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Myron M Weinstein (1971) A Hebrew Quran Manuscript

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Very rare and out of print. Each page photographed for your usage. The article is about the Hebrew translation of the Koran in the 1700's undertaken by Leopold Immanuel Jacob van Dort in Cochin. He was a Professor of Hebrew at the Colombo Theological Seminary under the VOC.
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Myron M. Weinstein, (L971)."A Hebrew Qur'5n Manuscript," Studies in Bibliography and Booklore 10, Winter: !9-52. (Out of Print) L*potat Lrnt,n^q^,^t-\ Ju-'-b Yc^^ Do.,-ts (t-o^rl^U.1 (,oton bo ah&t.5iol'f Sr-rzno ^-J . L%
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  • Myron M. Weinstein, (L971)."A Hebrew Qur'5n Manuscript,"Studies in Bibliography and Booklore 10, Winter: !9-52.(Out of Print)

    L*potat Lrnt,n^q^,^t-\ Ju-'-b Yc^^ Do.,-ts (t-o^rl^U.1(,oton bo ah&t.5iol'f Sr-rzno ^-J .

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    S Hnhrmt&r Qurnfrr: h{fimffisf,ript

    T3l .glr: $m*ir' rv&r*i CI$ $Eceraber, t8lr, Jose$ trVol$' rmchcd the F*rsi*n eiry eifI ltlcshhnd. Alrnosr s ye*r had pass*d rince hir depa*ure from Melm frrr Ccntrsl Ari*,I and to this p*inr in Kharayan few flurtlpenns had pr*cedcd him in ffirdern *mes.f iui.*nionery ze*l *nd quixoric prrpose hs cCImbin*t in * sinpl* rnterprise: he w*uld

    bring the Chrlstian rurh tn hix benighted jewi*h brcthren and s**k nur the lqst tribesnf lcranl.'

    ln M*shhd* who*e Jet*i*h popul*ion hs *cdrnst*d tt rnsas*i he nncounterd I grouppf jcwish Su$s in *ymhiori* wirh rhsir Muslim *cnf;eres. lt is hsrdly pumible t* form acle*r coneepcion cf rhis frnrernity fr*rn l&'olff's hos*le and ssrnewhst confusd descrip"dans. WE cxrr*sr, hewcvcr, rhe fallowixrgl dstails: the Jewish $ufis * f*wer th*n ten *rennwxl

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    hnd b*en inidat*d by * *{uslim d*signar*ti **S{ullah'Moh*mrn*d Ali Y*hk*pam 1.{*hkeputi" {rppurcnrly, *fxhqSbIdi} nnd this per$on smved ns th*ir rnurshid- Wolff*scribes t* him rh* {htl*rring principlc*r r i "trh*rr: is ** tvil in the werld. r} A msn whos*rnird ie *br*rlrcd in So*1, no ri*c rinn hann. l) ?hc rrorld smnds fram etemity' a) Thervorld *nd $od arc $ne *nd tlre $flmc" l1rc J*ws w*re secrctly $ufis tthis is stress(dlnnic*lrrly in rhc msc of * d*1,*n of the Me$hh{d kthilah}, end th*y h*ld antinornianh*lieli".$,'* Tte Jcn'ish nnd il{uxlim $uli* $xet tog*ther in *ach *hcrs' hsrn*s. 'I hey tmoked* **rr*rtie. Thnl' recognia*d r:rl.r$*s prophets in sddidon t* Mo*es* jenrr nnd Mub*mmad,h*r did nor fhl c$nnr*in*d by them. They tlnirned an *fiinity with th* prophet CIbudiah,* $ufi nnd *n *utwerdly-c*ncertd fd*nrim,s They sckn*wledgrd tht prirn*cy *f Mire$*be *t-Qe*irn $hiflai, l*R*r'n ns Suk&t ar S*kirn i. e.- *'$ilettcc" cr 'n$ilent.'u{

    Wnltr rarrled in M*shhcd s*rne fl** mcnrh$ * Srs*rhing, dixpuring, inquiring, and$l*ying {o$ffi to uAbbEs l!{irs}, Frincc Rcgenr a*tl Heir Apparent of Fersir, whs wandcs*nd, hcwever" nssr ro escend rhe thr*ne. Witlr thc evid

