Editor: George Camden
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Lorem IpsumHUMANITIESYour Weekly humanities magazine
Primary Evidence, Secondary Evidence, Bias, Chronology, PEST, Nature Changes, and introductions to maps, Volcanoes, and civilizations.
Contents
Civilizations-Romans, Greeks, Babylonians, and Chinese
Civilizations P13-18
Chronology, Bias, Primary Evidence, Secondary Evidence, and more.
Basics P2-6
pg.
Humanities is the key to life.
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December 2nd Issue 5
Primary Evidence
Primary Evidence is evidence created at the time the event in history took place-for example, Anne Frank’s diary recounting her life in World War II is a piece of Primary Evidence, telling us that World War II actually happened.
Primary Evidence doesn’t have to be written- it can also be an old gun produced during World War II. And to prove that your grandma was Queen Victoria, the Primary Evidence might be an old crown or one of her belongings.
Primary Evidence can be broken down into 4 categories:
Written Sources
Oral Testimonies
Images
Artifacts
What is Primary and Secondary Evidence?
Primary Evidence
Secondary Evidence is evidence that was not created during the time of the event, but in fact includes written accounts of the event, but the written accounts were written 100 years or so after it happened.
Another form of Secondary Evidence is stories. Stories about the particular event may have been passed on from father to son and so on, but it is not hard evidence that the event actually happened.
Secondary Evidence
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December 2nd Issue 5
Bias means a one-sided point of view or perspective-for example, Tom and Tim have gotten into a fight. Tom had hit Tim first, and then Tim kicked Tom on his face, and then Tom used his baseball bat to hit him on the head.
These are their recounts of what happened:
Tom: Tim hit me, ‘cause he was mad at me for getting better than him on the quiz. So I hit him back.
This is a classic example of Bias. To protect your own dignity, you change the story so you look like the hero. Adolf Hitler did this-he changed the story so he was the hero, thus making the Germans follow him.
Here is an example of bias-the old lady believes The New York Times is fiction.
“There are two sides to every story.”
Bias
Etiam et urna
Donec non metus
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December 2nd Issue 5
Chronology devises from Ancient Greek origin-Chrono represents Kronos, the ancient evil titan of time. Chronology means “The Study of Time”, which is basically finding out when a person lived, what happened, and such and such.
Chronological Order, to be specific, is finding out when events happened and placing them in the correct orders.
To state an example of “Chronological Order”, how do we know The Battle of Waterloo happened before The Cold War? We know because Chronologists (scholars that study when events happened) found evidence (primary or secondary) that proved The Battle of Waterloo took place before The Cold War, such as muskets, but artifacts from The Cold War would obviously be more advanced, such as V2s.
“The beginning of time to the end, but most importantly in between-that is chronology.”
Chronology
A Decade is usually a 10 year long unit of time.
The Decade
A Century is a unit of time composed of 10 Decades, or rather 100 years.
A Century
The Millennium is a unit of time that is 1000 years long.
The Millennium
A Period is an unspecified separated division of time.
The Period
Units of Time
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December 2nd Issue 5
There are 4 main categories that events through history can be classified into are: Political, Economic, Social and Technological. An easy way these 4 categories can be remembered is:
PEST
Political
Economic
Social
Technological
The 4 Event Categories
Political, Economic, Social, and Technological
Political
Social
Economic
Technological
The 4 Categories
To do with war, power, government and rights.
How people earn money and spend their money.
People’s everyday life at work and at home.
To do with developments in computers, and medicine.
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December 2nd Issue 5
The Earth has been changed naturally in many, many ways: for example, Volcanoes have affected the world for centuries by erupting in the middle of the ocean, causing the ocean water to cool the lava down, thus creating land or islands in the middle of the ocean.
Another way the Earth has been changed naturally is the earthquake. The resident energy released in the form of seismic waves creates massive jolts, and also causes mass destruction.
Tsunamis also change the world naturally, although maybe not so positively. Tsunamis basically swamp the land in water, leaving thousands of people drowned or homeless.
Natural and manmade changes to the EarthByline[Insert Name]
The Earth has also changed by man in a lot of ways:
For example, thousands of factories are built next to a river, and they dump loads of poisonous waste in to the river.
