e r c t .

Fa t

P e r c i .

Fi be r N- fr e ee x t r a c t

P e r c t . P e r c t .

T o t a lmi n e r a l s

P e r c t .

C l c i u m

P e r c i .

P ho s-

pho r u sP e r c i .

N t r o -y e n

P e r c i .

P o t a s -

sl u r , ,

P e r c i .

A l fa l fa ha y , a l l a n a l y s s 9 0 . 5 1 4 . 8 2 . 0 2 8 . 9 3 6 . 6 8 . 2 1 . 4 7 0 . 2 4 2 . 3 7 2 . 0 5

A l fa l fa ha y , v e r y l e a fy ( l e ss t ha n 2 5 % fi be r ) 9 0 . 5 1 7 . 2 2 . 6 2 2 . 6 3 9 . 4 8 . 7 1 . 7 3 0 . 2 5 2 . 7 5 2 . 0 1

A l f a l f a ha y , l e a fy ( 2 5 -2 8 % f i be r ) 9 0 . 5 1 5 . 8 2 . 2 2 7 . 4 3 6 . 6 8 . 5 1 . 5 0 0 . 2 4 2 . 5 3 2 . 0 1

A l f a l f a ha y , s e mmy ( o v e r 3 4 % f i be r ) 9 0 . 5 1 2 . 1 1 . 4 3 6 . 0 3 3 . 4 7 . 6 1 . 1 0 0 . 1 8 1 . 9 4 1 . 6 8

A l fa l fa ha y , be fo r e bl o o m 9 0 . 5 1 9 . 0 2 . 7 2 2 . 6 3 6 . 7 9 . 5 2 . 2 2 0 . 3 3 3 . 0 4 2 . 1 4

A l fa l fa ha y , pa st bl o o m 9 0 . 5 1 2 . 8 2 . 1 3 1 . 9 3 6 . 2 7 . 5 — — 2 . 0 5 —

A l fa l fa ha y , br o w n 8 7 . 9 1 7 . 3 1 . 6 2 4 . 5 3 5 . 1 9 . 4 1 . 3 7 0 . 2 6 2 . 7 7 —

A l fa l fa ha y , bl a c k 8 3 . 1 1 7 . 5 1 . 5 2 9 . 1 2 5 . 3 9 . 7 — — 2 . 8 0 —

A l fa l fa l e a f me a l9 2 . 3 2 1 . 2 2 . 8 1 6 . 6 3 9 . 7 1 2 . 0 1 . 6 9 0 . 2 5 3 . 3 9 —

A l fa l fa l e a v e s 9 0 . 5 2 2 . 3 3 . 0 1 4 . 2 4 0 . 5 1 0 . 5 2 . 2 2 0 . 2 4 3 . 5 7 2 . 0 6

A l fa l fa me a l 9 2 . 7 1 6 . 1 2 . 2 2 7 . 1 3 8 . 2 9 . 1 1 . 3 2 0 . 1 9 2 . 5 8 1 . 9 1

A l fa l fa st e m me a l 9 1 . 0 1 1 . 5 1 . 3 3 6 . 3 3 4 . 8 7 . 1 — 1 . 8 4 —

A l fa l fa s r a w 9 2 . 6 8 . 8 1 . 5 4 0 . 4 3 5 . 1 6 . 8 — 0 . 1 3 1 . 4 1 —

A l fa l fa a n d br o me g r a ss ha y 8 9 . 3 1 2 . 4 2 . 0 2 8 . 6 3 8 . 1 8 . 2 0 . 7 4 0 . 2 4 1 . 9 8 2 . 1 8

A l fa l fa a n d t i mo t hy ha y 8 9 . 8 1 1 . 1 2 . 2 2 9 . 5 4 0 . 3 6 . 7 0 . 8 1 0 . 2 1 1 . 7 8 1 . 7 8

A l fi l a r i a , d r y ( E r o d i u m c i c u t a r i u m) 8 9 . 2 1 0 . 9 2 . 9 2 3 . 4 4 0 . 2 1 1 . 8 1 . 5 7 0 . 4 1 1 . 7 4

A l fi l a r i a , d r y , ma t u r e 8 9 . 0 3 . 5 1 . 5 3 1 . 4 4 4 . 1 8 . 5 — — 0 . 5 6 —

A t l a s so r g hu m s o v e r 8 5 . 0 4 . 0 2 . 0 2 7 . 9 4 4 . 2 6 . 9 0 . 3 4 0 . 0 9 0 . 6 4 —

B a r l e y ha y 9 0 . 8 7 . 3 2 . 0 2 5 . 4 4 9 . 3 6 . 8 0 . 2 6 0 . 2 3 1 . 1 7 1 . 3 5

B a r l e y s r a w 9 0 . 0 3 . 7 1 . 6 3 7 . 7 4 1 . 0 6 . 0 0 . 3 2 0 . 1 1 0 . 5 9 1 . 3 3

B e a n h a y , mu n g 9 0 . 3 9 . 8 2 . 2 2 4 . 0 4 6 . 6 7 . 7 — — 1 . 5 7 —B e a n h a y , t e p a r y 9 0 . 0 1 7 . 1 2 . 9 2 4 . 8 3 4 . 7 1 0 . 5 — — 2 . 7 4 —

B e a n po d s, fi e l d , d r y 9 1 . 8 7 . 1 1 . 0 3 4 . 8 4 5 . 0 3 . 9 0 . 7 8 0 . 1 0 1 . 1 4 2 . 0 2

B e a n s r a w , fi e l d 8 9 . 1 6 . 1 1 . 4 4 0 . 1 3 4 . 1 7 . 4 1 . 6 7 0 . 1 3 0 . 9 8 1 . 0 2

B e g g a r w e e d h a y 9 0 . 9 1 5 . 2 2 . 3 2 8 . 4 3 7 . 2 7 . 8 1 . 0 5 0 . 2 7 2 . 4 3 2 . 3 2

B e n t g r a ss ha y , C l o n i a l 8 8 . 5 6 . 6 3 . 0 2 9 . 5 4 2 . 8 6 . 6 — 0 . 1 8 1 . 0 6 1 . 4 2

B e r mu d a g r a s s ha y 9 0 . 6 7 . 2 1 . 8 2 5 . 9 4 8 . 7 7 . 0 0 . 3 7 0 . 1 9 1 . 1 5 1 . 4 2

B e r mu d a g r a ss ha y , po o r 9 0 . 0 5 . 8 0 . 9 3 8 . 8 3 7 . 7 6 . 8 — — 0 . 9 3 —

B e r se e m ha y , o r E g y p t i a n c l o v e r 9 1 . 7 1 3 . 4 2 . 7 2 1 . 0 4 2 . 7 1 1 . 9 3 . 2 7 0 . 2 8 2 . 1 4 2 . 0 5

B i r d s fo o t t r e fo i l ha y 9 0 . 5 1 3 . 8 2 . 1 2 7 . 5 4 1 . 2 5 . 9 1 . 1 3 0 . 2 2 2 . 3 5 1 . 5 2

B l a c k g r a s s ha y ( J u n c u s G e r a r d i )B l u e g r a s s ha y , C n a d a

8 9 . 78 9 . 3

7 . 56 . 6

2 . 52 . 3

2 5 . 1 4 7 . 32 8 . 2 4 6 . 4

7 . 35 . 8

0 . 0 90 . 2 0

1 . 2 01 . 0 6

1 . 5 61 . 9 4

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 391: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 391/437

Page 392: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 392/437

Page 393: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 393/437

Page 394: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 394/437

Page 395: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 395/437

Page 396: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 396/437

Page 397: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 397/437

Page 398: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 398/437

Page 399: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 399/437

Page 400: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 400/437

Page 401: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 401/437

Page 402: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 402/437

Page 403: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 403/437

Page 404: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 404/437

A ppe n d i x V I: A n a l y se s o f M a t e r i a l s/ 3 8 3

M a t e r i a l

T o t a l d r yma t t e r

P e r c i .

P r o t e i n

P e r c i .

Fa t

P e r C .

Fi be r

P e r c i .

N -fr e ee x t r a c tP e r c i .

T o t a l C

mi n e r a l sP e r c i .

a t c i u m

P e r c i .

P h o s-

pho r u sP e r c t

N t r o -q e n

P e r c t .

P o t a s -

si u mP e r c t .

W he a t st a n d a r d m i d d l i n g s a n d s r e e n i n g s,

a l l a n a l y s s • 8 9 . 7 1 8 . 0 4 . 7 7 . 4 5 5 . 1 4 . 5 0 . 1 5 0 . 8 8 2 . 8 8 —

W he a t w hi t e sho r t s 8 9 . 7 1 6 . 1 3 . 1 2 . 9 6 5 . 0 2 . 6 2 . 5 8 —

W he y , fr o m c he d d a r c he e se 6 . 9 0 . 9 0 . 3 0 5 . 0 0 . 7 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 4 0 . 1 4 0 . 1 9

W he y , sk i mme d 6 . 6 0 . 9 0 . 0 3 0 5 . 0 0 . 7 — — 0 . 1 4 —

W he y , c o n d e n s d 5 7 . 3 8 . 8 0 . 6 0 4 2 . 0 5 . 9 1 . 4 1

W he y , d r i e d 9 3 . 5 1 2 . 2 0 . 8 0 . 2 7 0 . 4 9 . 9 0 . 8 6 0 . 7 2 1 . 9 6 —

W he y s l u bl e s, d r i e d 9 6 . 3 1 7 . 5 2 . 0 0 6 2 . 8 1 4 . 0 2 . 8 0

Y e a s , br e w e r s', d r i e d 9 3 . 8 4 9 . 3 1 . 0 3 . 7 3 1 . 9 7 . 9 0 . 1 3 1 . 5 6 7 . 8 9 —

Y e a s , i r r a d i a t e d , d r i e d 9 3 . 9 4 8 . 7 1 . 1 5 . 5 3 2 . 2 6 . 4 0 . 0 7 1 . 5 5 7 . 7 9 2 . 1 4

