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MYCORRHIZA
Mycorrhiza Mutualistic symbiosis (non-pathogenic
association) between soil-borne fungi and roots of plants.
Greek: mykes (mushroom) and rhiza (root) (Frank, 1885)
The plant nourishes the fungus : C The fungus nourishes the plant : water and
soil nutrition (P, N, K, Ca, Zn, Mn, S, etc)
Role of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi onGrowth of Banana derived from tissue culture
Types of mycorrhiza Ectomycorrhiza
The fungus grows intercellularly (never intracellularly) in the cortex of plant’s root (so called Hartig net)
Endomikoriza The fungus grows inter- and intracellularly and forms specific
fungal structures within the corcical cells. Ectendomycorrhiza Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (Arbuscular Mycorrhiza) Arbutoid Mycorrhiza Monotropoid Mycorrhiza Ericoid Mycorrhiza Orchid Mycorrhiza
Colonization structure
Structural and developmental features of roots
Morphology of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM)/Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM)
(Glomalean Fungi)
Glomus sp. Scutellospora sp.
Acaulospora sp.
Vesicle (V), Arbuscule (A) and Entry Point (EP)
EPEP EP
Cortical cell invaded by an arbuscule
Plasma membrane
Peri-arbuscular membrane
Cell wallArbuscule
Interface Compartment
Fungal cell wall
Fungal membrane
Interface Compartment
Ectomycorrhiza
A = Eucalyptus
B = Pinus
C and D = Ectomycorrhizal
root
E and F = cross section of
ectomycorrhizal root
Ecto-
mycorrhiza
Ectendo-
mycorrhiza
VAM Arbutoid Monotropoid Erikoid Orchid
Fungi
septate
aseptate
+
-
+
-
-
+
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
Hifa intra-selular
- + + + + + +
Selubung hifa
+ +/- - +/- + - -
Jarungan Hartig
+ + - + + - -
Vesikula - - +/- - - - -
Aklorofilus - - - (+?) - + - +*
Takson cendawan
Basidio
Asko
Zigo
Basidio
Asko
Zigo Basidio Basidio Asko Basidio
Takson tumbuhan
Gymno
Angio
Gymno
Angio
Bryo, Pteri
Gymno
Angio
Ericales Monotropa-ceae
Ericales
Bryo
Orchidaceae
The characteristics of the important mycorrhizal type
Colonization Process VAM/AM
A = External mycelium in soil
B = Fungal Structure - spore in soil - vesicle in root - auxiliary cell of hypha in soil
C = Fungal structure in root
VAM/AM
Colonization Process: Ectomycorrhiza
Ectomycorrhiza
A = Eucalyptus
B = Pinus
C and D = ectomycorrhizal root
E = Ectomycorrhizal root
cross section : Angiosperm
F = Ectomycorrhizal root
cross section Gymnosperm
VAM FungiZigomycete: Glomales
Obligate fungi Glomus Acaulospora Entrophospora Sclerocystis Gigaspora Scutellospora
Acaulospora dan EntrophosphoraGlomus, Gigaspora, Scutellospora
Spore formation and spore-based taxonomy
Knobby auxiliary cells
Scutellospora
Spiny auxiliary cells
GigasporaEntrophosporaGlomus
Acaulospora
Arbuscules
Extraradical auxiliary cells
Spore in saccule nect
Sporiferous saccule
Spore lateral on saccule nect
Spore terminal on sporogenous hypha
Intraradical vesicles
Phylogenetic trees for VAM fungi (Glomelian)
Germination shield
Ectomycorrhizal fungi
Ascomycete Fungi
*Ectomycorrhizal fungi
A = Xylaria sp.B = Geoglossum glutinosumC = Aleria rhenanaD = Peziza sp.E = Helvella sp.*F = Morchella elataG = Cordyceps sp.H = Elaphomyces sp.*I = Labyrinthomyces varius*
Basidiomycete:Agaricaceae
*Ectomycorrhizal fungi
A. Amanita sp. cf hemibapha*B. Amanita sp.*C. Amanita sp.* (vaginatae g.)D. Amanita muscaria *E. Amanita brunneibulbosa *F. Limmacella cf. illinata **
Function of mycorrhiza Increase nutrient uptake of plant from soil
P nutrition and other elements: N, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, S, B, Mo, Fe, Mn, Cl
Increase diversity of plant Produce uniform seedling Significant role in nutrient recycling More tolerant to adverse soil chemical constraints which limit crop
production Increase plant resistance to diseases and drought Stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms Improve soil structure
Stable soil aggregate – hyphal polysaccharides bind and aggregate soil particles
Function of mycorrhiza in Nutrient uptake
Increase the soil volume explore for nutrient upatake Enhance the efficiency of nutrient absorption from the soil solution P concentration in the soil solution is very low in tropical soils the soil around the growing root is rapidlydepleted of P ions within a
distance of few mm Soil P diffusion rate is extremely slow Mycorrhizal external mycelium grows far beyond P depletion zone Influence by soil fertility particularly P Determined by host dependency on mycorrhizal fungi
Mycotrophic Obligate mycotrophic plant Facultative mycotrophic plant
Non-mycotrophic Non-host:
Non-host Amaranthaceae, Brasicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae,
Commelinaceae, Lecythidaceae, Portolaceae, Proteaceae, Restionaceae, Sapotaceae, Zygophyllaceae
Within some plant families in which almost all genera or species are non-mycotrophic, there are a few mycorrhizal
Within some plant families in which almost all genera or species are mycotrophic, there are a few non-mycorrhizal, Leguminoceae are mycotrophic except Lupinus.
Importance for management of mycorrhizal fungi No definitive explanation on the resistance of the plants to funag infection
Genetic Specific site adaptation
Cyperaceae groows under flooded, anaerobic soils condition Certain compound
Lupinus spp.--- glucosinolate?
Volume of soil explored by 1 cm-long root with and without mycorrhiza
Benefit from symbiosis is low
Benefit from symbiosis is high
P fertilizer
mycorrhizaNon-mycorrhiza
Insoluble inorganic P
soluble interchangeable
“pool of available PO4
chemical
fixation
solubilization
Biomass
microbes
Organic P
mineralization
Effect of P on mycorrhizal fungi development
RESPONMAKSIMUM
Biomass production of plant without (unbroken line)and with mycorrhiza (broken line)
Obligate
Facultative
Low respond
Low respond
High respond
High respond
Effect of P and light intensity on mycorrhizal development
High light, low P
High light, +P
Low light, low P
Low light, +P
VAM/AM Endomycorrhiza Inter- and intracellular colonization
Cross section MA. PH: hyphal penetration, A: arbuscule, V: vesicle, D: digested arbuscule by plant, S: spore dan sporocarp, HE : external
mycelium
D
V AS
PH
HE
Carbon metabolism Fungal derived carbon from host plant
photosynthesis Obtained as glucose and fructose Fructose metabolite to manitol dan glucose
to trehalose trehalosa (fungal carbon compounds). Plant can not metabolize fungal carbon compound