Mushroom Pollution

7/29/2019 Mushroom Pollution

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Air Pollution Problem At Mcgraths HILL, Sydney A SHORT

PUBLIC HEALTH ASSESSMENT

By Murray Thompson, BAppSc (Environmental Health), Hons I (Social Ecology), University of

Western Sydney, Hawkesbury (Originally published in 2000; Revised 2012)

Web Sites: http://poisonedpeople.com&http://poisoningandlegalaction.com.au

INTRODUCTION

My name is Murray Thompson. I am the author of this statement, a (former) resident

of Bligh Park, Sydney, and a (now) part-time PhD student at the University of Western

Sydney Hawkesbury. As I am going to make some statements regarding human

health in relation to air pollution at McGraths Hill, I should provide an outline of my

general experience and qualifications. This can be found in the endnotesi.

DISCUSSION

COMPLAINTS REGARDING THE AIR POLLUTION ISSUE AT McGRATHS

HILL FALL INTO 2 BROAD CATEGORIES:

1. AIR POLLUTION AFFECTING THE BREATHING, EYESIGHT AND SKIN OF LOCAL

RESIDENTS.

2. AIR POLLUTION INTERRUPTING THE NORMAL SLEEP PATTERNS OF LOCAL

RESIDENTS, DIMINISHING THE ENJOYMENT OF OUTSIDE ACTIVITIES, AND NEGATIVELY

IMPACTING ON CHILDREN STUDYING AT WINDSOR HIGH SCHOOL.

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31. AIR POLLUTION IMPACTS: TOXICOLOGICAL OUTCOMES.

The composting of mushrooms releases large quantities of moisture and the gas

ammonia. It is this gas that is associated with the unpleasant odor (Ministry of

Agriculture and Food 1998:html document).

There is ample published material available that clearly describes the toxic potential of

organic dusts, ammonia and methane in regard to human health. As well, there is also

much research regarding the dangers of some gases on test animals, however this data

is so disturbing that it should be considered cause for concern in relation to potential

impacts on humans, especially the unborn and children. See Table 1 below for details.

I have included some of the original sources of information for the occasional Internet

reference used below in the Table in order to describe more clearly the broad studies

that have been accessed for this study.

Table 1 Shows substances and the effects produced through exposure

SUBSTANCE DETAILS & EFFECTS

Gases Ammonia

compounds

(produced during

the

decomposition oforganic

materials)

Irritant to eyes, nose, throat and skin (Rowland & Cooper 1983:169-

177). Ammonia is an eye irritant at levels greater than 20 to 25 ppm.

Exposure to levels around 1,500 ppm will induce coughing and frothing at the

mouth and levels of 5,000 ppm are deadly. Ammonias distinct odor can be

detected by humans in concentrations as small as 5 ppm. 25 ppm isrecommended frequently as a maximum acceptable level for ammonia

concentrations. Burning eyes indicate that ammonia levels are at least 20 ppm

(Lorimor, J., Schwab, C.V. & Miller, L. 1993:1-2). Field experience with workers

exposed to blueprinting and copying machine ammonia sources indicates a

maximum acceptable concentration of 20-25 ppm without severe complaints

(Toxicology Data Network 2001:html document)1.

More specifically, high concentrations of ammonia vapors cause

conjunctivitis, laryngitis, pulmonary edema or pneumonitis, plus the

sensation of suffocation. High vapor concentrations may lead to

temporary blindness and even severe eye damage. Also, diffuse

corneal damage and cataract formation has been noted in instances

where 2 victims eyes were sprayed with ammonia2. Extensive systemic

absorption of ammonia may induce hypertonus, convulsions and coma.

Encephalopathy (which can result in neuropathological damage

1 Original source: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygenists Inc. 1991, Documentation ofthe Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th edn., Volumes I, II, III, Cincinnati, OH, USA.2 Original source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 1979, Criteria Document: Ammonia,

NIOSH.