Y e a s , d r i e d , w i t h a d d e d c e r e a l 9 0 . 2 1 2 . 3 3 . 7 3 . 2 6 8 . 5 2 . 5 0 . 0 9 0 . 4 5 1 . 9 7 —Y e a s , mo l a sse s d i s i l l e r s', d r i e d 9 1 . 0 3 8 . 8 1 . 9 6 . 1 3 0 . 2 1 4 . 0 6 . 2 1

( T he se t a bl e s ha v e be e n a d a pt e d fr o m " U . S . -C n a d i a n T a bl e s o f Fe e d C mpo si t i o n " ; P u bl i c a t i o n 1 6 8 4 ;

C mmi t t e e o n A n i ma l N t r i t i o n a n d N t i o n a l C mmi t t e e o n A n i ma l N t r i t i o n , C n a d a , N t i o n a l A c a d e my

o f S c i e n c e s— N t i o n a l R e se a r c h C u n c i l , W a shi n g t o n , D C 1 9 6 9 )

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 405: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 405/437

3 8 4 / A ppe n d i x V II: R e so u r c e s fo r M u shr o o m G r o w e r s

A P P E NDIX VIIR E S O U R CE S F O RM U S H R O O M G R O W E R S

S u ppl i e r s o f C l t u r e s o f E d i bl eM u shr o o ms

A me r i c a n T y p e C l t u r e C l l e c t i o n1 2 3 0 1 P a r k l a w n D i v e

R o c k v i l l e , M a r y l a n d 2 0 8 5 2

P e n n s l v a n i a S t a t e U n i v e r s t y

2 1 1 1 B u c k h o u t L a bo r a t o r y

U n i v e r s t y P a r k , M a r y l a n d 1 6 8 0 2

G e n e r a l S u ppl i e s & E q u i pme n t

Fu n g i P e r f e c t iP 0 B o x 7 6 3 4O l y m p i a , W a . 9 8 5 0 7P h o n e : 3 6 0 - 4 2 6 - 9 2 9 2F a x : 3 6 0 - 4 2 6 - 9 3 7 7P r o d u c t s i n c l u d e : m i c r o n f i l t e r s ; l a m i n a r f l o w

h o o d s ; s t e r i l e a n d r o o m s u p p l i e s ; p r e s s u r e

c o o k e r s ; s t e a m b o i l e r s ; c u l t u r e s ; s t e r i l e a n d

g r o w i n g r o o m i n s t r u m e n t s ; p u r e c u l t u r e sa n d s p a w n . W r i t e f o r f r e e b r o c h u r e o r i n -

c l u d e $ 4 . 5 0 f o r o u r f u l l y i l l u s t r a t e dc a t a l o g u e . I n t e r n a t i o n a l o r d e r s w e l c o m e d .

C mme r c i a l S pa w n M a k e r sR a i n fo r e s M u shr o o m S pa w n

In t e r n a t i o n a l D v i si o nP 0 B o x 1 7 9 3

G i bs n s, B . C

C n a d a V N 1 V

S pa w n o f t he se spe c i e s a v a i l a bl e : P / e u r o fu s

o st r e a fu s; P l e u r o t u s sa j o r -c a j u ; P / e u r o t u s

c o r n u c o pi a e ; P / e u r o f u s e n ) / n g i i ; L e n fi n u s

e d o d e s a n d S t r o pha r i a r u g o s -a n n u / a t a .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 406: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 406/437

A ppe n d i x VII: R e so u r c e s fo r M u shr o o m G r o w e r s/ 3 8 5

P u b l i c a t i o n sT h e M u shr o o m J o u r n a l ( mo n t hl y )

T he M u shr o o m G r o w e r s A ss c i a t i o n ( M G A )

A g r i c u l t u r e H o u s

K n i g ht sbr i d g e

L o n d o n , S W 1 X 7 N( A v a i l a bl e i n l a r g e u n i v e r si t y l i br a r i e s. )

T he M u shr o o m N w s ( mo n t hl y )A me r i c a n M u shr o o m In s i t u t e ( A M I)

B o x 3 7 3

K e n n e ft S q u a r e , P a .1 9 3 4 8

( A v a i l a bl e i n l a r g e u n i v e r si t y l i br a r i e s. )

M u shr o o m G r o w i n g B u l l e t i n s

D . P a u l W u e st

D pa r t me n t o f B o t a n y

P e n n s l v a n i a S t a t e U n i v e r s t y

U n i v e r s t y P a r k , P a . 1 6 8 0 2

M y c o l o g i a

T he N w Y o r k B o t a n i c a l G a r d e n

B r o n x , N w Y o r k 1 0 4 5 8

M u shr o o m N w sl e t t e r fo r t he T r o pi c s( q u a r t e r l y )

T he In t e r n a t i o n a l M u shr o o m S o c i e t y fo r t he

T r o pi c s

c / o D pa r t me n t o f B i o l o g yT he Chi n e se U n i v e r s t y o f H o n g K o n gS ha t i n , N T . H o n g K o n g

O r g a n i z a t i o n sN o r t h A me r i c a n M y c o l o g i c a l A sso c i a t i o n

( N M A )

4 2 4 5 R e d i n g e r R d .P o r t smo u t h, O h. 4 5 6 6 2

T he M y c o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y o f A me r i c a ( M S A )

c / o D . H a r r y T hi e r sD pa r t me n t o f B i o l o g y

S a n Fr a n c i sc o S t a t e U n i v e r si t y

1 6 0 0 H o l l o w a y A v e .S a n Fr a n c i s o , C . 9 4 1 3 2

M y c o M e d i a

P G B o x 2 2 2 2O l y m pi a , W a . 9 8 5 0 7( S po n s r s y e a r l y fo r a y s a n d e d u c a t i o n a l

c o n fe r e n c e s. )

P u g e t S o u n d M y c o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y

2 1 6 1 E . H a ml i nS e a t t l e , W a . 9 8 1 1 2

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 407: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 407/437

3 8 6 / A ppe n d i x VIII: M e t r i c C n v e r si o n T a bl e s

A P P E NDIX V I I IM E T R I C C O N V E R S I O N T A B L E S

C r o p p i n g Y i e l d S u bst r a t e D pt hs

Ibs / sq . ft . k g . / sq . m. i n c he s c e n t i me t e r s

1 . 0 4 . 9 1 2 . 5 4

1 . 4 6 . 8 2 5 . 0 8

2 . 0 9 . 8 3 7 . 6 2

2 . 21 0 . 8 4 1 0 . 1 6

2 . 6 1 2 . 7 5 1 2 . 7 0

3 . 0 1 4 . 7 6 1 5 . 2 4

3 . 5 1 7 . 7 7 1 7 . 7 8

4 . 0 1 9 . 6 8 2 0 . 3 2

4 . 5 2 2 . 0 9 2 2 . 8 6

5 . 0 2 4 . 4 1 0 2 5 . 4 0

5 . 5 2 7 . 0 1 1 2 7 . 9 4

6 . 0 2 9 . 0 1 2 3 0 . 4 8

6 . 5 3 1 . 4

L e n g t hIn c h = 2 . 5 4 c e n t i me t e r s C n t i me t e r = 0 . 3 9 3 7 i n c h e s

Fo o t = 0 . 3 0 4 8 me t e r s M e t e r = 3 . 2 8 0 8 fe e tY a r d = 0 . 9 1 4 4 me t e r s M e t e r = 1 . 0 9 3 6 y a r d s

A r e a

S q . i n . = 6 . 4 5 1 6 sq . c m . S q . c m . = 0 . 1 5 5 0 s . i n .S q . ft . = 0 . 0 9 2 9 s . m. S q . m. = 1 0 . 7 6 3 9 s . ft .S q . y d . = 0 . 8 3 6 1 sq . m. S q . m. = 1 . 1 9 6 0 sq . y d .

V l u r n e

C . i n . = 1 6 . 3 8 7 2 c u . c m . C . c m . = 0 . 0 6 1 0 C . i n .C . ft . = 0 . 0 2 8 3 c u . m. C . m. = 3 5 . 3 1 4 5 c u . ft .C . y d . = 0 . 7 6 4 6 c u . m. C . m. = 1 . 3 0 7 9 C . y d .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 408: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 408/437

A ppe n d i x VIII: M e t r i c C n v e r si o n T a bl e s/ 3 8 7

C pa c i t y

C . i n . = 0 . 0 1 6 4 l i t e r sC . ft . = 2 8 . 3 1 6 2 l i t e r sC p = 0 . 2 3 6 6 l i t e r sQ u a r t = 0 . 9 4 6 3 l i t e r sG a l l o n = 3 . 7 8 5 3 l i t e r sA l i t e r o f d i st i l l e d w a t e r w e i g hs

G r a i n = 0 . 0 6 4 8 g r a m sO u n c e = 2 8 . 3 4 9 5 g r a m s

P o u n d = 4 5 4 g r a m sP o u n d = 0 . 4 5 3 6 k i l o g r a ms

T o n = 9 0 7 . 1 8 4 8 k i l o g r a m s

P r e ssu r e

6 1 . 0 2 5 0 c u . i n .0 . 0 3 5 3 C . ft .0 . 2 6 4 2 g a l .

1 . 0 5 6 7 q t .1 0 0 0 ml .

G r a m = 1 5 . 4 3 2 4 g r a i n sG r a m = 0 . 0 3 5 3 o u n c e s

K i l o g r a m = 2 . 2 0 4 6 po u n d sM e t r i c T o n = 2 , 2 0 4 po u n d s

L i t e r =L i t e r =L i t e r =

L i t e r =L i t e r =1 k i l o g r a m.0 0 0 g r a m s o r

W e i g ht

1 k g . pe r sq . c m . = 1 4 . 2 2 3 l b. pe r sq . i n .

