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Slavery & Abolition

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Muslim slavery and slaving: A bibliography

Joseph C. Miller

To cite this article: Joseph C. Miller (1992) Muslim slavery and slaving: A bibliography, Slavery &Abolition, 13:1, 249-271, DOI: 10.1080/01440399208575060

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Muslim Slavery and Slaving: A Bibliography

JOSEPH C. MILLER

The w estern-language historiography of Muslim slavery and slaving began

by following broad outlines set by politicians and propagandists and by

later scholars working in similar tones on the history of slavery and the

slave trade elsewhere in the world, particularly in the Americas. Studies

have moved only recently toward concentrating on issues and concepts

specific to the multiple cultures and histories of the Islamic lands.

Western writing on Muslim slavery arose from the British-led abolitionist

campaign against slavery around the globe. Nineteenth-century liberals

castigated M uslims in general terms, sometimes distinguishing them only

slightly from A rabs in particular, as inveterate 'master slaver s and drew

the attention of shocked readers in Europe and America to continuing

exchanges of human beings, under various legal subterfuges, in African

colonies and in the territories of the Middle East from the 1920s on.

An excu lpatory counterthrust arose from a few western-educated Muslims

and from a larger number of orientalist-inclined western sympathizers.

The western apologists focused on the variety of personal statuses available

to slaves, or ex-slaves, unde r Muslim religious law to mo derate the image

of cruelty implicit in the liberal-abolitionist critique.

2

The approach to

Islamic slavery through religio-legal institutions resonated with the parallel

western tradition of studying slavery in ancient Rom e throug h R oma n law

and, more remotely, with the law-based first generation of comparisons

among American slave systems typified by Frank T anne nbau m's famous

Slave and Citizen?

Before the 1970s, when the relationship of slavery to racism animated

scholarly debate in the Americas, academic defenders of the Islamic faith-

ful also excused Muslim slave-holding by alleging tha t blacks, and certainly

the descendants of Africans enslaved there , seemed to have suffered less

racial oppression than the survivors of black slavery in the New World.

The confusion of racial issues with those of slavery on both sides added

little clarity to the discussion of either. In add ition, apologists em phasized

the exotic and - by western standards - anom alous military

4

and harem

slaves often found in Islamic states. These comfortable and even powerful

slaves struck westerners as unusual, if not unique, compared with the

poverty and oppression tha t characterized the New World slavery familiar

to them.


3/24

25 0 THE HUMAN COMMODITY

A modern wave of corrective scholarship formed with publication of

Bernard Lewis's

Ra ce and Color in Islam,

which drew together the evidence

of racism - and the cruelties of slavery - amo ng Muslims.

5

Subsequent

studies viewed Islamic slavery beyond the Arab and Turkish heartlands

to Muslim Africa, to India, and to south-eastern Asia, without the rose-

coloured glasses of the older generation of orien talists. The image of Islam

as a unified civilization, rooted in the early reliance on legal sources,

disintegrated, and M uslim me rchants, warriors, desert noma ds, planters,

and urban bourgeois family heads emerged as a highly varied range of

masters beh ind the exotic veil of religious culture imposed by westerners.

Slavery among Muslims, seen as a social and economic institution, be-

came comparable w ith American bon dage, particularly where capitalistic

plantation forms of production prevailed.

6

Others emphasized slave

revolts,

7

or assessed the significance of slaves in the specific historical

circumstances in which they had become prom inent in Islamic lands, as

elsewhere in the world.

With the general tendencies of slavery becoming clearer in this new

comparative scholarsh ip, it became possible to distinguish the pecu liarities

of Muslim slavery and to explain them in terms of historical and cultural

features particular to the Islamic lands. The first efforts in this vein

retained a modified tone of Muslim exceptionalism. The slave soldiers

and h arem wom en came to be seen as an elite minority of the m any indi-

viduals, of numerous origins and occup ations, nearly all of them hum ble

and oppressed, w hom M uslims held in bondage. But Daniel Pipes explained

the propensity of Muslim rulers to employ slaves as soldiers as a produ ct

of the moral failings, and consequent popular abandonment, of secular

rulers inevitable in a theocratic society: people in power, but unable to

rule, called on outsiders, particularly slaves, for support.

8

Patricia Crone

saw these Stoves on Horses as a logical response to political weakness

rooted in the fragility of factions ruling states divided by parochial

interests of family and sect.

