of 56
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
1/56
MALNUTRITIONGay Debonaire B. Tarala
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
2/56
MALNUTRITION
Malnutrition is a broad term which refers to
both under nutrition (sub nutrition) and over
nutrition. Individuals are malnourished, or
suffer from under nutrition if their diet does
not provide them with adequate calories andprotein for maintenance and growth, or they
cannot fully utilize the food they eat due to
illness. People are also malnourished, or sufferfrom over nutrition if they consume too many
calories.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
3/56
Malnutrition can also be defined as the
insufficient, excessive or imbalanced
consumption of nutrients. Several differentnutrition disorders may develop, depending
on which nutrients are lacking or consumed in
excess.
According to the World Health Organization
(WHO), malnutrition is the gravest single
threat to global public health.
Sub nutrition occurs when an individual does
not consume enough food. It may exist if the
person has a poor diet that gives them the
wrong balance of basic food groups
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
4/56
Obese people, who consume more calories than they
need, may suffer from the sub nutrition aspect of
malnutrition if their diet lacks the nutrients their body
needs for good health.
Poor diet may lead to a vitamin or mineral deficiency,
among other essential substances, sometimes resulting in
scurvy - a condition where an individual has a vitamin C(ascorbic acid) deficiency. Though scurvy is a very rare
disease, it still occurs in some patients - usually elderly
people, alcoholics, or those that live on a diet devoid of
fresh fruits and vegetables. Similarly, infants or childrenwho are on special or poor diets for any number of
economic or social reasons may be prone to scurvy.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
5/56
Individuals who are socially isolated
People on low incomes (poor people)
People with chronic eating disorders,
such as bulimia or anorexia nervosa People convalescing after a serious
illness or condition
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
6/56
Malnutrition is "Faulty nutrition
resulting from mal-absorption, poordiet, or overeating."
Under-nutrition is "A form of
malnutrition resulting from areduced supply of food or from
inability to digest, assimilate, and usethe necessary nutrients."
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
7/56
Signs and symptoms of malnutrition (sub-nutrition)
include:
Loss of fat (adipose tissue) Breathing difficulties, a higher risk of
respiratory failure
Depression
Higher risk of complications after surgery
Higher risk of hypothermia - abnormally lowbody temperature
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
8/56
In more severe cases:
Skin may become thin, dry, inelastic, pale, and cold
Eventually, as fat in the face is lost, the cheeks lookhollow and the eyes sunken
Hair becomes dry and sparse, falling out easily
Sometimes, severe malnutrition may lead to
unresponsiveness (stupor)
If calorie deficiency continues for long enough, there
may be heart, liver and respiratory failure
Total starvation is said to be fatal within 8 to 12weeks (no calorie consumption at all)
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
9/56
Children - children who are severely
malnourished typically experience slow
behavioral development, even mentalretardation may occur. Even when treated,
under-nutrition may have long-term effects in
children, with impairments in mental function
and digestive problems persisting; in some
cases for the rest of their lives. Adults whose
severe undernourishment started during
adulthood, usually make a full recovery whentreated
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
10/56
What are the causes of malnutrition?
Poor diet
Mental health problems
Mobility problems
Digestive disorders and stomach conditions Alcoholism
Food shortages
Food prices and food distribution Lack of breastfeeding
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
11/56
What are the treatment options for malnutrition?
The care plan -aims for treatment will be set out,
which should include the treatment for anyunderlying conditions/illnesses which are
contributory factors to the malnutrition
Diet - a good healthcare professional will discusseating and drinking with the patient and provide
advice regarding healthy food choices. The aim is
to make sure the patient is receiving a healthy,nutritious diet
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
12/56
Preventing malnutrition
Carbohydrates
Fruit and vegetables
Protein
Dairy - vegans are able to find abundant
nutrients from non-animal sources
Fats
The average human should drink at least 1.2
liters of fluid per day.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
13/56
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
14/56
FOOD
PYRAMID
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
15/56
NUTRITION
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
16/56
The process of nourishing or being
nourished, especially the process bywhich a living organism assimilates
food and uses it for growth and for
replacement of tissues.
The science or study that deals with
food and nourishment, especially in
humans.