1 l b. pe r sq . i n . = . 0 7 0 3 k g . pe r sq . c m.

1 k g . pe r s q . m. = . 2 0 4 8 l b. pe r s . ft .1 a t mo sph e r e = 1 . 0 3 3 2 k g . p e r sq . c m . = 4 . 6 9 6 l b . p e r sq . i n . = 1 . 0 1 3 3 ba r s

T e r n pe r a t u r e

C F

0 3 2

5 4 1

5 00

1 5

2 02 5

4 0

5 9

6 8

1 0 4

Fa hr e n he i t t o C n t i g r a d e

5 / 9 ( ° F — 3 2 ) = ° C

C n t i g r a d e t o Fa hr e n he i t

9 / 5 ( ° C + 3 2 = ° F.

5 0 1 2 25 5 1 3 1

6 0 1 4 0

6 5

7 07 5

1 4 9

1 5 8

1 6 7

M i s e l l a n e o u s D t a

5 0 l bs. r y e g r a i n = 1 2 5 c u ps ( a ppr o x i ma t e l y )

8 0 1 7 6 A r e a o f a c i r c l e = = 3 . 1 4 x r 2

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 409: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 409/437

3 8 8 / A ppe n d i x VIII: M e t r i c C n v e r s o n T a bl e s

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 410: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 410/437

G L O S S A R Y

G l o ss r y / 3 8 9

a

a c u t e P o i n t e d , sha r p.

a d n a t e ( o f t he g i l l s) B l u n t l y a t t a c he d t o t he

s e m.

a d n e x e d ( o f t he g i l l s A t t a c he d t o t he s e m

i n a n a s c e n d i n g ma n n e ra g a r A pr o d u c t d e r i v e d fr o m se a w e e d a n d

v a l u e d fo r i t s g e l a t i n i zi n g pr o pe r t i e s. C m-

mo n l y u s d t o so hd i fy me d i a i n a n y t y pe o f

st e r i l e t i ssu e c u l t u r e .

A g a r i c a l e s T he o r d e r o f mu shr o o ms w hi c hi n c l u d e s a l l mu shr o o ms w i t h t r u e g i l l s

a my l o i d T h e c ha r a c t e r i st i c bl u i sh r e a c t i o nt he fl e sh o r t h e spo r e s o f a mu shr o o m e x hi bi t s

i n M e l z r 's i o d i n e .

a n a st o mo si s ( p 1 . a n a s o mo s s) T he

c r o ssw i s fu s o n o f hy pha l s s e ms t o fo r m a

n e t w o r k o f my c e l i a .

a n g st r o m 1 0 -1 0 mi c r o n s, 1 t e n t ho u sa n d t h

o f a mi c r o n .

a n n u l a r R e s mbl i n g a n a n n u l u s, a ppe a r i n g

a s a r i n g -l i k e zo n e .

a n n u l u s T he t i ss e r e mn a n t s o f t he pa r t i a l

v e i l a d he r i n g t o t he st e m a n d fo r mi n g a me m-

br a n o u s c o l l a r o r r i n g .a pe x T he t o p o r hi g he s po i n t .

a pi c u l u s a t e r m ( mi s s d ) f o r t he hi l a r a p-pe n d i x , t he n i ppl e -l i k e pr o j e c t i o n by w hi c h a

spo r e i s a t t a c he d t o t he s r e r i g ma t a ( " a r ms" ) o f

t he ba s d i u m.

a ppe n d i c u l a t e H a n g i n g w i t h fr a g me n t s o f

t i ss e .

A s o m y c e t e s Fu n g i t ha t pr o d u c e spo r e s i n

a n a sc u s.

a s u s A sa c -l i k e o r g a n i n w hi c h e i g ht spo r e s

d e v e l o p a n d i s c ha r a c t e r i st i c o f t he pe r fe c t

s a g e o f a s o my c e t o u s fu n g i .

a u t o c l a v e A st e a m pr e ss r i ze d v e sse l u se d

t o st e r i l i z me d i a .

bba c i l l u s ( p 1 . b a c i l l i ) A g e n e r a l t e r m fo r a n y

r o d -sha pe d ba c t e r i a fo r mi n g spo r e s i n fr e e o x -

y g e n e n v i r o n me n t s. ( T he g e n u s B a c i l l u s i smo r e n a r r o w l y d e fi n e d ) .

b a c t e r i u m ( p 1 . ba c t e r i a ) T he si m pl e st

g r o u p o f n o n -c hl o r o phy l l pl a n t -l i k e o r g a n i sms.

B a si d i o my c e t e s A l l fu n g i w hi c h be a rspo r e s e x t e r n a l l y u po n a c l u b-l i k e c e l l k n o w n

a s a ba s d i u m.

ba si d i u m, ba s d i a A u n i q u e fe r t i l e c e l l ,

c l u b-l i k e i n fo r m, i n w hi c h me i o si s o c c u r s a n d

by w hi c h se x u a l spo r e s a r e pr o d u c e d .

b a si d i o c a r p T he fr u i t i n g bo d y o f fu n g i t ha t

r e pr o d u c e t hr o u g h ba si d i a .

b i n u c l e a t e H a v i n g t w o n u c l e i i n o n e c e l l .

bo r d e r br e a k T he e a r l y o c c u r e n c e o f

mu shr o o ms a l o n g t he e d g e o f a su bst r a t e c o n -

t a i n e r .

a ppr e sse d Fl a t t e n e d . fu n g i .

Cc a mpa n u l a t e B e l l sha pe d .

c a r p o pho r e T he fr u i t i n g bo d y o f hi g he r

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 411: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 411/437

3 9 0 / G l o ssa r y

c a r po pho r o i d A n a l a g o u s t o a fr u i t bo d y ,

a l t ho u g h u su a l l y a po o r l y d i ffe r e n t i a t e d ma ss o ft i ssu e , n o t w e l l d e v e l o pe d ( " a b o r t e d " ) a n d

st e r i l e .

c a r t i l a g i n o u s B r i t t l e , n o t pl i a n t .

c a si n g A l a y e r o f w a t e r r e t e n t i v e ma t e r i a l sa ppl i e d t o a su bst r a t e t o e n c o u r a g e a n d e n -

ha n c e pr o d u c t i o n .

c a u l o c y st i d i a S t e r i l e c e l l s c o v e r i n g t he

mu shr o o m s e m.

c e l l u l a r C mpo se d o f g l o bo se t o r o u n d e d

c e l l s, n o t t hr e a d -l i k e .

c e spi t o s G r o w i n g c l u s e r e d , a ppe a r i n g t o

a r i se fr o m a s n g l e ba se .

c he i l o c y st i d i a S t e r i l e c e l l s o n t he mu sh-r o o m g i l l e d g e , so me t i me s c a l l e d ma r g i n a lc y s i d i a .

c hl a my d o spo r e s A t hi c k w a l l e d spo r e , t y p-i c a l l y o f a s c o n d a r y t y pe , t ha t a r i se s d i r e c t l y

fr o m t he my c e l i u m a n d ha v i n g t he fu l l c o mpl e -

me n t o f c hr o mo s me s fo r pr o d u c i n g o ff-spr i n g . Chi a my d o spo r e s a r e t y pi c a l l y o v o i d

a n d he a t r e s s a n t .

c hr y s c y st i d i a A t y pe o f c y st i d i a t ha t i s

hi g hl y r e fr a c t i v e i n o n c e d r i e d t i ssu e r e v i v e dw i t h a po t a ss u m hy d r o x i d e ( K O H ) so l u t i o na n d a ppe a r i n g a s a y e l l o w i sh br o w n a mo r -pho u s ma ss w i t hi n t he c e l l .

c l a mp c o n n e c t i o n A n e l bo w -l i k e pr o t u be r -

a n c e w hi c h a r c he s o v e r t he w a l l s se pa r a t i n gc e l l s i n ma t e d ( d i k a r y o t i c ) my c e l i a o f so memu shr o o m spe c i e s.

c o mpo st A bi o l o g i c a l ma t r i x o f mi c r o o r g a -n i sms c o mbi n e d w i t h st r a w , ma n u r e a n d o t he r

o r g a n i c s bs a n c e s a n d d e si g n e d fo r mu sh-

r o o m fr u i t bo d y pr o d u c t i o n .

c o n c o l o r o u s H a v i n g t he s me c o l o r .

c o n d i t i o n i n g T he fi n a l c o n v e r si o n o f

mu shr o o m c o mpo st by se l e c t e dmi c r o bi a l

g r o u ps.

c o n i c S ha pe d l i k e a c o n e .

c o n i d i a A u n i n u c l e a t e e x t e r i o r l y bo r n e c e l l

fo r me d by c o n s r i c t i o n o f t he c o n i d i o pho r e .

c o n i d i o pho r e A spe c i a l i ze d st a l k a r i si n g

fr o m my c e l i u m u po n w hi c h c o n i d i a a r e bo r n e .

c o n i d i u m ( p1 . c o n i d i a ) A n a s x u a l spo r e

fo r me d by t he c o n st r i c t i o n o f hy pha e t o c ha i n s

o f c e l l s.

c o n t e x t T he fl e sh o f a mu shr o o m.

c o n v e x R e g u l a r l y r o u n d e d .