9

Cooper, in Plantation Slavery, set slavery

in Muslim Zanzibar in a more open comparative context by focusing on

the strength of patron-client ties throughout Islamic society to explain

the appa rently - bu t only appa rently - less harsh features of slavery in

Islam. Elsewhere, and particularly among Africanists, issues specific to

the regional historiography became the major analytical focus of work

on slavery in Islamic areas and thus removed the discussion even further

from the peculiarities, orientalist and neo-orientalist, of Islam.

10

Emphasis o n the slave trade has always characterized African histori-

ography, particularly on the Atlantic side of the continent where most

of the captives taken to the Americas originated. The study of Muslim

slaving in the Ind ian Ocean grew as an extension of these studies on slave


4/24

MUSLIM SLAVERY: A BIBLIOGRAPHY 251

trading from Africa rather than from the central concerns of Islamic

history. Similarly, the trans-Saharan trade and its origins in Sudanic

Africa

12

and slaving in the Red Sea area

13

arose more from Africanist

concern with numbers, as in the scholarship on Atlantic slaving in the

1970s and 1980s, and economic history. Although these concerns dominated

the scholarship attempting t o sketch the trades th at supplied slaves to the

Islamic Middle East, the m ost comprehensive single study, Ehud Toledano,

The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression, concentrated also on

institutions and on the trade's diplomatic and legal frameworks.

Recent studies of slaves and slave trading among Muslims, still in

tandem with the principal currents of scholarship on slavery elsewhere

in the world, have blended w ith general work on the social and economic

history of the specific regions where slaves originated, were transported,

and were put to wo rk. Islamic law is no longer the determinative frame-

work, nor is the culture of the masters a transcending constant. M uslim

masters, like Rom ans, o r Brazilian planters, turned to slavery where the

oppo rtunity presented itself and slaves contested the Islamic conditions

of their bondage according to m omentary and local circumstances. Either

side may have drawn where it could on Islamic ideals, but they did so

in the midst of numerous other concerns. From this more historical

perspective, slavery and Islam both become aspects of the general histories

and cultures of p articular times and p laces. There were many kinds and

experiences of slavery in Muslim lands, even as there were - and are -

many versions of 'Is lam '. In these circumstances, the specific bibliography

of works focused on slavery is blending almost indistinguishably into

other streams of scholarship on Islam.

The following bibliography covers secondary writings published since

1900 in western Europ ean languages on slavery or the slave trade anywhere

in the Muslim world: monographs, notes and articles in scholarly

periodicals, substantial reviews and review essays, conference pape rs, and

chapters in edited volumes and Festschriften focused p rimarily on slavery

or slave trading. It does not include important materials on slavery in

Islamic lands found in writings focused on other subjects, for example,

the history of Muslim agriculture, theological treatises on

jihad

the

abolitionist m ovement in Euro pe, the general comm ercial history of the

western Indian Ocean, or the place of slavery in the political economy of

sudanic Africa.

The entries in this bibliography appeared first in Joseph C. Miller,

Slavery:

A Comparative Teaching Bibliography (Waltham, M ass.: Cross-

roads Press, 1977) and in annual installments in Slavery and Abolition

(London: Frank Cass, Vol. 1, 1980). All materials through the 1983 sup-

plement were corrected, con solidated, reorganized, and indexed in Joseph


5/24

252 THE HUMAN COMMODITY

C. M iller,

Slavery:

A Worldwide

B ibliography,

1900-1982 (Wh ite Plains,

N.Y.:

Kraus International, 1985). Additional materials appeared in the

1983 supplement (with Larissa V. Brown) in Slavery and A bolition, 4, 2

(1983), 163-208 (Part I), and 4, 3 (1983), 232-74 (Part II), including

unverifiable references accumulated to that date. 'Slavery: Annual Biblio-

graphical Supplement (1984)' and 'Slavery: Annual Bibliographical

Supplement (1985)' (both with James V. Skalnik), and 'Slavery: Curren t

Bibliographical Supplement (1986)' and 'Slavery: Current Bibliographical

Supplement (1987)' (both with David F. Appleby) appeared in Slavery

and A bolition, 6, 1 (1985), 5 9- 9 2; 7 , 3 (1986), 31 5- 88 ; 8, 3 (1987),

353-86; and 9, 2 (1988), 204-42. 'Slavery: Current Bibliographical

Supplement (1988)' (with Randolph C. H ead) is in 10, 2 (1988), 231-71 ,

'Slavery: An nua l Bibliographical Supplement (1989)' (with Jena R . Gaines)

