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Avj-KziAv‡bi `„wó‡Z my`m~iv Avj-evKvivn

AvqvZ t 275-281(wZb)

Aa¨vcK gynv¤§` kixd ûmvBb

wiev(c~e© cÖKvwk‡Zi ci)f~wgKvAv‡jvP¨ 275 Avqv‡Zi cÖ_gvs‡k AvjøvnZvÕqvjv gvby‡li Rb¨ µq-weµq‡K nvjvj Kivi K_v †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb; Avi wØZxqvs‡k wiev‡K nvivg Kivi K_v Rvwb‡q w`‡q‡Qb| Kv‡diiv Zv‡ì my`x Kvievi‡K AvBbZ êaZv †Ìqvi j‡ÿ¨ hyw³ DÌvcb Ki‡Zv †h, µq-weµq I my`‡Zv GKB| Zviv ej‡Zv gybvdv †hgb AwZwi³ I DØ„Ë Avq, myÌ‡Zv †Zgwb AwZwi³ I DØ„Ë Avq| Zviv ej‡Zv, Ò†Kvb †jvK hw` `k (wìnvg) w`‡q †cvlvK µq K‡i Ges GMv‡iv (wìnv‡gi) wewbg‡q Zv wewµ K‡i Zvn‡j GB AwZwi³ nq nvjvj; Abyiƒcfv‡e †KD hw` `k (wìnvg) †K GMv‡iv (wìnv‡gi) wewbg‡q wewµ K‡i Zvn‡j ZvI nvjvj nIqv DwPZ; KviY G `y‡qi g‡a¨ †hŠw³K †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB| A_ev †KD hw` bM‡` 10 wìnvg g~‡jï †cvlvK evKx‡Z GMv‡iv wìnv‡g wewµ K‡i Zvn‡j Zv êa nq; †Zgwb †KD hw` AvR `k wìnvg GK gvm c‡i †`q GMv‡iv wìnv‡g wewµ K‡i Zvn‡j ZvI êa nIqv DwPZ; KviY Df‡qi g‡a¨ hyw³MÖvn¨ †Kvb Zdvr †bB|Ó1

†Kvb †Kvb ZdmxiKvi g‡b K‡ib, Av‡jvP¨ Avqv‡Z Avjøvn µq-weµq I my‡ì g‡a¨ we`¨gvb D³ mvgÄm¨/wgj A¯^xKvi K‡ibwb; eis Avjøvn †Kej Df‡qi Rb¨ c„_K c„_K ûKzg Rvwi K‡i‡Qb; AšÍwb©wnZ KviY e¨vL¨v bv K‡i †Kej GKwU‡K nvjvj Avi AciwU‡K nvivg †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, Avjøvni G wb‡`©k n‡”Q GKwU Non-rational (ritual) ûKzg hvi Zvrch© I †hŠw³KZv e¨vL¨v Kivi ‡Rbv‡ij †m‡µUvix, BmjvwgK B‡Kvbwg· wimvP© ey¨‡iv, XvKv|

54 Interest – The Quranic View

cÖ‡qvRb †bB| Zuviv e‡jb, Øxb n‡”Q Avjøvni my¯úó ûKzg (bm), GLv‡b †hŠw³KZv Zvjvk Kiv ‰ea bq|GB Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq Be‡b Rwii e‡j‡Qb, GLv‡b Òme©kw³gvb I gnvb Avjøvn `yB ai‡bi DØ„Ë ev AwZwi‡³i K_v e‡j‡Qbt GK aib n‡”Q, µq-weµq †_‡K cÖvß AwZwi³; Avi Aci aib n‡”Q, m¤ú` cÖ`vb wejw¤^Z Kivi wewbg‡q Av‡ivwcZ AwZwi³ Ges evKx cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ wba©vwiZ †gqv`RwbZ AwZwi³| gnvb I me©kw³gvb AvjøvnZvÕqvjv e‡j‡Qb, Òµq-weµ‡qi gva¨‡g cÖvß AwZwi³ Avi wiev wn‡m‡e avh©K…Z AwZwi³ GK I Awfbœ bq; KviY, Avwg µq-weµq‡K nvjvj K‡iwQ Ges wiev‡K nvivg K‡iwQ| m„wó Avgvi, ûKzg Avgvi; Avwg hv PvB ZvB Zv‡ì ûKzg Kwi Ges hv B”Qv Kwi ZvB Zv‡ì cvjb Ki‡Z eva¨ Kwi| Avgvi ûKz‡gi e¨vcv‡i AvcwË Kiv ev Avgvi Av‡`‡ki we‡ivaxZv Kivi †Kvb AwaKvi KviI †bB; Zv‡ì KvR n‡”Q, Avgvi Av‡`k ‡kvbv Ges Zv ‡g‡b Pjv|Ó2 Avj-dLi Avj-ivwh GB Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq e‡j‡Qb †h, Avjøvn †QvÆ GB ev‡Kï gva¨‡g Kv‡di‡ì AvcwËi DËi w`‡q‡Qb| Avjøvni GB Avqv‡Zi Zvrch© n‡”Q, hyw³i w`K †_‡K µq-weµq I wiev g~jZt GKB, wKš‘ Avjøvn GKwU‡K nvjvj K‡i‡Qb Ges AciwU‡K K‡i‡Qb nvivg|Ó3 “The Prohibition of riba is proved by a text (of the Quran). It is not necessary for humanity to know the rationale of duties. Therefore, the prohibition of riba must be regarded as definitely known even though we do not know the rationale of its prohibition.”4

Avj-wbkvcyix GB Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq e‡j‡Qb, Òwiev nvivg, Avjvni my¯úó wb‡`©‡ki gva¨‡g Zv mycÖwZwôZ; Z‡e cÖwZwU wb‡`©‡ki †cQ‡b AšÍwb©wnZ †hŠw³KZv Avgv‡ì Rvb‡Z I eyS‡Z n‡e Zv Riæix bq|Ó5 GB gšÍ‡eï mgv‡jvPbv K‡i ev`vex e‡j‡Qb, ÒweÁvbgq gnvMÖ‡š’ m‡›`n wbim‡b hyw³ I cvëv hyw³ cÖ`k©‡bi †h c×wZ Abym„Z n‡q‡Q Zvi mv‡_ Giƒc gšÍ‡eï †Kvb msMwZ †bB| ZvQvov Avj-KziAvb cÖÁv

Thoughts on Economics 55

(wnKgZ) I DËg Dc‡`‡ki gva¨‡g gvbeRvwZ‡K Avjøvni c‡_ `vIqvZ (AvnŸvb) cÖ`vb Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Q Ges Cgvb‡K cvKv I ewjô Kiv, we‡kl K‡i, nvivg msµvšÍ welq¸‡jv Dcjwä Kivi Rb¨ Avj-KziAvb evi evi we‡eK-eyw×, Ávb-cÖÁv I hyw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i wPšÍv-fvebv Kivi †h ZvwK` K‡i‡Q Zvi mv‡_I GB gšÍ‡eï †Kvb wgj †bB|Ó6

e¯‘Zt M‡elKMY ïiæ †_‡KB µq-weµq nvjvj I wiev nvivg, GB †NvlYvi †hŠw³KZvi Lyu‡R AK¬všÍ cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡q Avm‡Qb| G cÖm‡½ Avj-Kvd&dvj µq-weµq I wievi cv_©K¨ Zz‡j a‡i G Avqv‡Zi Zvrch© e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb, Ò†Kvb †jvK hLb `k UvKvi GKwU †cvlvK wek UvKvq wewµ K‡i ZLb Gi A_© nq we‡µZv D³ †cvlv‡Ki `vg wek UvKv `vex K‡i‡Q| AZtci †µZv-we‡µZv Df‡qB hLb GB `v‡g †cvlvKwU µq-weµq Ki‡Z m¤§Z n‡q hvq ZLb Zvi gv‡b GB ùvovq †h, †µZv-we‡µZv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB wbR wbR we‡ePbvq GKB `v‡gi GKwU e¯‘ µq I weµq Kivi cÖ¯Íve K‡i‡Q| myZivs ejv hvq †h, G‡ÿ‡Î we‡µZv †µZvi wbKU †_‡K wewbgq Qvov †Kvb AwZwi³ †bqwb| wKš‘ we‡µZv hw` `k UvKv‡K wek UvKvi wewbg‡q weµq K‡i Zvn‡j G‡ÿ‡Î we‡µZv `k UvKv AwZwi³ wb‡q‡Q hvi †Kvb KvD›Uvi f¨vjy †m †`q bvB| Avi G K_vI ejv hv‡e bv †h, GB AwZwi³ n‡”Q wej‡¤^ cwi‡kva Kivi Rb¨ cÖ`Ë mg‡qi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy; KviY, mgq †Kvb m¤ú` bq, A_ev mgq Ggb †Kvb e¯‘I bq hv‡K KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv hvq|Ó7 BwZc~‡e© µq-weµ‡qi A_©, msÁv, êwkó¨, µq-weµ‡qi AvIZv-cwiwa I †kªYx-web¨vm, µq-weµ‡q Bbmv‡di gvb`Ê, µq-weµ‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjy wba©vi‡Yi wewa-weavb, gybvdvi A_©, gybvdvi Drm I ‰ewkó¨, gvbe Rxe‡b µq-weµq I gybvdvi ¸iæZ¡ Ges µq-weµq I gybvdv nvjvj nIqvi Zvrch© e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| Av‡jvPbvi avivevwnKZvq GLv‡b wievi A_© I msÁv, Thoughts on Economics, Vol-18, No. 1, January-March 2008 msL¨vq|


wievi AvIZv-cwiwa I †kªYx-web¨vm, wievi Drm, wewfbœ cÖKvi µq-weµ‡q wKfv‡e wiev D™¢~Z nq, wievi êwkó¨ Ges µq-weµq I gybvdvi mv‡_ wievi cv_©K¨mn gvbe Rxe‡b wiev nvivg nIqvi KviY I Zvrch© e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡e|wievi AvwfavwbK A_©wbf©i‡hvM¨ Awfavbmn Avj-KziAv‡bi ZdmxiKvi, nv`xm wekvi`, wdK¡vwe`, ¯‹jvi I A_©bxwZwe` mK‡jB GKgZ ‡h, wiev k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q e„w×, evowZ, AwZwi³, DØ„Ë (surplus), †ekx, m¤cÖmviY, cÖe„w×, DuPz nIqv, dz‡j DVv, jvf (gain), eû¸Y nIqv, Qvwo‡q hvIqv, cvIbvi †P‡q ‡ekx †bIqv, GKw`‡K e„w× Ab¨w`‡K e„w× QvovB BZ¨vw`| weL¨vZ Aviex Awfavb wjmvb Avj-Avie wievi kvwãK A_© wj‡L‡Q, Òe„w×, AwZwi³, m¤cÖmviY I cÖe„w×|Ó8

Avj hvwew` Zuvi ZvR Avj-Avi“m Ges Bgvg ivwMe Avj B¯úvnvwb Zuvi gydiv`vZ Avj-KziAv‡bI wievi GB GKB A_© wj‡L‡Qb| GQvov cÖvPxb ZdmxiKvi‡ì mK‡jB wievi Abyiƒc A_© K‡i‡Qb|9 Advanced-Learner Dictionary-‡Z (1989:564) wiev k‡ãi A_© wjLv n‡q‡Q, “excess, addition and surplus”; Avi wµqvc‡` Gi A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q “to increase, to exceed, to exact more than was due, to practise usury.”10 Lane’s Lexicon wievi A_© wj‡L‡Q, Òto increase, to augment, swelling, forbidden, addition, to take more than what is given, the practising or taking of usury or the like, an excess, or an addition, an addition over and above the principal sum (that is lent or expended).Ó11

Avjvgv gI`~`x e‡j‡Qb †h, Òwiev k‡ãi g~‡j Av‡Q Aviex fvlvi (Ôiv-ev-IqvIÕ) GB wZbwU nid| KziAvb gwR‡` GB g~j †_‡K wbM©Z kãvejx hZ RvqMvq eëüZ n‡q‡Q †mB mKj ¯’v‡bB G †_‡K e„w×, D”PZv, weKvk BZ¨vw`


A_© cvIqv hvq|Ó12 G cÖm‡½ cvwK¯—vb mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i kixqvn Avcx‡jU †e‡Âi HwZnvwmK iv‡q ejv n‡q‡Q, “In the Quran, the word signifies ‘to rise’, ‘at a height’, ‘to increase’, ‘to prosper’, ‘to swell’, ‘to nurture’, ‘to raise’, ‘to grow’, and ‘augmentation’ or ‘increase in power’.” Avevi ejv n‡q‡Q, “Federal Shariat Court records that the term riba, in its various linguistic forms, occurs at about twenty places in the Quran.”13 wb‡gœ Gi K‡qKwU D`vniY †ck Kiv n‡jvt

1| ÒhLb Avgiv Zvi Ici cvwb el©Y Kijvg ZLb Zv m‡ZR n‡jv I dz‡j DV‡jv (ivevZ)|Ó (m~iv Avj nR¡-22:5)

2| ÒAvjvn my`‡K wbwðý K‡i †`b Ges mv`vKvn‡K µge„w× (BDiwe) `vb K‡ib|Ó (m~iv Avj-evKvivn- 2:276)

3| ÒAvevi hLb cveb Avm‡jv ZLb Dcwifv‡M (ivweqvb) †dbvI †R‡M DV‡jv|Ó (m~iv Avj-ivqv`- 13:17)

4| Ò‡hb GK RvwZ Aci RvwZ A‡c¶v AMÖmi (Aviev) n‡q hvq|Ó (m~iv Avj-bvnj- 16:92)

5| ÒwZwb Zv‡ì‡K K‡Vvi-KwVbfv‡e (ivweqvZvb) cvKovI Ki‡jb|Ó (m~iv Avj-nv°vn&- 69:10)

6| ÒGes Zv‡ì‡K (gwiqg I Cmv) GKwU D”P ¯’v‡b (iveIqv‡Zb) Avkªq w`jvg|Ó (m~iv Avj-gy‡gbyb- 23:50)

7| Ò‡jvK‡ì A‡_©i mv‡_ kvwgj n‡q e„w× (BDiwe) cv‡e GRb¨ †Zvgiv †h my` `vI, Zv Avjvni Kv‡Q ev‡o (Bqviey) bv|Ó (m~iv Avj-iƒg- 30:39)

D×„Z AvqvZmg~‡n eëüZ kãvejx †_‡K wZb ai‡bi e„w×i Bw½Z cvIqv hvqt 1) wbR cwigv‡Y e„w×, 2) Zzjbvg~jK e„w× Ges 3) gvbMZ e„w×| mvwg nvgy` e‡j‡Qb, ÒGB e„w× LvuwU fvlvMZ A‡_© †Kvb e¯‘i wbR


cwigvY †e‡o hvIqv n‡Z cv‡i, A_ev `ywU e¯‘i g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e GKwUi cwigvY A‡cÿv AciwUi cwigvY e„w× cvIqv n‡Z cv‡i, A_ev ¸Y-gv‡bi Zzjbvq GKwU e¯‘ Aci GKwU e¯‘ n‡Z DbœZZi nIqvI Gi A_© n‡Z cv‡i|Ó14 Bgvg Avj-Iqvwn`x Ic‡i 1 b¤^‡i D‡jøwLZ AvqvZ e¨vL¨v K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, GLv‡b gvwU Ôdz‡j-DV‡jvÕ‡K ÔivevZÕ ejv n‡q‡Q; G ivevZ ‡_‡K gvwUi wbR¯^ AvK…wZ m¤cÖmvwiZ I e„w× cvIqv A_© cvIqv hvq| Abyiƒcfv‡e 2 b¤^‡i D‡jøwLZ Avqv‡Z ÔBDiweÕ kã Øviv hvKv‡Zi wbR¯^ cwigvY e„w× cvIqv eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wØZxqZ, 4 b¤^‡i D‡jøwLZ Avqv‡Z eëüZ ÔAvievÕ kã Øviv GK RvwZi Zzjbvq Aci RvwZ msL¨vq †ekx Ges gv‡b DbœZi nIqv eySv hvq| GLv‡b cwigvYMZ I gvbMZ Dfq e„w×‡KB eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|15 G cÖm‡½ Avj-Zvevwi e‡j‡Qb, Aviex‡Z mvaviYZ ejv nq †h, AgyK e¨w³ Agy‡Ki †P‡q fvj (Aviev); GB ev‡K¨ ÔAvievÕ kã Øviv gvbMZ AMÖmiZvi K_vI eySv‡bv nq|16 Z…ZxqZ, 5 b¤^‡i D‡jøwLZ Avqv‡Z eëüZ ÔivweqvZvbÕ kã Øviv AvjøvnZvÕqvjv Ab¨vb¨ Acivax‡ì kvw¯Íi Zzjbvq †divD‡bi kvw¯Í †h AwaK KwVb I K‡Vvi wQj ZvB eywS‡q‡Qb|17 G cÖm‡½ Avj-Zvevwi e‡j‡Qb †h, cvnvo‡K ÔivweqvÕ ejv nq; KviY cvnvo f~wgi †P‡q D”PZvq eo|18

ivm~jyjøvni (mt) nv`x‡mI wiev k‡ãi GBiƒc wewfbœ w`K †_‡K e„w× A_© cvIqv hvq| D`vniY¯îƒc, GK nv`x‡m KwZcq mvnvex eY©bv K‡i‡Qb †h, ÒGKevi ivm~jyjøvn (mt) Zuv‡ì LvIqvi `vIqvZ w`‡jb| Zuviv hLb Lvw”Q‡jb ZLb †`L‡jb, Lv`¨ e„w× cv‡”Q| Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ GKRb mvnvex D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †h, cvÎ †_‡K †h cwigvY Lvevi Zz‡j †bIqv nw”Qj, bxP †_‡K Lvevi e„w× †c‡q ZZ cwigvY Avevi c~iY nw”Qj|Ó19 D³ mvnvex GLv‡b ÔivevÕ kã eënvi K‡i‡Qb Ges Gi Øviv Lv‡`ï wbR¯^ cwigvY †e‡o hvIqv‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| Aci GK


nv`x‡m ivm~jyjøvn (mt) e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvj-†di‡`Šm n‡”Q Avj-iveIqvn|Ó20 GLv‡b iveIqvn& kã Øviv Rvbœv‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ ¯’v‡bi Zzjbvq †di‡`Š‡mi DËg I m‡e©v”P nIqv eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|†`Lv hv‡”Q, wiev k‡ãi A‡_©i g‡a¨ Dc‡iv³ wZb ai‡bi e„w×B mwbœwnZ Av‡Q| A_©vr wiev A_© e„w×; GB e„w× cwigvYMZ n‡Z cv‡i, gvbMZ n‡Z cv‡i; e¯‘i wbR cwigvY e„w× cvIqv n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi Aci e¯‘i Zzjbvq cwigvY I ¸YMZfv‡e e„w× cvIqvI Gi A_© n‡Z cv‡i|wewfbœ ag©MÖ‡š’I wievi GB GKB A_© cvIqv hvq| kª‡×q gydvm&‡mi‡ì A‡b‡KB e‡j‡Qb ‡h, Bû`x‡ì Ici †h wiev wbwl× wQj Zv Z`vbxšÍb Avi‡e cÖPwjZ wievi Abyiƒc wQj| Avj-Zvevwi Bû`x‡ì Rb¨ wbwl× wievi e¨vL¨v w`‡q e‡j‡Qb, ÒZviv (Bû`xiv) ‡h wiev MÖnY Ki‡Zv Zv F‡Yi Avmj cwigv‡Yi Ici AwZwi³ wn‡m‡e avh© Kiv n‡Zv|Ó ...FY I µq-weµq †_‡K m„ó `v‡qi Ici avh© Kiv n‡Zv|Ó21

ev`vex G cÖm‡½ ewb CmivBj‡ì g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ wiev (ZIiv‡Z wbwl× wiev) Ges Rv‡njx hy‡M cÖPwjZ (Avj-KziAv‡b wbwl×) wievi Zzjbv K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, Dfq wiev wQj GK I Awfbœ| wZwb e‡j‡Qbt

1) Òewb CmivBj‡ì wiev gy`ªvi Ici avh© Kiv n‡Zv| Avi †mKv‡j mvaviYZ †iŠc¨ I Lv`¨ `ªe¨B wewbg‡qi gva¨g wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡Zv (Avgiv Zv‡ì‡K †iŠc¨ I Mg Øviv FY cÖ`vb KiZvg)| Avj-KziAv‡b wbwl× Rv‡njx wievi †jb‡`bI D³ `yB c‡Y¨B Kiv n‡Zv|

2) ZIiv‡Z Ø¨_©nxb fvlvq wiev‡K wbwl× Kiv n‡qwQj Ges wiev LvIqv‡K K‡Vvi fvlvq wb›`v Kivmn Gi gvivZ¥K cwiYwZ m¤ú‡K© mveavb Kiv n‡qwQj| Gi fvlv I cÖKvk fw½i mv‡_ Avj-KziAv‡bi fvlv I cÖKvk fw½i ûeû wgj cwijwÿZ nq|


3) ZIiv‡Z wiev wbwl× Kivi †cQ‡b AšÍwb©wnZ KviY wQj AwePvi I Ryjy‡gi Aemvb Ges Afv‡ei my‡hv‡M `wi`ª‡ì †kvlY eÜ Kiv| Avj-KziAv‡bI wVK GB GKB D‡Ï‡kï K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| Avjøvn e‡jb, Ò‡Zvgiv Ryjyg K‡iv bv, †Zvgv‡ì IciI Ryjyg Kiv n‡e bv|Ó

4) c~e©eZx©Kv‡j †hme RvwZ Avjøvni Mh‡e c‡o aŸsmcÖvß n‡q‡Q Avj-KziAvb Zv‡ì, we‡kl K‡i, ewb CmivB‡ji BwZnvm Zz‡j a‡i‡Q| GB Avqv‡Z gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ wkÿv I mZK©evYx i‡q‡Q| Avjøvn GLv‡b ¯úó ej‡Qb †h, wievi wb‡lavÁv Agvb¨ Kiv Ges Ab¨vqfv‡e c‡ii m¤ú` fÿY Kiv ‡_‡K weiZ bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y wZwb ewb CmivBj‡ì Rb¨ cweÎ wRwbm¸‡jv nvivg K‡i w`‡q‡Qb hv c~‡e© nvjvj wQj| G‡Z GB Bw½Z i‡q‡Q †h, gymwjgMY hw` Bû`x‡ì gZ AvPiY K‡i Zvn‡j Zv‡ì cwiYwZI ZvB n‡e hv Bû`x‡ì n‡qwQj|Ó

D³ Zzjbvi Øviv ev`vex GB wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ n‡q‡Qb †h, Avj-KziAvb †mB wiev‡KB wbwl× K‡i‡Q hv Bû`x‡ì Rb¨ wbwl× Kiv n‡qwQj| Avi AvRI Bû`x‡ì g‡a¨ †mB wievB Pvjy i‡q‡Q; KviY cÖvPxbKv‡j wievi cÖK…wZ I êwkó¨ hv wQj GLbI ZvB Av‡Q- G‡Z †Kvb cwieZ©b nqwb| Gfv‡e Bû`x‡ì g‡a¨ eZ©gv‡b †h wiev Pvjy Av‡Q Zv n‡”Q, F‡Yi Ic‡i mg‡qi wfwË‡Z avh©K…Z AwZwi³, hwÌ wievi nv‡i cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| myZivs Avj-KziAvb †h wiev‡K wbwl× K‡i‡Q Zv AwZ cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB cwiwPZ wQj|22 M‡elKMY c„w_exi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ag©MÖš’mg~‡n eëüZ wewfbœ kã/cwifvlvi A‡_©i mv‡_ wievi A‡_©i wgj _vKvi K_vI Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|ÓG‡KªvWvm I wWUv‡ivbwg‡Z evB‡ejxq wneª“ fvlvq my`‡K ejv n‡q‡Q Ô†b‡kLÕ; Avi †jwfwUKv‡m ÔUviweUÕ ev ÔgviweUÕ k‡ãi mv‡_B Ô†b‡kLÕ kã emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|23 W. knx` nvmvb wmwÏKx wj‡L‡Qb,


Ò‡b‡kL A_© n‡”Q gain hv A_©, cY¨-mvgMÖx ev †h †Kvb cÖKvi m¤ú`-m¤úwË FY w`‡q Zvi Ici AR©b Kiv nq|Ó24 GbmvB‡K¬v‡cwWqv RyWvBKvq †b‡k‡Li A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q ÔbiteÕ; Avi kãwU FY`vZv KZ…©K my` LvIqv A‡_© eënvi Kiv n‡Zv|25 wievi Bs‡iRx cÖwZkã n‡”Q Interest I Usury. Interest ga¨ hyMxq j¨vwUb kã Interesse †_‡K wbM©Z n‡q‡Q| Avi j¨vwUb kã usura †_‡K G‡m‡Q Usury|26 Interesse A_© n‡”Q Avm‡ji Ici e„w×| Usura gv‡b n‡”Q cÖ`Ë FY †_‡K AwR©Z Dc‡fvM (enjoyment); K¨vbb jÕ‡Z Gi gv‡b n‡”Q A_© avi w`‡q Zvi wewbg‡q Avmj cvIbvi Ici AwZwi³ MÖnY Kiv|27 Encyclopaedia of Religions and Ethics-G ejv n‡q‡Q Usury I Interest kã `ywU GK I Awfbœ A‡_© eënvi Kiv n‡Zv|28