C pr i n a c e a e A fa mi l y o f mu shr o o ms c o n -t a i n i n g t he g e n e r a C pr i n u s, P a n a e o l u s a n d

P sa t hy r e l l a .

c o pr o phi l o u s G r o w i n g o n d u n g .

c o r t i n a t e A t y p e o f v e i l c o n s st i n g o f fi n ec o bw e b-l i k e t hr e a d s o f t i ss e , e x t e n d i n g fr o m

t he mu shr o o m c a p ma r g i n t o t he st e m.

c r o ppi n g T he t i me o f mu shr o o m f o r m a -t i o n , d e v e l o pme n t a n d ha r v e s i n g .

c u t i c l e T he su r fa c e o f c e l l s o n t he c a p t ha t

c a n u n d e r g o v a r y i n g d e g r e e s o f d i ffe r e n t i a t i o n .

c y st i d i a M i c r o s o pi c s t e r i l e c e l l s a d o r n i n g

t he mu shr o o m fr u i t bo d y .

dd e c u r r e n t T he a t t a c hme n t o f t he g i l l pl a t e s

t o t he s e m o f mu shr o o ms w he r e t he g i l l s a r e

ma r k e d l y d o w n c u r v e d , pa r t i a l l y e x t e n d i n g

d o w n t he st e m.

d e c u r v e d C r v i n g i n a d o w n w a r d s fa shi o n .

d e c i d u o u s D sc r i bi n g t r e e s t ha t se a so n a l l y

she d t he i r l e a v e s

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 412: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 412/437

G l o ssa r y / 3 9 1

d e l i q u e sc i n g T he pr o c e ss o f a u t o d i g e s i o n

by w hi c h t he g i l l s a n d c a p o f a mu shr o o m me l ti n t o a l i q u i d . M o s fy pi c a l o f t he g e n u s

C pr i n u s

d i k a r y o ph a se T he pha se i n w hi c h t he r e a r e

t w o i n d i v i d u a l n u c l e i i n e a c h c e l l o f t he mu sh-

r o o m pl a n t .

d i k a r y o t i c T he st a t e o f c e l l s i n t he

d i k a r v o pha se .

d i pl o i d A g e n e t i c c o n d i t i o n w he r e e a c h c e l l

ha s a fu l l se t o f c hr o mo so me s n e c e ssa r y fo r

s x u a l r e po r d u c t i o n ( 2 N .

d i s T he c e n t r a l po r t i o n o f t he mu shr o o m

c a p.

e

fl e x u o s , f l e x u o u s B e n t a l t e r n a t e l y i n o p-

po si t e d i r e c t i o n s.fl o c c o s W o o l y t u ft s o r c o t t o n y v e i l r e m -n a n t s, t y p i c a l l y a d o r n i n g t he c a p o r st e m o fso me mu shr o o m spe c i e s.

fl u sh T he c o l l e c t i v e fo r ma t i o n a n d d e v e l o p-

me n t o f mu shr o o ms w i t hi n a sho r t t i me pe r i o d ,

o ft e n o c c u r r i n g i n a r hy t hmi c ma n n e r .

fr u c t i f i c a t i o n T h e a c t o f fr u i t bo d y fo r ma -t i o n .

fr u i t bo d y W ha t i s c o mmo n l y c a l l e d t hemu shr o o m. T he se x u a l r e pr o d u c t i v e bo d y o f

t he mu shr o o m pl a n t .

fu g a c i o u s Impe r ma n e n t , e a si l y t o r n o r d e -

st r o y e d .

fu so i d R o u n d e d a n d t a pe r i n g fr o m t he c e n -

t e r .

e c c e n t r i c O ff-c e n t e r e d .

e l l i ps i d S ha pe d l i k e a n o bl o n g c i r c l e .

e n d o spo r e s S po r e s fo r me d i n t e r n a l l y .

e n t he o g e n i c A t e r m t o d e sc r i be su bst a n c e s

t ha t i n d u c e g o d i n spi r i n g fe e l i n g s o r e x pe -r i e n c e s.

e q u a l E v e n l y pr o p o r t i o n e d .

e r o d e d Ir r e g u l a r l y b r o k e n .

e v a n e s c e n t Fr a g i l e a n d s o n d i s ppe a r i n g .

gg e l a t i n o u s H a v i n g t he c o n si s e n c y o f j e l l y .

g e n o t y p e T he g e n e t i c he r i t a g e o r c o n st i t u -

t i o n o f a n o r g a n i sm. T he g e n o t y pe pr o d u c e s

t he phe n o t y pe .

g e o t r o pi sm G r o w i n g o r i e n t e d t o w a r d s o r i n

r e s po n s t o g r a v i t y .

g l a br e sc e n t B e c o mi n g smo o t h.

g l a br o u s S mo o t h, ba l d .

ff i b r i l l o s e H a v i n g fi br i l s.

fi b r i l s Fi n e d e l i c a t e 'ha i r s' fo u n d o n t he su r -

fa c e o f t he c a p o r st e m.

fi br o u s C mpo se d o f t o u g h, st r i n g y t i ssu e .

fi l a me n t o u s C mpo se d o f hy pha e o r

t hr e a d -l i k e c e l l s

g l u t i n o u s H a v i n g a hi g hl y v i sc o u s g e l a t i -

n o u s l a y e r , a n e x t r e me c o n d i t i o n o f v i s i d i t y .

G r a m ( G r a m's S t a i n ) A me t ho d fo r s e pa -

r a t i n g ba c t e r i a w he r e by ba c t e r i a a r e st a i n e d

fi r st w i t h c r y st a l v i o l e t ( a r e d d y e ) a n d t he nw a she d w i t h a n i o d i n e s l u t i o n . G r a m po si t i v e

ba c t e r i a ( B a c i l l u s) r e t a i n t he d y e . G r a m n e g a -

t i v e ba c t e r i a ( P s u d o m o n a s a n d so me

B a c i l l u s l o s t he d y e .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 413: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 413/437

3 9 2 / G l o ssa r y

g r e g a r i o u s G r o w i n g n u me r o u s y i n sma l l

g r o u ps bu t n o t i n c l u st e r s.

hh a b i t a t T he s bst r a t e i n w hi c h mu shr o o ms

g r o w .

he l i o t r o pi c G r o w i n g o r t u r n i n g t o w a r d s t he

s n .

he t e r o mo r p hi c C mpo s d o f d i ffe r e n t c e l l

t y pe s, u s a l l y d e s r i bi n g t he t y pe o f mu sh-r o o m g i l l e d g e .

he t e r o t ha l l i c H a v i n g t w o o r mo r e m o r pho -

l o g i c a l l y s mi l a r pa i r s o f st r a i n s w i t hi n t he sa me

spe c i e s. T he c o mbi n a t i o n o f c o mpa t i bl e spo r e

t y p e s i s e sse n t i a l fo r pr o d u c i n g fe r t i l e o ff-

spr i n g . T y pi c a l l y a spo r e o n a fo u r spo r e d ba -

si d i u m i s c o mpa t i bl e w i t h o n l y o n e o f i t s c o u n -

t e r pa r t s

hi l a r a ppe n d i x T he s u b-l i k e pr o t r u si o n o nt he spo r e t ha t c o n n e c t s t he spo r e -pr o d u c i n g

c e l l ( e x . t he ba si d i u m) t o i t .

hi l u m A ma r k i n g o n t he spo r e w he r e i t w a s a t -

t a c he d t o a spo r e -pr o d u c i n g c e l l .

ho mo mo r p hi c C mpo se d o f si mi l a r c e l lt y pe s

ho mo t ha U i c H a v i n g o n e st r a i n t y p e t ha t i s,

by n a t u r e , d i k a r y o t i c a n d se l f-fe r t i l e ; o ft e n a r i s-

i n g fr o m t w o spo r e d ba s d i a .

hu mi c o l o u s G r o w i n g i n hu mu s, so i l .

hy g r o pha n o u s M a r k e d l y f a d i n g i n c o l o r

u po n d r y i n g , u se d t o d e sc r i be t he c o n d i t i o n o f

t he mu shr o o m c a p.

hy me n i u m T he l a y e r o f fe r t i l e spo r e -

be a r i n g c e l l s o n t he g i l l .

hy pha , hy pha e In d i v i d u a l c e l l s o fmy c e l i u m.

hy pha l a g g r e g a t e A c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f

my c e l i u m; a " k n o t " i n t he my c e l i a l n e t w o r kw hi c h o ft e n d i ffe r e n t i a t e s i n t o a pr i mo r d i u m.

hy pho sphe r e T he r e g i o n i mme d i a t e l y o na n d su r r o u n d i n g hy p ha e .

I

i n d i c a t o r mo l d A mo l d , u su a l l y n o n -

d e s r u c t i v e , w ho s o c c u r r e n c e i n d i c a t e s a n i m-

pr o pe r l y ba l a n c e d c o n d i t i o n i n t he su bst r a t e o re n v i r o n me n t .

i n st a r A n i n s c t i n a n y o f i t s st a g e s o f po s

e mbr y o n i c g r o w t h.

kk a r y o g a m y T he fu si o n o f t w o se x u a l l y o p-

po si t e n u c l e i w i t hi n a si n g l e c e l l .K O H P o t a ss u m H y d r o x i d e , a n a g e n t c o m-

mo n l y u s d t o r e v i v e d r i e d mu shr o o m ma t e r i a l

fo r mi c r o sc o pi c st u d y a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f2 ½ % .

