Musical worksMusical works
What is a musical work? Section 2, Copyright Act 1994: “Musical work” means a work consisting of music,
exclusive of any words intended to be sung or spoken with the music or any actions intended to be performed with the music.
John Cage
Musical worksMusical works
Note different works within a song Potentially:Music Lyrics as literary work Performer’s rights Album artwork
Peter Hayes v Phonogram Limited [2003] ECDR 11
Arrangements as musical worksArrangements as musical works
ZYX Music v King (20 Feb 1997, EWCA) “Please don’t go” KC and the Sunshine Band, Double You (Italy) and KWS
(UK) Sought licence, refused Injunction in Germany (Cologne) Injunction in Germany (Cologne) Arrangement protected
OwnershipOwnership
Hadley v Kemp (1999) 4 EMLR 589 (Spandau Ballet) Kemp wrote all music “Voluntary” paymentsy p y Joint authorship?
Fisher v Brooker [2009] UKHL 41 (Procol Harum) Fisher v Brooker [2009] UKHL 41 (Procol Harum) Organ part as 40%
OwnershipOwnership
Commonly dealt with by contract Procol Harum Pink Floyd The Smiths – Joyce v Morrissey (1998, EWCA)y y ( 99 , ) Performance-related rights vs songwriting
The Wiggles The Wiggles
Moral rightsMoral rights
Morrison Leahy Music v Lightbond [1993] EMLR 144 Wham! megamix
Confetti Records v Warner Music [2003] EWHC 1274 (Ch)1274 (Ch) “Burnin’” – Ant’ill Mob The Heartless Crew The Heartless Crew
Infringement – “inspiration”Infringement inspiration
Johann Pachelbel’s “Canon” "Let it be" (The Beatles) "Ladies and gentlemen we are floating in space"
(Spiritualized) "No woman, no cry" (Bob Marley) "All together now" (The Farm) All together now (The Farm) "Streets of London" (Roger Whittaker) "Basket case" (Green Day ) Basket case (Green Day ) "I'll C U when U get there" (Coolio)
Infringement – “inspiration”Infringement inspiration
Johann Pachelbel’s Canon (continued) "Domain" (Future Sound of London) "I should be so lucky" (Kylie Minogue) "Torn" (Natalie Imbruglia)(N g ) "Tunnel of love" (Dire Straits) "We're not gonna take it" (Twisted Sister) We re not gonna take it (Twisted Sister) "With or without you" (U2)
Infringement – “inspiration”Infringement inspiration
Procol Harum / JS Bach Lyricsy
Willie Dixon Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin
Ludlow Music v Robbie Williams [2001] FSR 19W d G h i Woody Guthrie
Parodied by Loudon Wainwright III, assigned copyright Robbie Williams
InfringementInfringement
Deliberate copying of a substantial part Sampling – 1980s/early 1990s The Rolling Stones / The Verve The Clash / Norman Cook/ N Shona Laing & The Crocodiles / Headless Chickens Rick James / MC Hammer Rick James / MC Hammer
InfringementInfringement
Meaning of “substantial part” Quality, not just quantity Can be small – low threshold? Hawkes & Son v Paramount Film Service (UK CA, 1934)( , 9 )
Infringement – “inspiration”Infringement inspiration
EMI Songs Australia v Larrikin Music Publishing [2011] FCAFC 47 “Kookaburra” “Down under”
InfringementInfringement
Subconscious (inferred?) copying Cryptomnesia Not found in Francis Day & Hunter v Bron [1963] 1 Ch
587 (EWCA) Bright Tunes Music Carp v Harrisongs Music Ltd (1976) Radiohead / The Hollies Radiohead / The Hollies