G‡Z AviI ejv n‡q‡Q †h, AZx‡Z KLbI BDmvix‡K AvaywbK Kv‡ji b¨vq D”P nv‡ii B›Uv‡i÷ A‡_© eënvi Kiv n‡Zvbv| The New Encyclopaedia Britannica-q Bs‡iR †`‡k cÖPwjZ c~e©Zb AvBb Abymv‡i ÔBDmvixiÕ e¨vL¨v †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, Òc~e©Zb Bs‡iR AvBb Abymv‡i BDmvixi A_© n‡”Q A_© eënv‡ii ÿwZc~iY, ÿwZc~i‡Yi cwigvY Kg-†ekx hvB †nvK|Ó Encyclopaedia Americana- International Edition (1970)-G ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒB›Uv‡ió n‡”Q A_© eënv‡ii g~j¨ (Charge)| ga¨ hy‡Mi †kl bvMv` F‡Yi Ici Av‡ivwcZ †h †Kvb cwigvY AwZwi³‡KB mvaviYZ BDmvix MY¨ Kiv n‡Zv| Z‡e AwZ mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j AvB‡b Aby‡gvw`Z nvi A‡cÿv D”PZi nvi‡K BDmvix ejv n‡”Q|Ó Encyclopaedia Americana-q ejv n‡q‡Q Òc~‡e© (Previously) BDmvix ejv n‡Zv B›Uv‡ió‡K hv FY`vZv‡K Zvi ÿwZc~iY Kiv eve` †`qv n‡Zv| Aciw`‡K, A_© (ev †Kvb dvwÄej cY¨) eënv‡ii wewbgq wn‡m‡e cÖ`Ë g~j¨‡K ejv n‡Zv BDmvix|Ó Gfv‡eB g~jZt (Originally) BDmvix kã Øviv B›Uv‡i‡ói wfwË‡Z FY ‡jb‡`b Kiv‡KB eySv‡Zv Ges ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi c~e©


ch©šÍ A_© eënv‡ii wewbg‡q M„nxZ Kg-†ekx †h †Kvb cwigvY B›Uv‡ió‡K BDmvix ejv n‡Zv Ges G‡KB BDmywiqvm (my`‡Lvix) AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡Zv| myZivs GK_v ¯úó †h, g~j A‡_©i w`K †_‡K F‡Yi Ici avh©K…Z B›Uv‡ióB n‡”Q BDmvix, BDmvix Qvov Ab¨ wKQz bq| ‡mKv‡j mKj B›Uv‡ió‡K BDmywiqvm e‡j MY¨ Kiv n‡Zv| wKš‘ ciewZ©Kv‡j eëmv-evwY‡Rï m¤cÖmviY NU‡j F‡Yi Pvwn`v e„w× cvq Ges BDmvixi msÁvq cwieZ©b Avbv Acwinvh© g‡b Kiv nq| d‡j 13k kZ‡K hy³iv‡R¨ my`‡K êa K‡i AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq| GB AvB‡b GKUv mywbw`©ó nvi ch©šÍ BDmvix‡K ei`v¯Í Kivi K_v ejv nq Ges AvBb Øviv êaK…Z GB mxgv ch©šÍ BDmvixi nvi‡K B›Uv‡ió bvg †Ìqv nq| GB m~Î a‡iB The Concise Oxford Dictionary-‡Z D”P nv‡ii B›Uv‡ió‡K BDmvix ejv n‡q‡Q| Zuv‡ì cÖ`Ë BDmvixi msÁv n‡”Q, Usury is “the practice of lending money at exorbitant interest, especially at higher interest than is legal.” The New Encyclopaedia Britannica-q B›Uv‡i‡ói msÁvq ejv n‡q‡Q, B›Uv‡ió n‡”Q ÒFY A_ev A_© eënv‡ii wewbg‡q cÖ`Ë `vg|Ó Avi BDmvixi msÁvq ejv n‡q‡Q, Òga¨ hy‡Mi b¨vq Avw_©K F‡Yi Ici AwZ D”P nv‡i B›Uv‡ió avh© Kiv n‡”Q BDmvix| g~jZt AZx‡Z mKj nv‡ii B›Uv‡ió‡KB BDmywiqvm MY¨ Kiv n‡Zv, wKš‘ 13k kZ‡K eëmv-evwYR¨ m¤cÖmvi‡Yi mv‡_ mv‡_ BDmvix‡K bZzbfv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv Riæix n‡q D‡V|ÓmyZivs B›Uv‡ió I BDmvixi g‡a¨ †gŠwjKfv‡e †Kvb cv_©K¨ KL‡bv wQj bv Ges †bB| weªwUk AvB‡b GZ`yf‡qi g‡a¨ †h cv_©K¨ m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q †mUvI †Kej nv‡ii cv_©K¨, PwiÎ I êwkó¨MZ †Kvb cv_©K¨ bq|my` kãwU GB GKB A‡_© eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| Avjvgv gI`~`x wj‡L‡Qb, ÒKziAvb gRx‡` my‡ì cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e wiev kãwU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|Ó29 my` A_© n‡”Q FY w`‡q Avm‡ji Ici AwZwi³ †bIqv| hvKx Avj Øxb


ev`vexI GKBfv‡e e‡j‡Qb †h, Òwiev GK we‡kl ai‡bi AwZwi³‡K eySvq|30

myZivs eyrcwË I kãv‡_©i w`K †_‡K wiev, †b‡kL, UviweU, gviweU, B›Uv‡i÷, BDmvix I my` meKwU kã mgv_©‡evaK| “Riba, Usury and Interest, therefore, have one and the same meaning and have a common factor of pre-determined positiveness.”31

cvwK¯—vb mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i iv‡q ejv n‡q‡Q, “Biaj, neshec, sood, Interest, Usury or riba, whatever name be ascribed to an ‘increase’ ‘addition’, ‘excess’, or ‘gain’, accruing on the principal amount loaned, the notion is practically as old as civilization itself. Essence of the transaction has been and remains a fixed or pre-determined and thus predictable, return for the use of money lent or advanced in a purely time related arrangement”32

wievi cvwifvwlK A_© t GKwU ch©v‡jvPbvwievi kãv_© Z_v AvwfavwbK A‡_©i e¨vcv‡i we‡klÁ‡ì g‡a¨ c~Y© HK¨gZ¨ i‡q‡Q; wKš‘ wievi cvwifvwlK ev †UKwbK¨vj A_© wb‡q ZdmxiKvi, nv`xm wekvi`, wdK¡vnwe`, we‡klÁ ¯‹jvi I A_©bxwZwe`‡ì g‡a¨ e¨vcK gZcv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ nq| wewfbœ ghnv‡e wiev‡K wfbœ wfbœ iƒ‡c msÁvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi Gi d‡j Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z wiev Ges nv`x‡m ewY©Z wiev wfbœ wfbœ iƒ‡c cwiMÖn K‡i‡Q| †Kvb †Kvb ‡ÿ‡Î wievi AvwfavwbK A_© Ges Gi cvwifvwlK A‡_©i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ m„wó n‡q‡Q; GgbwK, GK msÁvi mv‡_ Aci msÁvi Ggb AmsMwZ m„wó n‡q‡Q †h, †h ‡Kvb †jv‡Ki c‡ÿ `yB ci¯úi we‡ivax aviYvi m¤§yLxb n‡q nZeyw× nIqv Qvov †Kvb Dcvq _v‡K bv| d‡j A‡bK ¯‹jvi wievi AvwfavwbK A_©‡K cwinvi K‡i †Kej Gi eënvwiK A‡_©i Ici ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| †KD †KD Avevi Ggbfv‡e wiev‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb †h, wiev bvwmqv msÁvi AvIZvq G‡jI wiev d`j m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c D‡cwÿZ n‡q‡Q; Zviv Avevi B›Uv‡ió I BDmvixi †h A_©, ûeyû †mB GKB A‡_© wiev‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| ‡Kvb †Kvb msÁvq Avevi wievi


AvIZv-cwiwa GZ e¨vcKZv †c‡q‡Q †h, hv wiev bq ZvI Gi AvIZvq G‡m †M‡Q| hv †nvK, GZme wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv G †jLvq m¤¢e bq| GLv‡b †Kej cÖavb cÖavb KwZcq welq Av‡jvPbv Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡e|e¯‘Zt wievi cvwifvwlK A_© Z_v msÁv wb‡q gZwe‡iv‡ai m~Pbv n‡q‡Q †Mvov †_‡KB, mvnvev‡q †Kiv‡gi hy‡MB| ivm~‡ji (mt) Ab¨Zg weÁ mvnvex Be‡b AveŸvm I Zuvi KwZcq mv_x (iv) wiev bvwmqv‡K nvivg g‡b Ki‡Zb| wKš‘ wiev d`j‡K Zuviv ¯^xKviB Ki‡Zb bv| wewfbœ eY©bv †_‡K Rvbv hvq, cieZx©‡Z Zuviv mK‡jB wiev d`j msµvšÍ Zuv‡ì GB gZ cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i wb‡qwQ‡jb; Z‡e GKgvÎ Be‡b AveŸvm (iv) Zuvi GB gZ cÖZ¨vnvi K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j wbwðZ nIqv hvqwb|33 hv ‡nvK, cÖL¨vZ ZdmxiKvi Avj-Rvmvm wiev‡K wiev Avj-K`© (F‡Yi my`) I wiev Avj-eyqy (µq-weµ‡qi my`) bv‡g `yB fv‡M wef³ K‡i c„_K c„_K fv‡e G‡ì msÁv w`‡q‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, FY cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ cÖ`Ë mg‡qi wewbg‡q F‡Yi Avm‡ji Ici avh©K…Z AwZwi³ n‡”Q wiev Avj-K`©| GB wiev‡K wiev Avj-KziAvb, wiev Avj-bvwmqv I wiev Avj-Rvwnwjq¨vZI ejv n‡q‡Q| Aciw`‡K wiev Avj-eyq~‡K wZwb wiev Avj-d`j (e„w× wiev) I wiev Avj-bvmv (mgqMZ wiev) bv‡g `yB fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, mgRv‡Zi †Kvb cY¨ ev gy`ªvi Kg cwigv‡Yi mv‡_ GKB Rv‡Zi †ekx cwigvY cY¨ ev gy`ªv bM`/ZvrÿwYK wewbgq Kiv n‡j wiev-d`j ev e„w× wiev D™¢~Z nq; Avi mgRv‡Zi `ywU cY¨ ev gy`ªvi cwigvY mgvb mgvb K‡i evKx‡Z µq-weµq Kiv n‡j evKxi †gqv` nq wejw¤^Z ev mgqMZ wiev; ZvQvov, wievevnx (Ribawi) Z_v IRb, cwigvc I MYbv‡hvM¨ wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨ ev A_© evKx‡Z µq-weµq Kiv n‡j evKxi †gqv` nq wiev bvmv| Z‡e Giƒc µq-weµq evKx‡Z †nvK ev bM`/ZvrÿwYK wewbgq Kiv ‡nvK G‡Z cwigv‡Y Kg-†ekx Kivi AbygwZ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q, G‡Z e„w× wiev †bB| AwaKvsk dK¡xn


Avevi `vB‡bi (†`bv) Ici avh©K…Z AwZwi³‡K wiev Avj-K`© Gi mv‡_ hy³ K‡i Dfq wiev‡K e‡j‡Qb wiev-Avj `yq~b ev †`bvRvZ wiev| D‡jøL¨ †h, cY¨-mvgMÖx evKx‡Z µq Kiv n‡j evKx _vKv g~j¨‡K ejv nq `vBb; FY †h‡n‡Zz GK ai‡bi evKx µq-weµq †m‡nZz FY‡K `vB‡bi g‡a¨ kvwgj e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq| †mB A‡_© `vBb n‡”Q mvaviY, Avi FY n‡”Q `vB‡bi GKwU aib| GRb¨B K`© I `vB‡bi Ici wiev‡K ejv n‡q‡Q wiev Avj-`yq~b ev `vqRvZ wiev|Bmjvgx AvBb‡eËvMY e‡j‡Qb, wiev n‡”Q AwZwi³ ev e„w×| Avi kixqZ (†dK¡vn) Abymv‡i GB e„w× n‡”Q `yB iKgt GK iKg n‡”Q ÔcwigvYMZ e„w×Õ (Zvdv`yj); Avi wØZxq iKg n‡”Q mgqMZ e„w× (bvmv ev bvwmqv)| wiev msµvšÍ mswkøó nv`xm e¨vL¨v K‡i Bgvg mvivLmx wj‡L‡Qb, Òbexi (mt) evYx ÔGes e„w× (d`j) n‡”Q wievÕ, GLv‡b e„w× n‡”Q, ÔcwigvYMZ e„w×Õ hv cwigv‡ci gva¨‡g wbiƒwcZ nq Ges ÔmgqMZ e„w×Õ hv evKxi wba©vwiZ †gqv` Øviv wbiƒwcZ nq, hw` GK cÿ Zvi gvj ZvrÿwYK bM` cwi‡kva K‡i Avi Aci cÿ Zvi gvj cwi‡kva evKx iv‡L Ges DfqwUB B”QvK…Zfv‡e Kiv nq|Ó “The Prophet’s words, “and the excess (fadl) is riba”, imply (fadl) excess through ‘qadr’ (estimation) and they imply fadl (excess) through a period of delay, with one being delivered on the spot and the other by way of nasiah, and each one of them is intended.”34 Al-Qurtubi says, “In many of the prohibited sales the prohibition is due to excess either in the substance of the property or due to the benefit arising from delay or the like.” 35 BwZc~‡e© µq-weµq m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbvq Dev`v Be‡b mvwgZ (iv) ewY©Z nv`xm D‡jøL K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q †h, D³ nv`x‡m mgRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mev µq-weµ‡qi Rb¨ ivm~jyjøvn (mt), wgmjvb wewgmwjb, mvIqvb wemvIqvwqb I Bqv`vb weBqvw`b kZ© w`‡q‡Qb; Avi c‡Yï RvZ wfbœ wfbœ n‡j Avjøvni ivm~j (mt) B”QvgZ Thoughts on Economics, Vol. 18 No. 01, January-March issue.


(`v‡g) wewµ Kiv I Bqv`vb weBqvw`b kZ© Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| †mLv‡b GZ`msµvšÍ AviI K‡qKwU nv`xm, †hgb, Ôwiev nq bvwmqv‡ZÕ Ô(riba is in nasiah)Õ; Ôbvwmqv wfbœ Ab¨ wKQz‡Z wiev nq bvÕ Ô(there is no riba except in nasiah)Õ; ÒDcw¯’Z c‡Yï mv‡_ Dcw¯’Z cY¨;Ó Òhv Dcw¯’Z Av‡Q Zvi mv‡_ hv Dcw¯’Z †bB Zv wewbgq K‡iv bv;Ó Òhv nv‡Z nv‡Z (Bqv`vb weBqvw`b) Zv‡Z †Kvb †`vl †bB, wKš‘ hv bvwmqv Zv wievÓ BZ¨vw` D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Av‡jvPbvq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Bmjvgx AvBb‡eËvMY D³ nv`xm¸‡jvi AvÿwiK A_© MÖnY K‡i‡Qb Ges Zvi wfwË‡Z µq-weµ‡qi weavb ùvo Kwi‡q‡Qb| cÖ_gZ, Zuviv Dev`v Be‡b mvwgZ ewY©Z nv`x‡m mgRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mev µq-weµ‡qi †ÿ‡Î D‡jøwLZ wgmjvb wewgmwjb ev gvbMZ mgZvi kZ©‡K D‡cÿv K‡i ‡M‡Qb Ges Bqv`vb weBqvw`b (nv‡Z nv‡Z) k‡Z©i A_© K‡i‡Qb bM` ZvrÿwYK †jb‡`b| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, Avjøvni ivm~j (mt) mgRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mev µq-weµ‡q Dfq c‡Yï cwigvY mgvb mgvb I bM` ZvrÿwYK †jb‡`b Kiv, G `yÕwU kZ© w`‡q‡Qb| Avi GB k‡Z©i wfwË‡ZB mgRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mev µq-weµ‡qi †dK¡nx weavb w¯’i Kiv n‡q‡Q| weav‡b ejv n‡q‡Qt

Ô†µZv-we‡µZv Df‡qi cY¨ ev A_© hw` GKB RvZfz³ nq Zvn‡j gvbMZ cv_©K¨ _vKv m‡Ë¡I Dfq cY¨ ev A‡_©i cwigvY mgvb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †jb‡`b ZvrÿwYK bM` GKB êV‡K m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|Õ

wØZxqZ, wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mev µq-weµ‡qi †ÿ‡Î dK¡xnMY, Ò‡Zvgiv B”QvgZ (`v‡g) wewµ Ki‡Z cviÓ- GB kZ©‡K D‡cÿv K‡i †Kej Bqv`vb weBqvw`b (nv‡Z nv‡Z) k‡Z©i Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb; Zuv‡ì g‡Z, GLv‡b †Kej bM` ZvrÿwYK †jb‡`‡bi (Bqv`vb


weBqvw`b) GKwU gvÎ kZ© †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| AZtci GB k‡Z©i wfwË‡ZB wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨ ev A_© µq-weµ‡qi †dK¡nx weavb †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| weav‡b ejv n‡q‡Qt

Ô†µZv I we‡µZvi cY¨ ev A‡_©i RvZ hw` wfbœ wfbœ nq Zvn‡j Dfq cY¨ ev A‡_©i wewbgq ZvrÿwYK, bM` GKB ‰eV‡K m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|Õ

Dc‡iv³ †dK¡nx weavb j•Nb K‡i µq-weµq Kiv n‡j wKfv‡e wiev D™¢~Z nq Zvi e¨vL¨v K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q †h, †µZv-we‡µZv hw` mgRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mev µq-weµ‡qi Dc‡iv‡jøwLZ weavb j•Nb K‡i Ges †Kvb cY¨, gy`ªv ev †mevi Kg cwigv‡Yi mv‡_ GKB Rv‡Zi cY¨, gy`ªv ev †mevi †ekx cwigvY ZvrÿwYK bM` wewbgq K‡i Zvn‡j cY¨ ev A‡_©i AwZwi³ cwigvY n‡e Zvdv`yj ev wiev d`j| D`vniY¯îƒc, hw` Zviv 1 †KwR †LRy‡ii mv‡_ 2 †KwR †LRyi bM` wewbgq K‡i Zvn‡j wØZxq cÿ KZ©„K cÖ`Ë AwZwi³ 1 †KwR †LRyi n‡e Zvdv`yj ev wiev d`j| `yÕR‡bi †LRy‡ii gvbMZ ZviZg¨ _vKzK ev bv _vKzK Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB GB evowZ 1 †KwR n‡”Q wiev|Avevi †µZv-we‡µZv hw` Zv‡ì cY¨ ev A‡_©i cwigvY mgvb mgvb (1:1) K‡i Ges Zv evKx‡Z µq-weµq K‡i Zvn‡j evKxi †gqv` n‡e wiev bvmv| D`vniY¯îƒc, we‡µZv hw` 1 †KwR †LRyi Pzw³i mg‡qB ZvrÿwYK n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i; Avi †µZv Zvi 1 †KwR †LRyi cieZx© †Kvb wba©vwiZ w`‡b (aiv hvK, GK gvm ci) cwi‡kva Ki‡e e‡j Dfq cÿ mve¨¯Í K‡i, Zvn‡j evKxi GB †gqv` (1 gvm) n‡e ÔbvmvÕ ev wiev bvwmqv|Avevi †µZv-we‡µZv hw` †Kvb cY¨, gy`ªv ev †mev GKB Rv‡Zi cY¨, gy`ªv ev †mevi mv‡_ cwigv‡Y Kg-†ekx K‡i evKx‡Z µq-weµq K‡i Zvn‡j GK c‡ÿi cY¨, gy`ªv ev A‡_©i evowZ cwigvY nq Zvdv`yj ev wiev d`j; Avi Aci c‡ÿi evKxi †gqv` nq bvmv ev wiev bvwmqv| A_©vr


G‡ÿ‡Î GKB †jb‡`‡b Zvdv`yj I bvmv, Dfq wievi D™¢e N‡U| GK cÿ †bq Zvdv`yj Avi Acicÿ cvq ÔbvmvÕ| D`vniY¯îƒc, aiv hvK, †µZv w`j 1 †KwR †LRyi bM`, Avi we‡µZv 2 †KwR †LRyi 1 gvm c‡i cwi‡kva Ki‡e e‡j Df‡q mve¨¯Í Ki‡jv| GLv‡b we‡µZv KZ©„K cÖ`Ë AwZwi³ 1 †KwR n‡jv Zvdv`yj; GB e„w× †c‡jv †µZv; Aciw`‡K 1 gvm mgq n‡jv bvmv hv we‡µZvi fv‡M G‡jv|| ‡KD †KD e‡j‡Qb, Zvdv`yj I bvmv n‡”Q, GKwU AciwUi cÖwZg~j¨ ev KvD›Uvi f¨vjy| “Fadl and nasiah are counter values for each other.” 36

wievi GB e¨vL¨v w`‡Z wM‡q K`© ev FY‡K GK Rv‡Zi cY¨ ev A‡_©i evKx µq-weµq †_‡K Avjv`v wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q| †KD †KD Avevi K`© I K‡`© nvmvbvni g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kivi cÖqvm ‡c‡q‡Qb| ejv n‡q‡Q, K`© n‡”Q K‡`© nvmvbvn (good loan) I mv`vKvn| G‡Z MÖnxZv Zvi g~j¨ cÖ`vb wba©vwiZ mg‡qi Rb¨ ¯’wMZ/evKx iv‡L, Avi GB mg‡qi wewbg‡q AwZwi³ cÖ`vb Kivi †Kvb wbqg †bB| d‡j MÖnxZv K‡`©i A_© eënv‡ii gva¨‡g Zvi cÖ‡qvRb c~iY K‡i I DcK…Z nq; wKš‘ Gi wewbg‡q AwZwi³ wKQz Zv‡K w`‡Z nq bv| Aciw`‡K FY`vZv GRb¨ Avjøvni KvQ †_‡K cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡i, cvw_©e wewbg‡qi Zzjbvq hv AwZ DËg| ZvQvov MÖnY Kivi ciciB K`© hw` ZvrÿwYK †diZ w`‡Z n‡Zv Zvn‡j Gi Øviv MÖnxZvi cÖ‡qvRb wKfv‡e c~iY n‡Zv! gvbyl Zvn‡j wK Rb¨ K`© MÖnY Ki‡Zv! GB Kvi‡Y bex Kixg (mt) e‡j‡Qb, K‡`©i mIqve n‡”Q AvVv‡iv ¸Y, Avi mv`vKvni mIqve n‡”Q `k ¸Y| myZivs gy`ªv I cY¨ evKx µq-weµq I K`© GK bq; K‡`©i w¯úwiU I D‡Ïk¨ †_‡K evKx µq-weµq I mi‡di (gy`ªvi evKx µq-weµq) w¯úwiU I D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| K‡`©i †ÿ‡Î K`© cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ mgq _vKv cÖK…wZ m¤§Z, ¯^vfvweK I eva¨Zvg~jK| Acic‡ÿ cY¨ ev gy`ªv evKx‡Z µq-weµ‡q g~j¨ cÖ`vb ¯’wMZ ivLv kixq‡Zi `„wó‡Z m¤ú~Y© A¯^vfvweK I A‰ea| GUv


wKQz‡ZB Kvg¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv| GB hyw³‡Z K`© ev F‡Yi †ejvq bvmv ev bvwmqv‡K Acwinvh© I Aby‡gvw`Z e‡j ivq †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| †KD †KD Avevi e‡j‡Qb †h, A‡_©i mvaviY F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î GB Aby‡gv`b cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, A‡_©i mvaviY FY I K‡`© nvmvbvn GK bq| KviY, mvaviY K‡`© †gqv` wba©vwiZ _v‡K; wKš‘ K‡`© nvmvbvnq †gqv` wba©vwiZ _v‡K bv| myZivs A_© Øviv mvaviY FY cÖ`vb Kiv n‡j F‡Yi †gqv` nq bvmv, Avi F‡Yi Ic‡i AwZwi³ avh© Kiv n‡j Zv nq Zvdv`yj| Gfv‡e A‡_©i Øviv cÖ`Ë †h †Kvb my`wfwËK F‡Y `yB ai‡bi wiev D™¢~Z nq| “Thus an ordinary loan transaction with interest involves both riba al-nasiah and riba al-fadl; riba fadl is being paid for riba al-nasiah.” 37