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    if n*cridc*l * intsrest'in manuscriprs thar he displ*yed on his tr*vtls,r WsIff recnr+Js the manuscripts in thsh*ntl* nf the Me*hhd jevrs: He reports thar the Jen"i*h $uS* Ireltl cnpies *f the Fsrnianrranslntion of the Fcnt*t*tch and Ftslxn* pr*pared by onder rf NXdir $h{h;f the porrllYB**f *n* tul*ikht in * ycrsion di{Tering frtlm th s compored by n Muslim (i. e., prcbeblyrhe rvnrl* af $hihin rarhcr thsn that of J*mi;;* and the diw*n cf HISA in 'Jtwish-Fer*ianshlracters" ti. e., rhe Psrsian ductus of the Hebrew scrlpt).'o

    Snc of the $ufis, the Naai' or Kedkhod$ sf the Ju** sf ll{erhhed,** wa$ in posre*siannf a d*fmss of the Qur'fln crrnposed by x fom*r Jerr, Mulll Beniemin *f Yaed, lnterH*ii Srn;nn who had *en*l*rc* the Sible int* judm-F*rsian with anuotsden$ fbr p0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1esrricprrrporf$.* Dcscribing his *xperiencex in Me*hhed, lVolff Soe$ on to relttt the fullowing;"tr rner here in the hou*e nf M*llxh Meshi*l*h s'ith an Hehrerv smsl*tinn of the Koran*

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    with thtl fcllowing tltl*: *.Ihc*tr*bic intp Fren*h, hy Duri*r*P:ffiffiv knrncr*usl inc*b ls{d*rt* h*vs

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    Stdir fir Si$ rrqp*y srd 8*o*Jarr, lfirrrrr, ry7tf7sta*, of thc lshrn*efitesn calld Kor*1, r*n*l**d frsm therrd fiurn the French into tr*tch, by Slcsenrn*ehsr, *td [",now ffa$slatsd it into the haly l*rynl*ge, writtcn hcre st a|fixr

    Kogwn by $*vid, th* $sn *f l*as* tchen *f Ser[ino*"**Thcalshthcboo**m'cnrion*dbylffotsafsnorn.$ufi,"''rther*i*n*rei$ontodoubtthr

    er*nti*l $ff$nr*p of drese rporrsr despi* tlre frct thrt lVolffs eooounts ef his rr*vels*rc by ilo merms fuc of *ffor or aontradiction.'s Cupirs cf the Fsffiian m*ntl*tions cf thrP63mmu*h *nd Fmkns pr*pmd *r thn bcll*cr of Nldir $hlh survive.'$ A rclrrsd fs*ateuchnnnwcripr w*s ecryipad by Wolff hinncslf upon rmching $okh*r* in rffgr. Thi* hilirqurlrunu*crip, wrhr*n in Hehrsur {in Arnbic chnrscters} nnd F*r*is*n is ownd by dr*Ubmrl'uf rhe Sritish *nd Forei** Sibl* Sociery in Lsdon.'r The Y&nuf *nd [ul*ikhfr of $h*hin'sSslnarir fiao* ir pndrafe what i* raernt in th* *c*ond i*m*nc*, bw ctherJtd*o-Fersian co*rr-po*rtinns xnploying dre Y. nrd 3, r*atlf mty *utviv*.rr The diwEn of $[Sf is rcpresemdby r*rcr*lmanuecriprx in H*br*rv *cript.**Thc,ugrh th* literary effons of ll{ulti Se$amin /ISii En*tr scem so fu unre*pd*d in tibrsry c-*ralognu th*y cre well within thc limits oftlre pms.ibla,'o

    Whnr, howevern of rhe Hebrerry Qnr'fu rmnuscripr cboxr which lff*l$trnn*mits **vernlsomrsg d*r*ils? Th* quemion brirqs us to the subiect of o*r inquiry *nd an inve*tigadonaf the relnnmt liters*Ire.

    Thn frrst Hebrw trlnsladon af rhs Qlrr'*n to be pubtished w*s Herffenn Re*ke*dorf'sAtqofwt'a H*niqr{ {teipar* rSS:}- Of pr*-Rwk*rdod H*brerv ff*nuledo$s, *rnc