Explosives have also changed the world. Nowadays we use explosives to mine-this way massive tunnels are easily built.
Another one is deforestation. Every day, thousands of trees are cut down to create paper.
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December 2nd Issue 5
The Map
A box defining the symbols seen on a map.
Map key
Grid lines are lines that divide the map up into equally divided squares, making it easier to find things on a map. Scales are lines that compare a distance on a map to one in real life. For example, on one map 1 centimeter equals to 1 mile in real life. A scale would tell you this.
Grid lines and the scale
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December 2nd Issue 5
Map Symbols
Post Office
Church
Restaurant
Library
Hospital
5 symbols on a map
As the crow flies-using a piece of paper, measure the distance using a straight line connecting the two points. Mark out the distance on the paper and measure it on the scale.
By road-measuring the distance using road. Try to find straight lines in the road, mark the length out, and then measure it on the scale.
Ways to measure distance
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December 2nd Issue 5
VolcanoesVolcanoes are formed when two tectonic plates rub against each other, heating up the rock into magma. The magma forces its way up a mountain, and breaks a hole and spews forth.
Crater: The hole in the volcano.Vent: The place where the lava comes out.Magma: Lava that is still in the earth.Lava: Hot, molten rock
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December 2nd Issue 5
Volcano damage
The Pyroclastic flow is a flow of many different substances release in a volcano eruption. It will burn anything in its path.
Ash-It will suffocate you and ruin crops.
Lava-It will burn anything in its way.
Volcanic gases-they will cause acid rain and temperature drops.
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December 2nd Issue 5
Because the soil is the best in the world.They use clean, geothermal energy.There are loads of precious stones there.The geysers, they can cure many diseases.
Why do people live near volcanoes?
Babylonian civilization
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December 2nd Issue 5
Homo Erectus-They tried to control and explain the world.
Neanderthals-They used intelligence to develop technology.
Homo Sapiens-Hunted animals to gather food and were known as nomads.
Homo Habilis-Made tools from lava rock, used them cut meat and crack bones.
Homo Erectus
Early humans
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December 2nd Issue 5
Civilizations are human communities located in a particular place and time, and have advanced political, economic and social organizations.
5 must haves of a civilization:
1. Advanced cities, must be centers of trade and hold large populations.
2. Complex institutions such as a government or religion.
3. Technology-new tools or techniques to solve problems/make life easier.
4. Specialized workers-they do a specific kind of work, such as carpenter.
5. Record keeping-have a developed system of writing to record businesses and write a set of laws.
Civilization
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December 2nd Issue 5
The Babylonians were the first to create of set of laws, called Hammurabi’s laws. They were about such things like killing someone and the consequences of doing the particular crime. Hammurabi’s laws still influence our laws nowadays, though the punishments are slightly weaker.
Babylonians
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December 2nd Issue 5
Egyptians were the first to create and use glass and linen. They were also the first to make wheels. Glass is used nowadays in windows, and they used wheels to carry bricks to the top of pyramids to use as building materials. Wheels are still used a lot on cars and motorcycles and such.
Egyptians
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December 2nd Issue 5
The Greeks made loads of important contributions to civilization- for example, Aristotle worked out the distance from the Earth’s crust to its core, while Archimedes found out how to measure density correctly using Eureka beakers.The Greeks also set the base for democracies by using councils instead of a single dictator.
The Greeks
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December 2nd Issue 5
The Chinese invented gunpowder, and used them to create fireworks and firecrackers. The used black gunpowder set the base for the more powerful and sophisticated yellow gunpowder.
The Chinese also invented modern paper. We use lots and lots of paper nowadays- thousands every minute, no, second!!!
A dynasty is a period of time ruled by a particular family, and they used the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. The Mandate of Heaven was thought by normal people to be the blessing of the gods, and the emperor must have it to rule. If that emperor was overthrown by someone else then the overthrower would receive the mandate of heaven.
The Chinese
The Roman contributions to civilization
The Romans
THE END
The Romans contributed to civilization in many ways- for example, the romans allowed the spread of Christianity due to the open republic government. The Romans also heavily influenced English-‘cause The Anglo-Saxons were the first to start to use English, and there language borrowed heavily from Latin (the roman language).