is in 11 , 2 (1990), 252 -30 9, a nd a supplement for 1990 will appear in

the volume for 1991. Full 'an nu al' versions of the abridged 'curre nt'

supplements for 1986, 1987, and 1988 ('Slavery: Annual Bibliographical

Supplement [1986]', 'Slavery: Annual Bibliographical Supplement [1987]'),

and 'Slavery: An nual Bibliographical Supplement [1988]') exist in m anu-

script. Plans are under way to consolidate all materials compiled since 1983

in a new single-volume indexed bibliography to be prepared in abou t 1991.

NOTES

Items marked with an asterisk (*) have not been verified in detail.

1. Still today, John Laffin,

The Arabs as Master Slavers.

2.

For example, the well-known summary of slave law by R. Brunschvig in the

Encyclopedia

of Islam (v. 'Abd'), the most accessible survey of this genre.

3.

New York: Knopf 1947.

4.

For example, David Ayalon,

Gunpowder and Firearms In the Mamluk Kingdom: A

Challenge

to M edieval Society.

5. New York: Harper and Row, 1971 (rev. edn.). A good recent summary is Hunwick, 'Black

Africans in the Islamic Wo rld'. A lso see Murray Gordon,

Slavery in the Arab World.

6. Frederick Cooper,

Plantation Slavery on the East Coast of Africa.

7. Alexandre Papovic,

Révolte des esclaves en Iraq,

or, for Africa, P aul Lovejoy, 'Fugitive

Slaves'.

8.

Slave Soldiers and Islam.

9.

Crone,

S laves on Horses.

10.

Fisher and Fisher,

Slavery and Muslim Society in Africa;

papers in Meillassoux (ed.)

t

L esclavage en Afrique;

ako the studies of Jan S. Hogendorn and Paul E. Lovejoy.

11. For example, Gervase Clarence-Smith (ed.), Th e Economics of the Indian O cean Slave

Trade in the Nineteenth C entury'. A general comparative work on this, and the trans-

Saharan and Atlantic, slave trades is Patrick M anning,

Slavery and African Life: Occiden -

tal,

Oriental

and African Slave Trades,

New York: Cambridge University Press , 1990.

12.

For example. Fisher and Fisher,

Slavery and Muslim Society in Africa,

and this

collection. See also Austen, 'The Trans-Saharan Slave Tra de' an d upda tes.

13. Austen, 'The Islamic Red Sea Slave Trad e'; Ewald, 'T he Nile Valley System and the

Red Sea Slave Trade'.


6/24


1. General and Comparative

Abdallah, Fadl. 'Islam, Slavery, and Racism: The Use of Strategy in the Pursuit of Hum an

Rights', American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 4, 1 (1987), 31-50 .

Ahmad,

Shafiq. L'esclavageau point de vue musulman.

Cairo: Imprimerie Nationale, 1891.

Arafat, W. 'The Attitude of Islam to Slavery',

Islamic

Qu arterly, 10 ,1 -2 (1966), 12-18.

Barbour, Bernard, and M ichelle Jacobs. 'The Mi'raj: A Legal Treatise on Slavery by Ahmad

Baba', in Willis (ed.), Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: Vol. 1, 125-59.

Bashir Ahmad, Mirza.

Islam and

Slavery. Qadian, P unjab: Book Depot Talifo- Ish a'at,

1935.

•Bousquet, G. H. 'Des droits de l'esclave: fragment extrait de l'lh'ya de Ghazali',

Annales

de I'Institute d'dtudes occitanes, 10 (1952), 420-27.

Brunschvig, R. 'Abd\ in

Encyclopaedia of Islam

(2nd edn.) (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960),

Vol.1,

24-40.

Burton-Page, J. 'Habshi',

Encyclopedia of Islam (new

edn.) (Leiden and London, 1971),

Vol.3, 14-16.

Colin, G.S. 'Hartini', in

Encyclopaedia of Islam

(new edn.) (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960),

Vol.3, 230-31.

Davis,

David Brion. 'Slaves in Islam', New York Review of Books (11 Oct. 1990), 35 -38 .

El Wahid Wafi, Ali Abd. 'Human Rights in Islam',

Islamic Quarterly,

11, 1-2 (1967),

64-75.