    mnrmecripta ars knosm ts {r$ no zurrlve. Thsse are {l } $cdleim Ms. iUichsel t r 3 {SI. gc},dc*tribdinthsNeub*u*rffm*Icgur*r'I**qrl'?ss{*No'ttofrr}ns*setentesnbffiffiurf nnnn*cripr in ltnlisn r*bbinie ch*naeter rnade f'rorn the Larino (E) $ritirh Mus*umIbl*. Sr.66f4 dEe*ribcd ix the lkl*rgnlimth fxmiagre, r. l, FP.5Sr-Sr {*No' 1156}** * t*ru*ladon in sq$flr character of tfu* It*linn version plbli*lred in Vcnice, t g{?,*ppare*ly wrimm in lrdi* in the sevcnt*emh rsltur)', and {l} a nsnn*cript preaerrcdiu d!* Slebr*i* Section of the Libr*ry of Coxgre*s whosc acquisidon is rssrded in ths/g'gpgtilt Riryrrrs;ffer !.ifu*riatta/ffrngrcss, rgsrn pp. rtg*t6, whcrc it is s$$d {by lsm*lScl1apiss) to be in cr:r*iv* script *nd Siblitrl styls, witha*t dste cr naine of ranslator,bm written lorg bcfore Reckendorf."

    Thn idcndq sf the mn*slrdon* pres*rved in the Sodleian *nd Sri**h Musn*m m*nu*o*ipt* lns hesr c*uriotr*Iy *uggectd in rhe Snepc&apwdra l*dmc* enicle dsversd to rheQlr*Aa"o* Tlds *uggesrion is dmlb*lce* c*rraff. It is ttot the cescn hctryevcr, th*t thefiqdlicrt u,*nuseripr tra*sle**n ha* bffii tak*n * wirh*ut excepdcn * to hsc* bft*tm*ds frsm the l,edn" lr h*s b*en d*seribed anffi plesiuusly a; heving beur prepnrtd frsmsn Inlien ryer*ion. Thi* ir sig$ifimff &r it absistos the nd tc aacrCI*lxtt for the obviourlyimpm*ibl* arhiw*rneru of an idmdcal trsnsl*dm f:srn rrro dirlisrfitt la*gu*g*s. As th*cnx of dre meuer in the pre*iauo dirmsaian is the mxning of th* trnn 'ltrltr prb {u*"snpplid in rh* eocond lr*nilJ- the l*ngu*ge from ryhich tre manrlrtinrr is s*id nn l. ra of

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    ?a{"r'{ ffrfu*q* ftr"-#r* ;td**u*riprSodtcien M*. Michr*l r r 3 ta h*rre becn pr*prnd,*3 $tre *h*ll cxnmin* how thi* terrn h*sb**m nnd*r*tmd"

    *esf In l*4r, H*imr*n Joseph Mich*eln lvho th*n swnrd rhe mrnuscripq xnno*n*cd itc NEXTprseilcc in his collesi*n ilr rhe Litrr**trbl*tt drs #***s {n*. }s, *ol, do#-8}. He ws$writinr rc clrim prierity, *s it weren for irs reve$renth cenmry tranulator, Rabbi J*mbbm Isme! H*levi, ovetr a ninemcnth rerxury rabblo L. {Jllm*nn, who hed tran*latd r}reQur'6n into Gcrnr*n. "X'h* dirnr nf the p*riodicnl, Julius Fiirst, in * concili*ting quiddicy,rmsign* his conrsxrporery rhe plnr for nen*leting fiorn Ar*bi* *nd frnds orher cnnsolationsfcr Mi*k**l** rmnuscript" Wh*t isr*restr us is thlt in his fmtnatq Siirst ss$utnr$

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    rhough he hnd obviou*ly ner s{r;t th* menun*rip * that 'rxu pub d*nign*ta h*r* th*l,*in lo*gu*gn- Sev*n ye*r$ htern in S*mr C&ffiru tHanrhurg, 1848), rhe catnlog of theMichd eolloction, $teinschncider * wirh a nripc et Ftirst {p. llS}

    -

    reinfnrces thi*inrerprer*don.** How*ver, S'iirtt weff on ro d**crihe thix maruscripc in hi* SilJlcr*recl$d*isn,3 volx" {teipaig, r84,g-{3}n r;ro*rr*guite surpriringtry, sin*c it l* *xplicitly,*tnrod that his bibliogruphy exclud*$ nncnu$crip* {cf. r, p. vi} * but thsre we lind thsrlrs h*s *h*ngd hir n*i*d *nd hc ncw identi$es':xx llub *s Imlierr.