I

Ia me l l a e M u shr o o m g i l l s.

l i g n i c o l o u s G r o w i n g i n w o o d o r o n a

s bst r a t u m c o mpo se d o f w o o d y t i ssu e .

l i g n i n T he o r g a n i c su bst a n c e w hi c h, w i t hc e l l u l o s , fo r ms t he ba si s o f mo st w o o d y t i s-

su e .

l i n e a r C n s d e r a b l y l o n g e r t ha n w i d e , w i t h

e d g e s pa r a l l e l .

l u br i c o u s S mo o t h

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 414: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 414/437

G l o ssa r y / 3 9 3

l u me n T he a mo u n t o f t he fl o w o f l i g ht e mi t -

t e d fr o m a s n g l e i n t e r n a t i o n a l fo o t c a n d l e .l u x T he a mo u n t o f i l l u mi n a t i o n r e c e i v e d bya s r fa c e o n e me t e r fr o m 1 fo o t c a n d l e , e q u a l

t o 1 l u me n / sq u a r e m e t e r .

mm a c r o s c o p i c V si bl e t o t he u n a i d e d e y e .

ma t t i n g A c o n d i t i o n o f a my c e l i u m c a si n g -

r u n t ha t ha s be c o me a ppr e sse d fr o m o v e r w a -t e r i n g . S i mi l a r t o o v e r l a y e x c e pt t ha t ma t t i n gi n fe r s t he my c e l i u m ha s fo r me d a d e n s , d e a d

l a y e r o f c e l l s o n t he c a si n g 's su r fa c e .

me i o si s T he pr o c e ss o f r e d u c t i o n d i v i si o n

by w hi c h a si n g l e c e l l w i t h a d i pl o i d n u c l e u ssu bd i v i d e s i n t o fo u r c e l l s w i t h o n e h a p l o i dn u c l e u s a pi e c e .

me mbr a n o u s B e i n g she a t h-l i k e i n fo r m.

me s phi l e A n o r g a n i sm t hr i v i n g i n mo d e r -

a t e t e mpe r a t u r e z n e s, u s a l l y 4 0 -9 0 ° F.

me t u l o i d U s d t o d e s r i be a st e r i l e c e l l e n -

c r u s e d w i t h a c r y s a l l i n e ( c a l c i t i z d ) s bs a n c e .

mi c r o n O n e mi l l i o n t h o f a me t e r , 1

me t e r s, o n e t ho u s n d t h o f a mi l l i me t e r .

mi c r o s o pi c V si bl e o n l y w i t h t he a i d o f a

mi c r o sc o pe .

mi t o si s T he n o n - s x u a l pr o c e ss o f n u c l e a r

d i v i si o n i n a c e l l by w hi c h t he c hr o mo s me s o f

o n e n u c l e u s a r e r e pl i c a t e d a n d d i v i d e d e q u a l l yi n t o t w o d a u g ht e r n u c l e i .

mo n k a r y o n , mo n o c a r y o n ( a d ] . mo n o k a r -y o t i c , mo n o c a r y o t i c ) T he ha pl o i d s a t e o f

t he mu shr o o m my c e l i u m, t y pi c a l l y c o n t a i n i n g

a si n g l e n u c l e u s.

mo t t l e d S po t t e d , a s i n t he u n e v e n r i pe n i n g

o f spo r e s o n t he g i l l su r fa c e s t ha t so c ha r a c t e r -

i ze s spe c i e s i n t he g e n u s P a n a e o l u s.

mu shr o o m A fl e shy fu n g u s t ha t e r e c t s a

bo d y o f t i ssu e i n w hi c h se x u a l spo r e s a r e pr o -d u c e d a n d fr o m w hi c h t he y a r e d i st r i bu t e d .

my c e l i u m ( p 1 . my c e l i a ) A n e t w o r k o f

hy pha e .

my c o l o g y T he st u d y o f fu n g i .

my c o pha g i s A pe r so n o r a n i ma l t ha t e a t sfu n g i .

my c o phi l e a pe r so n w ho l i k e s mu shr o o ms.

my c o pho be a pe r s o n w ho fe a r s mu sh -

r o o ms.my c o r r h i za l A pe c u l i a r t y pe o f sy mbi o t i c

r e l a t i o n shi p a mu shr o o m my c e l i u m fo r m s w i t h

t he r o o t s o f a se e d pl a n t , t y p i c a l l y t r e e s

nn a n o me t e r

a mi c r o n .

1 0 me t e r s, o n e t ho u sa n d t h o f

n a t u r a l c u l t u r e T he i n v i t r o c u l t i v a t i o n o fmu shr o o ms by t r a n spl a n t i n g l i v i n g my c e l i u m,

u su a l l y fr o m a n a t u r a l ha bi t a t .

n o me n c l a t u r e A n y sy st e m o f c l a ssi fi c a t i o n .

n u c l e a t e H a v i n g n u c l e i

n u c l e o t i d e O n e o f t he fo u r n i t r o g e n o u sba se s i n DN ; o ft e n c a l l e d t he bu i l d i n g bl o c k s

o f t he DN mo l e c u l e .

n u c l e u s, n u c l e i A c o n c e n t r a t e d ma ss o f d i f-

fe r e n t i a t e d pr o t o p l a sm i n c e l l s c o n t a i n i n g c hr o -mo so me s a n d pl a y i n g a n i n t e g r a l r o l e i n t her e pr o d u c t i o n a n d c o n t i n u a t i o n o f g e n e t i c ma t e -

r i a l .

0o bt u s B l u n t l y sha pe d .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 415: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 415/437

3 9 4 / G l o ssa r y

o c hr a c e o u s L i g ht o r a n g i sh br o w n t o pa l e

y e l l o w i sh br o w n .

o i d i a C n i d i a ( spo r e s) bo r n e i n c ha i n s.

o l i v a c e o u s O l i v e g r a y -br o w n .

o v e r l a y A c o n d i t i o n o f t he c a s n g w he r e my -

c e l i u m be e n a l l o w e d t o c o mpl e t e l y c o v e r t hesu r fa c e . O v e r l a y i s c a u se d by p r o l o n g e d v e g e -

t a t i v e g r o w t h t e m pe r a t u r e s, hi g h C 2 l e v e l s

a n d e x c e ss v e hu mi d i t y . O v e r l a y , i f o v e r w a -

t e r e d , be c o me s ma t t e d .

o v o i d O v a l sha pe d .

ppa l l i d P a l e i n c o l o r .

pa r a s t e A n o r g a n i sm l i v i n g o n a n o t he r l i v -

i n g spe c i e s a n d d e r i v i n g i fs su st e n a n c e t o t he

d e t r i me n t o f t he ho s .

pa r t i a l v e i l T he i n n e r v e i l o f t i ss e e x t e n d -

i n g fr o m t he c a p ma r g i n t o t he s e m a n d a t fi r stc o v e r i n g t he g i l l s o f mu shr o o ms

p a st e u r i za t i o n A p r o c e s s by w hi c h bu l kma t e r i a l s a r e p a r t i a l l y s e r i l i z d t hr o u g h c o n t a c t

w i t h l i v e st e a m, ho t w a t e r o r d r y he a t a t t e m-

pe r a t u r e s o f be t w e e n 1 4 0 -1 6 0 ° F.

pe l l i c l e A sk i n -l i k e c o v e r i n g o n t he c a p,so me t i me s g e l a t i n o u s a n d se pa r a bl e .

pe n c i l l a t e R e se mbl i n g a br o o m o r b r u sh;

P e n i c i l l i u m-l i k e .

pe r i t he c i u m A fl a sk sha pe d o r p e a r s ha pe d

sa c l i k e fr u i t bo d y o f s me A s o my c e t e s t ha t e n -

c l o s e s a s i .

pe r s s e n t N t d i sa ppe a r i n g w i t h a g e .

P ha s I T he s e p s t a k e n i n t he o u t d o o rpr e pa r a t i o n , a ss mbl a g e a n d c o n v e r si o n o fr a w ma t e r i a l s i n f o a n u t r i t i o u s me d i u m f o rmu shr o o m g r o w t h.

P ha se II T he pa s e u r i za t i o n a n d fi n a l c o n d i -

t i o n i n g o f a mu shr o o m c o mpo s .

p he n o t y p e T he o bse r v a bl e phy si c a l c h a r a c -

t e r i s i c s r e su l t i n g fr o m i n t e r a c t i o n be t w e e n t he

ho st e n v i r o n me n t a n d t he g e n o t y p e .

p ho t o se n si t i v e S e n si t i v e t o l i g ht .

pho t o t r o pi c G r o w i n g t o w a r d s l i g ht .

pi l e u s T he mu shr o o m c a p.

p i t h T he c e n t r a l c o t t o n y " st u ffi n g " i n t he

s e ms o f s me mu shr o o ms

pl e u r o c y s i d i a S t e r i l e c e l l s o n t he su r fa c eo f mu shr o o m g i l l s S o me t i me s c a l l e d fa c i a l

c y st i d i a .

pl i a n t Fl e x i bl e .

po r e A c i r c u l a r d e pr e ss o n a t t he e n d o f

spo r e s i n ma n y spe c i e s.

pr i ma r y my c e l i u m T he ha pl o i d a n d u n i n u -

c l e a t e my c e l i u m o r i g i n a t i n g fr o m t he g e r mi n a -

t i o n o f a spo r e w hi c h i s o t he r w i se n o t c a pa bl e

o f pr o d u c i n g a spo r u l a t i n g o r g a n .

pr i mo r d i u m ( p 1 . pr i mo r d i a ) T he fi r st r e c -

o g n i za bl e bu t u n d i ffe r e n t i a t e d ma ss o f hy pha e

t ha t d e v e l o ps i n t o a mu shr o o m fr u i t bo d y . S y n -

o n y mo u s w i t h " pi n he a d " .

pr u i n o se H a v i n g a po w d e r y a ppe a r a n c e .

pse u d o r h i za A l o n g r o o t -l i k e e x t e n s o n o f

t h e st e m.

pse u d o sc i e r o t i u m ( p 1 . ps u d o sc l e r o t i a )A c o n g l o m e r a t e d ma ss o f my c e l i a l t i ssu e r e -se mbl i n g a s l e r o t i u m bu t w hi c h c a n n o t pr o -

d u c e a fr u i fbo d y o r n e w my c e l i a l g r o w t h.

ps l o c y bi a n H a v i n g psi l o c y bi n a n d / o r psi -

l o c i n . ( N t n e c e ssa r i l y be l o n g i n g t o t he g e n u s

P si l o c y be ) .

psi l o c y bo i d R e se mbl i n g a P si l o c y be mu sh-

r o o m.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 416: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 416/437

Page 417: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 417/437

3 9 6 / G l o ssa r y

S t r o p ha r i a c e a e T he fa mi l y o f d a r k br o w n

spo r e d mu shr o o ms c o n t a i n i n g t he g e n e r a

M e l a n o t u s , N e ma t o l o m a , P h o l i o t a ,

P si l o c y be a n d S fr o pha r i a .

s r o pha r i o i d R e s mbl i n g a spe c i e s o f

S t r o pha r i a , i . e . ha v i n g a me mbr a n o u s r i n g o n

t he st e m, a c o n v e x c a p, a n d pu r pl i sh br o w n

spo r e s

s bst r a t e S t r a w , s w d u s , c o mpo s , s i l , o r

a n y fi b r o u s ma t e r i a l o n w hi c h mu shr o o msg r o w .

tt e r r e s r i a l G r o w i n g o n t he g r o u n d .

t e r t i a r y my c e l i u m M y c e l i u m a r i si n g fr o m

se c o n d a r y my c e l i u m t ha t i s i n v o l v e d i n mu sh-

r o o m fr u i t bo d y fo r ma t i o n .

t e t r a po l a r H a v i n g o r l o c a t e d a t fo u r po l e s,

a s w i t h t he fo u r spo r e d ba s d i a i n mo s mu sh-r o o ms.

t he r mo g e n e si sa t i o n by mi c r o o r g a n i sms.

