• Muslim Empire began to decline and divided into independent kingdoms

• Battles for control of the kingdoms until around 1260 CE

• Then a new Muslim empire emerged called the Ottoman Empire

“Big” Question

How did European partitioning in the Middle East after the breakup of the Ottoman Empire

lead to regional conflict?

LQ for TodayWhat was the Ottoman Empire?

Red Sea

OTTOMAN EMPIRE - 1451

OTTOMAN EMPIRE - 1481

OTTOMAN EMPIRE - 1521

OTTOMAN EMPIRE - 1566

Balkans

Caucasus Mts

Hungary

SafavidEmpire

Egypt

Adriatic Sea

Belgrade

Constantinople

Athens

Rome

Algiers Tunis

Tripoli

Cairo

Damascus

JerusalemBaghdad

Medina

Mecca

NORTH AFRICA

ARABIA

ASIA MINOR

EUROPEVienna

Black Sea

Mediterranean Sea

Caspian SeaPersian Gulf

Syria

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Ottoman origins• Turks from central Asia moved west• Took over lands controlled by byzantine and

Persian empires• Converted to Islam as contact grew with

Muslims• 1st leader Osman I• Extended into Balkans

Ottoman Army

• Soldiers called janissaries• Captured from Christian families• Forced to convert to Islam and trained in arts

of warfare• Captured city of Constantinople which ended

the Byzantine empire

Important Leaders & Accomplishments

Mehmed II – • changed Constantinople to Istanbul• Converted Hagia Sophia (church) to mosque• Captured Syria, Jerusalem, Egypt, Algiers,

Mecca and Medina

Suleiman I – extended empire to• Southern Mediterranean Sea• Eastern Europe - Belgrade• Further into Balkans• Southern Russia• North Africa• Tried to capture Vienna – unsuccessful• Arts, science, math, medicine, libraries, schools

Government & Society

• Run by Sultan• Upper-class families kept women separate into

harems• Millets – non-Muslim communites (could elect

own representatives– Non-Muslims – pay tax to follow own

faith/customs– Limits on where they could live, clothing, and jobs

Ottoman & WWI

• By start of WWI – TOE was weakening• Leaders could not keep large empire together• Ethnic groups wanted self-rule (not to be ruled

by Sultan far away)• European powers grew stronger• TOE joined war w/Germany and Italy = LOST

End of the Empire

• New boundaries were determined by European powers

• No concern for ethnic groups/religious groups already there

• Nationalism – pride/love for country– Countries are more successful when people there

share common culture, history, background

Ottoman Empire Under Suleiman

• Military expansion• Built mosques, monuments• Roads, bridges, schools• Encouraged the arts and sciences• Great literary works• Advanced study of mathematics• Spread Islam• Surgery, medical advancements