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Must everyone in the community participate?
Must everyone in the community participate?Module B08 - Participatory Process of Urban Transformation
Seminar 3, 15 November 2002
Hizrah Muchtar, Katja Schäfer, Dyfed Aubrey
Must everyone in the community participate?
Session 1 Introduction to the moduleParticipation - Why, what and how?
Session 2 Overview of Intervention TechniquesSession 3 Intervening in CommunitiesSession 4 Ensuring InclusivitySession 5 Identifying Community NeedsSession 6 Problem DefinitionSession 7 Strategy GenerationSession 8 Monitoring and EvaluationSession 9 ImplementationSession 10 Participation in Practice, Review
Building and Urban Design in Development
Module B08 - Participatory Process of Urban Transformation
Must everyone in the community participate?
Participation
• ´Empowering the weakest and poorest´
• ´a process through which stakeholders influence and share control over development initiatives, decisions and resources which affect them´
• Effectiveness and sustainability of project outcome depend on commitment of interested parties
Nelson, N. and Wright S. Power and participatory Development. Theory and Practice. Intermediate Technology Publications. 1995
Must everyone in the community participate?
Key Stakeholder
PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS
SECONDARY STAKEHOLDERS
KEY STAKEHOLDERS
• Any person, group or institution that has an interest in an aid activity, project or programme
• Share common interest
• Includes intended beneficiaries and intermediaries, winners and losers + involved or excluded from decision-making processes
Must everyone in the community participate?
Community
Primary Stakeholders
Social Class
Abilities/ Vulnerability
EthnicityLocation
Gender/ Age
Caste/ Clan/ Tribe
Religion
Income/ Wealth
Must everyone in the community participate?
Secondary Stakeholders
Community
Donor Organistions
Local Government
Religious GroupsNeighbouring Communities
NGOs
Focus Groups/ Societies
Trade Unions
Consultancy Companies
Must everyone in the community participate?
Identification
Appraisal
Discussion
Approval
Implementation
Completion
Lessons
Evaluation
Monitoring
Design
Source: Wakely et al, 2001
Considerations
1. PROJECT CYCLE
Must everyone in the community participate?
2. Money• Participatory approaches can be labour intensive involve high
administrative costs at the expense of implementation cost
3. Time frame• Participation can be take a long time, and consideration must be given to
the availability of the community to participate, and the timeframes imposed by secondary stakeholders eg donor organizations
Considerations
4. Scale of the project• Effect number of stakeholders involved• Effect types of stakeholders involved
5. Relevance of the Project• Who in the community does the project affect?
Must everyone in the community participate?
Who should be encouraged and assisted to participate?
• Identify and define the characteristics of key stakeholders
• Assess manner in which they might affect or be affected by the programme/ project outcome
• Understand relation between stakeholders (assessment of real or potential conflicts of interest, expectations between stakeholders)
• Assess capacity of different stakeholders to participate
Stakeholder Analysis
Must everyone in the community participate?
Case Studies
2001- European Agency for Reconstruction Housing Programme, KosovoTimeframe: 1st March – 31st December
“Goal” programmeScope: 450 houses in PecMethod: Participation with municipality,
village leaders and donorOutcome: Good proportion of funds
available for contractorsProject finished on time70% occupancy (April 2002)
“WVI” programmeScope: 600 houses in Podujeve/SRekaMethod: Participation with elected
community members, KFOR,HandiKos, Municipality and donor
Outcome: Limited contractor funds, increased reliance on self helpProject finished late91% occupancy (April 2002)
Must everyone in the community participate?
Case Studies
“OTISTA CONTROL COMMUNITY”, Building Community Participation Within Street-vendors and Their Surrounding Community at Otista street, Bandung, Indonesia December 1999 – December 2001
• Initiates by street-vendors
• no certain time frame
• Learning by doing process
• Long-term goals
• Participatory as an ends (“wild project”)
Must everyone in the community participate?
Early stage• Scope/clients: 200 street-vendors• Method:
• Facilitating street-vendors to design their working neighborhood
• use design as a stimulate tool for higher kind of participation
• stakeholders: street-vendors community & PRAKSIS
• Outcome/goals: willingness to participate in broader level
Case Studies
Street-vendors
Donor Organistions
Local Government
Religious GroupsNeighbouring Communities
NGOs
Focus Groups/ Societies
Trade Unions
Consultancy Companies
Must everyone in the community participate?
next stage• Scope/clients: community within the area• Method :
• Set up a dialogue forum within community and local authorities
• use design as a stimulate tool for higher kind of participation
• stakeholders: street-vendors, local people, store owners, PRAKSIS, Local Government, Academics
• Goals : • consensus on trading rules • Improving the quality of streetscape
Case Studies
Community
Donor Organistions
Local Government
Religious GroupsNeighbouring Communities
NGOs
Focus Groups/ Societies
Trade Unions
Academics
Must everyone in the community participate?
Last stage• Scope/clients: community within the area• Method :
• Set up a dialogue forum within community and local authorities
• use design as a stimulate tool for higher kind of participation
• stakeholders: street-vendors, local people, store owner, PRAKSIS,Local Government,
Donor Organisation
• Goals : • consensus on trading rules • Control Comitee of Otista• local monetary institution
(Cooperation) • Improving the quality of streetscape• Improving awareness of informal
sectors issues within city development
Community
Donor Organistions
Local Government
Religious GroupsNeighbouring Communities
NGOs
Focus Groups/ Societies
Trade Unions
Academics
Case Studies
Must everyone in the community participate?
Case Studies
before
after
Must everyone in the community participate?
Conclusion
• Participation is effective
• Should include all relevant stakeholders at relevant stages
• Identification of stakeholders should be subject to stakeholder analysis
• Incorporation of project considerations