GK_vI ejv n‡q‡Q †h, F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wiev d`j n‡”Q F‡Yi mgq ev †gqv‡ì Potential benefit-Gi g~j¨ ev counter value. 38

mgRv‡Zi hveZxq cY¨-mvgMÖx I A‡_©i evKx µq-weµq wbwl× Ges cY¨-mvgMÖx I A_© Øviv FY cÖ`vb Kiv A‰ea; GB weavb ev¯ÍeZvi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K Ges ev¯Íe mgm¨v‡K RwUj K‡i ‡Zv‡j, GRb¨ †Kvb †Kvb ghnv‡e Avevi nv`x‡m D‡jøwLZ QqwU cY¨mn IRb, cwigvc I MYbvi gva¨‡g µq-weµq Kiv nq Ggb mKj cY¨‡K wievevnx cY¨ (ribawi materials) AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges G¸‡jvi †Kvb GKwUi mv‡_ GKB Rv‡Zi c‡Yï evKx µq-weµq wbwl× e‡j ivq ‡Ìqv n‡q‡Q| †Kvb †Kvb ghnv‡e Avevi †mvbv‡K G‡_‡K c„_K K‡i ¯^Y© Øviv FY †jb‡`b‡K êa Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Kvb †Kvb ghnv‡e G‡ÿ‡Î Avi GK ai‡bi mgqMZ wievi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| GB gZvbymv‡i Pzw³‡Z wba©vwiZ wejw¤^Z mgq n‡”Q wiev bvwmqv ev bvmv; wKš‘ Pzw³Kv‡j †Kvb GK c‡ÿi cY¨ ev A_© Dcw¯’Z bv _vK‡j A_ev Pzw³ Kivi ci †Kvb Kvi‡Y cY¨ ev A_© ci¯úi n¯ÍvšÍi bv K‡iB hw` †µZv-we‡µZv GKRb Avi GKRb †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q hvq Zvn‡j G ai‡bi mgqMZ e„w× D™


¢~Z nq| mg‡qi GB e„w×‡K ejv n‡q‡Q `LjMZ wiev ev wiev Avj-Bqv`| Z‡e AwaKvsk dK¡xn& g‡b K‡ib †h, wiev bvmv (mgqMZ wiev) I wiev Avj-Bqv` (`LjMZ wiev) Avm‡j GKB, DfqUvB wejw¤^Z mgq ev mgqMZ e„w× ev wiev bvmv| Be‡bj Kvwq¨g mgqMZ e„w×‡K e‡j‡Qb cÖ”Qbœ wiev (Covert, Concealed or hidden riba); Avi ewa©Z cwigvY‡K e‡j‡Qb cÖKvk¨ wiev (Overt or manifest riba)| Zuvi g‡Z, cÖKvk¨ wiev wbwl×; Avi cÖKvk¨ wievi c_ iæ× Kivi Rb¨B cÖ”Qbœ wiev‡K wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q|39 AZtci wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mev µq-weµq cÖm‡½ ejv n‡q‡Q †h, G‡ÿ‡Î Ic‡i D‡jøwLZ mswkøó weav‡b cwigvY mgvb mgvb Kivi kZ© ‡bB| myZivs wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mevi bM` µq-weµ‡q wiev nq bv; Z‡e IRb, cwigvc ev MYbvi gvb`‡Û wgj Av‡Q Ggb `ywU cY¨, A_© ev †mev µq-weµ‡q †Kvb GK c‡ÿi g~j¨ cÖ`vb evKx ivLv n‡j †mB evKxi †gqv` nq bvmv ev wiev bvwmqv| GRb¨ Zviv wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I ‡mevi evKx µq-weµq wbwl× e‡j ivq w`‡q‡Qb| Z‡e Zuv‡ì g‡Z, evB-mvjvg (AwMÖg µq-weµq) evB-BmwZmbv (Av‡`k µq), evB-†gvqv¾j (evKx µq-weµq)-Gi Abyg‡gv`b n‡”Q mvaviY wbq‡gi e¨wZµg|40 Be‡b iæk` Rv‡njx hy‡M cÖPwjZ wiev QvovI cvIbvi n«vmK…Z Ask‡K wiev e‡j‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, Òwba©vwiZ w`‡bi c~‡e© cvIbv cwi‡kva Kivi k‡Z© hw` cvIbvi cwigvY Kwg‡q †Ìqv nq, Zvn‡j cvIbvi †mB n«vmK…Z cwigvY n‡”Q wiev|Ó41 wZwb e‡j‡Qb, wewbgq wiev (wiev Avj-eyq~) mKj cÖKvi µq-weµ‡qB n‡Z cv‡i|42

Be‡b nvwg e‡j‡Qb, wiev nq †Kej µq-weµq I F‡Y ev mvjv‡g (AwMÖg µq-weµ‡q)| 43 †gvU K_v †dK¡vn kv‡¯¿ µq-weµ‡qi †h me wewa-weavb †Ìqv n‡q‡Q Zvi †Kvb kZ© ev kZ©vejx j•Nb Ki‡j †mB µq-weµ‡q wiev D™¢~Z nq; KLbI nq Zvdv`yj, Avi KLbI nq bvmv ev bvwmqv| GB `„wófw½ mvg‡b †i‡L wewfbœ ghnv‡e


wewfbœ fvlvq wievi msÁv †Ìqv n‡q‡Q; Gi g‡a¨ nvbvdx I kvdx ghnv‡e cÖ`Ë msÁvB D‡jøL‡hvM¨|nvbvdx ghnv‡e wievi msÁvq ejv n‡q‡Q, Òwiev n‡”Q µq-weµ‡q cÖwZg~‡jï (Counter Value) Ici avh©K…Z AwZwi³ hvi †Kvb cÖwZg~j¨ †bB|Ó Riba is “the excess which lacks a counter value in sale”.44 nvbvdx ghnv‡ei Aci KwZcq dK¡xn wiev d`j I wiev bvwmqv‡K c„_K c„_Kfv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, wiev d`j n‡”Q, Òµq-weµ‡q †Kvb GK w`‡Ki m¤ú‡ì wfwË‡Z AvBbZ MÖnY‡hvM¨ gvb`Û Z_v IRb I cwigv‡ci wfwË‡Z Av‡ivwcZ AwZwi³ (excess)| Avi wiev Avj-bvwmqv (ev Avj-bvmv) n‡”Q, †gqv` ev mgqMZ e„w× hv ZvrÿwYK wewbg‡qi †P‡q evKx‡Z wewbg‡q cÖ`Ë ewa©Z mgq ev †gqv` Ges †`bvi cwigv‡Yi e„w×, hLb wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi IRb ev cwigvc‡hvM¨ cY¨, A_ev KLbI IRb I cwigvc Kiv nq bv Ggb mgRv‡Zi cY¨ evKx‡Z µq-weµq Kiv nq Ges †`bvi cwigvY e„w× Kiv nq|Ó Riba fadl “is the excess stipulated in the sale in the corpus of wealth on the basis of a legal standard, which is measure or weight. Riba nasiah (or nasa) is the excess in the period over immediate exchange and excess of the debt over the thing in measurable or weighable items when there is a lack of unity of species, or in things that are neither measured nor weighted when there is a unity of species.”45

kvdx ghnv‡e ejv n‡q‡Q, Òcwifvlv wn‡m‡e wiev Øviv Ggb Pzw³‡K eySvq †hLv‡b †Kvb GKwU e¯‘ Aci †Kvb wbw`©ó e¯‘i mv‡_ wewbgq Kiv nq wKš‘ AvBbZ MÖnY‡hvM¨ †Kvb cwigvc gvb`‡Ûi gva¨‡g Gi cwigvYMZ mgZv weav‡bi welqwU Pzw³Kv‡j AÁvZ †_‡K hvq A_ev ‡hLvb `ywU ev †Kvb GKwU cÖwZg~‡jï n¯ÍvšÍi wejw¤^Z Kiv nq|Ó The Shafiis define it “as a term for the contract of exchange of one counter value with another that is specific, but whose likeliness according to a legal standard of measurement is not known during the contract, or when there is a delay in the (exchange of the) counter values or one of them.”46


Ab¨vb¨ ghnv‡e (gv‡jKx I nv¤^jx) wievi †h msÁv †Ìqv n‡q‡Q Zvi †KvbwU nvbvdx ghnv‡ei msÁvi mv‡_ †KvbwU ev kvdx ghnve cÖ`Ë msÁvi mv‡_ wg‡j hvq| ZvB †m¸‡jvi D‡jøL Kivi ìKvi nq bv|Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvq wievi †dK¡nx msÁv m¤ú‡K© †h aviYv cvIqv †Mj Zvi mvi K_v ùvov‡”Qt

FY cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ cÖ`Ë mgq wiev bq, eis FY cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ mgq _vKv n‡”Q cÖK…wZ m¤§Z, ¯^vfvweK I Acwinvh©;

Z‡e F‡Yi Avm‡ji Ici avh©K…Z AwZwi³ n‡”Q wiev bvwmqv;

mgRv‡Zi cY¨ ev A‡_©i †ÿ‡Î Dfq c‡ÿi cY¨ ev A‡_©i cwigvY mgvb mgvb K‡i evKx‡Z µq-weµq Kiv n‡j evKxi †gqv` nq wiev bvmv ev bvwmqv;

mgRv‡Zi cY¨ ev A_© cwigv‡Y Kg-†ekx Ges †mB mv‡_ evKx n‡j, evKxi †gqv` nq bvmv ev bvwmqv Avi evowZ cwigvY nq Zvdv`yj ev wiev d`j;

mgRv‡Zi cY¨ ev A_© bM` wewbg‡qi †ÿ‡Î cwigv‡Y Kg-†ekx Kiv n‡j evowZ cwigvY nq wiev d`j G‡ÿ‡Î †gqv` I e„w× `y‡UvB nq wiev;

wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨ ev A‡_©i bM` µq-weµ‡q ‡Kvb wiev nq bv;

†`bv cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ cÖ`Ë †gqv` wiev bq, Z‡e †`bvi Ici avh©K…Z AwZwi³ n‡”Q wiev;

wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨ ev A_© evKx‡Z µq-weµq Kiv n‡j evKxi †gqv` nq wiev bvmv ev bvwmqv|

B, Gg, b~i welqwU Mfxifv‡e cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i‡Qb Ges Zvi W±ivj wWmv‡U©k‡b mvwe©K wel‡qi Ici GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv wj‡L‡Qb| Zuvi e³‡eï mvi ms‡ÿc n‡”Qt F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †Ìqv I †bIqvi gv‡S mg‡qi eëavb‡K ev` w`‡q


†Kej Avm‡ji Ici AwZwi³‡K wiev ejv n‡q‡Q; Aciw`‡K mgRv‡Zi cY¨ I A_© evKx µq-weµ‡q mg‡qi eëavb‡K ejv n‡q‡Q wiev| G‡Z GKB wRwbm‡K GKevi Aby‡gv`b Kiv n‡q‡Q Avevi Zv‡K evwZj Kiv n‡q‡Q, GUv ci¯úi we‡ivax| ZvQvov, mgRv‡Zi cY¨ ev A‡_©i evKx µq-weµ‡q mg‡qi eëavb n‡”Q wiev bvmv/bvwmqv, Avi evowZ cwigvY n‡”Q wiev d`j| Gfv‡e mg‡qi eëavb I e¯‘MZ e„w×‡K AvBbMZfv‡e GKB ch©v‡q MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q hv †evaMg¨ bq| Z`ycwi Zvdv`yj‡K ejv n‡q‡Q bvmvi Potential benefit-Gi counter value; G K_v †g‡b wb‡j mg‡qi g~j¨‡K (Time value of money) cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kivi †Kvb hyw³B Avi Aewkó _v‡K bv|47 Gici K‡`©i †ÿ‡Î mgq wba©vwiZ _v‡K Avi K‡`© nvmvbvnq mgq wba©vwiZ _v‡K bv e‡j G `yB‡qi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q; wKš‘ wewkó dK¡x‡ì g‡Z Zv h_v_© bq e‡j cÖwZfvZ nq| KviY, Zuv‡ì g‡Z, FYI GK cÖKvi †`bv hv mgRv‡Zi cY¨ I A_© µq-weµq †_‡K m„wó nq| Avi evKx µq-weµ‡q ‡`bv cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` wba©viY Kiv †Kej êa bq, RiæixI| Avj-KziAv‡bi AvqvZ Øviv Zv mycÖwZwôZ (2t282)|48

m‡e©vcwi, wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨ ev A‡_©i evKx µq-weµq wbwl× g‡g© hv ejv n‡q‡Q Zv ¯^qs ivm~jyjøvn (mt), mvnvev‡q †Kivg I gymwjg mgv‡R G hver P‡j Avmv AvPi‡Yi cwicš’x|G m¤ú‡K© nvbvdx ghnv‡ei wewkó dK¡xe„›` e‡j‡Qb †h, wbwl× n‡”Q, g~‡jï Ic‡i evowZ (addition) ev AwZwi³ (excess) hv Avj-d`j wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ A_ev AwZwi‡³i AwaKvi AR©b Kiv wej‡¤î wewbg‡q hv‡K bvwmqv ejv nq| “the prohibited thing is the addition or excess in valuation which is known as al-fadl or in appointment of the right which is delayed and called nasiah.”49 F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î FY`vZv ev Avm‡ji gvwjK Pzw³i gva¨‡g Zvi AwaKvi wn‡m‡e AwZwi‡³i m„wó K‡i| wKš‘ Abyiƒc †Kvb Pzw³ Qvov †Kej evKx µq-weµq A_ev †Kvb GK c‡ÿi cY¨ n¯ÍvšÍi wejw¤^Z Kiv n‡j Zv‡Z †Kvb


AwZwi³ ev AwZwi‡³i AwaKvi m„wó nq bv|50 myZivs mywbw`©ó cY¨ µq-weµ‡q (evKx bM` hvB †nvK) †Kvb wiev nq bv|GQvov Ab¨vb¨ AwaKvsk wdK¡vn we‡klÁ GKBfv‡e e‡j‡Qb †h, wbwl× wRwbm n‡”Q Avj-d`j ev cwigvY Øviv wbiƒwcZ AwZwi³ (excess) hv Avj-d`j ev e¯‘MZ e„w× (Physical increment)| mywbw`©ó ÷¨vÛv‡W©i †Kvb cY¨ GKB Rv‡Zi c‡Yï wewbg‡q evKx‡Z weµq Kiv n‡j, hv mi‡di wecixZ, Zv ‰ea µq-weµq e‡j we‡ewPZ nq| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, kixq‡Zi mvaviY weav‡bi mv‡_ msMwZi (wKqv‡mi qiyas) wfwË‡ZB GB gZ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q; KviY, kixq‡Zi mvaviY weavb n‡”Q, mKj µq-weµq êa|51

G wel‡q †gŠwjK †h welqwU D‡jøL Kiv Avek¨K Zv n‡”Q, FY I mgRv‡Zi cY¨ ev A‡_©i evKx µq-weµq wK wfbœ wfbœ ai‡bi µq-weµq, bvwK GKB ai‡bi µq-weµ‡qi c„_K c„_K bvg gvÎ? Avm‡j DfqwU GKB µq-weµq| F‡Y AvR †h gv‡bi, †h wRwbm hZ cwigvY †Ìqv nq fwel¨‡Z Abyiƒc wRwbm mgcwigv‡Y †diZ †bIqv nq| Aciw`‡K, mgRv‡Zi cY¨ ev A_© evKx µq-weµ‡qi †ÿ‡ÎI AvR 1 †KwR Bwi-20 av‡bi Pvj †bIqv n‡j fwel¨‡Z GKB RvZ I gv‡bi 1 †KwR Pvj †diZ ‡bIqv nq| GRb¨B dK¡xMY e‡j‡Qb, FY n‡”Q mgRv‡Zi dvwÄej c‡Yï evKx µq-weµq| FY I mgRv‡Zi cY¨ ev A_© µq-weµq GKB µq-weµq| ev¯Í‡e GK Rv‡Zi cY¨ ev A_© evKx µq-weµ‡qi GKUvB aib Av‡Q, Avi Zv n‡”Q FY| GQvov GKRv‡Zi cY¨ ev A‡_©i AviI KwZcq †jb‡`b Av‡Q; †m¸‡jv n‡”Q Avwiq¨vn, AvgvbZ, Avj-Iqvw`qvn BZ¨vw`, hvi ‡KvbUvB µq-weµq bq| (G wel‡q c‡i we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|) myZivs FY †_‡K GK Rv‡Zi cY¨ ev A‡_©i evKx µq-weµq‡K Avjv`v Kivi †Kvb Dcvq †bB| Z‡e weÁ dK¡xMY A_© I Ab¨vb¨ c‡Yï g‡a¨ we`¨gvb cv_©‡Kï Av‡jv‡KB nq‡Zv GKRv‡Zi A‡_©i †jb‡`b‡K FY e‡j‡Qb Ges GK Rv‡Zi c‡Yï evKx µq-weµq‡K evKx µq-


weµq e‡j‡Qb| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e FY A‡_©i Øviv †Ìqv hvq; Avi Ab¨vb¨ cY¨, we‡kl K‡i, dvwÄej c‡Yï ØvivI FY †Ìqv hvq| FY A‡_© †Ìqv nq, Pv‡j †Ìqv nq, Wv‡j †Ìqv nq Ges mKj dvwÄej c‡Y¨ †Ìqv nq| myZivs A‡_©i FY I c‡Yï F‡Yi g‡a¨ †gŠwjK †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB| myZivs F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î bvmv †hgb ¯^vfvweK I Acwinvh©, ‡Zgwb GKRv‡Zi c‡Yï evKx µq-weµ‡qI bvmv ¯^vfvweK I Acwinvh©| Abyiƒcfv‡e †gŠwjK G K_vwUI D‡jøL Kiv ìKvi ‡h, `vBb (‡`bv) I wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi c‡Yï evKx µq-weµq Avm‡j Avjv`v-Avjv`v wKQz bq; eis DfqwUB GK I Awfbœ| dK¡xnMY e‡j‡Qb, wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi c‡Yï evKx µq-weµq †_‡K `vBb m„wó nq| myZivs `vB‡bi †ÿ‡Î bvmv Aby‡gvw`Z Ges bvmvi wewbg‡q `vB‡bi Ici avh©K…Z AwZwi³ nq wiev bvwmqv; Avi wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨ evKx µq-weµq wbwl×; KviY evKxi †gqv` n‡PQ bvmv hv wbwl× - Giƒc cv_©K¨ Kivi †Kvb AeKvk †bB| e¯‘Zt wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨ evKx µq-weµ‡qi aib¸‡jv n‡”Q, evB-†gvqv¾j (evKx µq-weµq), evB-gyivevnv wej AvRj (evKx gyivevnv), evB-mvjvg (AwMÖg µq-weµq), evB-BmwZmbv (Av‡`k µq) I BRvivn|| dK¡xnMY Gme µq-weµq‡K mvaviY wbq‡gi e¨wZµg wn‡m‡e Aby‡gv`b Kivi K_v e‡j‡Qb Ges Gme †ÿ‡Î evKxi ‡gqv` ev bvmv wiev bq e‡j ivq w`‡q‡Qb| e¯‘Zt wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨ evKx µq-weµ‡qi Dc‡iv³ aib KqwUi evB‡i Avi †Kvb aibB †bB| myZivs me KqwU aiib‡K Aby‡gvw`Z ejvi ci wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨ ev A_© evKx µq-weµq wbwl× Ges bvmv n‡”Q wiev GK_v ejvi Avi ‡Kvb my‡hvM †bB| Z‡e G¸‡jvi evB‡i Av‡Q evB Avj-mid ev wfbœ Rv‡Zi gy`ªv µq-weµq Ges wdDPvm© I Acmbm| nvwkg Kvgvwj we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, wiev I Nvivi gy³ Gme µq-weµq m¤ú~Y© êa| c‡i we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|


me‡P‡q eo K_v n‡”Q, nv`x‡m D‡jøwLZ ÔBqv`vb weBqvw`bÕ Awfe¨w³wU‡K AvÿwiK A‡_© MÖnY Kivi Kvi‡YB evKx µq-weµq‡K wbwl× Ges evKxi †gqv`‡K wiev bvmv ejv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ BwZc~‡e© µq-weµq ch©v‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, Bqv`vb weBqvw`b-Gi cªK…Z A_© n‡”Q, wbiƒcb, wba©viY I wbwðZ KiY Ges cvi¯úwiK †j‡b‡`b Kiv, hv bM` ZvrÿwYK n‡Z cv‡i Ges evKx‡Z cieZ©x wba©vwiZ mg‡qI n‡Z cv‡i| AZtci evKx µq-weµq wbwl× Ges evKxi †gqv` (bvmv) n‡”Q wiev Giƒc ejvi Avi †Kvb AeKvk †bB| cÖK…Z K_v n‡”Q evKx µq-weµq KLbI wbwl× wQj bv, wbwl× ‡bB Ges wbwl× n‡Z cv‡i bv| g„Zy¨Kv‡j Avjøvni ivm~j (mt) wb‡R GK Bû`xi Kv‡Q †`bv`vi wQ‡jb; wZwb Zuvi eg© eÜK †i‡L evKx‡Z Lv`¨-mvgMÖx µq K‡iwQ‡jb (mnxn, 5g LÛ, gymwjg-3968, c„t 372|)| GB nv`xmwU evKx µq-weµq êa nIqvi R¡jšÍ cÖgvY| cieZx©‡Z we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Avm‡e|AZtci Òhv Bqv`vb weBqvw`b Zv‡Z ‡Kvb ‡`vl †bB, wKš‘ hv bvwmqv Zv wievÓ A_ev Òwiev n‡”Q †Kej bvwmqv‡ZÓ- GB nv`xm¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© ejv hvq †h, AvcvZ`„wó‡Z g‡b nq †h, nv`x‡m bvwmqv‡KB (†gqv`‡K) wiev ejv n‡q‡Q| A_ev wiev †Kej bvwmqv‡ZB mxgve×| wKš‘ Avm‡j Zv bq; eis Gi cÖK…Z Zvrch© n‡”Q †h, bvwmqv n‡”Q wievi cÖavb I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| †hgb, ivm~jyjøvn (mt) Ab¨Î e‡j‡Qb, n¾¡ n‡”Q ÔAvj-AvivdvZÕ| wiev msµvšÍ nv`xm‡K wVK GB A‡_©B eyS‡Z n‡e| (B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 35|) Avieiv mvaviYZ e‡j †h, Ôhv‡q` e¨ZxZ kn‡i Avi †Kvb ¯‹jvi †bBÕ- Gi Øviv Rv‡q‡ì cÖwZfvi ¸iæZ¡ eySvq| †Zgwb bvwmqv Qvov Avi wKQz‡Z wiev †bBÑ K_v Øviv wiev bvwmqv †h ¸iæZi Ab¨vq Ges Gi mvRv †h K‡Vvi n‡e ZvB eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨ K_vq wiev bvwmqv n‡”Q