    In rhe prss*rlt in*ance one m$ff pr*f*r Fiirst t* $rsinschn*ider" L*dn i*, *f csurser-txlt ilplt p*r *xe*lleRr*.*$ Ir c*nnor be g*in**ido rhough, tlrat thi* detigne$on is acc*-riom*lly rpplied by lrulian

    "lew* tc ltalisn. $t*inschneid*r rrecill*t*d in his wderst*ndirqcf the $rettrr srd **erns never fin*lly trl hsvc besr cnnvined"*{ unfurnrn*rely, f*r s$mcrcrssn nm wh*lly npp*mntr Nmb*uer mJ*pces in his frrralogar m $r*ins*hneidrr"s posidon.It ir un*le*r whsh*r hc wes flware of $iirm's ehansc of heert.ot

    S*q wlntever *re opinims nf th*o* timns cf H*brew bibliography, so*nding* in rheamnuscrips lc*d sne fs conclud* that dny arc two excrnpl*rs of thc $arnf Flcbr*n* t*xt,rhar neith*r i* thn V*rlnge cf rhE other, th*t neither is the *urcgraph of the rranslaror,'l*n* thnt th*y ruprese$t * rendering rnndc frcm frc Arrivtben* {*Moeenigo) Imlirnvcrsiwr of Vcnic*, 1543 {itrelf pn urreckncwldecd uansladcn of the Siblimder l-^sdnrersionn harkirg bsck rc the L*ti* *anslatiom pf Rahert of Kemnn].u*

    "fhis $*a$lntion ie *rcribod am the tidc page of the Bodleirn m*nuscripr rc a *cr*ainR'abbi J*cob ben l*rs*[ [lalevi, whom Michael,ru Fiirst,,' *nd $teinschneider,et and fol-lorring rhtrn the writerx of the eacarcl*pedia *rticles,tt identify rpith the slrrilarly-nanredruthor cf response publlrhed iu Vmicc in 1614 and l6trr*34. Thaug*r there rppmrs robc no cvidwrce linking thir rnbbi with the rsl*lator other thnn the similariry of name*nw* see no ff$strr ro do*bt tlw **rikltio6 sndn ir* f**r, thc rsbbi's biryrrphy mfly S c*idto spmk in it* f*vcr.rr

    A stffi$n of drce rn*nuscrips will nm bs venturs|- Insrcad, we call *u*ndon t*;tr,erd det*il* releting tn thn lxndon me*uccripn that bear upon th* dlseusnim, prrticul*rlyia th* s*6srid half pf thi* anlelE.

    Thc menumrip w** prcx*nt*d ta the Sritish Muscum in lgog by the Agi*tic Soci*ryelf Bengnl nnd i* prcsurned to hevc been rsritmn in Indi*" **ted to the $svenrssnth wrmry

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    S}rrrt'irs im fffdrfi**fi'r'gJ+;y irrrrf "fu**Jryr" $i.oi;.rtrr, rpf ru,rF ;'r .'l+. *.

    in *r* Melgolioudr Smc&gre {and to tht: six*Enrh *entury in th* S*eyefrp-rrdi* fi*dort*reniclc previmsly mendond), we *h,sll hevc r*tsoil.totonelude rh*t it i* to be assigned *rvsFRH/ . .;*--*- rrrnrr to the eighte*rxh ceonrry" ln this rtrnneffian, thc *uthorities *f the $ritish,{Vluscum Nbx$heve, ir* * privat* cfftunlffirieadnn, b*cn kind *nmgh trr idcr*ifu the w*rerrrrark *f Or. $65s** * Se$r-de-lir dwign *urmaunted by a rr*wn, be*ring th* LVG ini$el* of th* Durchpapcrm.*ker Lshe*us Ysn (ierrsvi*k. "l'hougfr Imp*r sc *f,rkd u/ts mnnufamured nlsoi* Trancn **d Hngland, rhc pp,ilr cf th* *unuscript is, they $tsr*, likcly m lle of Srxchorigrn. Acc*rding rn H$dricli \:som. rhe LV$ iniri*le appffi"r fir*t in th* ye*r 1694.:sOr. 6f36 ic in brown ink, or ink th*t stlw eppeflrs brovrn'

    Concl$diry s$r rrear{nent of thrss v*lunreli w* r*nrark th*r th* Qur'Sn rsrdidan *'hichrh*ir ****lnticn lg$rc$fn{s pr*cludes the p**ibility th*t eith*r i* rh* rn*nus*ripr *een bytffcl$ in Meshhed in rS3 r .

