Date post: | 19-Oct-2014 |
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The ABCs: Critical Success Factors
Behavior Safety Now - 2005
Wanda Myers
Quality Safety EdgeBeaumont, Texas
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Goal
To enhance your skills and knowledge so that you can better model and support your behavior-based safety process
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Causes of Accidents
Conditions4%
Behavior76%
Conditions & Behavior
20%
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BASIC ABC MODEL
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Consequences
Consequences
Reinforcement
Increases Behavior
Decreases Behavior
Punishment
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The Problem
Serious incidents are low probability eventsShort cuts are often
– Faster– Easier– Allow us to be more comfortable
Natural consequences are not sufficient!
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ABC’s of SAFETY
Antecedents Behavior Consequences
Hard to hearUncomfortable
Wears ear plugsPolicySigns
Hear wellComfortable
Works without ear plugs
PolicySigns
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Key Concept
Behavior based safety is a process that:– Increases social consequences supporting safety– Helps identify antecedent conditions that need
attention
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Basic Elements
Observations & feedback on critical behaviorsSafety meeting data review & action planningSteering Committee review & action planningRecognition & celebrations
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Key Features
No namesNo punitive disciplineVoluntaryFeedback is immediateFocused on positivesRequires 15-20 minutes
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BASIC ABC MODEL
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What Is Behavior?
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Examples of Behavior
Crew writes a job planUtility worker turns off propane before leaving forkliftMachinist stops lathe to clear shavingsElectrician strips wires with scissor blade
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ACTIVITY: Behavior or Label?
___ Tightening a nut
___ Helping out
___ Asking someone to fill a container
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AggressiveAngryBad AttitudeDangerousSafe
Labels
Filling out a checklistProper lifting
(legs bent, back straight)Using proper toolsWearing safety glassesWearing harness above
four feet
Behaviors
Area marked off with safety tape
Electrical wires laying across walkway
Lock-out tags in placeRate of OSHA recordable
accidents
Results
Labels vs. Behaviors & Results
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Pinpointing is...
The process of defining behavior (or the results of behavior) in terms that describe an easily observable activity.A skill that is learned - used in speaking and observingPinpointing is simply describing behavior, without the use of:
» Assumptions» Labels» Interpretations» Value Judgments
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Why Pinpoint?
Clarifies the situation Improves communicationSuggests solutionsFacilitates feedback
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Pinpointing Criteria
Criteria for a good pinpoint:
Can two people agree on it?
If you have to ask,"What do you mean by that?",
you don't yet have a good pinpoint.
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Pinpointing - Exercise
Sit and ponder
Complete pinpointing exercise worksheet
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Describe the behavior, action, or result, not the person– Provide example appropriate to client
Describe potential impact of behavior – Continue the example
Listen to their response
Giving feedback on concerns– Ask, “How could the risk be reduced? Offer a
suggestion or request.– Continue example
Basic Feedback Model
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Reinforce Safe Practices
Emphasize the positive:– “Here are some things I really liked...”
- or -– “Here are some ways that you are minimizing
your risk of injury...”- or -
– “Some practices that I thought contributed to your safety are...”
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Feedback is the Key
Ensure that feedback on safe practices is:– Personal– Meaningful– Immediate– Frequent
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Discussing Concerns
Be clear about areas that are a concern for their safety:
– “Here are some things I am concerned about...”- or -
– “How about ...?”- or -
– “What could ...? / How could ...?”
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RECEIVING FEEDBACK
Express appreciationGet specificsProvide feedback to observer
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ABC Analysis Objectives
To be able to analyze why people engage in one behavior over another.To be able to use the analysis to build an
improvement strategy for the critical behaviors which drive the desired results
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ABC ModelWhy People Do What They Do
Consequences for current or past behavior have the strongest influence on our future behavior
Antecedents
anything that prompts people to act in a given manner
Behavior
what we do, how we act, what we accomplish
Consequences
what happens to us during and after the the behavior (payoff/punishment)
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Safety Antecedents
Safety meetingsVerbal and written safety instructionsTrainingPlant and company’s safety cultureJob Safety AnalysisSigns and slogans promoting safety
Prompt or Trigger Behavior
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Impact of Antecedents
Communicate informationHave only a short-term effect used aloneWhen ineffective, we increase the intensityOften overused to influence performance
RetrainRetellRestateRemind
Human Re-Work
Antecedent Identification Exercise
1. Put your foot on the brakes in your car
2. Put on hearing protection
3. Working late
4. Stop and watch someone work (checking for safe behavior)
5. Look up
a.
b.
a.
b.
a.
b.
a.
b.
a.
b.
Antecedent Behavior
Effective Antecedent Exercise
1. Advice from friend on how to raise your child
2. Red light at busy intersection
3. MBOs (ten months before your annual review)
4. Suggestion program
5. Phone call from your boss who is angry about an immediate problem
6. Safety rules posted on the wall
7. No parking sign
8. A second notice on your electricity bill
9. Instructions on fixing copy machine
10. Your boss’ speech on need for team work
Rate the items below according to how seriously you take them. 1 is most serious and 10 is least serious.
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Effective Antecedents
1. Communicate specific behaviors and results
2. Are paired with consequences
3. Occur just prior to desired behavior
Effective antecedents accurately predict what will happen to a person.
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Consequences
Consequences occur during and after Behavior
You do not choose to apply consequences, yetyou do choose to apply them with precision
Consequences either
strengthen the behavior
or
weaken the behavior
Consequences Identification ExerciseBehavior Consequence
a.
b.
a.
b.
a.
b.
a.
b.
a.
b.
1. Put your foot on the brakes in your car
2. Put on hearing protection
3. Working late
4. Stop and watch someone work (checking for safe behavior)
5. Look up
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PICs and NICs
• TYPE:– Positive to the performer– Negative to the performer
• WHEN:
– Immediate or soon after the behavior occurs
– Future…from one day to several months
• PROBABILITY:
– Certain that the consequence will occur
– Uncertain that the consequence will occur
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The Safety Dilemma
Many safe acts are punishing
Many unsafe acts areinherently reinforcing
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• Overloaded with work
• In a hurry• Thinks it just
a short job
• Working on equipment without locking out
ABC Analysis Performer: MaintenanceAntecedents Undesired Behavior Consequences P/N I/F C/U
P I CP I CP I CP F C
• Saves time
• Could be injured or killed
• Increases production
• Avoid walking a distance
• Gets to coffee break on time
N I U
Many Unsafe Acts Are Inherently Reinforcing
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• Boss requested it
• Desire to do a good job
• Staying after work to communicate a change at shift turnover
ABC Analysis Performer: ForemanAntecedents Desired Behavior Consequences P/N I/F C/U
• Miss ride home
• Might get into an argument over change
• Staying late effort ignored by organization
• Late picking up kids
• Might prevent an accident
N
NN
NP
I
IF
IF
U
CC
CU
Many safe acts are inherently punishing
ABC ANALYSISPerformer(s)
P/N I/F C/UUndesired Or Unsafe Behavior:
Analysis Done By
Antecedents *Consequences
What prompted, cued or triggered the behavior?
What happens to the performer, or what do they experience when they
perform this behavior?
*Remember the consequences are from the performer’s point of view
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ABC Summary
Value:
• Eliminates blaming• Encourages problem-solving
• Allows analysis of unsafe actions from the viewpoint of the performer