¯^vfvweK wiev; GUvB n‡”Q cvi‡dKU (perfect) wiev; G K_vi Øviv wievi c~Y©v½ iƒc (perfection) eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|GLv‡b wewkó Ijvgv‡q ‡Kivg I M‡elK‡ì `„wó AvKl©Y Kiv Riæix †h, D³ nv`x‡m Bqv`vb weBqvw`‡bi wecixZ A_© eySv‡bvi Rb¨B bvwmqv kã eëüZ n‡q‡Q| †mw`K †_‡K Bqv`vb weBqvw`b A_© bM` n¯ÍvšÍi n‡j bvwmqv A_© evKx‡Z n¯ÍvšÍi n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Bqv`vb weBqvw`b A_© hw` nq wba©viY, wbwðZKiY I cvi¯úwiK n¯ÍvšÍiKiY Zvn‡j Gi wecix‡Z bvwmqv A_© ùvovq Awba©vwiZ, AwbwðZ Ges cvi¯úwiK n¯ÍvšÍi bv Kiv| myZivs nv`xmwUi Zvrch© ùvovq, ‡hLv‡b cvi¯úwiK n¯ÍvšÍi wba©vwiZ I wbwðZ Zv‡Z †Kvb †`vl †bB; wKš‘ cvi¯úwiK n¯ÍvšÍi wba©vwiZ I wbwðZ bv n‡j A_ev hw` GK cÿ n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i Avi Aci cÿ Av‡`Š n¯ÍvšÍi bv K‡i Zvn‡j GK c‡ÿi n¯ÍvšÍi n‡e gvMbv hv n‡”Q wiev| D‡jøL¨ †h, nv`x‡mi D³ K_v¸‡jv GKUv ‡gvUvgywU `xN© nv`x‡mi Ask| c~Y© nv`xmwU wb‡gœ †ck Kiv n‡jvtÒAveyj wgbnvj †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, Avgvi GK Askx`vi n¾ gIm~‡g A_ev n‡¾i w`b¸‡jv‡Z g~j¨ cwi‡kv‡ai k‡Z© wKQz iƒcv av‡i wewµ Ki‡jv| Avwg ejjvg, †Zvgvi G ‡jb‡`b evwÃZ bq| †m ej‡jv, Avwg Zv evRv‡i wewµ Kijvg, wKš‘ †KD Avgvi G Kv‡R AvcwË K‡iwb| AZtci Avwg evivAv Be‡b Avwh‡ei (ivt) Kv‡Q G‡m Zuv‡K (G e¨vcv‡i) wR‡Ám Kijvg| Rev‡e wZwb ej‡jb, bex (mt) (wnRiZ K‡i) g`xbvq Avm‡jb| ZLb Avgiv G ai‡bi †Kbv-†ePv KiZvg| wZwb ej‡jbt ÒG ai‡bi µq-weµ‡qi g‡a¨ †hUv Bqv`vb weBqvw`b n‡e Zvi g‡a¨ †Kvb †`vl †bB| wKš‘ †h †jb‡`b bvwmqv Zv my‡ì Kvievi n‡e|Ó Z‡e Zzwg (G e¨vcviwU) hv‡q` Be‡b AviKv‡gi (ivt) wbKU wM‡q wR‡Ám K‡i bvI| †Kbbv, wZwb Avgvi †P‡q eo eëmvqx| AZGe Avwg Zuvi wbKU G‡m G e¨vcv‡i wR‡Ám Kijvg| wZwbI Abyiƒc K_v


ej‡jb|Ó (mnxn gymwjg/evsjv Ab~w`Z, 5g LÛ, c„t 347|)nv`xm †_‡K cwi®‹vi eySv hv‡”Q †h, n‡¾i gIm~‡g `vg cwi‡kv‡ai k‡Z© evKx‡Z iƒcv weµq m¤ú‡K© evivAv Be‡b Avwhe‡K (ivt) wR‡Ám Kiv n‡qwQj| DË‡i evivAv Be‡b Avwhe (ivt) G m¤ú‡K© ivm~jyjøvn (mt)-Gi e³e¨ †ck K‡i‡Qb hv‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, G ai‡bi µq-weµ‡qi g‡a¨ †hUv Bqv`vb weBqvw`b....| GLv‡b G ai‡bi µq-weµq K_v Øviv hw` iƒcvi evKx µq-weµq‡K eySv‡bv n‡q _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv Avevi bM` (Bqv`vb weBqvw`‡bi AvÿwiK A_©) n‡Z cv‡i bv| eis Gi A_© GB n‡Z cv‡i †h, evKx µq-weµ‡qi g‡a¨ ‡hLv‡b cvi¯úwiK n¯ÍvšÍi wba©vwiZ I wbwðZ Ges ci¯úi n¯ÍvšÍi mwZ¨ Kiv nq Zv‡Z †Kvb †`vl †bB; wKš‘ hvi cvi¯úwiK n¯ÍvšÍi Awba©vwiZ, AwbwðZ I GK Zidv Zv wiev| myZivs GLv‡b bvwmqvi A_© ùvov‡”Q GK c‡ÿi gvj n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv Avi Aci c‡ÿi gvj n¯ÍvšÍi bv Kiv| e¯‘Zt cwi‡kv‡ai mgq, w`b, ZvwiL, ‡gqv` wba©viY I wbwðZ bv K‡i evKx µq-weµq êa bq| nv`xmwU‡Z GB w`KB wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b bq| wgjUb KvIqvb wjwLZ bvmv-i A_© †_‡KI GB ai‡bi Bw½Z cvIqv hvq| wZwb bvmv-i A_© wj‡L‡Qb Put off- Avi The Advanced Learners Oxford Dictionary-‡Z Put off Gi A_© wjLv n‡q‡Q,

Put some body off – “to cancel a meeting or an appointment with some body”,

“to make some body to feel dislike, lack of trust, etc.”

“put some body off something – to disturb some body who is busy with something”, to distract some body.

“put some body off something/doing something – to make some body lose their interest in or enthusiasm for something. The accident put her off driving for life.

put something off – to switch something off.

to put something to a later time or date. to delay something.”


The Concise Oxford Dictionary (6th edition)-†Z Gi A_© wjLv n‡q‡Qt Put Off- Postpone, postpone engagement with (person); evade (person etc. with excuse etc.); hinder or dissuade from, offend, disconcert; remove (clothes that one is wearing)

†`Lv hv‡”Q †h, Put off gv‡b G‡Kev‡i evwZj, Rxe‡bi Rb¨ eÜ Kiv, G‡Kev‡i wbwf‡q ‡Ìqv †hgb n‡Z cv‡i †Zgwb wba©vwiZ mg‡qi Rb¨ ¯’wMZ KivI n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e GK_v wVK †h, ¯’wMZ me©`vB wba©vwiZ mg‡qi Rb¨B n‡Z n‡e| mgq ev †gqv` wba©vwiZ bv _vK‡j Zv evwZj ev wPiw`‡bi Rb¨ ¯’wMZ eySv‡e| nv`x‡m ivm~jyjøvn (mt) bvwmqv kã eënvi K‡i‡Qb wKš‘ †gqv` D‡jøL K‡ibwb| myZivs GB bvwmqvi A_© G‡Kev‡i evwZj ev wPiw`‡bi Rb¨ ¯’wMZ nIqvUvB ¯^vfvweK| Avi ZvB hw` nq Zvn‡j nv`x‡m D‡jøwLZ bvmvqvi A_© ùvov‡e GK cÿ n¯ÍvšÍi Kij Avi Aci cÿ n¯ÍvšÍi Kij bv| GgZve¯’vq GK c‡ÿi MÖnY n‡e wewbgqnxb Avi wewbgqnxb nIqvB n‡”Q wievi ag©| mKj cÖKvi wieviB GUv ‰ewkó¨| ZvB Avjøvni ivm~~j (mt) e‡j‡Qb, Ôwiev n‡”Q bvwmqv‡ZÕ A_ev Ôbvwmqv Qvov wiev nq bvÕ A_ev Ôhv bvmvqv Zv wievÕ| Gme K_vi A_© ùvovq wewbgqnxb n‡j Zv wiev|hv †nvK, G wel‡q gZvgZ †Ìqvi ‡hvM¨Zv I GLwZqvi †jL‡Ki †bB| welqwU Z_¨ DcvËmn †ck Kiv n‡jv| G wel‡q AviI wPšÍv-fvebv I M‡elYv K‡i we‡klÁMY mwVK e¨vL¨v †ei Ki‡eb GRb¨ Zv‡ì `„wó AvKl©Y KivB ‡jL‡Ki D‡Ïk¨|wievi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q mgmvgwqK KwZcq ¯‹jvi I ‡jLK e‡j‡Qb, Avj-KziAvb †Kej wØ¸Y-PZz©¸Y-eû¸Y n‡q hvq Ggb D”P nv‡ii my` Z_v BDmvix (usury) †K wbwl× K‡i‡Q| G e¨vcv‡i Zviv m~iv Av‡j Bgiv‡b eëüZ Av`qvdv gy`vqvdv kã‡K `wjj evbv‡bvi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ c~‡e© mswkøó Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Av`qvdv gy`vqvdv A_© n‡”Q av‡c-av‡c-¸‡Y-¸‡Y e„w× cvIqv hv mKj cÖKvi my‡ìB êwkó¨|


ZvQvov GwU n‡”Q GKwU gaëZx© AvqvZ; Gi c‡i P~ovšÍ wb‡lavÁv bvwhj Kiv n‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b †Kej Avmj †diZ †bIqvi AwaKvi †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| myZivs KziAvb †Kej D”P nv‡ii wiev‡K bq, eis D”P-wbgœ mKj nv‡ii wiev‡KB nvivg K‡i‡Q|†KD †KD Avevi weiv I Interest-‡K ûeû GKB A‡_© MÖnY K‡i‡Qb Ges †m A‡_©B wiev‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| G cÖm‡½ GZUyKz ejvB h‡_ó †h, Interest Aek¨B wievi AvIZvfy³, G‡Z †Kvb m‡›`n †bB| Z‡e wievi AvIZv Interest-Gi †P‡q AviI e¨vcK| wievi AvIZvi g‡a¨ wiev d`jI Av‡Q, wKš‘ Interest-Gi g‡a¨ wiev d`j †bB|KviI KviI g‡Z, A_©‰bwZK mKj Ryjyg, AwePvi I †kvlY, †hgbt gybvdv‡Lvix, GK‡PwUqv Kvievi Ges dUKvevRvix A_ev Ggb Avq hvi ‡Kvb KvD›Uvi f¨vjy †bB, meB n‡”Q wievi Aš‘f©y³| m‡›`n †bB †h, Ryjyg I AwePv‡ii Aemvb K‡íB wiev‡K wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ mKj cÖKvi A_©‰bwZK Ryjyg I †kvlY‡K wiev ejv n‡j wievi cwiwa LyeB e¨vcK n‡q D‡V Ges wiev‡K mywbw`©ófv‡e wPwýZ Kiv I AvBb cÖ‡qvM Kiv `yiƒn n‡q c‡i| me Ryjy‡giB wbR¯^ cwiwPwZ I êwkó¨ Av‡Q hv‡Z GKwU‡K Ab¨wU †_‡K c„_K Kiv hvq| wieviI †Zgwb wbR¯^ we‡kl cwiwPwZ I ‰ewkó¨ Av‡Q| c~‡e© ejv n‡q‡Q †h, c‡ii m¤ú` Ab¨vqfv‡e fÿY Kivi A_© Ac‡ii m¤ú` `vg bv w`‡q †bIqv| wievi gva¨‡gI c‡ii m¤ú` †bIqv nq, wKš‘ Zvi `vg †Ìqv nq bv| wKš‘ ZvB e‡j Pzwi, WvKvwZ, Nyl Avi wiev GK bq, cÖ‡Z¨KUvi cš’v I aib wfbœ wfbœ I mywbw`©ó| mgRv‡Zi cY¨ nIqvm¤§vwbZ dK¡xn‡ì g‡a¨ ghnve wbwe©‡k‡l cÖvq mK‡jB e‡j‡Qb, µq-weµ‡q Dfq cY¨ GK Rv‡Zi nIqv (similarity of species) wiev D™¢~Z nIqvi cÖavb KviY| wbqvRx, ev`vex, Gm. G. Zv‡ni cÖg~L wewkó


AvaywbK M‡elKMYI G e¨vcv‡i HKgZ¨ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| GgbwK, B, Gg, b~i, whwb AwZ m¤cÖwZ Zvi W‡±vivj wWmv‡U©kb ˆZix K‡i‡Qb Ges wiev msµvšÍ hveZxq weZ‡K©i Aemvb K‡í wievi mgwš^Z msÁv †Ìqvi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb, wZwbI wievi KviY wn‡m‡e wewbg‡qi `y‡Uv cY¨‡K GKRv‡Zi nIqv Acwinvh© g‡b K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Zuvi g‡Zi mg_©‡b wecyj msL¨K ZdmxKvi, dK¡xn, M‡elK, ¯‹jvi I A_©bxwZwe‡ì AwfgZ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb Ges A_©bxwZi Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K Zvi e³e¨ cÖgvY Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| we‡kl K‡i, wZwb my` I gybvdvi Drm wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, gybvdvi Drm n‡”Q evowZ Dc‡hvM| Avi Zv Av‡m eëmv-evwYR¨ †_‡K| eëmvq cÖ_‡g GKwU cY¨ Øviv wfbœZi †Kvb cY¨ µq K‡i G‡K iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq| c‡i Avevi weµ‡qi gva¨‡g †mB cY¨‡K g~j c‡Y¨ wdwi‡q Avbv nq| G‡Z g~j cY¨wUi cwigvY c~‡e©i Zzjbvq ‡e‡o hvq| GB e„w×UvB n‡”Q gybvdv| Aciw`‡K †Kvb cY¨ mgRv‡Zi c‡Yï mv‡_ wewbgq Ki‡Z n‡j cwigvY mgvb K‡i wewbgq Ki‡Z nq| GB ai‡bi wewbg‡q †Kvb gybvdv †bB| myZivs G‡ÿ‡Î †Kvb GK c‡ÿi cwigvY e„w× Kiv n‡j †mB ewa©Z cwigvY nq wiev| `vB‡bi Ic‡i avh©K…Z AwZwi³ n‡”Q wiev; Avi `vB‡bi m„wó nq wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨ evKx µq-weµq †_‡K| G welqwU wZwb Aek¨ mgš^q Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h, †Kvb GKwU cY¨ wfbœRv‡Zi c‡Yï wewbg‡q evKx‡Z weµq Kiv n‡j evKx `vg †µZvi Ici wba©vwiZ mg‡qi Rb¨ `vBb nq| ‡µZv wba©vwiZ mg‡q D³ †`bv cwi‡kva Ki‡j µq-weµq m¤úbœ n‡q hvq Ges G‡Z †Kvb wiev nq bv| wKš‘ †µZv hw` wba©vwiZ mg‡q †`bv cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© nq Zvn‡j we‡µZv †`bvi Ici AwZwi³ avh© Kivi wewbg‡q ‡gqv` evwo‡q †`q| Gfv‡e GKwU †`bv‡K Zvi †P‡q †ekx cwigv‡Yi wewbg‡q wØZxqevi wewµ Kiv n‡jv| Zuvi wb‡Ri fvlv n‡”Q, “Then any increase takes place on this amount means increase in the same good, selling that same thing for more of itself.”52 “This ex-post increase after the


terms of contract is mutually concluded and ownership is reciprocally transferred represents for excess without counter value. This increase seems to be a sale of a liability for more of itself.” 53

GLv‡b b~i e‡j‡Qb, wba©vwiZ †gqv‡ì g‡a¨ †`bv cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡j Ges ‡`bvi Ici AwZwi³ avh© Kiv n‡j †mwU GKwU c„_K weµq Pzw³ n‡e| wKš‘ evKx cÖ`vbKv‡j g~j Pzw³‡Z hw` Giƒc kZ© Kiv nq †h, wba©vwiZ ‡gqv‡ì Rb¨ evKx †Ìqv n‡jv, GB †gqv‡ì g‡a¨ †`bv cwi‡kva Kiv bv n‡j cieZx© ewa©Z cÖwZw`‡bi Rb¨ GZ nv‡i AwZwi³ (wiev) avh© Kiv n‡e, Zvn‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î wK GK Rv‡Zi cY¨/`vBb µq-weµq n‡e wK bv? G wel‡q b~i wKQzB e‡jbwb| ZvQvov F‡Yi †ejvq g~j µq-weµqUv nq GKB Rv‡Zi `ywU cY¨ A_ev gy`ªv Ges G‡Z †h KvD›Uvi f¨vjy cvIbv/†`bv _v‡K †mUvI GKB Rv‡Zi nq| wKš‘ wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨ µq-weµ‡q we‡µZv †h cY¨ †`q Zvi wewbg‡q wfbœZi c‡Yï KvD›Uvi f¨vjy Zvi cvIbv nq| ZvQvov, wbjv‡gi gva¨‡g cY¨ µq-weµ‡q wg_¨v Wv‡Ki gva¨‡g `vg evov‡bv n‡j Avjøvni ivm~j (mt) `v‡gi †mB ewa©Z Ask‡K wiev e‡j‡Qb| cÖZviYv K‡i `vg †ekx wb‡j †mB ewa©Z Ask‡KI wiev e‡j‡Qb| Gme µq-weµq mgRv‡Zi c‡Yï µq-weµq bq| myZivs GK_v ejv hvq †h, wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨ bM` µq-weµq Kiv n‡j wiev n‡Z cv‡i, evKx weµ‡qi †ÿ‡ÎI wiev n‡Z cv‡i| e¯‘Zt wiev n‡”Q wfbœZi GKwU Pzw³| µq-weµq Pzw³i mv‡_ wiev Pzw³ Kiv n‡j, µq-weµ‡qi aib hvB †nvK, Zv‡Z wiev n‡e; Avi wiev Pzw³ Kiv bv n‡j µq-weµq n‡e m¤ú~Y© êa, nvjvj| (c‡i AviI we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Avm‡e)wievevnx cY¨nv`x‡m D‡jøwLZ ‡mvbv, iƒcv, Mg, he, †LRyi I jeY, G QqwU c‡Yï Acwinvh© ‰ewk‡óï mv‡_ mvgÄm¨kxj cY¨ I A_©‡K wievevnx (ribawi materials) cY¨ AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e mKj cY¨-mvgMÖx, A_© I †mev µq-


weµ‡qB wiev nq hw` wievi Pzw³ Kiv nq| myZivs wievevnx cY¨ e‡j c„_K †Kvb cY¨ ev A_© †bB|wiev ev e„w×i ¯îƒcc~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q †h, †dK¡vn kv‡¯¿ wiev ev e„w×‡K `yBfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Qt 1) bvmv ev bvwmqv Z_v evKxi †gqv` ev mgq Øviv Ges 2) Zvdv`yj ev †Kvb GKc‡ÿi cY¨ ev A‡_©i cwigvYMZ e„w× Øviv| Av‡jvPbvq cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q †h, bvmv ev bvwmqv Avm‡j wiev bq Ges Zv wbwl×I bq| eis wiev n‡”Q Zvdv`yj ev e„w× hv Dfq c‡ÿi c‡Yï cwigvYMZ Zzjbvi gva¨‡g wbiƒwcZ nq| dK¡xnMY e‡j‡Qb, mKj cÖKvi IRb, cwigvc I MYbv‡hvM¨ c‡Y¨ wiev nq Ges IRb cwigvc I MYbvi gva¨‡gB GB e„w× wbiƒcY Ki‡Z n‡e, g~j¨ ev `v‡gi Øviv bq| Z‡e G e¨vcv‡i mwVK K_v Bgvg mvivLmx e‡j w`‡q‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb, “that is the excess devoid of a counter-value. The comparison is either confirmed by the excess in estimation (qadr) or is assumed to exist due to disparity in the currencies and proportional difference in value.”54

e¯‘Zt µq-weµ‡qi Dfq cY¨ hw` GKB Rv‡Zi nq Ges wewbgq hw` mivmwi Kiv nq Zvn‡j G‡ì `v‡gi cv_©K¨ Rvbv m¤¢e bq| myZivs Giƒc †ÿ‡Î Dfq c‡Yï `v‡gi cv_©K¨ wbY©q KivI Am¤¢e| d‡j G‡ÿ‡Î wiev Av‡Q wK †bB Zv wbY©q Ki‡Z nq IRb, cwigvc MYbvi gva¨‡g cÖvß cv_©K¨ Øviv| nv`x‡m G Kvi‡YB IRb, MYbv I cwigv‡ci K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| Avi G‡_‡KB a‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q †h, †Kej IRb, cwigvc ev MYbv‡hvM¨ c‡Y¨B wiev nq| welqwU Avm‡j Zv bq; eis GK Rv‡Zi cY¨ wewbg‡qi †ÿ‡Î gvbMZ mgZvi mv‡_ mv‡_ IRb, cwigvc I MYbvi gva¨‡g Dfq KvD›Uvi f¨vjy mgvb Ki‡Z n‡e; g~j¨ mgvb Kivi Avi ‡Kvb Dcvq G‡ÿ‡Î †bB| wKš‘ wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨ A_© I †mev µq-weµ‡q IRb, cwigvc ev MYbv mgvb Kiv Øviv Dfq cY¨, A_© ev †mevi g~j¨ mgvb Kiv m¤¢e bq| GRb¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi gva¨‡g Dfq c‡Yï cvi¯úwiK


g~j¨ w¯’i K‡i wb‡Z n‡e A_ev A‡_©i gva¨‡g `vg wba©viY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Gme †ÿ‡Î cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi gva¨‡g wba©vwiZ `vg ev †Kvb GKwU KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici Avevi AwZwi³ avh© Kiv n‡j Zv n‡e wiev| myZivs G‡ÿ‡Î wiev wbiƒwcZ n‡e cÖwZg~‡jï Ici e„w×i cwigvY (IRb, cwigvY ev MYbv) Øviv ev wba©vwiZ KvD›Uvi f¨vjy I ewa©Z Askmn mgMÖ g~‡jï cv_©K¨ Øviv| cÖK…Z c‡ÿ wiev n‡”Q Dfq c‡Yï g~‡jï cv_©K¨| Avi G cv_©K¨ KLbI wbY©q Ki‡Z nq IRb, cwigvc ev MYbv Øviv, KLbI g~j¨ ev `v‡gi eëavb Øviv|myZivs D³ Av‡jvPbvq cÖZxqgvb n‡”Q †h, wiev n‡”Q e„w×| F‡Yi Avm‡ji Ici e„w×, †`bvi Ici e„w×; GK Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mev µq-weµ‡q GK c‡ÿi cY¨, A_© ev †mevi cwigv‡Y e„w×; wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© ev †mev µq-weµ‡q GK c‡ÿi g~‡jï Ic‡i e„w×| D‡jøL¨ †h, G mKj †ÿ‡Î D‡jøwLZ e„w× n‡PQ wewbgq Qvov ev gvMbv| Z`vbxšÍb Avie †`‡k †h wiev cÖPwjZ wQj, †h wiev D‡”Q` Kivi Rb¨ Avj-KziAv‡bi AvqvZ bvwhj Kiv n‡q‡Q, Avjøvni ivm~j (mt) †h wiev iwnZ K‡i‡Qb, †mB wievi w`‡K `„wó w`‡j welqwU AviI ¯úó n‡e|Rvwnjx hy‡M wievm¤§vwbZ gydvm&mxix‡Y‡Kivg, dK¡xe„›`, M‡elK, ¯‹jvi I A_©bxwZwe`MY Bmjvgc~e© hy‡M we‡kl K‡i, Avie †`‡k cÖPwjZ my`x †jb‡`‡bi wPÎ Zz‡j G‡b‡Qb| G‡Z †`Lv hvq, †m hy‡M FY, †`bv, GgbwK bM` µq-weµ‡qI wiev †jb‡`b n‡Zv| bx‡P Zvi KwZcq Z_¨ †ck Kiv n‡”Q tFY ev K‡`©i Ici wievRvwnjx hy‡M FY I †`bvi Ici wiev †jb‡`b Kiv n‡Zv| G e¨vcv‡i Avj-dLi Avj-ivwh wj‡L‡Qb, ÒRvwnjx hy‡M Avieiv A_© avi w`‡Zv Ges Gi Ici gv‡m gv‡m wba©vwiZ cwigvY wiev Av`vq Ki‡Zv, wKš‘ Avmj


cwigvYUv cvIbv ‡_‡KB †h‡Zv| AZtci †gqv` †kl n‡j FY`vZv Zvi Avmj †diZ PvB‡Zv| FYMÖnxZv Avmj †diZ w`‡Z bv cvi‡j FY`vZv cvIbvi cwigvY e„w×i wewbg‡q mgq evwo‡q w`‡Zv| GUvB wQj Rvwnjx hy‡Mi wiev hv Zviv †jb‡`b Ki‡ZvÓ|55

Avey eKi Avj Rvm&mvm wj‡L‡Qb, ÒAvieiv †h wievi mv‡_ cwiwPZ wQj Ges †h wiev †jb‡`‡b Zviv Af¨¯— wQj Zv n‡”Q, Zviv wba©vwiZ †gqv‡ì Rb¨ wìnvg I w`bvi FY w`‡Zv Ges cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z cÖ`Ë F‡Yi Ici AwZwi³ avh© Ki‡Zv|Ó wZwb Avevi e‡j‡Qb, ÒGUv mycwiÁvZ †h, Rvwnjx wiev F‡Yi Ici avh©K…Z AwZwi³, Avi GB AwZwi³ avh© Kiv n‡Zv cÖ`Ë †gqv‡ì wewbg‡q|Ó56