T he pr o c e ss o f he a t g e n e r -

t h e r mo phi l e A n o r g a n i sm t hr i v i n g i n

7 5 -1 4 0 ° F. t e mpe r a t u r e zo n e .

t r a ma T he fl e shy pa r t o f t he c a p be t w e e nt he c a p c u t i c l e a n d t he fe r t i l e spo r e be a r i n g l a y -

e r s o f t he mu shr o o m g i l l .

t r a n sl u c e n t T r a n smi t t i n g l i g ht d i ffu se l y ,

s mi t r a n spa r e n t .

Uu mbi l i c a t e D pr e s s d i n t he c e n t e r r e g i o n

o f t he mu shr o o m c a p.

u mbo A k n o b-l i k e pr o t r u si o n o n t he t o pc e n t e r o f t he mu shr o o m c a p.

u mbo n a t e H a v i n g a n u mbo .

u n c i n a t e A t y p e o f g i l l a t t a c hme n t .

u n d u l a t i n g W a v y .

u n i v e r sa l v e i l A n o u t e r l a y e r o f t i ssu e e n v e l -

o pi n g t he c a p a n d st e m o f so me mu shr o o ms,

be s s e n i n t he y o u n g e s s a g e s o f fr u i t bo d y

d e v e l o pme n t .

Vv a r i e t y A su b-spe c i e s e pi t he t u se d t o d e -s r i be a c o n s s e n t l y a ppe a r i n g v a r i a t i o n o f a

pa r t i c u l a r m u shr o o m spe c i e s.

v e c t o r T he pa t hw a y by w hi c h a d i se a se i sspr e a d ; t he " v e hi c l e " f o r d i s r i bu t i n g a pa t ho -

g e n .

v e i l A t i ssu e c o v e r i n g mu shr o o ms a s t he y

d e v e l o p.

v e s c l e A sma l l b u l b-l i k e sw e l l i n g ( s o me -t i me s bl a d d e r -l i k e ) .

v i sc i d S l i my o r s l i ppe r y w he n mo i st , st i c k y

t o t he t o u c h w he n pa r t i a l l y d r y . A c ha r a c t e r i st i c

o f t he mu shr o o m c a p o r st e m.

zz n a t e H a v i n g a ba n d -l i k e r e g i o n d a r k e r i n

c o l o r o r d i ffe r e n t i n fo r m t ha n t he su r r o u n d i n g

t i ssu e .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 418: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 418/437

Page 419: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 419/437

Page 420: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 420/437

Page 421: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 421/437

Page 422: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 422/437

Page 423: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 423/437

Page 424: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 424/437

Page 425: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 425/437

Page 426: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 426/437

Page 427: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 427/437

Page 428: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 428/437

Page 429: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 429/437

4 0 8 / B i bl i o g r a phy

W u e s , P J . 1 9 7 0 . " T he U s o f S t e a m fo r P ha s II" . M u shr o o m N w s: N v . , A me r i c a n M u shr o o m In st i t u t e , K e n n e t t

S q u a r e .

W u e st , P . J . 1 9 7 0 . " A U n i t i z d Fo r c e d -A i r V n t i l a t i o n S y s t e m fo r M u shr o o m G r o w i n g " . P r o g r e s s R e po r t N . 3 0 2 .P e n n S t a t e U n i v e r si t y , C l l e g e o f A g r i c u l t u r e , U n i v e r si t y P a r k , P e n n sy l v a n i a .

W u e st , P . J . 1 9 7 8 . " C mpo s a n d t he C mpo st i n g P r o c e ss" , M u shr o o m N w s, M a y .

W u e st , P . J . 1 9 7 9 . " G u i d e t o W a t e r i n g M u shr o o ms" . M u shr o o m N w s, J u l y , pp. 1 4 -1 7 . K e n n e t t S q u a r e , P e n n -sy l v a n i a .

W u e s , P . J . , L . S c hi s e r . " W a t e r i n g a n d V n t i l a t i n g fr o m C si n g t hr o u g h C o ppi n g i n C mme r c i a l M u shr o o m P r o d u c -

t i o n " . S pe c i a l C r c u l a r 1 4 0 . C l l e g e o f A g r i c u l t u r e , P e n n S t a t e U n i v e r si t y , U n i v e r si t y P a r k .

W r i g ht , S . H . a n d H a y e s, W . A . , 1 9 7 9 . " N t r i t i o n a n d Fr u i t bo d y Fo r ma t i o n o f L e pi s a n u d a ( B u l l . e x . Fr i e s C o k e " .M u shr o o m S c i e n c e X : 8 7 3 -8 8 4 . P r o c . o f 1 0 t h l n t . C n g . C l t . o f E d . Fu n g i , B o r d e a u x .

Y a ma mu r a , Y . a n d K . C c h r a n , 1 9 7 4 . " A S e l e c t i v e In hi bi t o r o f M y x o v i r u se s fr o m S hi -t a - k e ( L e n t i n u s e d o d e s . "M u sh r o o m S c i e n c e IX ( P a r t I) . P r o c . o f t he 9 t h In t . S c i . C n g . C l t . o f E d . Fu n g i , T o k y o .

Z a d r a z i l , F. 1 9 7 4 . " T h e E c o l o g y a n d In d u st r i a l P r o d u c t i o n o f P l e u r o t u s o st r e a t u s, P l e u r o t u s fl o r i d a , P l e u r o t u sc o r n u c o pi a e a n d P l e u r o t u s e r y n g i i " . M u shr o o m S c i e n c e IX , P a r t I. P r o c . o f t he 9 t h In t . S c i . C n g . C l t . o f E d . Fu n g i ,T o k y o .

Z a d r a z i l , F. 1 9 7 9 . " G r u n d l a g e n fu r D s W a c h st u m V n H o he r e n P i l ze n i n S c h u t t su bst r a t e n " . M u shr o o m S c i e n c e X ,P a r t I: 5 2 9 . P r o c . o f t he 1 0 t h. t n t . C n g . C l t . o f E d . Fu n g i , B o r d e a u x .

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 430: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 430/437

INDE X

l n d e x / 4 0 9

aa bn o r ma l i t i e s, 1 5 2

a bo r t , 1 4 7

A c t i n o my c e s, 9 6 , 2 4 6a c t i v a t e d c h a r c o a l , 2 8a d e n o si n e mo n o pho spha t e , 3 5 8

a e r o bi c , 8 4

a l g a e , 3 5 5a g a r me d i a , 1 9 , 2 0

A g a r i c u s bi t o r q u i s, 1 6 1

A g a r i c u s br u n n e sc e n s, 1 4 0 , 1 6 4

a i r , 6 6a i r c i r c u l a t i o n , 7 1 , 1 5 1a i r e x c ha n g e s, 6 9 , 9 7 , 1 5 2

a l l e l e s, 3 3 4A l t e r n a r i a , 2 5 7

a mmo n i a , 8 2 , 1 0 4a n a e r o b i c , 8 4 , 8 7

a n a s o mo s s, 8 , 2 7a n t i bi o t i c s , 2 0A r t hr o bo fr y s, 3 3 2A spe r g i / / u s, 2 5 9

bB a c i l l u s, 2 4 8ba c t e r i a , 2 8 -2 9 , 4 3 , 9 6 , 2 4 8ba c t e r i a l bl o t c h , 1 5 3 , 2 5 2ba c t e r i a l pi t , 2 5 2

ba g s ( pl a s i c ) , 1 1 6 , 1 1 9ba si d i u m, 4 , 1 2

bi fa c t o r i a l ma t i n g sy st e m, 3 3 7

bi o ma ss, 9 7

bi po l a r , 1 6 7

B o t i y t i s, 2 6 2

bo t u l i sm ( s e C o st r i d i u m)br a n , 5 4br e e d i n g ( s e G e n e t i c s

br o w n mo l d ( s e B o t r y t i s, P a pu l o spo r a )

bu ffe r s , 1 3 1

bu l k pa st e u r i za t i o n , 1 0 1

bu l k r o o m, 1 0 2 -1 0 3

Cc a l c i u m c a r bo n a t e , 4 7 , 8 1 , 1 3 1c a l c i u m su l fa t e , 4 7 , 8 1

c a r bo n d i o x i d e , 1 2 6 , 1 2 9 , 1 4 3c a r a me l l i za t i o n , 2 1 , 8 9c a si n g , 1 2 7

c e c i d s, 3 2 5

c e l l u l o s , 7 8 , 1 1 5C i a e t o mi u m, 9 7 , 2 6 4c hi c k e n ma n u r e , 7 9 -8 0c hl o r i n e , 1 5 5c hr o mo so me , 3 3 4Chr y so spo r i u m, 2 2 6