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[Alzeimer Type II Astrocyosis]) is associated with hyperammonemia (see

below for definition in blue font) which is measured by elevated serum

ammonia levels (ibid). Although this example of serum ammonia is

related to hyperalimentation or overfeeding, I believe that all the other

data below leaves open the distinct possibility that hyperammonemia,

along with many other disease symptoms and aggravated conditions,

could arise from the continuous inhalation of high concentrations of

ammonia vapors. In support of this, occupational medical

recommendations include that, for any employee exposed to

potentially hazardous levels of ammonia, a complete physical

examination and medical history be undertaken in order to determine if

there are any existing conditions making the employee more

susceptible to damage. As well, it has been stated that inhalation of

ammonia leading to increased circulating ammonia puts an individual

with compromised liver function at risk of hepatic coma3. In other

words, a typical route of entry for ammonia is via inhalation (as well as

ingestion, skin and eye contact). Therefore those individuals with

existing conditions, such as corneal disease, glaucoma or chronic

respiratory diseases may be at increased risk (ibid)4.

Further, ammonia toxicity has been linked directly to residual chronic

bronchitis, tracheitis, bronchopneumonia, pulmonary edema, kidney

congestions and early hemorrhagic nephritis (ibid).

Hyperammonemia or ammoniemia means the presence of ammonia or

similar compounds in the blood. The symptoms of this condition are:

weak pulse, subnormal temperature, gastroenteric conditions, and

coma(Aviado 1976:54).

In pregnant does, exposure to high levels of ammonia resulted in

postparturient maternal aggression (Gad, et al 2001:html document).

Elevated blood ammonia concentrations (even in human patients without

acute liver failure [ALF] who experience idiopathic hyperammonemia) may be

indicative of impending cerebral herniation (CH) in humans (Conn, H.O.

2001:html document). This is supported by Clemmesen, et al (2001:html

document) who note that in patients with ALF high arterial ammonia

concentrations (from the reduction of ammonia processing by the liver) are

associated with increased cerebral ammonia uptake and CH.

3 Original source: Clayton, G.D. and Clayton, F.E. (eds) 1993-1994, Pattys Industrial Hygiene andToxicology, Toxicology, Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F, 4TH ED., John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, NY,USA.4 Original source: Sitig, M. 1985, Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2nd edn.,

Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ, USA.


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Idiopathic means a disease of unknown cause (Stone 1976:689). In this

public health issue idiopathic hyperammonemia might be sourced from

high ammonia concentrations in the air, especially given the statement

above in bolded text.

Hyperammonemia may produce cognitive disturbances in rats. Pre and

neonatal hyperammonemia slowed learning and impaired memory.

Postnatal hyperammonemia also impaired other learning tasks in rats

(Aguilar, Mi~narro & Felipo 2001:html document). In rats, spatial

learning is impaired after prenatal exposure to ammonia. As well,

children with innate or inborn urea cycle enzyme errors suffer mental

modifications proportional to the extent of hyperammonemia (Mu~noz,

et al 2001:html document). Since high arterial ammonia concentrations

have been linked with profound impacts on human health (cerebral

herniation), then it is not unreasonable to query the possibility of

learning disorders in children either.

SUBSTANCE DETAILS & EFFECTS

Dust

Organic dust

Can lead to Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitisinvolving persistent episodes

offever, chills, dry cough and dyspnea. The chronic form of this disease

may lead to honeycombing (Medical College of Wisconsin 2001:html

document).

Honeycomb lung can involve sarcoidosis, a systemic granulomatous

fibrosis of the lungs that can also involve the lymph nodes, skin, liver,

spleen, eyes (Freedman 1976:1252) and other organs. It can also

involvepneumoconiosis, which is inflammation and fibrosis of the

lungs, with symptoms of chest pain, cough, little or no expectoration,

sometimes cyanosis (bluish or purplish skin and mucous membrane

color), and fatigue after exertion (ibid:346,1109).

Dyspnea registers as shortness of breath, distress in breathing, and

rapid breathing, usually associated with serious disease of the heart or

lungs (ibid:434).

Mushroom workers lung is a type ofextrinsic allergic alveolitis and is

sourced from mushroom compost (Medical College of Wisconsin

2001:html document).

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2. AIR POLLUTION IMPACTS: BREATHING, SLEEP, RECREATION AND STUDY

STRESS, PSYCHOSOMATIC DYNAMICS AND DISEASE.