A source of nourishment; food.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
17/56
six major classes of nutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats
Minerals
Protiens
Vitamins
Water
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
18/56
FOOD PYRAMID
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
19/56
Nutrition, nourishment, or aliment, is thesupply of materials - food - required by
organisms and cells to stay alive. In science
and human medicine, nutrition is the scienceor practice of consuming and utilizing foods.
In hospitals, nutrition may refer to the foodrequirements of patients, including
nutritional solutions delivered via an IV
(intravenous) or IG (intragastric) tube.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
20/56
Nutritional science studies how the body breaks food
down (catabolism) and repairs and creates cells and tissue(anabolism) - catabolism and anabolism = metabolism.
Nutritional science also examines how the body responds
to food. In other words, "nutritional science investigates
the metabolic and physiological responses of the body todiet".
As molecular biology, biochemistry and genetics advance,
nutrition has become more focused on the steps ofbiochemical sequences through which substances inside
us and other living organisms are transformed from one
form to another - metabolism and metabolic pathways.
Th h b d i
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
21/56
The human body requires seven
major types of nutrients
A nutrient is a source of nourishment, an
ingredient in a food, e.g. protein,
carbohydrate, fat, vitamin, mineral, fiber and
water. Macronutrients are nutrients we need
in relatively large quantities. Micronutrients
are nutrients we need in relatively small
quantities. Energy macronutrients - theseprovide energy, which is measured either in
kilocalories (kcal) or Joules. 1 kcal = 4185.8
joules.
1 Carbohydrates 4 kcal per
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
22/56
1.Carbohydrates - 4 kcal per
gram Molecules consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Carbohydrates include monosaccharides (glucose,
fructose, glactose), sisaccharides, and polysaccharides
(starch).
Nutritionally, polysaccharides are more favored forhumans because they are more complex molecular sugar
chains and take longer to break down - the more complex
a sugar molecule is the longer it takes to break down and
absorb into the bloodstream, and the less it spikes bloodsugar levels. Spikes in blood sugar levels are linked to
heart and vascular diseases.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
23/56
2. Proteins - 4 kcal per gram
Molecules contain nitrogen, carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen. Simple proteins,
called monomers, are used to create
complicated proteins, called polymers,which build and repair tissue. When used
as a fuel the protein needs to break
down, as it breaks down it gets rid ofnitrogen, which has to be eliminated by
the kidneys.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
24/56
3.Fats - 9 kcal per gram
Molecules consist of carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Fats
are triglycerides - three molecules of
fatty acid combined with a moleculeof the alcohol glycerol. Fatty acids
are simple compounds (monomers)
while triglycerides are complex
molecules (polymers)
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
25/56
4.FIBER
Fiber consists mostly of
carbohydrates. However because
of its limited absorption by thebody, not much of the sugars and
starches get into the blood
stream. Fiber is a crucial part of
essential human nutrition.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
26/56
5.Water
About 70% of the non-fat mass of the human body is water.Nobody is completely sure how much water the human body
needs - claims vary from between one to seven liters per day to
avoid dehydration. We do know that water requirements are very
closely linked to body size, age, environmental temperatures,
physical activity, different states of health, and dietary habits.
Somebody who consumes a lot of salt will require more water
than another person of the same height, age and weight,
exposed to the same levels of outside temperatures, and similar
levels of physical exertion who consumes less salt. Most blanketclaims that 'the more water you drink the healthier your are' are
not backed with scientific evidence. The variables that influence
water requirements are so vast that accurate advice on water
intake would only be valid after evaluating each person
individually.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
27/56
6.Minerals
Dietary minerals are the other chemical elements ourbodies need, apart from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
nitrogen. The term "minerals" is misleading, and would be
more relevant if called "ions" or "dietary ions" (it is a pity
they are not called so). People whose intake of foods is
varied and well thought out - those with a well balanced
diet - will in most cases obtain all their minerals from
what they eat. Minerals are often artificially added to
some foods to make up for potential dietary shortages
and subsequent health problems. The best example of thisis iodized salt - iodine is added to prevent iodine
deficiency, which even today affects about two billion
people and causes mental retardation and thyroid gland
problems. Iodine deficiency remains a serious public
health problem in over half the planet
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
28/56
Potassium
What it does - a systemic (affects entire body)
electrolyte, essential in co-regulating ATP (an
important carrier of energy in cells in the
body, also key in making RNA) with sodium.Deficiency - hypokalemia (can profoundly
affect the nervous system and heart).