Be‡b Rwii Avj-Zvevwi hv‡q‡ì m~‡Î eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, ÒRv‡njx hy‡M †Kvb e¨w³ hw` KviI KvQ †_‡K DU avi KiZ, Zvn‡j †gqv` †k‡l FY`vZv FYMÖnxZvi wbKU wM‡q ej‡Zv, ÔZzwg Avgvi cvIbv cwi‡kva Ki‡e, bv Gi cwigvY e„w× Ki‡eÕ? hw` FYMÖnxZvi Kv‡Q wKQy _vKZ †m Zv wb‡q wb‡Zv, Ab¨_vq FY`vZv Zvi cvIbv evwo‡q Gi cieZx© eq‡mi D‡U DbœxZ K‡i w`Z; cÖ`Ë DUwU web‡Z gvLv` n‡j wØZxq eQi †m web‡Z jveyb `vex KiZ, Zvi cieZx© eQi `vex KiZ wn°v, Gi c‡i Rvhvn, Gi c‡ii eQi cwi‡kva bv Ki‡j †m Pvi eQi eq‡mi DU `vex KiZ Ges Gfv‡e D‡Ui eqm evov‡Z _vKZ| ‡`bv hw` ÔAvBbÕ (w`bvi ev wìnvg) n‡Zv cvIbv`vi †`bv`v‡ii Kv‡Q wM‡q ej‡Zv, Zzwg cvIbv cwi‡kva Ki A_ev cieZx© GK eQi †gqv‡ì Rb¨ Zv wØ¸Y Ki| Gfv‡e cwi‡kva Kiv bv n‡j cÖwZ eQiB c~e©eZx© eQ‡ii cvIbvi cwigvY‡K wØ¸Y Kiv n‡Zv| cvIbv hw` 100 n‡Zv, wØZxq eQi Zv `y‡kv Kiv n‡Zv| c‡ii eQi GB cwigvY cwi‡kva bv Ki‡j Z…Zxq eQi G‡K PviÕk‡Z DbœxZ Kiv n‡Zv; Gfv‡e `vZv nq Zvi cvIbv Av`vq K‡i wb‡Zv A_ev cÖwZ eQi Gi cwigvY wØ¸Y K‡i avh© K‡i w`Z|Ó57


Avj-gyqvdvK¡v‡Z D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, ÒRvwnjx wiev Ggb wQj hvi gva¨‡g †gqv` †k‡l FY cwi‡kva Kiv bv n‡j g~j †`bv‡K e„w× K‡i eo AvKv‡ii bZzb †`bv m„wó Kiv n‡Zv|Ó58

G cÖm‡½ Bgvg kIKvbx wj‡L‡Qb, Ò‡m Kv‡j †jv‡Kiv Pµe„w× nv‡i my`x Kvievi KiZ; Zviv GKUv wbw`©ó †gqv‡ì Rb¨ my‡ì wfwË‡Z g~jab jwMœ KiZ| †mB †gqv` †kl n‡q †M‡j g~jab‡K evwo‡q aiv n‡Zv ‡mB †gqv` ch©š— cÖvc¨ my`‡K g~ja‡bi mv‡_ †hvM K‡i| AZtci GB evowZ g~ja‡bi Ici my‡ì wnmve Kiv n‡Zv| Gfv‡e hZeviB †gqv` e„w× Kiv n‡Zv ZZeviB g~jab I my‡ì wnmve evwo‡q aiv n‡Zv|Ó59 AvZvÕi m~‡Î Avj-Zvevwi AviI GKwU eY©bv wj‡L‡Qb †h, ÒRvwnwjq¨v‡Zi hy‡M ewb gyMxiv ‡MvÎ ewb mvwKd †Mv‡Îi KvQ †_‡K avi wb‡Zv| †gqv` †k‡l ewb mvwKd †MvÎ ewb gyMxiv‡K ej‡Zv, Ô‡Zvgiv hw` Avgv‡ì cvIbv cwi‡kva wejw¤^Z Ki Zvn‡j Avgiv †Zvgv‡ì †`bvi cwigvY evwo‡q †`‡evÕ|Ó60 †`bvi Ici wievmyq~wZ Zuvi Øvi Avj gvbmy‡i gyRvwn‡ì m~‡Î eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, ÒZviv (Rvwnjx hy‡Mi Avieiv) evKx‡Z µq-weµq Ki‡Zv| †`bv cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` †k‡l GK c¶ Zv‡ì †`bvi cwigvY evwo‡q w`Z Avi Aci c¶ cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` e„w× K‡i w`Z|Ó61

mvC` Be‡b hyev‡qi †_‡K Be‡b Avwe nvwZg eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, Ò†Kvb e¨w³i †`bv cwi‡kv‡ai mgq n‡j, †`bv`vi cvIbv`vi‡K ej‡Zv, ÒAvgvi Rb¨ †`bv cwi‡kv‡ai mgq evwo‡q `vI, Avwg †Zvgvi cvIbvi cwigvY e„w× K‡i †`‡evÕ| Zv‡ì‡K hLb ejv n‡Zv †h, GUv †Zv wiev; DË‡i Zviv ej‡Zv, ÒevKx weµ‡qi mg‡q `vg evwo‡q aiv †nvK ev †gqv` †k‡l ‡`bvi cwigvY evov‡bv †nvK Dfq e„w× †Zv GKBÓ|Ó62


Zvevwi KvZv`vni m~‡Î eY©bv K‡i‡Qb †h, Òwba©vwiZ mg‡q `vg cwi‡kva Kivi k‡Z© †Kvb e¨w³ Aci KviI Kv‡Q evKx‡Z cY¨-mvgMÖx weµq KiZ; ‡gqv` †k‡l ‡µZv e‡Kqv `vg cwi‡kva Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡j †m Zvi †`bvi cwigvY evwo‡q w`‡Zv Avi Aci c¶ †gqv` e„w× K‡i w`‡Zv|Ó63 Avj-hvn&nv‡Ki m~‡Î wZwb AviI wj‡L‡Qb, ÒRvwnjx hy‡M Zv‡ì µq-weµq †_‡K wiev D™¢~Z n‡Zv|Ó64

gyRvwn‡ì m~‡Î Zvevwi AviI e‡j‡Qb †h, ÒRv‡njx hy‡M †Kvb e¨w³i hw` Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³i Kv‡Q †Kvb †`bv _vK‡Zv, Zvn‡j †gqv`v‡š— ‡`bv`vi cvIbv`vi‡K ej‡Zv ÔZzwg Avgvi Kv‡Q GB cv‡e| Avgv‡K cwikv‡ai mgq evwo‡q `vI, Avwg Avgvi †`bvi cwigvY GZ GZ evwo‡q †`‡evÕ|Ó65

myq~wZ wj‡L‡Qb, ÒBe‡b Avwe nvwZg †_‡K ewY©Z n‡q‡Q †h, Be‡b hyev‡qi e‡j‡Qb, GK e¨w³ Ab¨ e¨w³i Kv‡Q †Kvb m¤ú` cvIbv _vK‡j, †gqv`v‡š— cvIbv`vi †`bv`vi‡K Zvi cvIbv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z ej‡Zv| †`bv`vi ej‡Zv, Avgv‡K mgq evwo‡q `vI, Avwg Avgvi †`bvi cwigvY e„w× K‡i †`‡ev| Zuviv Df‡q G‡Z m¤§Z n‡q †h‡Zv| GUvB wQj wØ¸Y, eû¸Y wiev|Ó66

Gfv‡e evKx µq-weµ‡q cÖ_‡g c‡Yï `vg evwo‡q wba©viY Kiv n‡Zv hv Avmj `v‡gi mv‡_ GKxf~Z n‡q †hZ| AZtci †`bv`vi †`bv cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡j cÖwZevi †gqv` e„w× Kivi wewbg‡q †`bvi cwigvY evwo‡q ‡Ìqv n‡Zv hv‡K wba©vwiZ KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ic‡i wewbgqnxb e„w× ev wiev ejv n‡Zv| GRb¨ Avj-kvdx, Avj-evqnvKx I Avj-RviKvwbi b¨vq dK¡xn I nv`xm‡eËvMY e‡j‡Qb †h, Rvwnjx hy‡Mi wiev n‡Zv µq-weµq ev evB †_‡K|67

bM` µq-weµ‡q wiev


BwZnvm I nv`xm †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, Z`vbxš—b Avi‡e AviI KwZcq wievi †jb‡`b cÖPwjZ wQj| Avieiv mPivPi †mme †jb‡`b KiZ; wKš‘ †mUv †h wiev Zv Zviv Rvb‡Zv bv Ges G‡K wiev ej‡Zv bv| ivm~jyjvn (mt) †mme †jb‡`b‡K wiev e‡j †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb Ges †miƒc †jb‡`b bv Kivi Rb¨ wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb| Giƒc †jb‡`‡bi K‡qKwU D`vniY n‡”QtK)mgRvZxq gy`ªv bM` wewbg‡q wievt Rv‡njx hy‡M Avie †`‡k gy`ªv wn‡m‡e cÖPwjZ wQj w`bvi I wìnvg| w`bvi n‡jv ¯^Y© gy`ªv Avi wìnvg †iŠc¨ gy`ªv| Avieiv w`bv‡ii cwie‡Z© w`bvi Ges wìnv‡gi cwie‡Z© wìnvg cwigv‡Y Kg-‡ekx K‡i bM` µq-weµq KiZ| Zviv Giƒc KiZ gy`ªvi ¸Y I gvbMZ cv_©‡Kï Kvi‡Y| (c~‡e© G wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q) Giƒc †Kbv-‡ePvi K_v nv`x‡mI D‡jL Av‡Q| dv`vjv Be‡b DevB` (iv) †_‡K ewY©Zt wZwb e‡jb, ÒLvBev‡ii w`b Avgiv ivm~jyjvni (mt) mv‡_ wQjvg| Avgiv Bû`x‡ì mv‡_ GK DwKqv ¯^Y© `yB A_ev wZb w`bv‡ii wewbg‡q ‡Kbv-‡ePv KiZvg| ivm~jyjvn (mt) ej‡jb, †Zvgiv mgvb mgvb IRb Qvov ¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q ¯^Y© wewµ K‡iv bv|Ó68 (Pwjk wìnv‡gi mgvb IRb‡K GK DwKqv e‡j|)L) mgRv‡Zi cY¨ bM` wewbg‡q wievt Rv‡njx hy‡M Avie †`‡ki ‡jv‡Kiv †Kvb GKRv‡Zi wbgœgv‡bi c‡Yï mv‡_ GKB Rv‡Zi DbœZ gv‡bi cY¨ cwigv‡Y Kg-‡ekx K‡i wewbgq KiZ| G cÖm‡½ we‡kl K‡i, wbgœgv‡bi †LRy‡ii mv‡_ DbœZ gv‡bi †LRyi wewbg‡qi D‡jL †ek K‡qKwU nv`x‡m cvIqv hvq| GKwU nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡QtÒAvey mvC` Lyìx I Avey ûivqiv (iv) †_‡K ewY©Z, Òivm~jyjvn (mt) GK e¨w³‡K LvBevi GjvKvq (ivR¯^ wefv‡M) Kg©Pvix wbhy³ K‡ib| †m ILvb †_‡K wKQy DËg †LRyi wb‡q wd‡i Av‡m| ivm~jyjvn (mt) Zv‡K


wR‡Ám Ki‡jb, ÒLvBev‡ii me †LRyiB wK Giƒc (DËg)?Ó †m ejj, Ò‡n Avjvni ivm~j! Avjvni kc_! (LvBev‡ii me ‡LRyiB) Giƒc bq; eis Avgiv `yB mvÕ (Lvivc) †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q GiK‡gi GK mvÕ Ges wZb mvÕi wewbg‡q `yB mvÕ wb‡qwQ|Ó ivm~jyjvn (mt) ej‡jb, ÒG iKg KvR Avi Ki‡e bv Ges Lvivc †LRyi wìnv‡gi wewbg‡q wewµ K‡i `vI| AZtci D³ wìnvg w`‡q DËg †LRyi Lwi` Ki|Ó69

Avey mvC` Lyìx (iv) ewY©Z Aci GK nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q, wZwb e‡jb, Òivm~jyjvn (mt)-Gi wbKU wKQy †LRyi Dcw¯’Z Kiv n‡jv|Ó wZwb ej‡jb, ÒG †LRyi †Zv Avgv‡ì (g`xbvi) †LRy‡ii gZ bq|Ó ZLb †jvKwU ejj, †n Avjvni ivm~j! Gi GK mvÕ †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q Avgv‡ì †LRy‡ii `yB mvÕ wewµ K‡iwQ| ivm~jyjvn (mt) ej‡jb, ÒGUv ‡Zv my`| Kv‡RB GUv †diZ w`‡q `vI| AZtci Avgv‡ì †LRyi¸‡jv wewµ K‡i Gi g~j¨ w`‡q G¸‡jv Lwi` Ki|Ó70

Avey hyevBi e‡jb, ÒAvwg Rvwei Be‡b Avãyjøvn‡K ej‡Z ï‡bwQ, ivm~jyjøvn (mt) ¯‘cxK…Z †LRyi, hvi cwigvY Rvbv †bB, Zv wbw`©ó cwigvY ‡LRy‡ii wewbg‡q wewµ Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb|Ó71

wbw`©ó cwigvY †LRyi AÁvZ cwigvY †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q wewµ Kivi Avmj Zvrch© n‡”Q, G‡Z AwbwðqZv ev Nvivi Aek¨B Av‡Q; Z`ycwi cÖK…Z c‡ÿ hw` Dfq †LRy‡ii cwigvY Kg-†ekx nq Zvn‡j evowZ Ask n‡e my`| ZvB Giƒc µq-weµq wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q|Be‡b Dgvi (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z, Òivm~jyjøvn (mt) eënv‡ivc‡hvMx bv nIqv ch©šÍ d‡ji †ePv-†Kbv wbwl× K‡i‡Qb| wZwb †µZv I we‡µZv Dfq‡KB wb‡la K‡i‡Qb|Ó72

Rvwei (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z, wZwb e‡jb, Òivm~jyjøvn (mt) dj cvKvi c~‡e© wewµ Ki‡Z Avgv‡ì wb‡la K‡i‡Qb|Ó73


ekxi Be‡b Bqvmvi †_‡K Zuvi KwZcq cÖwZ‡ekx Ges ivm~jyjøvni (mt) mvnvex m~‡Î ewY©Z, ÒZuv‡ì GKRb n‡jb mvnj Be‡b Avey nvmgv (ivt), ivm~jyjøvn (mt) ïK‡bv †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q ZvRv †LRyi wewµ Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb Ges e‡j‡Qb, GUv my` wfwËK †jb‡`b Ges GUvB n‡”Q †gvhvevbv|Ó74

bv‡d (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z, ÒAvãyjøvn (Be‡b Dgvi ivt) Zuv‡K AewnZ K‡i‡Qb, bex (mt) †gvhvevbv c×wZi †jb‡`b Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| †gvhvevbv n‡”Q GB †h, Abygv‡b cwigvY wba©viY K‡i ïK‡bv †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q e„‡ÿi ZvRv †LRyi (hv GL‡bv KvUv nqwb) wewµ Kiv, ïK‡bv Av½yi ev wKmwg‡mi wewbg‡q ZvRv Av½yi (Mv‡Q Aew¯’Z) µq-weµq Kiv Ges M‡gi wewbg‡q †ÿ‡Zi dmj (Mg) µq-weµq Kiv|Ó (gymwjg)GLv‡b †gkKv‡Z we‡kl `ªó‡e¨ †jLv n‡q‡Q, ÒMv‡Qi dj Mv‡Q _vKve¯’vq Ges Rwgi dmj Rwg‡Z _vKve¯’vq Abygvb KwiqvB hw` wfbœ RvZxq e¯‘i mwnZ ev bM` UvKvi mwnZ wewbgq Kiv nq Z‡e Zvnv Rv‡qh nB‡e|ÓD³ nv`xm I ‡gkKv‡Zi e³e¨ †_‡K ¯úó cÖZxqgvb n‡”Q †h, †Kvb dj, dmj mgRv‡Zi dj-dm‡ji wewbg‡q Abygv‡bi wfwË‡Z I evKx‡Z µq-weµq Kiv n‡j Dfq e¯‘i cwigvY Kg-†ekx nIqv Z_v my` nIqvi Avk¼v †_‡KB Giƒc µq-weµq wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q|Aci GK nv`x‡m nhiZ Rvwei (ivt) nB‡Z ewY©Z Av‡Q, Òivm~jyjøvn (mt) wb‡la Kwiqv‡Qb †gvnvKvjv, †gvhvevbv, ‡gvLveviv I †gvAIqvgv nB‡Z|Ó (gymwj‡gi m~‡Î †gkKvZ kix‡d D×„Z|)Ô‡gvnvKvjvÕ I Ô†gvhvevbvÕ DfqwU GKB †kªYxi µq-weµq| mvaviY k‡mï †ÿ‡Î G‡K ejv nq †gvnvKvjv; †LRyi I Av½y‡ii ‡ejvq ejv nq †gvhvevbv| †gvLveviv n‡”Q Rwg eM©v †Ìqv Avi †gvAIqvgv n‡”Q wbw`©ó e„ÿ ev


evMv‡bi dj `yB-wZb eQ‡ii Rb¨ AwMÖg wewµ Kiv| (†gkKvZ)D‡jøL¨ †h, eM©v cÖ_v mKj BgvgM‡Yi g‡Z, GgbwK nvbvdx ghnv‡ei g‡Z Rv‡qh| (†gkKvZ)M) wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨ bM` µq-weµ‡q wievt nv`xm †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, Rv‡njx hy‡M Avieiv wbjv‡g gvj †ePv-‡Kbv KiZ| G e¨vcv‡i KLbI KLbI we‡µZvi c¶ †_‡K wb‡qvMK…Z `vjvj wg_¨v WvK w`‡q wbjv‡gi c‡Yï `vg evwo‡q w`Z| d‡j †µZv D³ Wv‡Ki Ic‡i `vg evwo‡q WvK w`‡Z eva¨ n‡Zv| Gfv‡e cÖZviYvg~jK Wv‡Ki gva‡g we‡µZv ‡µZvi KvQ †_‡K cÖK…Z `v‡gi †P‡q †ekx `vg Av`vq K‡i wbZ| ivm~jyjvn (mt) Gfv‡e ewa©Z `vg‡K wiev AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb Ges wg_¨v WvK `vZv‡K ÔAwfkß wiev MÖnxZvÕ e‡j wb›`v K‡i‡Qb|75

N) ivm~jyjvn (mt) AviI e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡KD hw` Zvi †Kvb fvB-Gi Rb¨ mydvwik K‡i Ges GRb¨ †Kvb Dcnvi MÖnY K‡i Zvn‡j †m my‡ì eo eo ìRvmg~‡ni g‡a¨ †Kvb GKwU ìRv w`‡q my` MÖnY Kij|Ó (Avng`, Avey `vD`)O) ivm~jyjvn (mt) GI e‡j‡Qb †h, ÒcÖZviYv K‡i `vg e„w× Kiv n‡j ewa©Z AskUzKz Zvi Rb¨ wiev nq|Ó P) Avjvni ivm~j (mt) AviI e‡j‡Qb, ÒevRv‡i AvMZ †Kvb AbewnZ ‡jvK‡K VKv‡bvI wiev|Óm‡e©vcwi ivm~jyjvn (mt) e‡j‡Qb †h, my‡ì 70/72 wU aib Av‡Q|D‡jwLZ Z_¨vejx †_‡K GK_v ¯úó nq †h, Bmjvg c~e© hy‡M Avieiv A_© (wìnvg-w`bvi), †mvbv-iƒcv, Ab¨vb¨ cY¨-mvgMÖx GgbwK DU Øviv FY †jb‡`b KiZ Ges F‡Yi Ici wiev avh© KiZ| wØZxqZ, Zviv wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi A_© I cY¨-mvgMÖx evKx‡Z µq-weµq KiZ| †µZvi Kv‡Q wbwÏ©ó †gqv‡ì Rb¨ c‡Yï `vg cvIbv _vKZ| GUvB n‡Zv †µZvi †`bv; †µZv


wba©vwiZ mg‡q D³ †`bv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j we‡µZv cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` e„w×i wewbg‡q cvIbvi cwigvY evwo‡q w`Z| FY I †`bvi Ici Gme e„w×‡K Avieevmxiv wiev e‡j RvbZ Ges wiev ej‡Zv|Z…ZxqZ, Avieevmxiv gv‡bi ZviZ‡gï Kvi‡Y GKB Rv‡Zi A_© I cY¨ cwigv‡Y Kg-‡ekx K‡i ci¯úi Zvr¶wYK bM` wewbgq KiZ| wKš‘ GB e„w×‡K Zviv wiev g‡b Ki‡Zv bv| Avjvni ivm~j (mt) GB e„w×‡KI wiev e‡j‡Qb Ges mivmwi G ai‡bi µq-weµq Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb|PZz_©Z, cÖZviYv K‡i `vg †ekx †bIqv, wbjv‡g cÖZviYvg~jK WvK w`‡q `vg e„w× Kiv, evRvi m¤ú‡K© AbewnZ ‡jvK‡K VwK‡q `vg †ekx †bIqv Ges cvwi‡Zvwl‡Ki (reward) wewbg‡q KviI c‡¶ mydvwik Kiv n‡j †mB me cÖZviYvg~jK ewa©Z `vg I cvwi‡ZvwlK‡KI Avjvni ivm~j (mt) wiev †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb|nv`xm †_‡K GUvI cÖZxqgvb nq †h, wievi AviI eû aib Pvjy wQj|D³ Z_¨vejx †_‡K GK_vI cÖgvwYZ nq †h, F‡Yi Ici wiev avh© I †jb‡`b Kivi c×wZ I iƒcI wQj wewfbœ|cÖ_gZ, FY`vZv FY cÖ`v‡bi mgqB Zvi cvIbvi Ici AwZwi³ `vex KiZ Ges FYMÖnxZv AwZwi³ w`‡Z ivRx n‡j FY`vZv D³ ewa©Z cwigvYmn FY †di‡Zi k‡Z© FY cÖ`vb KiZ| AZtci wba©vwiZ mg‡q AwZwi³mn ‡`bv cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡j FY`vZv Zvi †gvU cvIbvi (KvD›Uvi f¨vjy + AwZwi³) Ici Avevi AwZwi³ avh© K‡i mgq evwo‡q w`Z| wØZxqZ, FY`vZv gvwmK wfwË‡Z AwZwi³ avh© KiZ Ges gv‡m gv‡m Zv Av`vq KiZ| Avi FY cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` †kl nIqv ch©š— Avmj cvIbvi cwigvY AcwiewZ©Z _vKZ| AZtci †gqv`v‡š— FYMÖnxZv FY cwi‡kva Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j AveviI gv‡m gv‡m AwZwi³ cwi‡kv‡ai k‡Z© FY`vZv FY cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` evwo‡q w`Z|


Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Rvbv hv‡”Q †h, ÒmKj cÖKvi my`x †jb‡`‡bi mvaviY †h êwkó¨ wQj Zv n‡”Q, †`bvi Avm‡ji Ici GKwU AwZwi³ cwigvY avh© Kiv| ‡`bv KLbI evKx µq-weµq †_‡K m„wó n‡Zv; KLbI ev FY ev KR© †_‡K †`bv m„wó n‡Zv| Abyiƒcfv‡e AwZwi³ cwigvY KLbI gvwmK wfwË‡Z Av`vq Kiv n‡Zv Ges †gqv` †k‡l Avmj †diZ wb‡Zv| KLbI Avevi AwZwi³ I Avmj GK mv‡_ ‡gqv` †k‡l cwi‡kva Kiv n‡Zv| Gme †¶‡ÎB ewa©Z AwZwi³ Ask‡K ejv n‡Zv wiev; KviY, wiev k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© n‡”Q e„w×|Ó76

G‡Z AviI j¶Yxq †h, GB e„w× avh© Kiv n‡Zv FYMÖnxZv ev †`bv`v‡ii †`bvi Ici hv †`bv`vi cwi‡kva KiZ Avi cvIbv`vi MÖnY KiZ; cvIbv`vi Gi wewbg‡q †`bv`vi‡K wKQyB w`‡Zvbv; A_©vr wiev n‡”Q wewbgqnxb AwZwi³| Avi wewbgq Qvov GB AwZwi³ †`bv`vi cwi‡kva Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡Zv ïaygvÎ Zvi m¤§wZi Kvi‡Y; FY`vZv ev evKx we‡µZv AwZwi³ `vex Ki‡Zv, FYMÖnxZv ev evKx †µZv m¤§Z n‡Zv| Gfv‡e Zv‡ì g‡a¨ AwZwi³ avh© I ‡jb‡`‡bi Pzw³ n‡q †h‡Zv| GB Pzw³ n‡”Q wievi Drm| wievi Ici FY`vZvi AwaKvi m„wó n‡Zv Pzw³ e‡j; Avi FYMÖnxZv wiev cwi‡kva Ki‡Z eva¨ _vK‡Zv GB Pzw³i Kvi‡YB (Zvi m¤§wZi Kvi‡Y)|GQvov bM` µq-weµ‡q GK Rv‡Zi cY¨ ev A‡_©i wba©vwiZ/cÖK…Z cÖwZg~‡jï Ici evowZ wKQy †jb‡`b Ki‡j †mB evowZ Ask‡KI Avjvni ivm~j (mt) wiev e‡j‡Qb; GgbwK, wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi A_© I cY¨ µq-weµ‡q †avKvevRx, RvwjqvwZ I cÖZviYv K‡i cÖK…Z `v‡gi †P‡q †ekx wb‡j †mB evowZ `vg‡KI wiev ejv n‡q‡Q|wievi msÁvZdmxiKvi I wdK¡vwe`MY wievi A_© K‡i‡Qb AwZwi³, e„w×, excess, wewbgqnxb e„w×, excess without counter value,