    Tlw Ubn*ry of Congrcs* l'lcbr**' Qur'fin -- flr] id*ntifying notarion hax yet bacn*s*igpsd ir*is a v*iunrc r*.y x r;,S {m. in siee, conminirq r5g l*aves {th* lesr f,nur nfwhich *re unn$nrhsrcxl). wirh *r lincr pcr WSs rhr*ug:hour rh* My of rhc Qu;"ilni* lcxt"Wlmever prrccded lmf frl {le*f [rJ hcks a nurner*l: it i* *ithsr * blird fo]ia or tbtnrxr:ber fs* hetr wtrrn nwaylu lnduding the fra*t cst'srl thc dtlc p*S*, *nd rny pr*liminan'unnurnbemd sr dilfirrenrly rrurufural lesvm* is now l**t,r* nnd leavcs [*] t* $ *r* no longcrh*ld rri*in rhe voltrn* by rhn stit*hirry" T'rr r*pr**t, in irs pffiscnt st*t* ttrrs rR*nu*eripr ixwithaur * title FSe" Thsr,s ic ns indi{adon th*t its *opyitt cq$ipp{d it *ith a *oloph*n.Wifh a lc*ther binding prrtly rninsing snd punly in dixrrplir, set*r*l lr$s* quirett, Ie;ver'xrined *rd foxedo remnded rfim*rs, sc*{t*red int*li*e*r gl*s*ex *nd rvriting mt tht strr*viving end peper, rhe vc{ume gives rhc impres$on of h*ving *een ctnsidcrablc use .

    Thi* xr*nuscripn iu rhe subiect *f cn rxchangc of |etters betwecn rhc l.,ihrari*n *f thr:Jerpixtr Thealcgical Scrnin*ry *nd the {hief *f th* Slvi*irm of $ernidt Lirmirnrrt of theUbmry of {kryr**s d*ting to ilecernber rg} r, The rorre$pondence is prrscn'ed in rhescin*titutimr*" Though the trertcrs are of inherent interc*t thel' cnnrnin nnrhirrg rc &rruherth* presmt investigadon"ts

    The m**u*cripr i* mr the qork of n pro&ssian*l rcribe. Ccrelessly writr*:n in bro*'ntsr *aw brorryn) inh, it ernploys twc *tyl*s of Hebrew script * r $q$att *nd s cursivc'Tbe rqnare letrers which the wrher us*s for $$rsh *n* $i$rnh ccgiam* sr* *hrncrsrizedby

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    crnofq: crhcr stsnmt,s * $trffig horizontct $ff*$s, sonsiderabtre ov*rlrp in the hori*fisffi*l *rd v*rd**l strokcs *f cert*in lcttcm * nor*bly dd*t * and *lssccndcrs rhet terxlrou'srd lefnrard inclin*dein * pr*cul*rly in rh* qaf. T'hough this l*tt*ring is *rrk*'ard,it i*

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    at its bent * xar tnt*lty displersing. lhc writer*s rxubemm *nd unpainly Axh-k*ner,ic cursive h*nd in rhe body of thc text * overly l*rge in rcl*ion to his $quare ch*r*actffi *nd wri**n without *Segu*te nr*rginr * *long with ett*nd*$t $n*r$lness in thcsirc gd *lopr cf th* l*fter*n give the firxr :55 leavex

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    fbr whi*h he is r*spn*iblc t* thtexclusio*r sf rrh*t fiillclurx cm rhe lasr 4 le*ve* * s s*meiphrr wild *nd *r th* same rim*cnbbrd look-

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    ln rhe pn$enr uns*tirfrrtor)" srate of H*brerv prl*ogr*plr1', thc cur*it'c h*nel th* nlirn$*scripr exhihim fiiur;r bs dctinexl by reftr*nec rs [r*th prrhlish*l and unpnrblir*hed *.xar*ples.

    'nnsf Of ilrc Ashl*en*zircursive$ nv*il*hlc in r*prtxlurtinn ir* th* plrrc* of$r:L:mr:n A. ltirnt,*,or,'* NsxT"fha l{dwr.t $rriplr {["ondon, r*f+*$? ]. this mnnu*cripf'* cur*iEe lrr$rit n*nrly appr*xintatcs* spmimen *nnr 1753, nn- 3sr. T'his is nrlr is x*y th*t ir is a p*:rfect r*plicsr, 'l hr hxnclof *ur copyi*r r$ns fs S*rgennmn pr$pCIfficus in rht f*rr**ticn *f c*ffiain l{stcrr ** d"$p*-cially h*t * rnd prallels to rhi* p*ndiarity nrry fu* *e*x" fcrr *x*mpk:, in lls. ScrlinOr, S* ro67* an unplblishsd r**nu*cript d*ting t* r?-tf. 14''e need ficlt hurden rhs d*scriprion with an *n*ly*is *f our *opyist's eursir.c hend. A w*|tr*nigh c*mpk:tr: nntl fairlyrprsse$ndl'e *lphnbet nray b* csnilructd frsnr th* nppendcd plctc {fig" r i" A rnitl-*ighree*th ceffury d*tc is indicnt*d.