C a d o spo r i u m, 2 6 8

C o s t r i d i u m, 2 5 0c l a mp c o n n e c t i o n , 8 , 1 0

c l o n i n g , 2 9C N r a t i o , 8 3c o bw e b mo l d ( se e D c t y l i u m)

c o mpo st , 7 7t u r n i n g , 8 7c o n d i t i o n i n g , 9 7c o o l d o w n , 1 0 4

c o n t a m i n a n t s, 2 3 3

C pe l a n d i a , 1 3 , 1 8 3

C pr i n u s c o ma t u s, 1 6 8C pr i n u s sp. 2 2 6 , 2 7 0c o t t o n y m y c e l i u m, 3 3 , 3 5c o w ma n u r e , 8 0c r o ppi n g , 1 5 0C y p t o c o c c u s, 2 7 3

dD c / y l i u m, 2 7 5

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 431: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 431/437

4 1 0 / In d e x

D mpi n g o ff d i s a se ( s e e Fu sa r i u m)

d e l a y e d r e l e a se n u t r i e n t s, 1 2 6

d e hy d r a t o r , 1 5 6

d e pt h r i n g s, 1 3 5d i e ba c k d i se a s ( s e V r u s

d i k a r y o n , 2 7d i k a r y o t i za t i o n , 7

D r a t o m y c e s, 2 7 7DN , 3 3 4d r y bu bbl e ( se e V r t i c i l l i u m)

d r y i n g , 1 5 6d u c t i n g , 7 0

ee n d o spo r e , 2 5 0

E pi c o c c u m, 2 7 9e x pr e ss c o mpo s , 1 0 6

ffa n s, 6 8

fi l l i n g , 9 8fi l t e r s , fi l t r a t i o n , 1 8 , 4 5 , 7 0 , 7 2fi r e f a n g ( s e A c t i n o r n y c e s

Fl a mmu l i n a v e l u t i pe s, 1 1 5 , 1 7 2

fl i e s, 9 7 , 3 2 0fl u she s, 1 5 0

fo r mu l a s

a g a r , 2 0a i r e x c ha n g e , 6 9spa w n , 4 6

c o mpo s , 8 1 -8 2

c a s n g , 1 3 2fr e e z d r y i n g , 1 5 6fr u i t bo d y , 4fr u i t i n g , 1 4 0fu n g u s g n a t s ( s e S c i a r i d s

Fu sa r i u m, 2 8 1

gg a me t e s, 3 3 5

g e n e s, 3 3 3g e n e t i c s, 3 3 4g e n o t y p e , 3 3 4G e o t r i c hu m, 2 8 4g e r mi n a t i o n , 8 , 2 4

g e r m po r e , 7g l o v e bo x , 1 7 ,1 9g r a i n s, 4 2 - 4 3G r a m po si t i v e , 2 5 0G r a m n e g a t i v e , 3 5 5g r e e n ho u se , 6 2

g r o w i n g r o o m, 6 1 ,9 8g y psu m ( se e C l c i u m su l fa t e )

hha pl o i d , 6

ha r v e st i n g , 1 5 5he a t i n g , 7 3

he mi c e l l u l o se , 7 8H E P A fi l t e r s ( se e M i c r o n )

he t e r o t ha l l i c , 3 3 7ho mo t ha l l i c , 3 3 7ho r se ma n u r e , 7 8 , 8 1

H u m/ c o l a , 9 6 , 2 8 6hu mi d i st a t s, 7 4

hu mi d i t y , 7 4 , 1 4 0 , 1 4 4hy g r o me t e r , 7 6

hy pha e , 7

hy pha l a g g r e g a t e , 3 4

hy pho sphe r e , 3 5 5H y p o my c e s ( se e D c t y l / u r n )

Ii n i t i a t i o n ( pi n he a d ) , 1 4 0 -1 4 1i n c u ba t i o n , 5 7i n k y c a ps ( se e C pr / n u s)

i n o c u l a t i o n , 4 8 , 5 1i n s t a r , 3 2 1

i n su l a t i o n , 6 3i n t e r fe r o n , 3 4 5i l l e g i t i ma t e ma t i n g , 3 3 7

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 432: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 432/437

kk a r y o g a my , 9

k n o t t i n g , 1 4 3

Il a mi n a r fl o w sy s e ms, 3 4 7L e n t i n u s e d o d e s, 1 1 3 -1 1 4 , 1 7 6

L e pi st a n u d a , 1 8 0

l i g n i n , 7 8 , 1 1 4l i g n i c o l o u s fu n g i , 1 1 4

l i g ht s, 7 4 , 1 4 7l i me ( s e C l c i u m c a r bo n a t e )

l i q u i d i n o c u l a t i o n , 5 5 -5 6l i q u i d n i t r o g e n , 3 9l o g c u l t u r e , 1 1 4 , 1 7 7l o n g c o mpo sfi n g , 8 9

mm a l t a g a r , 2 0

ma t i n g t y p e , 3 3 6me d i a pr e pa r a t i o n , 1 9

me d i c i n a l pr o pe r t i e s, 3 4 3

me i o si s, 3 3 5me so phi l e s, 8 8

mi c r o c l i ma t e , 1 2 9

mi c r o n fi l t e r s , 3 4 8mi c r o o r g a n i sms, 7 9 , 9 6 , 1 2 9 , 3 5 3mi c r o po r o u s fi l t e r s, 4 5 , 1 1 6

mi n i -l o g s, 1 1 6 , 1 7 9mi t e s, 3 2 8

3 3 5M o n i l i a , 2 8 8

mo n o k a r y o n , 2 7 , 3 4 0M u c o r , 2 9 0

mu l t i spo r e c u l t u r e , 2 4mu shr o o m e x t r a c t s, 3 5 7mu shr o o m l i fe c y c l e , 5 -6

mu t a t i o n , 3 3 4M y c o g o n e , 2 9 4M y c e l i a S t e r i l i a , 2 9 2M y c e l i o pt ho r a , 2 6 7

my c e l i u m, 4 , 6 , 1 0 , 2 5

nn a t u r a l c u l t u r e , 1 1 0n e ma t o d e s, 9 7 , 1 3 0 , 3 3 1n e o pe pt o n e , 2 0

N u r o spo r a , 2 9 6

n i t r o g e n , 7 9 , 8 2 -8 3

0o l i v e g r e e n mo l d ( se e Cha e t o mi u m)

o v e r l a y , 1 4 3

o x y g e n , 6 8 , 8 3o y st e r mu shr o o m ( se e P l e u r o t u s)

o y st e r s he l l , 1 3 2

9 6 , 9 7 , 1 0 0

In d e x / 4 1 1

pP a n a e o l u s c y a n e sc e n s, 1 2 7 , 1 8 3

P a n a e o l u s su bba l t e a fu s, 1 8 6

P a pu l o spo r a , 2 9 8pa st e u r i za t i o n , 9 7 , 1 3 0

pa t c h i n g , 1 4 2pa t ho g e n s, 2 3 5pe a t mo ss, 1 3 1

P e n i c i l l i u m, 3 0 0 , 3 4 8pe r i t he c i u m, 2 6 3 , 2 9 5pe r l i t e , 5 4

pe st s, 3 1 8

pH , 2 0 , 1 3 0P ha se I c o mpo st i n g , 7 8P ha se II c o mpo st i n g , 7 8 ,phe n o t y p e , 3 3 4

pho r i d s, 3 2 3pho t o se n si t i v e , 1 4 7

pho t o t r o pi sm, 1 4 7

pi c k i n g , 1 5 5

pi g ma n u r e , 8 0pi n he a d s ( se e pr i mo r d i a )

pi n mo l d s ( se e R hi zo pu s, M u c o r )P l e u r o t u s o st r e a fu s ( t y pe v a r i e t y ) , 1 1 5 , 1 8 9

P / e u r o fu s o st r e a t u s ( Fl o r i d a v a r i e t y ) , 1 9 3

po t a t o e d e x t r o se a g a r , 2 0

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 433: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 433/437

4 1 2 / In d e x

pr e s r v a t i o n , 3 7 , 1 5 6pr e s s r e c o o k e r , 2 0

pr i ma r y my c e l i u m, 6

pr i mo r i d a , 4 , 1 3 9

pr o t e i n , 7 8 , 8 2P se u d o mo n a s, 1 9 2 , 2 5 1 , 3 5 4 -3 5 5P si l o c y be c u be n s s, 2 7 , 5 9 , 1 9 6

P s / o c y be c y a n e sc e n s, 1 1 0 , 2 0 0P s l o c y be me x i c a n a , 5 9 , 2 0 4P si l o c y be fa mpa n e n si s, 2 0 7

rr e c o mbi n a t i o n , 3 3 5

R e i shi , 3 4 5

R hi z bi u m, 3 5 5r h i z mo r p hi c , 3 3R / i i zo pu s, 3 0 2r i c k i n g , 8 5r i d g e be d , 1 1 1

R N , 3 3 3r o se c o mb, 1 5 2

Ssa c i n g , 1 2 6sa n d , 1 3 0

sa w d u s , 5 4 , 1 1 4s a l i n g , 1 5 1

S c e n e d e smu s, 3 5 5sc i a r i d s, 3 2 1

sc l e r o t i a , 2 0 5 , 2 0 7 , 2 9 7S c o pu l a r i o ps s, 3 0 4sc r a fc hi n g , 1 3 6

se c o n d a r y my c e l i u m, 6se c t o r i n g , 3 1 , 3 3 , 3 3 8se n e sc e n c e , 3 5