Residents have complained consistently over the years of the odor of the compost

waking them at night. As well, outside recreational activities are often disturbed by

the sharp and singularly unpleasant odor of the material. While families living around

the facility are continuously stressed by this public health situation inside their own

homes, yards and surrounding community areas, children at the Windsor High School

have the added problem of the odor interrupting their studies. All these instances,

impacting as they do so thoroughly on the total lives of so many people, provide the

opportunity for stress-induced dynamics to play a significant if not major role in the

diminishment of the quality of life and real health of the McGraths Hill community.

Where breathing, sleep patterns, recreational potential and high school study are

negatively impacted by odors, serious psychosomatic and physiological consequences

are inevitable. Human health (including the development of intellectual potential via

high school) cannot be optimized in an environment where air quality imposes

restraints on correct respiratory function, proper rest, the essential requirement of

revitalizing recreational activities, and school studies.

Apart from the toxicological impacts of the gases and dusts produced by the compost

materials, any form of minimized, shallow or labored breathing will decrease the

oxygenation of the blood, leading to lower energy levels and even an increased

predisposition toward the development of cancer. This is because cancer favors a

deoxygenated physiological state, while increased fatigue leads to a compromised

immune function, which again favors cancer.
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7As well, sleep deprivation leaves affected subjects with significantly reduced physical

and emotional resources. Disturbed sleep leads to a diminished ability to function

effectively, both physically and emotionally. This is why sleep deprivation is used as a

form of torture in warfare and espionage activities. As well, this tool is used, often,

within religious cults in order to make victims more suggestible and compliant.

Specifically, tiredness makes the use of any equipment, be it a power tool or a motor

vehicle, more hazardous. Therefore, what might have been otherwise a relatively

harmless activity, such as home renovations or driving, becomes an extremely

hazardous activity, one in which a single error of judgment, due to diminished mental

acuity and physical coordination, can lead to serious injury or death.

The general reason for tiredness, decreased attention span, reduced coordination,

diminished reflexes, and other less specific symptoms is the toxemia that accompanies

interrupted sleep and decreased recreational outlets involving physical activity and

associated deeper breathing. All individuals, subject to modest variations in their

personal physiology, require uninterrupted sleep and physical exercise, both

accompanied by proper respiration, in order for the liver to continuously and efficiently

cleanse the body of toxins that accumulate, especially during the active hours.

Health impacts on local residents therefore take on 2 major perspectives:

a/ Toxemia, which is a major precursor of degenerative disease. I especially note this

in terms of residents who are elderly. Any significant interruption to sleep patterns by

the compost odors will necessarily promote the morbidity of any existing medical

condition, because stress can leave the body unprotected (Davis 1976:107). Also,

disturbed sleep favors the appearance of genetically predisposed conditions, even in

the young, since toxins weaken the human immune system, as well as accumulate

within organs to levels where permanent damage can eventuate.

b/ It is also now well known that unresolved frustration, anger and tension inflates the

heart rate, increases adrenal and cortisone activity (and therefore the potential for

adrenal exhaustion), and increases muscle tone (and therefore the potential for muscle

pain and fatigue), all via the autonomous nervous system (Vayda 1991:47-48). This isoften referred to as TheFight or Flight Reaction. As well, other symptoms and

disorders are strongly associated with distress and anger (I note this because

frustration and anger are dominant emotions expressed by residents near the source

of the compost odors). Some of these more long-term disorders are:

chronic indigestion; gastrogenic diarrhea; dilated stomach, false palpitations, difficulty in breathing, dizziness and fainting;

paroxysmal tachycardia (heart racing);


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8 peptic ulcers; gall-stone colic; false pancreatic deficiency; habitual constipation;

spasticity in the latter half of the colon and consequent gas retention; urinary bladder inflammation; acute and chronic diarrhea; ulcerative colitis; high blood pressure; arteriosclerosis; cerebral vascular accidents; over-active thyroid; diabetes; lumbago; rheumatism; gout (Simeons 1960).This understanding has been around for decades (and in the case of the Chinese,

millennia). These are the classic psychosomatic responses to emotional distress.

CONCLUSION

I therefore conclude here that air pollution from the mushroom compost is a major

public health issue in the McGraths Hill area and adjacent communities from both

toxicological and psychosomatic perspectives.