    Like th* *xford and Lomlon m*nu*cripts, the m*nsleti*n which thc lrl *thingtnn rna$u*nrripr *nn*nrir* is fnr r*rscv*d fmm th* *\rnbic rrxt" l,ilic th$n* ir is ths prorlucr of apolcnric pnrpos* if nst of a ho*dle spiriti it dilfers frmn thern, hnx'*vrr. in rh* lin* nfrrnnsmi**ion. lt is * para$rr*se-rrmrladon not of ArrivnbeilsSiblimeler*R*berr *f Kctt*n,bur rnrher of rh* more rnodem but still pre-finlighrcr$n*nt versi*n of Slnsem*k*r-lls Rycr."fh*t thi* Hebrew rmn*l*dnn is rlrediared tlrrnugh a f)*r*h ln*rsi*n is nlreud;* *uggesteJr,t * possitrility by rhe Fre$em* *f llurch glo*xc* incarporated inm ths H*brew text. Its$mru$ an s **n*l*tfun *f Gla*em*ker"$ Ilutth versinn is *stablistred through eoll*tio* uith$u Ryer.n grench rexr end ir* fugli*h {Sass}- Untch t(}}*scm*ker) *nd {iermen {LenS*}cff*pring. Thorqgh thc Qur'Sn tm$cl*tar Scorge kl*,.rt amsnf;t sthers, \*'*s to find seripusf*rlt lvith the wnrli sf hic pr*decesror Andr{ Du fi,ycr {* Srench csnsul in rh* }fearIierr rvith a lcnouuldgr of Arnbic nnd J"urkich), the venlicr tlf the reeding public wasdiffermt *rd in the cenrury**nd*nquarter following irs first appe*nner in rS47 *n Ryer'rFrc*eh versisn r*n thr*ugh ffi*ny ditians {in *t lcxst mte, ircmicxlly, with $ale's "Prr*liminrry Discrxr$s" i*cludd) end w*$ *irnslated xuccersiretry i*to Sxgtrish, irrts Dutchomd ffronr llutch) iffo Geffiran.r*

    Jnn Hcrdrik Gl*sern*l*eru th* ]utch n*nslrrsr *f Horncr* M*rco Palo, Ssscansr, errd$pinozr, ** n"cll ss of llu Ry*r, es*urndly brought na independeffi knowledge of rherubicct mstter to his unden*kin$.ru He did, however, *dtN **retlnl mi*ar sxfrf,cts to hinQur'In tranxl*tion.{* His effons* ton, proved to be quite pCIpul*r. ln iu*t sver thrce*qilNmer$*CIf-a-*cntury, fr*m 165* tr: r?I** $*vsn edidons pf Sl*s*msksr'r Qur'fin issuedfrorn rht prs$6s of rhc Nerherl*nd*-**

    ' Th* h'rief rnd scornful foreu'cnl ts the text which Ghsemsker irnp*rtcd fr*m Su Ryerdotr nffi apprcr in sur m*nuxcript. The fir*t leef tf th* rnannscriyx which has nr:rvivcd,whieh we bclicrc rc har'* h*en thc frr*r lerf follnwing *rs title FnS** conmins the beginfiingof tht summery of trsl*nric bslief end pr*cticr {*lso borraurd from Du Ryer) whlchfollows Sl**cm*ker'r fhre,wond. ftx f,$ns, in connssto i* infurnr*dve rerher rhan abu*ivr.Thin unsadsfectory descripticn af Iclflm cmcludd, tke Hrbrew rnnnuccript continu** ontn ir*nslat* pnrr af the rn*tsri*l that is appendc* hy Sl**emaker in the slidCInr ws h*v*

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    rmnd*ed.rl T*km oyer i*o rhe r**rnr*mi$ it *n *pkarn* of e biogrnphy *f Mub*m.rnsdri6[*, by Jiriie *-l$*lein by rr*y of Srpeniu*, md tn acc#urtt of dr* Night ]ourney d*riving, $EX-rfr'LV eilcgedtn frarn rh* Sook of '*Aesr,"r* It is intre$ti*rg rc note thet the tr{ebrew tn$nu- :":*""

    *crip o*nim ponioms *f Gl*scrnaker's *ppedix th*t inclds m**in lVlidr*shic tal*s endth* **eue*ions of *Abd*lllh ibrl frlim'* in whi*h rhe di*logu* kw*m foluhrmnrad nndhi* Jerrieh inrcrla*wor rc*ultt in the l*fferns mnvsrsiut.