GKw`‡K e„w× Aciw`‡K e„w× QvovB BZ¨vw`| wewkó KwZcq we‡klÁ e‡j‡Qb, ÒcÖwZg~j¨ (counter value) bvB Ggb cÖwZwU e„w×B n‡”Q wiev|Ó77 Huges-Gi g‡Z, riba is a term in Muslim Law as: “an excess according to legal standard of measurement or weight, in one or two homogeneous articles opposed to each other in a contract of exchange and in which such excess is stipulated as an obligatory condition on one of the parties without any return.”78 (1885:544) nvbvdx ¯‹z‡ji cÖL¨vZ dK¡xn Bgvg mvivLmx my¯úó fvlvq e‡j‡Qb, “riba in Shariah is the stipulated excess in one of the two counter values without counter value in transaction of exchange (bay)”. A_©vr Òkixq‡Z wiev n‡”Q µq-weµ‡q `ywU cÖwZg~‡jï †Kvb GKwUi Ici avh©K…Z AwZwi³ hvi †Kvb wewbgq †bB|Ó79 Avj wbnvqv dx kinx wn`vqv-‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, “Riba is a specific increase entitled to either party without counter value” A_©vr Òwiev n‡”Q mywbw`©ó e„w× hv †Kvb GK c¶ Aci c¶‡K KvD›Uvi f¨vjy bv w`‡qB MÖnY K‡i|Ó80

gvwjKx ghnv‡ei cÖL¨vZ dK¡xn Be‡b Avivex e‡j‡Qb, “every increase which is without an ‘iwad’ or an equal counter value is riba” A_©vr Òe`jv ev mgvb cÖwZg~j¨ †Ìqv nq bv Ggb cÖ‡Z¨K e„w×B wiev|Ó wZwb AviI wj‡L‡Qb, “riba literally means an increase and in the Qur’anic verse riba is meant every kind of increase ‘Ziadah’ in an exchange which is without an equivalent counter value or return ‘iwad.” A_©vr Òwievi kvwãK A_© n‡”Q e„w× Avi KziAv‡bi Avqv‡Z wiev Øviv µq-weµq †¶‡Î mKj cÖKvi e„w× Ôwhqv`vÕ-‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q hvi mgg~‡jï †Kvb KvD›Uvi f¨vjy ev wewbgq ÔBIqvRÕ bvB|Ó81

G e¨vcv‡i mvbÕAvbx wj‡L‡Qb, “riba literally means any ‘fadal’ or excess which by stipulation does not bring any ‘iwad’ or any equivalent return to the other party in a contract of ‘muawada’ barter or exchange of commodities and services.” A_©vr ÒfvlvMZ A‡_© wiev n‡”Q d`j ev AwZwi³ hv gyqvev`v evU©vi ev cY¨-mvgMÖx I †mev µq-weµq Pzw³i kZ© Abymv‡i Acic‡¶i Rb¨ †Kvb e`jv (BIqv`) ev mgg~‡jï cÖwZ`vb e‡q Av‡b bv|Ó82


m¤cÖwZ Gm. G. †PŠayixI wiev‡K GKwU mvaviY cwifvlv wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Ges mKj cÖKvi µq-weµ‡q g~‡jï Ic‡i AwZwi³‡K wiev e‡j‡Qb| Zuvi fvlvq, “riba is a generic Quranic terminology for kinds of excess above the value of a thing.”83 B, Gg, b~‡ii g‡Z, GB msÁvbymv‡i g~‡jï Ici †h †Kvb e„w× ev cÖe„w×B n‡”Q wievi AvIZvfy³|84

Dc‡iv³ msÁv¸‡jv we‡klY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, wiev D™¢~Z nIqvi †¶Î n‡”Q µq-weµq| `ywU GKRv‡Zi A_©, cY¨ ev †mev evKx‡Z µq-weµq Ki‡j ¯’wMZK…Z KvD›Uvi f¨vjy nq FY, F‡Yi Ici mg‡qi wfwË‡Z avh©K…Z gvMbv AwZwi³‡K ejv n‡q‡Q wiev; Abyiƒcfv‡e wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi A_©, cY¨ ev †mev evKx‡Z µq-weµq Kiv n‡j ¯’wMZK…Z KvD›Uvi f¨vjy nq †`bv/cvIbv| GB †`bv/cvIbvi Ici mg‡qi wfwË‡Z avh©K…Z AwZwi³‡KI ejv nq wiev| Aciw`‡K GKRv‡Zi e¯‘ bM` µq-weµ‡q wba©vwiZ †Kvb KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici evowZ gvMbv †bIqv n‡j Zv‡K ejv n‡q‡Q wiev; Abyiƒcfv‡e wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi e¯‘ µq-weµ‡q †Kvb KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici gvMbv evowZ †bIqv n‡j †mB evowZ‡KI ejv n‡q‡Q wiev| e¯‘Zt wiev n‡”Q evKx I bM` Dfq µq-weµ‡q GK c‡ÿi KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici gvMbv e„w×| cv_©K¨ n‡”Q evKxi †ÿ‡Î wiev avh© Kiv nq mg‡qi Kvi‡Y, mg‡qi ¶wZc~iY ev g~j¨ wn‡m‡e| Avi bM‡ì †ÿ‡Î wiev avh© nq mgq Qvov Ab¨wea Kvi‡Y| Z‡e Ab¨‡K VwK‡q †ekx †bIqvi g‡bve„wËB wiev d`j avh© Kivi cÖavb KviY e‡j g‡b nq| Aek¨ wiev‡K mg‡qi g~j¨ DcKvi, `vb BZ¨vw` †hme K_v ejv nq Zv‡KI VKevRx Qvov Avi wK ejv hvq| myZivs mKj wievi Aš—wb©wnZ KviY n‡”Q m¤ú‡ì †jvf Ges Aci‡K VwK‡q wb‡R jvfevb nevi N„Y¨ g‡bve„wË|wievi ‡kªYx-web¨vm†dK¡v kv‡¯¿ wiev‡K cÖavbZ wiev bvwmqv I wiev d`j GB `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi wievi


msÁv c„_K c„_Kfv‡e †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b cÖ_‡g wiev bvwmqv I wØZxq ch©v‡q wiev d`‡ji A_© I msÁv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡”Q|wiev bvwmqv A_©Aviex ÔbvmvqvÕ kã †_‡K bvwmqv kãwU D™¢~Z n‡q‡Q|85 J. M. Cowan, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic-G bvmvqv A_© wj‡L‡Qb t86

bvmv - to put off, postpone, delay, defer, procrastinate.

bvmvAv - to allow time to pay, grant credit.

bvmvAv - long life, longevity.

Avj-gybRv`-G wjLv n‡q‡Q: bvmvAv KvD‡K F‡Y AeKvk †Ìqv|87 AvaywbK Aviex-evsjv Awfav‡b ÔbvwmqvnÕ A_© wjLv n‡q‡Q, cwi‡kv‡a wej¤^, cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ cÖ`Ë mgq, evKx, avi|88

W. Pvciv wj‡L‡Qb, bvmvqv k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q mgq, †gqv` ev AeKvk| FY ev †`bv cwi‡kva Kivi Rb¨ avh©K…Z/cÖ`Ë †gqv`‡K ejv nq bvmvqv|89 Bs‡iRx‡Z G‡K ejv nq waiting Avi evsjvq ejv nq cÖZx¶v| FY I evKx cÖ`vb K‡i Zvi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy †diZ cvIqvi Rb¨ A‡c¶v Ki‡Z nq GRb¨ ‡`bv I FY‡K ejv nq waiting ev cÖZx¶v| K`y©i wiev ev my`x F‡Y FY`vZv I FYMÖnxZv GB g‡g© Pzw³e× nq †h, FY ev ‡`bv cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ wba©vwiZ †gqv` Ges cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡j cieZx©‡Z ewa©Z †gqv‡ì Ici GZ nv‡i my` avh© Kiv n‡e| Gfv‡e mgq ev ‡gqv‡ì wewbgq wn‡m‡e G wiev avh© Kiv nq e‡j G‡K ejv nq wiev bvwmqv ev †gqv`x my`| Bs‡iRx‡Z G‡K ejv nq reward for waiting or time value of loan| ejv n‡q‡Q, “Riba in deferred transaction is nothing but a charge for the period of indebtedness...This charge is also called a time value of money.”90 nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q, “riba is in nasiah’ A_ev ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒThere is no riba except in nasiah;Ó91 Ab¨ nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q, Òhv Bqv`vb


weBqvw`b Zv‡Z ‡Kvb †`vl †bB, wKš‘ hv bvwmqv Zv wiev|Ó myZivs FY ev †`bvi Ici †gqv` ev mg‡qi wfwË‡Z avh©K…Z wiev n‡”Q wiev bvwmqv| “Riba al-nasiya arises where a borrower, in any form, enters into a contract to repay to the lender a pre-agreed amount in addition to the principal that was borrowed, due to delay in period of time of payment or delivery.”92

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GRb¨ Gme msÁvB wiev bvwmqv wk‡ivbv‡gi Aax‡b †ck Kiv n‡jv|Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z my` msµvš— wewa-wb‡l‡ai Av‡jv‡K Avj-Rvmmvm Zuvi cÖL¨vZ Zdmxi AvnKvgyj KziAv‡b wbgœ fvlvq wievi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb tÒRv‡nwjq¨vZ hy‡Mi wiev n‡”Q, F‡Yi Avm‡ji Ici FYMÖnxZv KZ…©K †`q †mB AwZwi³ hvi wewbg‡q FY`vZv wba©vwiZ mg‡qi Rb¨ FY cÖ`vb KiZ|Ó93

cÖL¨vZ Zdmxiwe` Avj-KzZz©ex wj‡L‡Qb, ÒgymwjgMY G e¨vcv‡i GKgZ †h, F‡Yi Avm‡ji Ici e„w×B n‡”Q wiev, †m e„w× hw` nq GK gy‡Vv Lo, †hgb Be‡b gvmy` e‡j‡Qb, wKsev hw` k‡mï GKwU KYvI nq, Zvn‡jI Zv wievB|Ó94

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Avjvgv Avãyi ingvb Avj-Rvwhwi e‡j‡Qb, Òwievi kvwãK A_© n‡”Q e„w× : Z‡e wdK¡vni cwifvlvq mgRvZxq cY¨ wewbgqKv‡j c‡Yï cwigv‡Y Kg †ekx Kiv n‡j Ges


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W. Avjx Avj-mv‡jvwm e‡j‡Qb, ÒF‡Yi Ici kZ© wn‡m‡e mg‡qi ¶wZc~iY ¯îƒc †`q †h †Kvb AwZwi³B n‡”Q wiev|Ó101

Avjvgv gI`~`x wievi e¨vL¨vq wj‡L‡Qb, ÒAviex fvlvq Gi A_© n‡”Q e„w×| cvwifvwlK A‡_© Avieiv Ggb GK ewa©Z As‡ki A_©‡K wiev ej‡Zv hv FY`vZv FYMÖnxZvi KvQ †_‡K GKwU w¯’wiK…Z nvi Abyhvqx


FY eve` cÖ`Ë g~j A‡_©i evB‡i Av`vq KiZ| Avgv‡ì fvlvq Avgiv G‡KB ewj my`| KziAvb bvwh‡ji mgq Avi‡e wb‡gœv³ wZb ai‡bi my`x †jb‡`‡bi cÖPjb wQj t

1) GK e¨w³ Ab¨ GK e¨w³i wbKU †Kvb wRwbm wewµ Ki‡Zv Ges `vg cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ mgqmxgv wba©viY K‡i w`‡Zv| †mB mgqmxgv †kl nIqvi ci hw` `vg cwi‡kva bv n‡Zv , Zvn‡j Zv‡K Avevi AwZwi³ mgq w`‡Zv Ges cÖvc¨ `v‡gi cwigvY evwo‡q w`‡Zv|

2) GKRb Ab¨Rb‡K FY w`‡Zv| FY`vZv I FYMÖnxZvi g‡a¨ Pzw³ n‡Zv †h, AgyK mg‡qi g‡a¨ Avmj †_‡K GZ cwigvY A_© †ekx †diZ w`‡Z n‡e; Ges

3) FY`vZv I FYMÖnxZvi g‡a¨ GKwU we‡kl mgqmxgvi Rb¨ GKwU we‡kl nvi w¯’wiK…Z n‡q †h‡Zv| †mB mgq mxgvi g‡a¨ ewa©Z A_©mn Avmj A_© cwi‡kva bv n‡j c~‡e©i †P‡q ewa©Z nv‡i cwi‡kv‡ai k‡Z© AwZwi³ mgq †Ìqv n‡Zv|102

Ab¨Î wZwb wj‡L‡Qb †h, my‡ì êwkó¨ n‡”Q 3wU;Ò1) F‡Yi Avmj cwigvY e„w× cvIqv; 2) mg‡qi Abycv‡Z Avmj e„w×i mxgv, cwigvY ev

nvi wba©vwiZ nIqv Ges 3) Dc‡ii `ywU‡K kZ© wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv|Ó

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G cÖm‡½ mvB‡q¨` KzZze knx` wj‡L‡Qb, Ò‡h wiev ev my` Rv‡njx hz‡M cwiwPZ wQj Ges hv D‡”Q` Kivi Rb¨ Avj-KziAv‡bi AvqvZ¸‡jv bvwhj n‡q‡Q; Zv wQj cÖavbZ, FYMÖnxZvi KvQ †_‡K cÖ`Ë A_© ev `ªe¨ †diZ †bqvi mg‡q †ekx †bqv| ‡jb‡`‡bi mgq GKB wRwbm ‡ekx †bqv ev †ekx †Ìqv, Avmj c‡Yï Ici AwaK MÖnY Kiv| Avi AeKvk ej‡Z †mB mgq‡K eySvq hvi Rb¨ AwZwi³Uv †bIqv nq| Avi GB dvq`v †jb‡`‡bi kZ© wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡j ZLb Zv my` n‡q hvq| A_©vr †Kvb gv‡ji cwie‡Z© mg‡kªYxi gvj wKQy †ekx †bqv n‡Zv †Zv GB mg‡qi Kvi‡YB|Ó105

W. Igi Pvciv wj‡L‡Qb, Òwievi kvwãK A_© n‡”Q e„w×, AwZwi³, m¤cÖmviY, ev cÖe„w×| Avi kiqx cwifvlvq, wiev †mB AwZwi³‡K (premium) eySvq hv F‡Yi kZ© wn‡m‡e A_ev F‡Yi ‡gqv` e„w×i ì“b FYMÖnxZv FY`vZv‡K Zvi cÖ`Ë F‡Yi Avmjmn cwi‡kva Ki‡Z eva¨ nq|Ó106

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gyZvgvi Avj-wdK¡n Avj-Bmjvgxi GKwU m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq c¨vwi‡m 1951 mv‡j; Avi GKwU m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq 1965 mv‡j Kvq‡iv‡Z| Bmjvgx m‡¤§jb ms¯’v (OIC) I iv‡eZv wdK¡n KwgwUi mfv AbywôZ nq 1985 mv‡j Kvq‡iv‡Z Ges 1986 mv‡j g°vq| GmKj m‡¤§jbmn m¤cÖwZ AbywôZ mKj m‡¤§jb †_‡K me©m¤§Zfv‡e wiev m¤ú‡K© D³iƒc ivq †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| myZivs wiev‡K wfbœZi A‡_© e¨vL¨v Kivi †Kvb my‡hvM †bB|Ó107

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F‡Yi/†`bvi KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici e„w×B n‡”Q wiev bvwmqv|b¨ K_vq FY‡K hLb AwZwi‡³i KviY evbv‡bv nq, Z_v AwZwi³‡K F‡Yi wewbgq, F‡Yi `vg ev price of credit evbv‡bv nq A_ev AwZwi³ †Ìqvi k‡Z© hLb FY †Ìqv nq ZLb †mB AwZwi³ nq wiev bvwmqv ev †gqv`x my`| GB e„w× ev AwZwi³ †h AvKv‡iB †nvK, GKB Rv‡Zi A_© ev c‡Yï AwZwi³ †Kvb cwigvY ‡nvK, Ab¨ †Kvb A_© ev c‡Yï †Kvb cwigvY †nvK, Ggb wK, hw` †Kvb †mev, †ewbwdU (benefit), Dcnvi, Dc‡XŠKb ev `vbI nq, Zvn‡jI Zv my` e‡j MY¨ n‡e| myZivs F‡Yi kZ© wn‡m‡e Avm‡ji AwZwi³ hvB †bqv †nvK ZvB n‡”Q wewbg‡qi AwZwi³ Z_v wiev bvwmqv| D`vniY ¯îƒc †KD hw` 100/- UvKv GB k‡Z© avi †`q †h, FYMÖnxZv 1 eQi ci 100/- UvKv cwi‡kva Ki‡e Ges Zvi mv‡_ AviI 10/- UvKv †ekx ‡`‡e A_ev 100/- UvKvi mv‡_ 1 †KwR †cu‡c †`‡e ev Zvi Mvox‡Z K‡i FY`vZv‡K Zvi evmvq †cuŠ‡Q †`‡e, Zvn‡j AwZwi³ GB 10 UvKv ev 1 †KwR †cu‡c ev Mvoxi †mev n‡e wiev bvwmqv ev ‡gqv`x my`|F‡Yi AwZwi³ hvB †nvK, Zv n‡e wewbgqnxb ev gvMbv, Avi gvMbv e‡jB GB 10/- UvKv ev 1 †KwR †cu‡c ev Mvoxi †mev n‡e wiev ev my`| FYMÖnxZv hw` GK eQi wba©vwiZ ‡gqv‡ì g‡a¨ Avm‡ji KvD›Uvi f¨vjy I Gi mv‡_ gvMbv ev AwZwi³ wn‡m‡e 10% my` cwi‡kva Ki‡Z bv cv‡i Zvn‡j AwZwi³ mg‡qi Rb¨ Pzw³ Abymv‡i evwl©K 10/- UvKv wn‡m‡e cÖwZw`b my‡ì AsK e„w× †c‡Z _vK‡e Ges hZw`b FYMÖnxZv Zvi g~j FY cwi‡kva Ki‡Z bv cvi‡e ZZw`bB e„w×i MwZ Ae¨vnZ _vK‡e| GgbwK Zv wØ¸Y, PZz©¸Y, eû¸YI n‡q ‡h‡Z cv‡i| Avi GB mKj ewa©Z AskB n‡e gvMbv I GKZidv (unilateral)| Abyiƒcfv‡e †Kvb FY`vZv hw` FYMÖnxZv‡K 1 wK‡jv jeY GB k‡Z© avi †`q †h, FYMÖnxZv GK gvm ci 1.50 wK‡jv


jeY †diZ †`‡e, Zvn‡j GB .50 wKt jeY n‡e g~j je‡Yi KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ic‡i AwZwi³ I gvMbv, myZivs wiev|Avbvm Be‡b gvwjK (ivt) ewY©Z GKwU nv`xm †_‡KI Gi Bw½Z cvIqv hvq| D³ nv`x‡m ivm~jyjvn (mt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡Zvgv‡ì †KD hw` Ab¨ KvD‡K FY †`q, AZtci FYMÖnxZv hw` FY`vZvi mvg‡b Lvevi wWk †ck K‡i, Zvn‡j FY`vZvi DwPZ †mUv MÖnY bv Kiv; Avi FYMÖnxZv hw` FY`vZv‡K Zvi evnb cïi Ici Av‡ivnb Kivi cÖ¯—ve K‡i, Zvn‡j FY`vZvi DwPZ Zv MÖnY bv Kiv, hw` bv Zviv c~e© †_‡KB ci¯úi Abyiƒc AvbyK~j¨ I myweav wewbg‡q Af¨¯— nq|Ó (mybvb Avj-evqnvKx)nv`xm †_‡K GUv ¯úó n‡q‡Q †h, hw` Ggb nq †h, FYMÖnxZv FY MÖnY Kivi c~‡e© Rxe‡b KLbI FY`vZv‡K LvIqvq bvB, A_ev KLbI Zvi †Nvovq D‡V ågY Kivi my‡hvM †`q bvB, wKš‘ Zvi wbKU †_‡K FY †bIqvi ci †m Zv‡K Lvevi †m‡a‡Q Ges Zvi evn‡b ågY Kivi cÖ¯—ve K‡i‡Q, G‡Z ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB AvksKv nq †h, FY †Ìqvi Kvi‡YB †m GLb FY`vZv‡K GB me my‡hvM-myweav w`‡Z AvMÖnx| Avi hw` ZvB nq, Zvn‡j FY n‡e GB myweav¸‡jvi KviY| AvksKv ‡h, G Ae¯’vq myweav¸‡jv wiev n‡q hv‡e| wKš‘ FYMÖnxZv I FY`vZvi g‡a¨ hw` c~e© †_‡KB ci¯úi‡K LvIqv‡bv ev GKRb Avi GKR‡bi evn‡b DVvi e¨vcv‡i Af¨¯— n‡q _v‡K Zvn‡j FY MÖn‡Yi c‡i LvIqv ev evn‡b DVvi cÖ¯—ve Ki‡j Zv F‡Yi Kvi‡Y bq eis cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© I Af¨v‡mi Kvi‡Y Kiv n‡q‡Q e‡j MY¨ n‡e Ges my‡` cwiYZ nIqvi AvksKv _vK‡e bv| GRb¨ ivm~jyjvn (mt) c~e© †_‡K Af¨¯— bv n‡j D‡jwLZ Advi (offer) MÖnY Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| G‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, AwZwi³ hw` F‡Yi Kvi‡Y nq Zvn‡j Zv nq wiev| Ab¨ GKwU nv`x‡m Avbvm Be‡b gvwjK †_‡K ewY©Z Av‡Q, bex (mt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡Kvb e¨w³ hw` KvD‡K FY †`q, Zvn‡j (FYMÖnxZvi c¶ †_‡K †`qv) †Kvb Dcnvi (gift)