As an Environmental Health professional, I must recommend that the composting

industry recognize its broader Public Health responsibilities and its Duty of Care

regarding the community in which it is situated. The compost facilities should be

professionally and extensively sealed and maintained thus, even in hot weather.

If these remedies are not possible, then the industry must be relocated to a more

isolated area.


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9REFERENCES

Aguilar, M.A., Mi~narro, J. and Felipo, V. 2001 (html document), Chronic moderate

hyperammonemia impairs active and passive avoidance behavior and conditional

discrimination learning in rats in Toxicology Data Network,http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAAdUaa4R:4:BODY.

Aviado, D.M. (M.D.) 1976, 'Ammoniemia', in Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 23rd

Edn,

The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore Md USA.

Clemmesen, J.O., Larsen, F.S., Kondrup, J., Hansen, B.A. and Ott, P. 2001 (html

document), Cerebral herniation in patients with acute liver failure is correlated with

arterial ammonia concentrations in Toxicology Data Network,

http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAAdUaa4R:1:BODY.

Conn, H.O. 2001 (html document), Hyperammonemia and intracranial hypertension:

lying in wait for patients with hepatic disorders? in Toxicology Data Network,

http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAADVayzl:15:BODY.

Davis, A. 1976, Lets Eat Right To Keep Fit, George Allen & Unwin (Publishers) Ltd,

London UK.

Freedman, B.J. 1976, Dyspnea, in Stedmans Medical Dictionary, 23rd

Edn, Williams &

Wilkins, Baltimore/London.

Gad, H.A., El-Nasr, E.S., El-Naasan, A. and Mahmoud, M.A. 2001 (html document), The

effect of some environmental conditions on the pregnant does and its maternal

behavior in Toxicology Data Network,http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-

bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAADVayzl:9:BODY.

Medical College of Wisconsin 2001 (html document), Extrinsic allegic alveolitis,

http://chorus.rad.mew.edu/doc/00999.html.

Ministry of Agriculture and Food 1998 (html document), Environmental Guidelines for

Mushroom Producers,

http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/resmgmt/fppa/pubs/environ/mushroom/mush04.htm.

Mu~noz, M., Romero-Vives, M., Insausti, R., Felipo, V. and Gaztelu, J.M. 2001 (html

document), Prenatal exposure of rats to ammonia impairs spatial learning, but not

retention in Toxicology Data Network,http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-

bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAADVayzl:6:BODY.
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAAdUaa4R:4:BODYhttp://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAAdUaa4R:4:BODYhttp://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAAdUaa4R:1:BODYhttp://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAAdUaa4R:1:BODYhttp://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAADVayzl:15:BODYhttp://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAADVayzl:15:BODYhttp://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAADVayzl:9:BODYhttp://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAADVayzl:9:BODYhttp://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAADVayzl:9:BODYhttp://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAADVayzl:9:BODYhttp://chorus.rad.mew.edu/doc/00999.htmlhttp://chorus.rad.mew.edu/doc/00999.htmlhttp://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/resmgmt/fppa/pubs/environ/mushroom/mush04.htmhttp://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/resmgmt/fppa/pubs/environ/mushroom/mush04.htmhttp://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAADVayzl:6:BODYhttp://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAADVayzl:6:BODYhttp://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAADVayzl:6:BODYhttp://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAADVayzl:6:BODYhttp://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAADVayzl:6:BODYhttp://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAADVayzl:6:BODYhttp://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/resmgmt/fppa/pubs/environ/mushroom/mush04.htmhttp://chorus.rad.mew.edu/doc/00999.htmlhttp://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAADVayzl:9:BODYhttp://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAADVayzl:9:BODYhttp://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAADVayzl:15:BODYhttp://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAAdUaa4R:1:BODYhttp://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAAdUaa4R:4:BODY


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10Rowland, A.J and Cooper, P. 1983, Environment and Health, Edward Arnold (Publishers)

Ltd London.

Simeons, A.T.W. 1960, Mans Presumptuous Brain, E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc. New York,

NY, USA.

Stone, D.B. 1976, Idiopathic, in Stedmans Medical Dictionary, 23rd

Edn, Williams &

Wilkins, Baltimore/London.