Ewald, Janet. 'His Freer Fettered a Hand: Manumission in the Lands of the Red Sea in

the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries' (Paper presented at American Historical

Association Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, 1988).

Farias, Paulo Fernando de Moraes. 'Models of the World and Categorial Models: The

'Enslavable Barbarian' as a Mobile Classificatory Label', in Willis (ed.),

S laves and

Slavery in

Muslim

Africa: Vol. 1, 27-46.

Fisher, Humphrey J. 'Of Slaves and Souls of Men (review essay: Willis (ed.),

Slaves and

Slavery in

Muslim

Africa)',

Journal

of

African

History, 28, 1 (1987), 141 -49.

Forand, Paul G. 'The Relation of the Slave and the Client to the Master or Patron in

Medieval Islam ', International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2, 1 (1971), 59 -66 .

Ghoraba, Hammouda. 'Islam and Slavery',

Islamic

Q uarterly, 2, 3 (1955), 153 -59.

Goldstein, Ferdinand. 'Die Sldaverei in Nordafrika und im Suda n',

Zeitschrift fu r Social-

wissenschaft,

11 (1908), 352-69.

Gordon, Murray.

Slavery in the Arab World.

New York: New Amsterdam, 1989.

Translated as

L 'esclavage dans le monde arabe: Vlle-XXe siecle

(Paris: Robert Laffont,

1987).

Greenidge, C.W.W. 'Slavery in the Middle East',

Middle Eastern Affairs,

7, 12 (1956),

435-40.

Haa s, Samuel S. 'T he Contribution of Slaves to and Their Influence upon the Culture of

Early Islam' (PhD diss., Princeton University, 1942).

Halfdan, Endresen. Als Sklave

verkauft:

Sklaverei und Sklavenhandel im heutigen Afrika

undArabien.

Basel: Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag, n.d. Translation of

Solgt som slave:

om slaved og

slavenhandel

iAfrika

og

A

rabia

i vart

arhundre.

Stavanger: Nomi Forlag,

n.d.

•Hambly, Gavin R. G. 'Islamic Slavery: An Overview' (Unpublished paper, 1972).

•Hambly, Gavin R. G. 'Slavery in Islam' (Unpublished paper, Yale University, 1973).

Hunwick, J. O. 'Black Africans in the Islamic World: An Understudied Dimension of the

Black D iaspora',

Tarikh,

5 (1978), 20-40 . R eprinted in

The African

Diaspora:

Africans

and their Descendants in the W ider World to 1800 (Written and edited by The Black

Diaspora Committee of H oward University) (Lexington, M ass.: Ginn Press, 1986), 65 -7 9.

Revised as 'Black Slaves in the Mediterranean World: Introduction to a Neglected

Aspect of the African Diasp ora'.

Isaac, Ephraim. 'Genesis, Judaism, and the Sons of Ha m ', in Willis (ed.). Stoves

and

Slavery in Muslim Africa:

Vol.

1 ,

75-91.


7/24


Juynboll, Th . W. 'Eunuch (Muslim)', Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics (Edinburgh:

T&T Clark, 1908-27), Vol.5, 584-88.

Kessel, Joseph .

Marches

d esclaves. Paris: Editions de France, 1933. Reprinted Paris: Union

Ge'ne'rale d'Editions, 1984.

Laffin, John. The Arabs as Master Slavers. Englewood, N .J. : SBS Publishing, 1982.

*Laffin, Jo hn. 'The Arabs as Slavers', in Case

Studies in Human Rights and Fundamental

Freedoms

(The Hague: M artinus

Nijhoff

1976), Vol.4, 431-59.

Leader, Jonatha n M. 'Slavery in Islam: Based on the Qur'an , the Madhaib and the Ha dith',

in Kenneth W. Johnson, Jonathan M. Leader, and Robert C. Wilson (eds.),

Indians,

Colonists, and Slaves: Essays in Memory of Charles H. Fairbanks

(Gainesville: Florida

Journal of Anthropology, 1985), 11 7-35 . (Special Publication, No . 4).

Leckie, J. D. 'Slavery in Mohammedan C ountries',

Chambers s

Journal 7th sen , 15 (1925),

276-77.

Levtzion, N ehemia. 'Slavery and Islamization in Africa: A Comparative S tudy', in Willis

(ed.),

Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: Vol.1, 182-98.