Excess - hyperkalemia (can also profoundlyaffect the nervous system and heart).
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
29/56
Chloride
What it does - key for hydrochloric acid
production in the stomach, also important for
cellular pump functions.Deficiency - hypochleremia (low salt levels,
which if severe can be very dangerous for
health).Excess - hyperchloremia (usually no
symptoms, linked to excessive fluid loss).
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
30/56
Sodium
What it does - a systemic electrolyte, and
essential in regulating ATP with potassium.
Deficiency - hyponatremia (cause cells tomalfunction; extremely low sodium can be
fatal).
Excess - hypernatremia (can also cause cellsto malfunction, extremely high levels can be
fatal).
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
31/56
Calcium
What it does - important for muscle, heart and
digestive health. Builds bone, assists in the
synthesis and function of blood cells.
Deficiency - hypocalcaemia (muscle cramps,
abdominal cramps, spasms, and hyperactive deeptendon reflexes).
Excess - hypercalcaemia (muscle weakness,
constipation, undermined conduction of electrical
impulses in the heart, calcium stones in urinarytract, impaired kidney function, and impaired
absorption of iron leading to iron deficiency).
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
32/56
Phosphorus
What it does - component of bones and
energy processing.
Deficiency - hypophosphatemia, an example isrickets.
Excess - hyperphosphatemia, often a result of
kidney failure
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
33/56
Magnesium
What it does - processes ATP and required forgood bones.
Deficiency - hypomagnesemia (irritability of
the nervous system with spasms of the handsand feet, muscular twitching and cramps, and
larynx spasms).
Excess - hypermagnesemia (nausea, vomiting,
impaired breathing, low blood pressure). Very
rare, and may occur if patient has renal
problems.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
34/56
Zinc
What it does - required by several enzymes.
Deficiency - short stature,anemia increased
pigmentation of skin, enlarged liver and
spleen, impaired gonadal function, impairedwound healing, and immune deficiency.
Excess - suppresses copper and iron
absorption.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
35/56
Iron
What it does - required for proteins and
enzymes, especially hemoglobin.
Deficiency - anemia.Excess - iron overload disorder; iron deposits
can form in organs, particularly the heart
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
36/56
ManganeseWhat it does - a cofactor in enzyme
functions.
Deficiency - wobbliness, fainting,hearing loss, weak tendons and
ligaments. Less commonly, can be cause
of diabetes.Excess - interferes with the absorption
of dietary iron.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
37/56
Copper
What it does - component of many redox
(reduction and oxidation) enzymes.
Deficiency - anemia or pancytopenia
(reduction in the number of red and white
blood cells, as well as platelets) and aneurodegeneration.
Excess - can interfere with body's formation of
blood cellular components; in severe casesconvulsions, palsy, and insensibility and
eventually death (similar to arsenic poisoning.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
38/56
Iodine
What it does - required for the biosynthesis of
thyroxine (a form of thyroid hormone).
Deficiency - developmental delays, amongother problems.
Excess - can affect functioning of thyroid
gland.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
39/56
Selenium
What it does - cofactor essential to activity ofantioxidant enzymes.
Deficiency - Keshan disease (myocardial
necrosis leading to weakening of the heart),Kashing-Beck disease (atrophy degeneration
and necrosis of cartilage tissue).
Excess - garlic-smelling breath,gastrointestinal disorders, hair loss sloughing
of nails, fatigue irritability, and neurological
damage.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
40/56
Molybdenum
vital part of three important enzyme systems,xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and sulfite
oxidase. It has a vital role in uric acid formation and
iron utilization, in carbohydrate metabolism, and
sulfite detoxification.
Deficiency - may affect metabolism and blood
counts, but as this deficiency is often alongside
other mineral deficiencies, such as copper, it is hard
to say which one was the cause of the health
problem.