MÖnY Kiv Zvi DwPZ bq|Ó (wgkK¡vZ, †evLvixi m~‡Î D×„Z|)Avey eyi`v Be‡b Avey g~mv †_‡K Ab¨ GKwU nv`x‡m ewY©Z Av‡Q, wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvwg g`xbvq G‡m Avãyjvn Be‡b mvjv‡gi mv‡_ mv¶vr Kijvg| wZwb (Avãyjvn Be‡b mvjvg) e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvcwb Ggb GK †`‡k evm K‡ib †hLv‡b Aev‡a Ges e¨vcKfv‡e (rampant) wiev ‡jb‡`b Pvjy Av‡Q| myZivs Avcbvi Kv‡Q FYx †Kvb e¨w³ hw` Avcbv‡K GK †evSv Lo A_ev mvgvb¨ wKQz he, A_ev GK AuvwU ï®‹ Z„Y Dcnvi †`q, Zvn‡j Avcwb Zv MÖnY Ki‡eb bv, KviY GUv wiev|Ó (wgkK¡vZ, †evLvixi m~‡Î D×„Z|)D‡jwLZ nv`xm †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq †h, F‡Yi k‡Z© AwZ Zz”Q I bMY¨ wRwbmI hw` Avm‡ji AwZwi³ wn‡m‡e †Ìqv nq Zvn‡j Zv Aek¨B wiev; GgbwK, FYMÖnxZvi †`qv Lvevi, Zvi evn‡b ågY Kiv, Zvi †`qv Dcnvi-Dc‡XŠKb ch©š— wievq ch©ewmZ nIqvi AvksKv i‡q‡Q; ZvB ivm~jyjvn (mt) G¸‡jv †_‡K mZK© _vKvi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb| ivm~jyjvn (mt) Gi wewkó mvnvex nhiZ dv`vjvn Be‡b DevB` m¤¢eZ GR‡b¨B e‡j‡Qb †h, ÒThe benefit derived from any loan is one of the different aspects of ribaÓ- (mybvb Avj evqnvKx)|jÿYxq †h, †Kvb †Kvb we‡kl‡Ái msÁvq mgRv‡Zi A_© ev cY¨ wewbgqKv‡j cwigv‡Y Kg-†ekx Kiv n‡j wiev D™¢~Z nIqvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| G K_v wVK †h mgRv‡Zi A_© ev c‡Yï evKx µq-weµq †_‡K F‡Yi m„wó nq Ges GB F‡Yi Ici AwZwi³ avh© Kiv n‡j Zv nq wiev| wKš‘ †Kej F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î bq †`bvi Ici avh©K…Z AwZwi³I nq wiev| Avi †`bvi m„wó nq wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi gy`ªv ev c‡Yï evKx µq-weµq †_‡K| A_©vr †Kvb GKwU gy`ªv ev cY¨ wfbœZi †Kvb gy`ªv ev c‡Yï wewbg‡q evKx‡Z weµq Kiv n‡j evKx _vKv KvD›Uvi f¨vjy nq GK c‡ÿi ‡`bv I Aci c‡ÿi cvIbv| GB †`bv/cvIbvi Ici AwZwi³ avh© Kiv n‡j Zv


nq wiev| D`vniY¯îƒc, aiv hvK K GKRb Pvj we‡µZv Avi L n‡”Q Pv‡ji †µZv| L K-Gi KvQ †_‡K 40 ‡KwR Pvj GK gv‡mi Rb¨ evKx‡Z wKb‡Z PvB‡jv| K evKx‡Z Pvj wewµ Ki‡Z ivRx n‡jv| Df‡q ì KlvKwl K‡i w¯’i Ki‡jv cÖwZ ‡KwR Pv‡ji `vg n‡e 30/- UvKv A_©vr 40 †KwR Pv‡ji †gvU `vg ùvov‡jv 1,200/- UvKv| GB 1,200/- UvKv n‡jv 40 †KwR Pv‡ji KvD›Uvi f¨vjy, K-Gi cvIbv Ges L-Gi †`bv| GB evKx µq-weµ‡qi mg‡q A_ev cieZx©‡Z K I L m¤§Z n‡q GUvI w¯’i Ki‡jv †h, L wba©vwiZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ Zvi †`bv cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡j cieZx© ewa©Z mg‡qi g‡a¨ D³ †`bvi Ici evwl©K 10% wn‡m‡e my` avh© Kiv n‡e Ges L Zv cwi‡kv‡a eva¨ _vK‡e| AZtci L hw` wba©vwiZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ Zvi †`bv m¤ú~Y© cwi‡kva K‡i †`q Zvn‡j ‡jb‡`b †kl n‡q hv‡e Ges L-‡K †Kvb my` w`‡Z n‡e bv| wKš‘ hw` Zvi †`bv m¤ú~Y© ev Gi †Kvb Ask cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© nq Zvn‡j wba©vwiZ GK gvm ci n‡Z Zvi Acwi‡kvwaZ †`bvi Ici cÖwZw`b my‡ì AsK †hvM n‡Z _vK‡e hZ w`b †m m¤ú~Y© g~j †`bv I my` cwi‡kva bv Ki‡e| myZivs wiev †Kej GKRv‡Zi A_© ev c‡Yï evKx µq-weµq Z_v F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î D™¢~Z nq GK_v †hgb h_v_© †Zgwb wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi A_©, cY¨ ev †mevi evKx µq-weµ‡q m„ó †`bvi Ici AwZwi³ avh© Kiv n‡j ZvI wiev nq, GK_vI mZ¨|D‡jL¨ †h, Ic‡ii D`vniY KqwU mij my‡ì| Pzw³‡Z hw` Pµ e„w× nv‡i my` avh© Kivi K_v _v‡K Zvn‡j Pµe„w× nv‡iB my` evo‡Z _vK‡e|wiev d`‡ji A_© Aviex d`j k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q AwZwi³, evowZ, †ekx BZ¨vw`| nv`xm †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, GK w`bv‡ii e`‡j `yB w`bvi, GK wìnv‡gi cwie‡Z© `yB wìnvg, GK mvÕ †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q `yB mvÕ †LRyi, nv‡Z nv‡Z bM` µq-weµq Kiv n‡j w`bvi, wìnvg ev †LRy‡ii AwZwi³ cwigvY


nq wiev (gymwjg)| GQvov wbjv‡g cÖZviYvg~jK Wv‡Ki gva¨‡g `vg evov‡bv n‡j, cvwi‡Zvwl‡Ki wewbg‡q KviI Rb¨ mycvwik Kiv n‡j A_ev cÖZviYv K‡i `vg †ekx †bIqv n‡j `v‡gi †mB me ewa©Z Ask I cvwi‡ZvwlK‡KI Avjvni ivm~j (mt) wiev †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| †dK¡vn kv‡¯¿ GB ai‡bi hveZxq wiev‡K ejv n‡q‡Q wiev d`j| nv`x‡m 70/72 cÖKvi my‡ì K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| myZivs wiev bvwmqvi b¨vq FY I †`bvi †¶‡Î bq, eis nv‡Z nv‡Z bM` wewbgq I µq-weµ‡q wiev d`‡ji D™¢e N‡U| A_©vr wiev bvwmqv I wiev d`‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ n‡”Q, wiev bvwmqv nq FY I †`bvi †¶‡Î Z_v evKx µq-weµ‡q; Aciw`‡K wiev d`j nq bM` wewbgq I µq-weµ‡q| AviI ¯úó K‡i ejv hvq †h, wiev bvwmqvq †bIqv I †Ìqvi gv‡S _v‡K mg‡qi eëavb Z_v wiev bvwmqv n‡PQ mg‡qi wewbgq; Avi wiev d`‡j †bIqv I †Ìqvi gv‡S mg‡qi eëavb _v‡K Abycw¯’Z| bM` wewbgq ev µq-weµ‡qi †¶‡Î GB wiev nq, GRb¨ †KD †KD G‡K wiev Avj-eyq~ ev µq-weµ‡qi wiev AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| †KD †KD Avevi G‡K wiev Avj-bK` ev bM` wiev e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| GB ai‡bi wievq mgq bvB, ïay e„w× Av‡Q| GRb¨ †KD †KD G‡K e‡j‡Qb wiev Avj-d`j| GB wievi D‡jL nv`x‡m Kiv n‡q‡Q; GB Rb¨ †KD †KD G‡K e‡j‡Qb wiev Avj-mybœvn| myZivs wiev Avj-eyq~, wiev Avj-bK`, wiev Avj-mybœvn I wiev Avj-d`j GKB ai‡bi wiev A_©vr wiev Avj-d`‡jiB wewfbœ bvg gvÎ|wiev d`‡ji msÁvIjvgv‡q‡Kivg I we‡klÁMY wiev d`j‡K wbgœiƒ‡c msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| D‡jøL¨ †h, wiev d`‡ji msÁvq mK‡jB mgRv‡Zi cY¨ ev A‡_©i bM` µq-weµ‡q wiev d`j D™¢~Z nIqvi K_v eywS‡q‡Qb| wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨ ev A_© bM` µq-weµ‡q wievi welqwU KviI Kv‡QB ¸iæZ¡ cvqwb| D`vniY ¯îƒct Be‡b nvRvi Avm-Kvjvbx wj‡L‡Qb, ÒcY¨ ev A‡_©i wewbg‡q AwZwi³ cY¨ ev


A_©B n‡”Q wiev| ‡hgb, GK w`bv‡ii wewbg‡q `yB w`bvi|Ó110 GLv‡b wewbgq ej‡Z wZwb †Kej bM` nv‡Z nv‡Z wewbgq‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| GQvov GKRv‡Zi gy`ªv, A_©vr w`bv‡ii mv‡_ w`bvi wewbg‡qi K_v e‡j‡Qb|GKBfv‡e mvB‡q¨` KzZze knx` Zvi dx whjvwjj KziAv‡b wj‡L‡Qb, ÒnhiZ wejvj (ivt) Gi NUbvq Zv cwi¯‹vi n‡q †M‡Q, wZwb Lvivc `yB mvÕ †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q GK mvÕ fvj †LRyi wb‡q‡Qb| †h‡nZz GKB †LRyi †_‡K Ab¨ †LRy‡ii Rb¥ n‡jv, †mR‡b¨B ivm~jyjvn (mt) GUv‡K wiev e‡j †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb|Ó111

mvB‡q¨` gI`~`xI wiev d`‡ji Abyiƒc msÁv w`‡q‡Qb GB fvlvqt ÒGKB RvwZfy³ `ywU wRwb‡mi nv‡Z nv‡Z †jb‡`‡bi †¶‡Î †h e„w× nq Zv‡K ejv nq wiev Avj-d`j|Ó112

Avjvgv Avãyi ingvb Avj-Rvwhwi e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡jb‡`‡bi g‡a¨ mg‡qi eëavb bv _vKv m‡Ë¡I hw` (GKB Rv‡Zi cY¨) Kg cwigv‡Yi wewbg‡q †ekx cwigvY †bIqv nq Ges AwZwi³ As‡ki g~‡jï ¶wZc~iY Kiv bv nq, Zvn‡j †mB evowZ Ask nq wiev Avj-d`j|Ó113

cvwK¯—vb mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i kixqvn Avcx‡jU ‡e‡Âi iv‡q ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Òbex Kixg (mt) KwZcq †jb‡`b‡K wiev AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb hv wb‡gœ D‡jL Kiv n‡jvt

1) A‡_©i wewbg‡q A_© ‡jb‡`‡b Dfq c‡¶i A_© hw` GKB RvZ I †kªYxfy³ nq Ges Dfq c¶ hw` mgvb mgvb cwigv‡Yi A_© ‡jb‡`b bv K‡i, Zvn‡j wewbgq Zvr¶wYK nv‡Z nv‡Z bM` †nvK (spot transaction) A_ev evKxi wfwË‡Z †nvK, †m †jb‡`b n‡e wiev|

2) evU©vi ev c‡Yï mv‡_ cY¨ wewbg‡q mswkó cY¨¸‡jv hw` IRb ev cwigvc‡hvM¨ nq Ges GKB RvZ I ‡kªYxfy³ nq Ges hw` Dfq c‡¶i c‡Yï cwigvY Amgvb nq A_ev †Kvb GK c¶ hw` Zvi cY¨ cÖ`vb


fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ ¯’wMZ ev evKx iv‡L Zvn‡j Giƒc †jb‡`b wiev †jb‡`‡b ch©ewkZ n‡e|

3) evU©vi ev c‡Yï mv‡_ cY¨ wewbg‡q cY¨ hw` wfbœ wfbœ RvZ I †kªYxfy³ nq Ges †m¸‡jv hw` IRb I cwigvc‡hvM¨ nq Avi †Kvb GK c¶ hw` Zvi cY¨ cÖ`vb ¯’wMZ ev evKx iv‡L Zvn‡j Zv wiev †jb‡`‡bi Aš—f©y³ n‡e|Ó114

nvbvdx dK¡x‡ì g‡Z, ÒGKB Rv‡Zi (similarily) e¯‘MZ m¤ú` µq-weµq Pzw³‡Z, AvBbZ MÖnY‡hvM¨ cwigv‡ci wfwË‡Z, †Kvb AwZwi³ cwigvY avh© Kiv n‡j †mB AwZwi³ n‡”Q wiev d`j|Ó “It is an excess of tangible property stipulated in the exchange contract on the basis of legal criteria in the similarity of two items.”115

kv‡dqx AvBb‡eËv‡ì g‡Z, “It is an exchange with an increase in one of the trade items over the other.” A_©vr Òµq-weµ‡q `ywU c‡Yï †Kvb GKwUi cwigvY AciwUi †P‡q †ekx K‡i µq-weµq KivB n‡”Q wiev d`j|Ó116 nv¤^jx gvhnv‡ei dK¡x‡ì `„wó‡Z, “It is an increase in one of the exchange items identical in kind of measurable and weighable goods.” A_©vr Òwiev d`j GKB Rv‡Zi cwigvc I IRb‡hvM¨ c‡Yï µq-weµ‡q †Kvb GKwU c‡Yï cwigvY †ekx Kiv|Ó117 D³ msÁv¸‡jv we‡klY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, nvbvdx ghnv‡ei g‡Z wiev n‡”Q, ev¯—e A‡_© AwZwi³ (excess) ev e„w× (increase)| h_v, GK wìnv‡gi wewbg‡q `yB wìnvg wewµ Kiv| GLv‡b GK c‡¶i AwZwi³ GK wìnvg n‡”Q wiev| Avi Ôwithout a corresponding counter valueÕ K_vi Zvrch© n‡”Q, D³ evowZ GK wìnv‡gi †Kvb KvD›Uvi f¨vjy †bB ev †Ìqv nq bvB ev Zv gvMbv †bIqv n‡q‡Q| GQvov, msÁv‡Z evKxi †gqv`‡KI wiev ejv n‡q‡Q| G m¤ú‡K© c~‡e©B wewkó †dK¡vnwe`‡ì gZ D‡jøL K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q †h, wbwl× n‡”Q d`j ev e„w×; mgq wbwl× bq| m‡e©vcwi GBme msÁv Abymv‡i wiev d`j D™¢~Z nq mgRv‡Zi


cY¨-mvgMÖx bM` µq-weµ‡qi †¶‡Î| wKš‘ c~‡e©B D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, ivm~jyjøvn (mt) nv`x‡m wbjvg µq-weµ‡q `vjvj KZ©„K wg_¨v Wv‡Ki gva¨‡g `vg evov‡bv n‡j, cÖZviYvi gva¨‡g `vg †ekx wb‡j, evRvi m¤ú‡K© AbewnZ ‡jvK‡K VwK‡q `vg †ekx wb‡j I cvwi‡Zvwl‡Ki wewbg‡q KviI c‡ÿ mycvwik Kiv n‡j, Gme ewa©Z `vg I cvwi‡ZvwlK‡K wiev ejv n‡q‡Q| Gme µq-weµq n‡”Q wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi c‡Yï bM` µq-weµq| Gme wiev‡KI msÁvi AvIZvq Avbv DwPZ| myZivs bM` µq-weµ‡q cÖwZg~‡jï Ici Av‡ivwcZ AwZwi³ hvi †Kej wewbgq †Ìqv nq bv ZvB n‡”Q wiev d`j| GB msÁvq bM` µq-weµq ej‡Z mgRv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mev Ges wfbœ wfbœ Rv‡Zi cY¨, A_© I †mevi bM` µq-weµq meB kvwgj i‡q‡Q|Avj-wiev A_©Av‡jvP¨ Avqv‡Z AvjøvnZvÕqvjv ÔevBÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© ÔAvjÕ †hvM K‡i ÔAvj-evBÕ e‡j‡Qb; Avi wiev k‡ãi c~‡e© ÔAvjÕ ewm‡q e‡j‡Qb ÔAvj-wievÕ| mKj we‡klÁ G e¨vcv‡i GKgZ †h, ÔevBÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© ms‡hvwRZ ÔAvjÕ Øviv mgMÖ ev RvwZ eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| evB-Gi msÁvi AvIZvfy³ mKj evB‡K eySv‡bvB Gi D‡Ïk¨| myZivs Avqv‡Zi GB As‡k Avjøvn mKj cÖKvi evB‡K (µq-weµq‡K) nvjvj †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ ÔwievÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© emv‡bv ÔAvjÕ-Gi A_© wb‡q we‡klÁ‡ì g‡a¨ gZ cv_©K¨ †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| G cÖm‡½ we‡klÁMY cÖavbZ wZb ai‡bi AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| `vD` Avj-hvwnix, ZwK Avj-Øxb Avj-myewK, Avj-Zvnvfx, Avãyj nvwg` Avj-evqhvex, Avj-Zvevix, kvn& Iqvwj Djøvn †`njfx I Be‡bj Kvwq¨g Avj-RvIwhqvn cÖg~L ZdmxiKvi, nv`xm‡eËv I †dK¡vwe`MY e‡j‡Qb, wiev k‡ãi c~‡e© ms‡hvwRZ ÔAvjÕ kãwU we‡kl A‡_© eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q; Z`vbxšÍb Avieiv †h wiev †jb‡`b KiZ,


†h wievi mv‡_ Zviv cwiwPZ wQj, †mB we‡kl cwiwPZ (Previous Familiarity) wiev‡K eySv‡bvi Rb¨B ÔAvjÕ kã emv‡bv n‡q‡Q| myZivs GLv‡b Avj-wiev A_© n‡”Q Avi‡e cÖPwjZ I cwiwPZ (Previous Familiarity) wiev Avj-Rvwnwjq¨vZ hv FY I ‡`bvi Ici avh© Kiv n‡Zv| GB wiev‡K wiev bvwmqvI ejv nq| A_©vr Avqv‡Zi GB As‡k gnvb Avjøvn †Kej wiev Avj-Rvwnwjq¨vZ ev wiev bvwmqv‡KB nvivg †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| D³ we‡klÁ‡ì g‡Z, Ab¨vb¨ mKj cÖKvi wiev wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q nv`xm Øviv|Aci GK `j we‡kl‡Ái AwfgZ n‡”Q †h, GLv‡b wievi c~‡e© hy³ ÔAvjÕ kãwU mgwó, mvaviY (general/mujmal) I RvZ (genus) BZ¨vw` A‡_© eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q, c~e© cwiwPwZ A‡_© bq| Avj-wKqv Avj-nvwimx, Bgvg kvdx cÖg~L wewkó AvBb‡eËvMY GB AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, GLv‡b Avj-wiev ej‡Z mKj cÖKvi wiev‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avj-KziAv‡bi GB wb‡lavÁv AvBbZ wbwl× mKj cÖKvi wievi †ÿ‡ÎB cÖ‡hvR¨|Avj-Rvmvm, Avj-dLi Avj-Bmjvg, Avj ev`vex, Be‡b iƒk` Avj-gvwjKx I nvbvdx ¯‹z‡ji dK¡xMY wfbœZi Avi GK Ae¯’vb wb‡q‡Qb| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, Avj-KziAv‡b eëüZ wiev kãwU n‡”Q A¯úó (Ijmal/obscure/undetailed); AvBb cÖ‡YZv KZ©„K cÖ`Ë e¨vL¨v e¨ZxZ Gi cªK…Z A_© eySv m¤¢e bq| Zuviv Avj-KziAv‡b eëüZ ÔmvjvZÕ I ÔhvKvZÕ cwifvlvi mv‡_ ÔwievÕ k‡ãi Zzjbv K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, ÔmvjvZÕ-Gi fvlvMZ A_© n‡”Q Kj¨vYg~jK KvR, wKš‘ kixqZ cÖ‡YZvi D‡Ïk¨ I AwfcÖvq Abymv‡i Gi we‡kl A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q| Abyiƒcfv‡e ÔhvKvZÕ k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© n‡”Q cÖe„w×, cweÎ BZ¨vw`; wKš‘ kixq‡Z we‡kl A‡_© G‡K eënvi Kiv nq| GKBfv‡e wievi kvwãK A_© n‡”Q e„w×| wKš‘ kixq‡Z mKj cÖKvi e„w×‡K wiev ejv nqwb; eis kixq‡Z GK we‡kl ai‡bi e„w×‡K nvivg †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avj-Rvmvm G wel‡q e¨vL¨v w`‡q e‡j‡Qb †h, Avieiv


wba©vwiZ mg‡qi Rb¨ wìnvg I w`bvi avi w`‡Zv Ges F‡Yi Avm‡ji Ici mg‡qi wewbgq wn‡m‡e ÔAwZwi³Õ avh© Ki‡Zv| F‡Yi Ici avh©K…Z GB AwZwi³‡K Zuviv wiev ej‡Zv Ges G‡K wiev e‡j Rvb‡Zv| kixq‡Z GB e„w×‡K wiev ejv n‡q‡Q| Aciw`‡K †mvbvi mv‡_ †mvbv ev iƒcvi mv‡_ iƒcv cwigv‡Y Kg-†ekx K‡i bM` wewbgq Kiv n‡j GK c‡ÿi evowZ Ask †h wiev nq, Avieiv Zv Rvb‡Zv bv; ZvQvov, †mvbvi e`‡j †mvbv, iƒcvi e`‡j iƒcv evKx‡Z weµq Kiv n‡j evKxi †gqv` †h wiev nq †mUvI Zv‡ì Rvbv wQj bv| wKš‘ AvB‡b evowZ Ask I evKxi †gqv` G `y‡Uv‡KB wiev ejv n‡q‡Q| evKxi †gqv` wiev nIqvi KviY wn‡m‡e wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h, nv`x‡m bvwmqv‡K wiev ejv n‡q‡Q| nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q, Ôwiev n‡”Q bvwmqv‡ZÕ Ges Ôhv Bqv`vb weBqvw`b Zv‡Z †Kvb †`vl †bB, wKš‘ hv bvwmqv Zv wiev| e¯‘Zt wiev kãwU Ab¨vb¨ A¯úó we‡kl¨ c‡ì k‡ãi b¨vq GKwU A¯úó we‡kl¨ c‡ì kã; G‡K h_v_© A‡_© eyS‡Z n‡j kixqZ cÖ‡YZvi cÿ †_‡K e¨vL¨v Qvov eySv m¤¢e bq| ivm~jyjøvn (mt) Avjøvni AwfcÖvq Abyhvqx my¯úó wb‡`©kbvi gva¨‡g Gi we¯ÍvwiZ e¨vL¨v ‡ck K‡i‡Qb| myZivs nv`x‡m hZ cÖKvi wievi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q Zvi meB Avj-wievi Aš‘f©y³|Avj-KzZz©ex GB GKB AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb wfbœZi hyw³‡Z| Zuvi g‡Z, ÒAvqv‡Z eëüZ Avj kãwU c~e© cwiwPwZ eySv‡”Q, Avi Zv n‡”Q, Avieiv ‡h wiev †jb‡`b Ki‡Zv †mB wiev; AZtci Avjøvni ivm~j (mt) †hme wiev wbwl× K‡i‡Qb †m¸‡jvI Gi Aš‘f©y³......|Ó118 Avj-kvwZex e‡j‡Qb †h, ÒGB Avqv‡Zi gva¨‡g Avjøvn Rvwnwjq¨v‡Zi wiev‡K wbwl× K‡i‡Qb| AZtci wievi GKwU aib e¨vL¨v K‡i wZwb e‡j‡Qb, KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici wewbgqnxb AwZwi³ _vKvi Kvi‡YB GB µq-weµq‡K


wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q; Avi mybœvn GKB A‡_© mKj cÖKvi wiev‡K Gi mv‡_ kvwgj K‡i‡Q|Ó119

ev`vex wØZxq I Z…Zxq Awfg‡Zi g‡a¨ Zzjbv K‡i e‡j‡Qb †h, GB `yB g‡Zi cÖKvk fw½‡Z cv_©K¨ _vKv m‡Ë¡I Dfq g‡Z GKB K_v ejv n‡q‡Q, Zv n‡”Q mKj cÖKvi wievB Avj-wiev k‡ãi Aš‘f©y³| ev`vexi wb‡Ri fvlv n‡”Q, “Thus the view about the Ijmal (obscurity) of the word riba in the verse of prohibition turns into a view that holds riba prohibited by the Quran to include all legally prohibited forms of riba as in the case with the view about the generality (mujmal) of the word, even though the approach in both methods is different.”120 Z‡e wZwb wb‡R cÖ_g A_©vr Avj-KziAvb ‡Kej wiev Avj-Rvwnwjq¨vZ ev wiev Avj-bvwmqv‡K wbwl× K‡i‡Q, gZ‡K AwaKZi cQ›`bxq e‡j AwfgZ w`‡q‡Qb|121

e¯‘Zt ZdmxiKvi, nv`xm‡eËv I wdK¡vnwe`‡ì e¨vL¨v Abymv‡i Avj-KziAv‡b wbwl× wiev I Avj-nv`x‡m wbwl× wiev wfbœ wfbœ iƒc cwiMÖn Kivi Kvi‡YB Avj-wievi A_© I AvIZv-cwiwa wb‡q D³ gZcv_©‡Kï m„wó n‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i, ‡dK¡vn kv‡¯¿ evKxi †gqv`‡K wiev ejvi Kvi‡Y GB wiev‡K Avj-wievi g‡a¨ kvwgj Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡o‡Q; ZvQvov Avj-KziAv‡bi wiev msµvšÍ AvqvZmg~‡n †h Bw½Z cvIqv hvq Ges †hme wewa-weavb G‡Z bvwhj Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z AvcvZ`„wó‡Z g‡b nq, Avj-KziAv‡b †Kej wiev bvwmqv‡KB wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q|D`vniY¯îƒc, m~iv Avj-evKvivnq Avjøvn ej‡Qb, Òmy` eve` hv cvIbv Av‡Q Zv †Q‡o `vIÓ| ÒwKš‘ Avmj †ZvgviÓ, ÒFYMÖnxZv Am”Qj n‡q co‡j m”QjZv wd‡i bv Avmv ch©šÍ Zv‡K mgq `vIÓ, ÒAvi hw` gvd K‡i `vI Zvn‡j Zv DËgÓ,Ñ Gme wewa-weavb meB evKx µq-weµq ev F‡Yi mv‡_ m¤ú„³, Ab¨_vq Ôhv cvIbv Av‡QÕ, ÔAvmj ‡ZvgviÕ, Ômgq `vIÕ Gme K_v ejv n‡Zv bv|Z`ycwi m~iv Av‡j Bgiv‡bi my` msµvšÍ AvqvZ †_‡KI GB Bw½Z cvIqv hvq †h, GLv‡b F‡Yi Ici avh©K…Z


