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CELL RESPIRATION

Respiration is the process in which nutrients are convertedinto useful energy in a cell

The main substrate for respiration is glucose

Glucose is obtained from:

Digestion of carbohydrates in humans and animalsThe process of photosynthesis in plants

Respiration at the cellular level is known as cellular

respiration

The process occurs in the mitochondria and cytoplasm ofcells

Respiration involves a series of reactions controlled by

enzymes

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Cellular

respiration

glycolysis

Krebs cycle

Electron

transport

chain

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Respiration

supplies

the energy for

muscle

contraction

germination

cell divisionchemical changes in cells

Some examples of the use

of energy in organisms

10

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Step

coenzy

me

yield

ATP yield Source of ATP

Glycolysis

preparatory phase-2

Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6-phosphate

uses two ATP from the cytoplasm.

Glycolysis pay-off

phase

4 Substrate-level phosphorylation

2 NADH 6 Oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidative

decarboxylation of

pyruvate

2 NADH 6 Oxidative phosphorylation

Krebs cycle

2 Substrate-level phosphorylation

6 NADH 18 Oxidative phosphorylation

2 FADH2 4 Oxidative phosphorylation

Total yield 38 ATP

From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to

carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced

coenzymes.

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Energy release (2x)

During respiration (2x)Rate of respiration increase

Oxygen decrease

CO2 increase

Heartbeat rate increase

During vigorous exercise

Muscle cell need..

More oxygen

And glucose

All the rate is increaseTo pump more blood

Into circulation (2x)

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What is the mostimportant point about

respiration?

(a) it uses oxygen

(b) It produces energy

(c) It produces carbon

dioxide

(d) It needs food and air

Question

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Correct

21

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Incorrect

22

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Normal heartbeat rate is between 60 and 79

beats per minute. During vigorous exercise, the heartbeat rate

increase to 120 beats per minute.

Increase of breathing rate will increase in

ventilation rate.

The rate of gaseous exchange

between alveoli and blood

capillaries.

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When a person is fear

heartbeat rate also

increase.

Higher respiration rate isneeded to produce more

energy. To cope the

process during moment of

distress.

Adrenal gland will secrete

adrenaline hormone.

As hormone produce

increase heartbeat and

breathing rate alsoincrease.

More glucose and oxygen

are supplied to the

muscles.

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Try holding

your breath.

but

most of the timebreathing is controlled

by an autonomic

mechanism

Breathing is an

involuntaryprocess which is

controlled by

respiratory

centre located in

the medulla

oblongata of the

brain.

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When respiration rate increase,

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide increase

Carbon dioxide react with water to formed carbonic acid.

High level of carbonic acid will drop the pH value of blood and body

fluid.

Drop of pH detected by central chemoreceptor in medulla

oblongata.

Central chemoreceptor send nerve impulses to the respiratory

central which is turn the send nerve impulses to the diaphragm andintercostal muscles.

Cause respiratory muscle to contract and relax faster.

Then, increase in breathing and ventilation.

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