    The dirio;ts af Gl*renr*ker $tet hev* hesr conrpard ciluttt r 13 S$rehs by neglmingts nnmbg tlre fldbah t$u Ryer omiss th* numbcring endretry in the cdid*ns w* h*vct1pgr). The manur*ipr, on *e ather hind, *Sretr wkh thc Ar*bic aCIunt of I 14 $trahs.Morc eirrfri*ing is rhc intmdxceian intn the m*nuscrip of c s*nnrtrly rsdilry sycle, t$reS$nnh divi*io*, which dses nff c*nforrn st *ll ts thc esrrcct nffangmxffi *nd cveir enr-trscc* dw no*.Qlx'*ni* rnareri*l at t*m beginnirrg of rhe manus*rip*" The $iper* divisionk *b*mt, of cs*rsc, frorn Slaotrnok*r, rfid is of uncenain purpos* h*rs' Em if rhis is,xurpri*ing, what is mrirely unexpectc* is the *p*r*dic sffiurrnse of clusrer* *f aoctnm *thc acsnt* ofthe p:imd Hnbrew Sibl* * ir i*olrtd vcrses ofthc nna*umript. No pcnernhr* been thcrgs rhe wn[1 which slsn acettrx *lon& lx obryiously inwrled t*$hotr disirnc*ion"

    The n*jorify of th* rnargiml sofifs of Gl*s*m*kcr * [h! Ryer h*v* be*n rdered bythe *e*elemr *nd *r* in*crpomtcd dirnetty int* th* tcxt, *lnmt *lw*yr sm *ffby a scrihldevice, Ako irrcorpnmrd direcdy into th* test nftht manu*cript, in hur differ*ct pqt$${Sc$i*nc pairn of l*tin end ktch glo**e* to dre Hebreqn' t*rrxr$ immdistcly prcaeding. Ttshsr*r* trE af ns Srear impormmg hr*t ** Fusch woril* trnployd are *i*er l*rica} orSrgmm*ricsl v*riam* of rho*e wd by Sl*tcnr*ker.*r In o*s o*ler F$sogls * pl*cc name iselss wrium gt* in Lerin letmm"

    Thc lmgungr of the lffashiwtan m*nuscripr ic h*rdly an exunpl*r of Hebr$r' pro$s ortranslating tmhnigua *nd wr knrs de$cribd ia sborr* as e par*p*m*ceqrentlntiun. Thermnclrtsr adds or sutcru$s an xuits his f*ncy" Hi* wr{*ry is frsqumdy ur*mnrdcalsr worec. He c*sayc e biblicat sryle, bur i* wr*ble to rrffy it cFr tffinr fiuur p**t*i$Ii**lH*sr;, literxturc *bomd, *long widr inconsi**m s$$f,x. In rq*rd ro thr manurcrip'*fiidrf--------------rllnss f,$ * **n*lndon" onc ought memticn, perhrpr. * r$f,llrrf$t *nd cmbqrrassing*rrori the S*tch worrl for'*see'n in the margind norcs af Sl*serntker hes somehmr beslmiruder$tood nrd r*rns np gr*esqucly in th* rnanuseriBt a* * *imple trnnslittretion.**

    trffe muxg come nsw is natic* &at dre rna*u*crip ur* bsv* bmn d*emibing bc*rs a prinr*fufu rrs*err$*nce rc dr*r *ean by Wolff in Mn*trh*it, i. *,, it ic * transl*tisn of the Gl*se-melcm* thr *"y* version- l#olffr ry*dant spelllngs of thc*e n*mrs the writes o*Glosen*mcher" **d '*Surier-') cithcr **n*literomd fu si*u fionn th* title psse or renderd l*t*rfra,*rr *rc Hc&rw titl* he fi*d capi*d *re clearly nf no momtnt.