Excess - there is very little data on toxicity,
therefore excess is probably not an issue.
i i
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
41/56
6. VitaminsThese are organic compounds we require in tiny amounts.
An organic compound is any molecule that contains carbon.It is called a vitamin when our bodies cannot synthesize
(produce) enough or any of it. So we have to obtain it from
our food. Vitamins are classified by what they do
biologically - their biological and chemical activity - and nottheir structure.
Vitamins are classified as water soluble (they can dissolve
in water) or fat soluble (they can dissolve in fat). For
humans there are 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E, and K) and 9 water-
soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C) vitamins - a total of 13.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
42/56
Water soluble vitamins need to be consumed
more regularly because they are eliminated
faster and are not readily stored. Urinary
output is a good predictor of water solublevitamin consumption. Several water-soluble
vitamins are manufactured by bacteria.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
43/56
Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed through the
intestines with the help of fats (lipids). They
are more likely to accumulate in the body
because they are harder to eliminate quickly.
Excess levels of fat soluble vitamins are morelikely than with water-soluble vitamins - this
condition is called hypervitaminosis. Patients
with cystic fibrosis need to have their levels offat-soluble vitamins closely monitored.
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/147960.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/147960.php7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
44/56
Vitamin A
chemical names - retinol, retinoids and
carotenoids.
Solubility - fat.Deficiency disease - Night-blindness.
Overdose disease - Keratomalacia
(degeneration of the cornea)
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
45/56
Vitamin B1
chemical name - thiamine.
Solubility - water.
Deficiency disease - beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
Overdose disease - rare hypersensitive
reactions resembling anaphylactic shock whenoverdose is due to injection. Drowsiness.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
46/56
Vitamin B2
chemical name - riboflavinSolubility - water
Deficiency disease - ariboflanisosis
(mouth lesions, seborrhea, andvascularization of the cornea).
Overdose disease - no known
complications. Excess is excreted inurine.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
47/56
Vitamin B3
chemical name - niacin.
Solubility - water.
Deficiency disease - pellagra.
Overdose disease - liver damage, skin
problems, and gastrointestinal
complaints, plus other problems.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
48/56
Vitamin B5
chemical name -pantothenic acid.
Solubility - water.
Deficiency disease - paresthesia (tingling,pricking, or numbness of the skin with no
apparent long-term physical effect).
Overdose disease - none reported.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
49/56
Vitamin B6
chemical name - pyridoxamine, pyridoxal.
Solubility - water.Deficiency disease - anemia, peripheral
neuropathy.
Overdose disease - nerve damage,proprioception is impaired (ability to sense
stimuli within your own body is undermined).
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/147963.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/147963.php7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
50/56
Vitamin B7
chemical name - biotin.
Solubility - water.
Deficiency disease - dermatitis,enteritis.
Overdose disease - none reported
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
51/56
Vitamin B9
chemical name - folinic acid.
Solubility - water.
Deficiency disease - birth defects duringpregnancy, such as neural tube.
Overdose disease - seizure threshold possibly
diminished.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
52/56
Vitamin B12
chemical name - cyanocobalamin,
hydroxycobalamin, methylcobalamin.
Solubility - water.Deficiency disease - megaloblastic anemia (red
blood cells without nucleus).
Overdose disease - none reported.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
53/56
Vitamin C
chemical name - ascorbic acid.
Solubility - water.
Deficiency disease scurvy, which can lead to
a large number of complications.
Overdose disease - vitamin C megadosage diarrhea, nausea, skin irritation, burning
upon urination, depletion of the mineral
copper, and higher risk of kidney stones.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
54/56
Vitamin D
chemical name - ergocalciferol,cholecalciferol.
Solubility - fat.
Deficiency disease - rickets, osteomalacia(softening of bone), recent studies indicate
higher risk of some cancers.
Overdose disease - hypervitaminosis D
(headache, weakness, disturbed digestion,
increased blood pressure, and tissue
calcification).
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
55/56
Vitamin E
chemical name - tocotrienols.
Solubility - fat.
Deficiency disease - very rare, may
include hemolytic anemia in newborn
babies.
Overdose disease - one study reported
higher risk of congestive heart failure.
7/29/2019 My Name Powerpoint
56/56
Vitamin K
chemical name - phylloquinone,
menaquinones.
Solubility - fat.Deficiency disease - greater tendency to
bleed.
Overdose disease - may undermine effects ofwarfarin.