Rvwnwjq¨v‡Zi my‡ì K_vB ejv n‡q‡Q hv mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ wØ¸Y, PZz©¸Y I eû¸‡Y e„w× cvq| we`vq n‡R¡i fvl‡YI Avjøvni ivm~j (mt) Rvwnwjq¨v‡Zi my`‡KB wbwl× †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb; AZtci Zuvi PvPv AveŸvm (ivt) Gi cvIbv mvKzj¨ my` gvd K‡i †`qvi K_v e‡j‡Qb| GK_v wbwðZ †h, ÒAveŸvm (ivt) Gi cvIbv mvKzj¨ my`B wQj wiev bvwmqv| Gme Bw½‡Zi Av‡jv‡K a‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q †h, Avj-KziAvb †Kej wiev bvwmqv‡KB wbwl× K‡i‡Q hv Rv‡nwjq¨v‡Zi hy‡M cÖPwjZ wQj; Avi G †_‡KB Avj-wievi A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q wiev Avj-Rv‡nwjq¨vZ, wiev Avj-bvwmqv ev wiev Avj-KziAvb| AZtci ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Gi evB‡i wiev Avj-d`j I wiev Avj-bvmv‡K wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q nv`x‡mi Øviv|kvn Iqvwj Djøvn †`njfx e‡j‡Qb, wiev n‡”Q `yB cÖKvit GK cÖKvi n‡”Q cªK…Z wiev Ges AciwU n‡”Q iƒcK wiev (figurative/metaphorical); cÖK…Z wiev n‡”Q †`bvi Ici wiev hv Rvwnjx hy‡M Avieiv e¨vcKfv‡e †jb‡`b Ki‡Zv; cÖK…Z wiev‡K wbwl× K‡i‡Q Avj-KziAvb; Avi wØZxq cÖKv‡ii wiev n‡”Q Ôwiev Avj-d`jÕ; wiev Avj-d`j‡K wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q nv`x‡m| wiev-d`j n‡”Q Avmj wievi m¤cÖmviY (extension); G‡K †Kej iƒcK A‡_© wiev (as a metaphor/figurative) ejv n‡q‡Q|122

G e¨vcv‡i `vD` Avj-Rvwnix e‡j‡Qb, ÒcÖK…Zc‡ÿ wiev n‡”Q ‡Kvb e¯‘i wbR¯^ cwigvY †e‡o hvIqv (excess in the thing itself); ZvB cÖwZg~‡jï Ici e„w× wiev bq eis Giƒc e„w×‡K †Kej iƒcK A‡_© wiev ejv hvq|123

Gfv‡e F‡Yi Ici e„w×‡K GKB e¯‘i wbR cwigv‡Yi e„w× MY¨ K‡i Zv‡K ejv n‡q‡Q cÖK…Z wiev| wKš‘ bM` µq-weµ‡q GKB Rv‡Zi A_© ev c‡Yï †ekx cwigvY‡K ejv n‡q‡Q KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici e„w×; G‡K ejv n‡q‡Q iƒcK A‡_© wiev| GwU GKwU ¯^we‡ivax Ae¯’v| KviY, FYMÖnxZv FY wn‡m‡e †h Rv‡Zi A_© ev cY¨ MÖnY K‡i


†mB GKB Rv‡Zi (similar kind) A_© ev c‡Yï mgcwigvY cieZx©‡Z †diZ †`q; GKB (same) A_© ev cY¨ †diZ †`q bv| KviY, †m hv MÖnY K‡i Zv LiP K‡i wbt‡kl K‡i †d‡j| AZtci Abyiƒc A_© ev cY¨ †hvMvo K‡i †diZ †`q| myZivs F‡Y GKB e¯‘ †jb‡`b nq GK_v Av‡`Š wVK bq; eis GKB Rv‡Zi wfbœ wfbœ e¯‘ †jb‡`b nq hvi GKwU nq AciwUi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy| Avi F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î GB KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici AwZwi³ avh© Kiv n‡j Zv nq wiev bvwmqv| myZivs cÖK…Z wiev Avm‡j KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ic‡iB avh© Kiv nq| Abyiƒcfv‡e †Kvb A_© ev cY¨ GKB Rv‡Zi A_© ev c‡Yï wewbg‡q bM` µq-weµq Kiv n‡j Zvi GKwU nq AciwUi KvD›Uvi f¨vjy| Avi †Kvb GKwU KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici AwZwi³ avh© Kiv n‡j (cwigv‡Y †ekx) Zv nq wiev d`j| evKx-bM` Dfq †jb‡`‡bB (FY I bM`) AwZwi³ Avm‡j KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi IciB avh© Kiv nq, g~j e¯‘i Ici bq| GK_v FYmn mKj cÖKvi µq-weµq †ÿ‡ÎB mZ¨| myZivs F‡Y g~j e¯‘ e„w× cvq, Avi Ab¨vb¨ µq-weµ‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici e„w× avh© Kiv nqÑ GB cv_©K¨ mwVK bq|D‡jøL¨ †h, nv`xm ev mybœvn n‡”Q Avj-KziAv‡bi e¨vL¨v| ivm~‡ji (mt) `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q, Avjøvn hv wKQz ÔInxÕ K‡ib Zvi meUzKz, †Kvb cÖKvi evwoZ-KgwZ bv K‡i, `ywbqvevmxi Kv‡Q ûeû †cuŠ‡Q †Ìqv Ges wb‡Ri K_v I Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g Zvi h_v_© A_© I e¨vL¨v gvbyl‡K eywS‡q ‡Ìqv| Avjøvn Ø¨_©nxb fvlvq Rvwb‡q w`‡q‡Qb, “And we have sent down unto thee Message (dhikr); that thou Mayest explain clearly to men what is sent for them.” (Avj-KziAvb)| e¯‘Zt Avj-KziAv‡b †bB Ggb †Kvb wiev‡K Avjøvni ivm~j (mt) wbwl× K‡ibwb| myZivs KziAv‡b eëüZ ÔwievÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© Avj ewm‡q AvjøvnZvÕqvjv wievi msÁvi AvIZvi g‡a¨ c‡o Ggb me wiev‡KB eywS‡q‡Qb; Avi GB wiev wbwl× K‡i G Rb¨ †gŠwjK wewa-weavb Avjøvn wb‡R bvwhj K‡i‡Qb| Avi ZviB wfwË‡Z Avjøvni ivm~j (mt)-Gi we¯ÍvwiZ e¨vL¨v I wewa-weavb Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|


µq-weµ‡qi wewa-weavb cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb Ges Gme wewa-weavb j•Nb Kiv n‡j wewfbœ ai‡bi µq-weµ‡q wKfv‡e wiev D™f~Z nq Zvi e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb|G cÖm‡½ D‡jøL¨ †h, Dev`v Be‡b mvwgZ ewY©Z nv`xmwU‡Z Avjøvni ivm~j (mt) nvjvj µq-weµ‡qi wewa-weavb eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| G nv`x‡m wievi K_v Av‡`Š D‡jøL †bB| AZtci GB weavb¸‡jv j•Nb K‡i µq-weµq Kiv n‡j wKfv‡e wiev nq, Aci KwZcq nv`x‡m Zvi e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| e¯‘Zt ÔevBÕ †hgb GK ai‡bi Pzw³ ‡Zgwb wievI Avi GK ai‡bi Pzw³| Dev`v Be‡b mvwgZ ewY©Z nv`x‡m D‡jøwLZ kZ© gyZv‡eK Pzw³ Kiv n‡j Zv nq evB ev µq-weµq Pzw³, hv Avjøvn nvjvj K‡i‡Qb| Avi Gi †Kvb GKwU, `ywU ev wZbwU kZ© j•Nb K‡i Pzw³ Kiv n‡j Zv nq wiev Pzw³, Avjøvn hv‡K nvivg K‡i‡Qb| nv`x‡m ewY©Z evB msµvšÍ mKj wewa-weavb Avj-KziAv‡b †bB; †Zgwb wievi hveZxq AvBb-weavbI Avj-KziAv‡b †bB| Avj-KziAvb I Avj-nv`x‡mi e³e¨ wg‡jB Avj-evB Ges Avj-KziAvb I Avj-nv`x‡mi e¨vL¨v wgwj‡qB Avj-wiev| myZivs Avj-wievi g‡a¨ KziAv‡b ewY©Z wiev †hgb Av‡Q, †Zgwb nv`x‡m ewY©Z wievI Gi AšÍf©y³| ‘Al-Riba is all inclusive.’ Avqv‡Z eëüZ ÔevBÕ I ÔwievÕ `ywU kãB n‡”Q GK eP‡b (singular number), we‡kl¨ c` (noun); Avi Dfq k‡ãi c~‡e© emv‡bv n‡q‡Q ÔAvjÕ| ZvQvov cvi¯úwiK Zzjbvg~jK A‡_© kã `ywU Avbv n‡q‡Q| we‡klÁMY e‡j‡Qb, “a singular noun with a confined meaning preceeded by the definite article denotes generality.”124 c~‡e© µq-weµq Av‡jvPbvq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, GLv‡b evB A_© n‡”Q µq-weµq; Avi Gi c~‡e© Avj †hvM Kivq Gi A_© ùvov‡”Q mKj cÖKvi µq-weµq; A_©vr µq-weµ‡qi msÁvi AvIZvfz³ hveZxq µq-weµq n‡”Q ÔAvj-evBÕ| Abyiƒcfv‡e Zzjbvg~jK A‡_© Avj-wievi A_©I mKj cÖKvi wiev nIqv evÃbxq; myZivs


wievi msÁvi AvIZvq Av‡m Ggb mKj wievi mgwóB n‡”Q ÔAvj-wievÕ| GLv‡b Avj-wievi Ab¨wea A_© Kiv hyw³-hy³ bq|cÖK…Z K_v n‡”Q FYI GK ai‡bi µq-weµq; Avi FYmn †h †Kvb µq-weµ‡q KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici AwZwi³ avh© Kiv n‡j KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi cwigvY †e‡o hvq| GUvB n‡”Q KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi wbR cwigvY e„w× cvIqvÑ excess in the thing itself. wiev Øviv KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi cwigvY e„w× cvq; g~j e¯‘i cwigvY bq| Avj-KziAv‡b my` wbwl× K‡i bvwhjK…Z wewa-weavbmg~n cÖavbZ wiev bvwmqvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ G K_v A‡b‡KB e‡j‡Qb| wiev bvwmqv avh© Kiv nq FY eve` cÖ`Ë A_© ev c‡Yï wewbgq wn‡m‡e cvIbv KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi Ici; Avi Zv avh© Kiv nq KvD›Uvi f¨vjy cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ cÖ`Ë †gqv‡ì wfwË‡Z| Abyiƒcfv‡e evKx µq-weµ‡q evKx _vKv KvD›Uvi f¨vjyi IciI mg‡qi wfwË‡Z AwZwi³ avh© Kiv nq| mg‡qi wfwË‡Z avh© Kivi Kvi‡Y mgq evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ Gme wiev evo‡Z _v‡K Ges µ‡g Zv wØ¸Y, PZz©¸Y I eû¸Y n‡q hvq| G Rb¨ m~iv Av‡j Bgiv‡b AvjøvnZvÕqvjv e„w× ‡c‡Z _vKvi GB êwkó¨‡K my‡ì ¯^fve ag© wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| nv`xm †_‡K Rvbv hvq, †Kej wiev bvwmqv bq, wiev d`jI wØ¸Y n‡Z cv‡i| GK e¨w³ Kg cwigvY †LRy‡ii wewbg‡q †ekx cwigvY †LRyi MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Avjøvni ivm~j (mt) Zv‡K ej‡jb, ÒYou have acquired riba, you have doubled itÓ|125

myZivs wØ¸Y, PZz©¸Y, eû¸Y ej‡Z †Kej wiev bvwmqv‡K bq, wiev d`j‡KI eySvq| myZivs ÔAvj-wievÕ Gi A_© n‡”Q hveZxq wievÑ GB e¨vL¨vB AwaKZi hyw³hy³ e‡j g‡b nq|

Z_¨m~Ît


1 Avj-ivwht gvdvwZn Avj-MvBe, fwj-2, c„t 354; D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³ c„t 67|2& Avj-Zvevwi; Rv‡g Avj-eqvb, fwj-3, c„t 69, D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 68|3 Razi, Tafsir Al-Kabir, Vol. 2, verses of riba.4 Bwe`|5 D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 67|6 ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 67|7 Avj-Kvd&dvj, gvdvwZn Avj-MvBe, fwj-2, c„t 354; D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 67-68|8 Be‡b gbhyi, wjmvb Avj-Avie, 1968|9 Pvciv, Gg, Igi, Prohibition of Interest: Does it Make Sense? Islamic Dawah Movement (IDM) Publications, Southern Africa, 2001, p. 2, Foot note-3.10 D×„Zt wmwÏKx, knx` nvmvb Riba, Usury and Interest- Historical and Quranic Concept, Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance, Oct.-Dec., 1993, p. 44.11 Lane’s 1874; D×„Z, Bwe`|12 gI`~`x, my` I AvaywbK e¨vswKs, evsjv Abyev`, Avãyj gvbœvb Zvwje I AveŸvm Avjx Lvb, AvaywbK cÖKvkwb, XvKv, 1979, c„t 84|13 Shariat Law Report, Lahore, Pakistan, p. 10.14 Sami Hamaud (1985), Islamic Banking, Arabian Information, London, p. 67, D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 21|15 M. Al-Sharaf Al-Nawawi, al-Tahzib Al-Asthma Wallughat; Section-2, Vol. 1, p. 118, D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 21|16 D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 34|17 M. Al-Sharaf Al-Nawawi, D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 21|18 Avj-Zvevwit Avj-nvK¡, AvqvZ 10, fwj-12, c„t 34, D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 22|19 Avj-eyLvix, gyqvwK¡Z, c„t 79 D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 21|20 D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 22|


21 Avj-Zvevix, Rvwg Avj-eqvb, fwj-6, c„t 17; D×„Z, ev`vex , c~‡e©v³, c„t 78|22 ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 79-80|23 †gneye Dj nvmvb, An Explanation of Rationale behind Prohibition of Riba in the Doctrines of three Major Religions with Special Reference to Islam; An Altered from of Ph.D. Dissertation, “Evolution, Performance and Market Sharing of Islamic Banking, E-mail: [email protected], p. 75.24 Siddiqui, Dr. Shahid Hasan, Riba, Usury and Interest – Historical & Quranic Concept, Journal of Islamic Banking & Finance, Vol. 10, No. 04, October-December 1993, p. 44.25 Cohn. H. Harvey, USURY: Encyclopedia Judaica, Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, p. 17. D×„Z K‡i‡Qb, Mehboob ul Hassan, c~‡e©v³, c„t 75|26 Qureshi. A. Iqal, Islam and the Theory of Interest, Lahore: Ashraf Publication, 1991, p. 2.27 Cohn, H. Harvey, c~‡e©v³|28 D×„Z K‡i‡Qb, wmwÏKx, knx` nvmvb, c~‡e©v³, c„t 44|29 gI`~`x, c~‡e©v³, c„t 84|30 ev`vex, hvwK Avj-Øxb, c~‡e©v³, c„t 34|31 wmwÏKx, knx` nvmvb, c~‡e©v³, c„t 47|32 kixqZ jÕ wi‡cvU©m, jv‡nvi, 2000, c„t 7|33 ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 100-121|34 mvivLmx, Avj-gvemyZ, Bs‡iRx Abyev`, [email protected], 2000, wbqvRx, c„t 4|35 Avj-KzZz©ex, Rvwg wj AvnKvg Avj-KziAvb, fwj-3, c„t 318, D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 32|36 wbqvRx, Bgivb Avnmvb Lvb, c~‡e©v³, c„t 42|37 Bwe`, c„t 6|38 Bwe`, c„t 10, 12|39 D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 37|40 wbqvRx, c~‡e©v³, c„t 42|41 D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 36|42 Bwe`, c„t 32|43 Bwe`, c„t 37|

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44 Avj-mvivLmx, Avj gvemyZ, fwj-12, c„t 100, D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 31|45 Al-Kasani, Badai al Sanai, Vol. 5, p. 258; D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 31|46 Taki al-Din al-Subki, Takmilat al-Majmu Sharh al-Muhadhahab li-al Nawawi, Vol-1, (of Majmu) p. 25.47 B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 98-99|48 ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 42-43 (dzU ‡bvU)|49 D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 134|50 Avj-Kvmvwb, D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 134|51 Igi Avãyj AvRxh, D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 134|52 D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 169|53 Bwe`, c„t 167|54 mvivLmx, Avj-gvemyZt Bs‡iRx Abyev`, wbqvRx, [email protected]. p. 5.55 dLi Avj-w`b Avj-ivwh, Zdmxi Avj-Kexi, fwj-2, Kvq‡iv, c„t 351|56 Avj-Rvm&mvm, AvnKvg Avj-KziAvb, fwj-1, jv‡nvi, 1980, c„t 465|57 Be‡b Rwii Avj-Zvevwi: Rvwg Avj-eqvb, fwj-4, c„t 59|58 Avey BmnvK Avj-kvwZex: Avj-gyqvddvK¡vZ|59 DØ„Z, Aveyì inxg, Avj-KziAv‡b A_©bxwZ, 1g LÛ, BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb, evsjv‡`k, 1990, c„t 354-355|60 Be‡b Rwii Avj-Zvevwi: c~‡e©v³, c„t 50; Avj-Øvi Avj-gbmyi, fwj-2, c„t 71|61 myq~wZ t Avj-Øvi Avj gbmyi, fwj-2, c„t 71|62 Be‡b Avwe nvwZg: Zdmxi Be‡b Avwe nvwng, fwj-2, g°v, 1997, c„t 454|63 Avj-Zvevwi, c~‡e©v³, fwj-3, c„t 67|64 Bwe`, c„t 71|65 Bwe`, c„t 67|



66 Rvjvj DÏxb Avj-myq~wZ, Avj-Øvi Avj-gbmyi, fwj-2, c„t 71|67 ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 49|68 mnxn gymwjg, c„t 350|69 Bwe`, c„t 353|70 Bwe`, c„t 255, nv`xm bs 3702|72 Bwe`, c„t 260|73 Bwe`, c„t 263|74 Bwe`, c„t 269|75 Be‡b nvRvi Avm Kvjvbx, dvZûj evwi, wKZveyj eyq~, eveyb&bvwRk|76 Imgvbx, gynv¤§` ZwKt The Historical Judgment of Riba, Supreme Court of Pakistan, evsjv ZiRgv Aa¨vcK gynv¤§` kixd ûmvBb, my` wbwl×: cvwK¯Ívb mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i HwZnvwmK ivq, BmjvwgK B‡Kvbwg· wimvP© ey¨‡iv, XvKv, evsjv‡`k, wØZxq gy`ªb, 2007, c„t 28|77 mvivLmx, Avj-gvemyZ, fwj-12, c„t 109; D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 163-164|78 Quoted by Siddiqui, Shahid Hasan, Riba, Usury & Interest – Historical & Quranic concept, Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance, Vol. 10, No. 4, October-December, 1993, p. 44.)79 mvivLmx, D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 164|80 Avj-wbnvqv dx kinx wn`vqv, fwj-2, c„t 524; D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 31|81 Be‡b Avivex, AvnKvgyj KziAvb, fwj-1, cÖ_g ms¯‹iY, 1952, c„t 241, DØ„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 164|82 mvbAvwb, myeyj mvjvg, D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 164|83 M. A. Chowdhury, Riba Financial Interest, Foundation for Islamic Economics, c„t 103, D×„Z, Bwe`, c„t 45|84 B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 45|85 Pvciv, Gg, Igi, Towards A Just Monetary System, Islamic Foundation, U.K., c„t 57|


86 gIjvbv Iqvwn`y¾vgvb Kvibyex, Avj-gybRv`, c„t 1010|87 W. gynv¤§` dRjyi ingvb, AvaywbK Aviex evsjv Awfavb, c„t 884|88 Pvciv, Gg, Igit Towards A Just Monetary System, The Islamic Foundation, U.K. 1985, p. 57.89 Muhammad Anwar: Islamicity of Banking and Modes of Islamic Banking, p. 2. The Article was received by the IERB for publication in its journals, Thoughts on Economics.90 eyLvix, gymwjg, gymbv‡` Avng`|91 Mehboob ul-Hassan, c~‡e©v³, c„t 79|92 Avj-Rvmvm, c~‡e©v³, c„t 469| D×„Z K‡i‡Qb, Imgvbx, gynv¤§` ZKx, my` wbwl×t cvwK¯—vb mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i HwZnvwmK ivq, evsjv ZiRgv, gynv¤§` kixd ûmvBb, c„t 28|93 Zdmxi Avj KzZ©zex, 1967, 3q LÛ, c„t 241|94 Zdmx‡i Lv‡hb, 1g LÛ, c„t 296-300|95 Zdmx‡i AvqvZzj AvnKvg, 1g LÛ, c„t 383|96 Avãyi ingvb Avj-Rvwhwit Avj-wdK¡n& Avjv Avj-gvhvwne Avj-Avievqvn, D×„Z K‡i‡Qb, Pvciv, Gg, Igi, Towards A Just Monetary System, The Islamic Foundation, U.K., p. 241. 97 Avmv`, †gvnv¤§`, The Message of the Quran|98 Lvb, Gg. G. Glossary of Islamic Economics, London, Mansell Publishers, 1989, also in Mas’lay Sood Aur Ghair Shoodi Maliayat (Interest Problem and Interest-free Banking) Maktba Markazi Anjuman Ghudam Al-Quran, Lahore, Oct. 1994, pp. 29-30|99 Dr. M. Ali, Bank Ka Sood, D`y© Abyev` - AvwËKz¾vdi, IPS, Islamabad, 1996. pp. 69-70.100 Ibid. p. 69-70.101 gI`~`x, mvB‡q¨` Aveyj Avjv; Zvdnxg~j KziAvb; m~ivZzj evKvivn&, UxKv-315|102 gI`~`x, mvC‡q¨` Aveyj AvÕjv, my` I AvaywbK e¨vswKs; evsjv Abyev`, AveŸvm Avjx Lvb I Avãyj gvbœvb Zvwje, AvaywbK cÖKvkbx, XvKv, 1979, c„t 88|103 ev`vex, Beªvnxg hvwK Avj-w`b| bRwiqvZ Avj-wiev Avj gynviivg, Kvq‡iv, Avj-gRwjm Avj AvÕjv wj wiÕqv‡qU Avj dzbvb


Iqv Avj-Av`ve Iqv Avj-Djyg Avj BRwZgvBq¨vn, 1969, wcwc. 62-41| D×„Z K‡i‡Qb, wmwÏKx, †gvnv¤§` †bRvZzjvn, Riba, Bank Interest and The Rationale of its Prohibition, Islamic Development Bank, Islamic Research and Training Institute, Jeddah, Soudi Arabia, 2004, p.p. 37-38.104 mvB‡q¨`, KzZze knx` t Zdmxi dx whjvwjj KziAvb t evsjv Abyev`, Avj-KziAvb GKv‡Wgx, jÛb, 4_© LÛ, 2001, c„t 469-472|105 Pvciv, W. Gg. Ici : The Nature of Riba, Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance, Vol. 6, No. 3, July-Sept., 1989; p. 7.106 Pvciv, W. Gg, Igi : Prohibition of Interest : Does it Make Sense? Islamic Da’wa Movement, IDM Publications, South Africa, 2001, pp. 2-3.107 Imgvbx, gynv¤§` ZKx, c~‡e©v³, c„t 127|108 nK, W. wRqvDj : Riba and Interest, Journal of Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance, Vol. 6, No. 4, October-December, 1989, Autumn Issue, p. 8, 9.109 D×„Z, AvdRvjyi ingvb, B‡KvbwgK WKwUªbm Ae Bmjvg|110 mvB‡q¨` KzZze knx`, c~‡e©v³, c„t 471|111 D×„Z, gI`~`x, c~‡e©v³, c„t 96|112 Avjvgv Avãyi ingvb Avj-Rvwhwi, Avj-wdK¡ Avjv Avj gvhvwne Avj-Avievqvn&, D×„Z, Pvciv, c~‡e©v³, c„t 241|113 Imgvbx, gynv¤§`, ZKx, c~‡e©v³, c„t 127-128|114 D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 35|115 D×„Z, B, Gg, b~i, c~‡e©v³, c„t 36|116 Bwe`, c„t 36| 117 Zdmxi Avj-KzZz©ex, fwj-3, c„t 357, D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 124|118 Avj-gyqvd&dvK¡vZ, fwj-4, c„t 41; D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 127|119 ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 54|120 Bwe`, c„t 55|121 Hujjat Allah Al-Balighah, Vol-2,p. 106-107, D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 33, UxKv b¤ît 12|122 D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 33, UxKv b¤ît 11|123 D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 55, UxKv b¤ît 47|


124 D×„Z, ev`vex, c~‡e©v³, c„t 50|

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