Toxicology Data Network 2001 (html document),Ammonia,

http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~BAAWmayPf:1:BASIC.

Vayda, W. 1994,Attack Asthma: How to conquer environmental illnesses and allergies

without drugs, Thomas C. Lothian Pty. Ltd, Port Melbourne, Australia.

ENDNOTES

i I should preface my statement with the following. I possess qualifications in the broad discipline of

Environmental Health. This works well in regard to this issue because, very often, non-specific acute and

chronic symptoms relating to negative environmental impacts are characteristically treated with ignorance

and often disdain by a medical profession more comfortable with a classical diagnoses of health

complaints. Within the discipline of Environmental Health however, we learn to appreciate a much broader

range and potential of threats to human health. My diverse studies over the past 25 years have served to

make the association between generally unrecognized (or minimized) impacts and non-specific (though

real) health dilemmas more recognizable and understandable.

I have broad-ranging experience in Human Health studies over the last 25 years. These include:

1. Personal study in cancer and other degenerative disease conditions, 1979 to present, including

associated studies in Diet & Nutrition, Toxicology, Proteolytic Enzyme and Vitamin treatment, Herbal

Medicinal Properties, Detoxification and Psychosomatic Medicine.

2. One year full-time study in Traditional Chinese Medicine (Brisbane College of Traditional Acupuncture in

Kelvin Grove, Brisbane), 1980-1981.

3. Private study under Brian Liu, Traditional Acupuncturist (at his Concord clinic and in his class at the

Burwood Evening College), 1986-1988.
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4. I have a Certificate as a Health Care Worker (Professional Business Colleges of Australia, Blacktown),

1993.

5. I have an Advanced Certificate in Farm Technology with Distinction (Richmond College of TAFE), 1994.

6. I have a Bachelor of Applied Science (Environmental Health) with Distinction, 1998 (University of Western Sydney,

Hawkesbury), which Degree included studies in Occupational Health & Safetyand Toxicology. I graduated top of my

Degree, being awarded the Australian Institute of Environmental Health (NSW) Division Prize for Best

Overall Graduating Student. Environmental Health is officially considered to be a subset of Public Health.

7. I have produced a major study (for my Degree) on pollution impacts, including a contribution to a weed

eradication strategy, weed identification and mapping for Yarramundi Lagoon (Western Sydney) for John

Cauchi, Director of the Penrith Catchment Centre.

8. I have First Class Honors in Social Ecology, 1999 (UWS-Hawkesbury). My 340 page thesis included

studies in: Philosophy; Heuristics and other learning theory; Feminist Theory; Psychology; Fascism; Ethics;

Psychosomatic Medicine; Chemical Safety; Chemical Leaching from the Castlereagh Waste Management

Centre; Genetically Modified Food; Nuclear, sub-Nuclear, Chemical & Biological Weapons; Toxicology and

Meteorology.

9. I am currently doing a PhD fulltime in Social Ecology at UWS-Hawkesbury, producing a thesis on similar

subjects to those listed immediately above, and have just completed a year as a tutor in 2 subjects at the

UWS-Nepean, those being: Design Issues 1B Ecology for Designers and Environmental Planning 1

Material Ecologies in the Degree program of Bachelor of Industrial Design, School of Civic Engineering &

Environment.

10. I am a financial member of the Australian Institute of Environmental Health (NSW Division)

headquartered at Birkenhead Point, Drummoyne.

11. I am a self-published author. My 2 main titles are:

Science As Religion: The Great Inductivist Error, 1995, 24 pages, ISBN 0 646 245546. Global Toxicity: Chemicals A Worldwide Nightmare (Highlighting the Castlereagh Waste

Management Centre and its Impact on Londonderry, Sydney) , 1998, 161 pages, ISBN 0 646

238019.

As well, I have contributed many articles on the subjects of religion and cultism to numerous overseas and

Australian newsletters and magazines.


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12. I have also authored the bulk of the February 1998 RAGE (Residents Action Group for the

Environment) Hawkesbury-Nepean Newsletter and contributed articles to other issues.

13. I was formerly a professional artist by trade specializing in Photorealism and Impressionism.


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