Lewis, Bernard. 'The African Diaspora and the Civilization of Islam', in Martin L . Kilson

and Robert I. Rotberg (eds.). The African Diaspora: Interpretive Essays (Cambridge,

Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976), 37-5 6.

Lewis, Bernard. 'Ali b. Muhammad al-Zandji', in

Encyclopedia of Islam

(Leiden: E. J.

Brill, 1960), Vol. 1 388-89.

Lewis, Bernard.

R ace and Color in Islam.

New York: Harper and Row, 1971. Rev. edn.

Lewis, Bernard. Race and Slavery in the Middle East: A n Historical Enquiry. New York:

Oxford University Press, 1990,

Lugard, Frederick D. 'Mohammedan Slavery', Encyclopaedia Britannica (14th edition)

(Cambridge: Cambridge University P ress, 1937), Vol. 20, 78 5-8 7. Reprinted as 'Africa

and the Ea st' (1959 edition), Vol.20, 784- 86.

Marmon, Shaun E. 'Slavery, Islamic World',

Dictionary of the Middle Ages

(New York:

Scribne r's. 1988), Vol. 11, 330 -33 .

Muhamm ad, A kbar. 'Contemporary Arabic Writing on Pre-M odern Slavery/Servility in the

Muslim Middle East ' (Unpublished paper presented to annual meeting of the Middle

East Studies Association, New Orleans, 1985).

Muhammad, Akbar. 'The Image of Africans in Arabic Literature: Some Unpublished

Manuscripts,' in Willis (ed.),

Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: Vol.1,

47-74.

Reprinted in The African Diaspora: Africans and their Descendants in the Wider W or

to 1800

(Written and edited by The Black Diaspora Committee of Howard University)

(Lexington, M ass.: Ginn Press, 1986), 266-86 .

Miiller, Hans. Die Kunst des Sklavenkaufs, nach arabischen, persischen un d tiirkisch

Ratgebern vom 10. bis 18. Jahrhundert.

Freiburg: K laus Schwarz Verlag, 1980.

Miiller, Ha ns. 'Sklaven', in B. Spuler (ed.),

H andbuch der

Orientalistik

Abt. 1: Der Nahe

und der M ittlere Osten

(Leiden, 1977), Bd. 6, Abt. 6, 53-83.

•Miiller, Hans. 'Zur Erforschung des islamischen Sklavenwesens',

Zeitschrift der deutschen

morgenlandischen Gesellschaft

suppl. 1 (Wiesbaden, 1969), Teil 2, 61 1-2 2. (Vortrage

der Deutscher Orientalistentag vom 2 1. -27 . Juli 1968, Wurzburg, ed. W . Voigt).

Nars,

Helmi Mohamed Ibrahim. 'A escrabatura (sic) no C or2o', Anais do VI Simposio

national dos professores universitdrios d e histdria (Goiana, 1971) (Sao Paulo, 1973),

Vol. 1.215-24.

Oded, A ryeh. 'Slaves and Oil: The Arab Image in Black Africa',

Wiener Library Bu lletin,

27 (No. 32) (1974), 34- 47 .

Odoom, Kobina Osan. 'Slavery and the Concept of Man in the Q ur'a n' (MA thesis, McGill

University, 1964-65).

Pipes, D aniel. 'Maw las: Freed Slaves and Converts in Early Islam', in Willis (ed.),

Slaves

an d Slavery in Muslim Africa: Vol. I , 199-247.

Renault, Francois. 'L'esclavage en Afrique musulmane: a propos d'une publication recente

(review essay: Willis (ed.). Staves and Slavery in Mu slim Africa),' Revue frangaise

d histoire d outre-mer,

73, 2 (no. 271) (1986), 211 -24.


8/24


Roberts, Robert.

DasFam ilien-, Sklaven-, undErbrecht im Qoran.

Leipzig, 1908. (Leipziger

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The Social Laws of the Qoran ...

(London: Williams and Norgate, 1925).

Rotter, G erhard. 'Die Stellung des Negers in der islamisch-arabischen Gesellschaft bis zum

XVI Jahrhun derf (PhD diss., RheiiuscheFriedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat, Bonn, 1967).

Samb, Amar. 'L'Islam et 1'csclavage',

N otes africaines,

No . 168 (Oct. 1980), 93 -9 7.