S e pe d o n i u m, 3 0 6she l f g r o w i n g , 6 4

shi i t a k e ( se e L e n fi n u s)

sho r t c o mpo s i n g , 9 0

S i n d e n , J . W . , 4 2 , 6 5 -6 6 , 9 0s n g l e spo r e i s l a t i o n , 3 4 0

s a n t s, 3 7 , 3 9spa w n , 4 2 , 4 5 , 5 4spa w n i n g , 1 2 2

spa w n r u n n i n g , 1 2 2spo r e , 6 , 2 4

spo r e d i l u t i o n t e c hn i q u e , 3 4 0spo r e g e r mi n a t i o n , 5 , 2 4spo r e pr i n t i n g , 2 3st a t i c p r e ssu r e , 6 8

st e r i g ma t a , 1 1 -1 2st e r i l e r o o m, 1 6

st e r i l i z t i o n , 2 1 , 1 1 6st o c k c u l t u r e s, 3 7

S t o l l e r , B . B . , 3 3

s r a i n s, 3 1 , 3 6st r a i n g e n e r a t i o n , 3 5

st r a w , 7 8 , 1 1 7S t r e pt o my c e s, 2 5 5st r o ma , 3 5 , 1 4 3S t r o pl i a r i a r u g o so -a n n u l a t a , 2 6 , 2 1 1S t y s a n u s ( se e D r a t o my c e s)

su bst a n c e X , 3 5 7su bst r a t e pr e pa r a t i o n , 7 8 , 1 1 0

su g a r c a n e ba g a sse , 1 0 6

su pe r spa w n i n g , 1 2 6

su ppl e me n t s, 7 9 -8 1su ppl e me n t a t i o n

fi l l i n g , 9 5spa w n i n g , 1 2 6c a si n g , 1 2 6

s n t he t i c c o mpo s s, 7 9 , 8 9 , 9 1

tt e mpe r a t u r e , 5 7 , 5 9 , 8 8 , 1 2 2 , 1 5 0

t e r t i a r y my c e l i u m, 6t e t r a po l a r m a t i n g sy st e m, 3 3 7

t he r mo g e n e si s, 8 4

t he r m o me t e r s , 7 6

t he r m o phi l e s, 8 8 , 9 6t he r m o st a t s, 7 4

t i ssu e c u l t u r e , 2 9

T o r u l a , 9 6 , 3 0 8t r a y sy st e m, 6 5

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 434: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 434/437

T r i c ho d e r ma , 3 1 0

T r i c ho t he c i u m, 3 1 3

Uu n i fa c t o r i a l ma t i n g sy st e m, 3 3 7

u n i n u c l e a t e , 6

u r e a , 8 0

Vv e c t o r , 2 3 4v e n t i l a t i o n , 6 8 , 7 2 , 1 0 3v e r mi c u l i t e , 1 3 2

V r t i c i l l i u m, 3 1 5

v i r g i n spa w n , 1 1 1

v i r u s, 2 4 4V l v a r i e l l a v o l v a c e a , 2 1 4

ww a t e r i n g , 8 5 , 1 3 6 , 1 5 4w e t bu bbl e ( s e M y c o g o n e )

w e t spo t ( s e B a c i l l u s)

w he a t st r a w , 7 8 , 1 1 7

w hi t e pl a st e r m o l d ( se e S c o pu / a r i o psi s

w i n d r o w , 8 4 -8 5w o o d s bs r a t e s, 1 1 4

yy e a s , 2 8 , 4 3y e l l o w ma t d i se a se ( s e Chr y s spo r i u m)

y i e l d , 1 2 2 , 1 5 0

In d e x / 4 1 3

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 435: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 435/437

4 1 4 / C e d i t s

P H O T O G R A P H Y A N DI L L U S T R A T I O N C R E D I T S

M i c h a e l B e u g

Fi g . 1 5 7 .

J . S . Chi l t o nFi g s. : 4 5 , 5 6 , 6 4 , 6 5 , 6 7 , 6 8 , 7 0 , 7 3 -7 6 , 8 2 , 8 3 , 8 4 , 8 5 , 8 6 -9 1 , 9 4 , 9 5 -1 0 0 , 1 0 6 , 1 0 7 ,

1 1 7 , 1 1 9 , 1 2 2 , 1 2 6 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 4 , 1 4 3 , 1 7 1 ,2 3 7 .

A n t ho i n e t t e G u n t e r

Fi g s. : 1 ,2 ,2 1 ,5 5 , 1 9 7 .

R i c k K e r r i g a n

Fi g s : 0 , 1 0 8 , 1 0 9 , 1 5 1 , 1 5 2 , 1 5 3 , 1 7 0 .

T o m L i n d w i t h C l l i g r a phy by K a r e n P o r t e r .Fi g s : 7 7 -8 0 , 1 7 8 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 3 , 1 8 6 , 1 8 7 , 1 8 9 , 1 9 2 -1 9 5 , 1 9 8 , 1 9 9 , 2 0 1 , 2 0 2 , 2 0 3 , 2 0 5 ,2 0 6 , 2 0 7 , 2 0 9 , 2 1 1 , 2 1 2 , 2 1 4 , 2 1 6 , 2 1 7 , 2 1 9 , 2 2 1 , 2 2 2 , 2 2 4 , 2 2 5 , 2 2 7 , 2 2 8 , 2 3 1 -

2 3 5 , 2 3 8 .

M a r y M o n t o y a

Fi g s. : 2 3 9 , 2 4 1 .

Chr i s N l s o nFi g s. : 4 7 , 6 9 , 8 1 , 1 6 3 .

C u z S t a me t s

Fi g . 2 2 .

B i l l W r i g ht

Fi g 1 7 7 .

P a u l S t a me t s

3 -2 0 , 2 3 -4 4 , 4 6 , 4 8 -5 4 , 5 7 -6 2 , 6 6 , 7 1 , 7 2 , 9 2 , 9 3 , 1 0 1 -1 0 5 , 1 1 1 -1 1 6 , 1 1 8 , 1 2 0 , 1 2 1 ,1 2 3 -2 5 , 1 2 7 -1 3 1 , 1 3 5 -1 4 2 , 1 4 4 -1 5 0 , 1 5 4 -1 5 6 , 1 5 8 -1 6 2 , 1 6 4 -1 6 9 , 1 7 3 -1 7 6 , 1 8 0 -1 8 5 , 1 8 8 , 1 9 0 , 1 9 1 , 1 9 6 , 2 0 0 , 2 0 4 , 2 0 8 , 2 1 0 , 2 1 3 , 2 1 5 , 2 1 8 , 2 2 0 , 2 2 3 , 2 2 6 , 2 2 9 ,

2 3 0 , 2 3 6 , 2 4 0 , 2 4 2 . C l o r pl a t e s 1 -2 3 a n d c o v e r pho t o g r a phs.

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 436: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 436/437

A c k n o w l e d g e me n t s / 4 1 5

A CK NO W L E DG E M E NT S

T he a u t ho r s a r e i n d e bt e d t o ma n y w ho ha v e ma d e t hi s w o r k po ss bl e . Fo r e mo st a mo n g st t ho se

a r e o u r spo u se s C u z S t a me t s a n d J a n i c e L e i g ht o n . T he y pr o v i d e d mo r e t ha n j u s t e c hn i c a l a ssi s-

t a n c e . T he i r e n c o u r a g e me n t , c o mpa n i o n shi p a n d e n d u r a n c e ha s be e n c r i t i c a l t o t he su c c e ss o f t hi s

pr o j e c t .

B e s d e s t he a r t i s s a n d pho t o g r a phe r s w ho s c o n t r i bu t i o n s a r e mo s a p pr e c i a t e d , w e w o u l d l i k e

t o e x pr e ss o u r t ha n k s t o J o hn S t a me t s fo r e d i t i n g t he ma n u s r i pt a n d pr i n t i n g t he bl a c k a n d w hi t e

pho t o g r a phs, t o M i k e M c C w fo r hi s c h a pt e r o n g e n e t i c s, t o R i c k K e r r i g a n fo r hi s u n w a v e r i n g su p-

po r t , t o D . M i c ha e l B e u g fo r hi s e n c o u r a g e me n t a n d spo n so r shi p, t o T he E v e r g r e e n S t a t e C l l e g e

fo r t he u s o f t he sc a n n i n g e l e c t r o n mi c r o sc o pe , t o B i l l S t r e e t o f O st r o m M u shr o o m Fa r ms fo r hi sg e n e r o s t y i n a l l o w i n g pho t o g r a p hs t o be t a k e n o f hi s fa c i l i t i e s, t o K a t hy H a r v e y a n d S t e v e R a y n o r

fo r t he i r c o n t r i bu t i o n s t o t he c o n t a m i n a t i o n se c t i o n , t o P . J . C V d d e r fo r hi s t u t e l a g e a n d c o n t r i bu -

t i o n t o p r a c t i c a l mu shr o o m c u l t i v a t i o n , t o D . D n i e l S t u n t z fo r hi s g u i d a n c e a n d hi s t e a c hi n g o f t i s-

s e c u l t u r e t e c h n i q u e s a n d t o Chr i s W . N l so n o f S o u n d M e d i a P r o d u c t i o n s fo r hi s w o r k i n pho t o -

g r a phi c d e v e l o pme n t a n d pr i n t i n g .

O t he r s w ho ha v e he l pe d u s, i n o n e w a y o r t he o t he r , t o c o mpl e t e t hi s a r d u o u s e n d e a v o r a r e

J a n e t M c C w , P a u l K r o e g e r , D l e L e s i e , H e i d i S t a me t s, M i k e M a k i , J i m J a c o bs, W i l l i a m R a v e s,

B o b Chi e g e r , D v i d T a t e l ma n , S a mu e l a n d V c t o r i a , M i k e , M i c ha e l , G a r y , a n d my c o phi l e s t o on u me r o u s t o me n t i o n w ho , t hr o u g h t he i r q u e st i o n s a n d c u r i o si t y , ha v e d e t e r mi n e d mu c h o f t he

d i r e c t i o n , c o n t e n t a n d sc o pe o f t hi s bo o k . W e t ha n k y o u .

H w a R a n g

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r

Page 437: Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

7/22/2019 Mushroom Cultivator-A Practical Guide to Growing Mushrooms at Home

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mushroom-cultivator-a-practical-guide-to-growing-mushrooms-at-home 437/437

P DF c o mpr e ssi o n , O CR , w e b-o pt i mi za t i o n w i t h CVIS IO N's P d fCo mpr e sso r


Recommended