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application effective' (Co lloque international pour le tricentenaire du Code Noir, D akar ,

21-26 July 1986).

*Sanagustin, F. 'Un aide-memoire a l'usage de l'acheteur d 'esclaves' (P hD thesis, University

de Paris III, 1980).

Sersen, William John. 'Stereotypes and Attitudes Towards Slaves in Arabic Proverbs:

A Preliminary View', in Willis (ed.).

Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: Vol. 1 ,

92-105.

Shehu, Abdullahi A. 'Slavery: A Continuous Institution in Islam' (Unpublished paper,

World Conference o n Slavery and Society in History, Ahm adu Bello University, K aduna,

Nigeria, 26 -30 March 1990).

Sicard, FrddeYique. 'L 'am our dans la Risalat al-QiySn: essai sur les esclaves-chanteuses —

de G3hiz (+255/2 68)',

Arabica,

34, 3 (1987), 326- 38.

Song, Musa Huhammad. 'Slavery in Islam' (Unpublished paper, World Conference on

Slavery and Society in History, Ahmadu Bello University, Kaduna, Nigeria, 26-30

March 1990).

Sourdel, D., C.E. Bosworth, P. Hardy, and Halil Inalcik. 'Ghulam',

Encyclopaedia of

Islam

(new edn.) (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960), Vol.2, 1079-91.

Sundiata, I. K. 'Beyond Race and Color in Islam ',

Journal of Ethnic Studies,

6, 1 (1978),

1-24.

Vesely,

Rudolf.

'De la situation des esclaves dans l'institution du wakf

, Archiv

Orientdlnt

32, 3 (1964), 345 -53 .

Weckwarth, Kurt E .

Der Sklave im muhammedanischen Recht.

Berlin, 1909.

Wesselski, Albert. 'Die gelehrten Sklavinnen des Islams und ihre byzantinischen Vorbilder',

Archiv OrientdM

9, 3 (1937), 353-78 .

Willis, John Ralph. 'Introdu ction: T he Ideology of Enslavement in Islam', in idem (ed.),


1-15.

Willis, John Ralph. 'Islamic Africa: Reflections on the Servile Estate',

Studia Islamica,

52 (1980), 183-97.

Willis, John Ralph. 'Jihad and the Ideology of Enslavement', in idem (ed.),

Slaves and

Slavery in Muslim Africa: Vol. I,

16-26.

Willis, John R alph (ed.),

Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: Vol. 1, Islam and the Ideology

of Enslavement

and

Vol.2, The Servile Estate.

London: Frank Cass, 1985.

See Abir, Barbour and Jacobs, Batran, Farias, Hill, Hilliard, Hiskett, Hunwick,

Levtzion, Martin, Mire, Muhammad, O'Fahey, Pipes, Sersen, Sheiff Walz, and

W i l l i s .

•Zeys, Ernest. 'Esclavage et guerre sainte: consultation adressee aux gens du Touat par un

erudit negre de Timbouctou au XVHe siecle',

Bulletin de la Reunion deludes algiriennes

(Paris) (1900).

2 .

Caliphate and Arabia

Abdul Jabbar Beg, Muhamm ad. 'The 'Serfs' of Islamic Society under the Abbasid Regime',

Islamic Culture,

49, 2 (1975), 1 07-18 .

Agius, Dionisius A. 'A Selfish Pursuit in a Slave Uprising of Third/Ninth Century Iraq',

Slavery and Abo lition,

4, 1 (1983), 3-18.

Bacharach, Jere L. 'African Military Slaves in the Medieval Middle East: The Cases of

Iraq (869-955) and Egypt (868-1171)',

International Journal ofMiddleEast Studies,

13, 4(1981), 471-9 5.


9/24

25 6 THE HUMAN COMMODITY

*Barry, Djenaba O uedraogo. 'Fenunes libres, femmes esclaves dans les cours caliphales sous

la dynastie umayyade de Damas et sous la dynastie abbasside jusqu'au milieu du XVle

sifecle' (Memoire de maltrise, University de Dakar, c. 1980).

Bosworth, C.E. 'Ghaznevid Military Organization', Der Islam, 36, 1-2 (1960), 37-77.

Chejne, Anwar G. 'The Boon-Companion in Early Abbasid Times', Journal of the American

Oriental Society,

85 (1965), 327-35.

Cox, James. 'British Imperialism and Slavery in the Persian Gulf: A Critical Assessment'

(Paper presented to session on Capitalism, Colonialism and Unfree Labor at 9th Inter-

national Economic History Congress, Berne, 1986).

Crone, Patricia.

Slaves on Horses: Th e Evolution of the Islamic Polity.

New York: Cam-

bridge University Press, 1980.

DeJong, Garrett E. 'Slavery in Arabia', Moslem World, 24, 2 (1934), 126-44.

Forand, Paul Glidden. 'The Development of Military Slavery under the Abbasid Caliphs

of the Ninth Century A .D . (Third Century A.H .), With Special Reference to the Reigns

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Hogendorn, Ja n S., and Pau l E. Lovejoy. 'Sir Frederick Lug ard's Policies Toward Slavery

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Mbodj, M ohamm ed. 'L'abo lition de l'esclavage au Senegal: crise ou nouvel essor de l'entre-

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Translated as 'The A bolition of Slavery in Senegal: Crisis or the Rise of a New E ntre-

preneurial Class (1820-1890)?', in Martin A . Klein (ed.), Breaking the Chains: Slavery,

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8. Muslim East Africa

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Cassanelli, Lee V. 'Social Construction on the Somali Frontier: Bantu Former Slave Com-

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26 6 THE HUMA N COMMODITY

Cooper, Frederick. 'Contracts, Crime, and Agrarian Conflict: From Slave to W age Labor

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andCrime: An Historical Perspective (London: Tavistock, 1987), 228-52.

Coop er, Frederick.

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and Coastal Kenya, 1890-1925. New Hav en: Yale University Press, 1980.

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Cooper, Frederick.

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Coop er, Frederick. 'The Treatment of Slaves on the Kenya Coast in the 19th Century ,

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Curtin, Patricia Rome ro. 'Laboratory for the Oral History of Slavery: The Island of L amu',

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Eastman, Carole M. 'Women, Slaves, and Foreigners: African Cultural Influences and

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Mazrui, Muhammad Kasim. Historiaya U tumwaK atika Uistamu na DimN yengine. Nairobi:

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•Mercer, John. 'Slavery in Mauretania Today', P lural Societies, 12(1981), 125-30.

Middleton, John. 'Slavery in Zanzibar',

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Nwulia, M oses D. E. The Role of Missionaries in the Emancipation of Slaves in Zanzibar',

Journal of Negro History, 60, 2 (1975), 268-87.

Romero, Patricia W. 'An Examination of Material Life among Slave Families in Lamu,

Kenya 1900-1963' (Unpublished paper read to the Annual Meeting of the African

Studies Association, Bloomington, Indiana, October 1981).

Rom ero, Patricia W. ' Where Have all the Slaves Go ne? Emancipation and Post-

Emancipation in Lamu, Kenya',


27, 3 (1986), 497 -512 .

Sakarai, Lawrence J. 'Indian Merchants in East Africa, Part II: Transformation of theSlave

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Salim, Ahm ed Idha. 'The Impact of the Abolition of Slavery on the Kenyan Swahili Coa st,

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Indian Ocean (Moka, Mauritius: Mahatma Gandhi Institute, 1989), 74-83.

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h.rom.V. P.Nurturants of Bonded Labour: A Survey Report Basedon the Study ofBonded

Labor in Six Villages of Allahab(a)d District.

Allahabad: Survey Research Center,

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Arora, V.P., M.K. Patra, and N.P. Chaubey (eds).

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Basu, B.K. 'Notes on Slave Trade and Slavery in India during the Early Days of John

Company',

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Hambly, Gavin. 'A Note on the Trade in Eunuchs in Mughul Bengal', Journal of the

American Oriental Society,

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Hambly, Gavin. 'W ho were the

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Harris, Joseph E. 'Malik Am bar: African Regent-Minister in Ind ia', in Ivan van Sertima

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Feestbundel uitgegeven door het Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap

van Kunsten en Wetenschappen

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11. Slave Trad e: Indian Ocean

Alpers, Edward A .

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Alpers, Edward A . 'The Impact of the Slave Trade on East Central Africa in the Nineteenth

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Ivory and Slaves... in East Central Africa

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2 6 8 THE HUM AN COMMODITY

Beachey, R.W. A

Collection

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Beachey, R. W. 'Some Observations on the Volume of the Slave Trade of Eastern Africa

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in the Nineteenth Century', Slavery

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The

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