    Tht wnpcrisom mry be rr,kerr firnher" It i* rmdily derrnnstrcbl* that the Warhingronrunnmripe Fssupposfs a l{cbnrur Vorleg*. Corrupcionr in ** tmn*rni*sion of propcrmmcf rrc nmil*bh rs pncve thi* {quitc {prrr frsm thc mtel ehecn*e rf th* trscefi of *anrr-

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    poridcm and it* e*emdent *r*nurm), Arnong such inswnc*$r which m*y bem be understood*$ rcrihl effsr* to which cspyl$t$ cf menugcrips * not trafisl*tcrs of tcxt$ * are pronc,

    -

    _*- _q*ffir rhc fsllswing *r* p*cri*ularty signisc*m: What is "r" in Gla*ernnker rney npl)ffir as t in Nnx?rh* m*nu**ri$ {e. g"* o*N*rtran*r} v$. }u'nlh whtt i$ "ur" iltsy turn *p as } (e" S",*'Wehgb" v*. gnrh what is **k" nrsy b* wrktm ** * te. gl., "K*srods" v$. 'ur)i whttie n*s" fffry h3 Fansformed into n {e. g.o *'Rabiu$*' vs" nt':r}. These c*n hxrdly bc in-*rilacs of rnndom crror in rranslit*mting th* *ames from &ornen iffio Hebr$ilr script forth*y rcpradu*c $rfailingfy the very coffupions ro which *re graphi* dnub,lets of drts$arc H*brcxr sfd;w ere *usceprible::}.r* l}l,3F$, n>s.'We *reo thrts* *lmostccr*iaty in * pmition to say thnq likc thc rooltrme examined by Wolff, *he Washingrcnrmn*scripa is nor the **mgraptr *f it* *snslator since at least CIne Hcbrew m*nuscriptmu$ interpo*e bmreul it *rd thc S*tch print*d edition.*t

    Sur the evide*ce of the rn**uscripr perrnirs u$ to $f,y rnosar I'her* is a high d*grec ofpmb*bility ther thi* rmrrumripr hes ben i* Persis fur it cnntni** Persian gloss*s o'n word*in ths text, Qur'iln vsrse$ in Ambi* Persia& nnd Hebrew, *s well ** a Pcrsien ps*ttt"tffe rhall discusc dris evidesree *t mrn*rphat grsrer lergth"

    l,e*ves [r] tn g, go and 17 dirylay r scnnering rf inrerlinmr Fer*i*n glos*e* rvrin*n in arrnlnute hand widr * fine-nibbed pen. The writing, of r l*re style calld Shekrst*h, is cer-t*inly by * prxon to whorn thir ia a n*ive scri$" trr is rh*ught t* bc $ome ?$*rso ytefsold.lr ?h* *'tlrrds glo*sed ere cf small *ansequ*nc* ard the g}*sx*tar h** nm xlw*y* gffrc$dt* scnse of the Hebr**'"** W*rking pver thc imroductory m*reri*l of the fin*t flnr lmv*sof drc memur*ripr h* apparenrly beceme fffigrtled, rthveupon fie ukippd ro rh* ncconnt ofrhc Nighr Jcumey on l, g, ard then droppnd dris ro r$$rns ar the hcginning of rhc Qur'$npro,psf on l. r?. H* nb*rdoned the w*rk endrdy *frer gl*s*ing rhat lccf" Ir is apparendydris Per*i*n writer who h*s providcd a $ffny Hebrwr vowel (*g*in, not alw*ya rhe righrm*) h*r* end *Er* on ths $*me lsve* to add m the rrunu*eript*s interrnittwr vocelir*tionn{mckly of proper nerne,r} of the Hebrew rexr.

    The eopy*x of the body of thc mf,nu$eripr h*d left fuur Issv*s unnccd and unnurnbecedat thn end of his l*bors. The fir*t *f these, l. [*gS], wae empls:rfid by ln*er holdcru ran'*rc out Qur'In ?er*s*r *tl in H*brew rcript, but in the "&rabic and in the Persi*n lan-snssp$r a* wetl cs in ihe Hehrcw verslnn af the firor :55 lcsves cf rhs manu*cripr. Snxide * af l. [196] there ie pmrncd $*rnh 4, r ]s,*' lir$ in th* Arnbi* origi*al ard rh*-n in *Psrsian rerdi*a'rr- This is fullowcd by $srnh :, *? {or r. rar, which ic identicatr}, againlim in Arebic, then in Fersian. "I-tre Ar*bicis barlly trens*dbed, nmhing unusual for wrirersd Fcrcian origln. In writing CIut the se*or:d *rsbic vcrse rhe }ast wond ha* bwr alpred.lllhere the original rmds {ia Pickthall's rrersinn}; o*O ehildrerr of trsrnel! Remember lblyfevsur whererrkh I frvour*d you and hs{p I pr*ferr*d ysu rCI {sll} crearuf*$," thr co*"*ercr*i*list reoponsible fsr the rnerse herc would h*v* it re*d: *'. . - *rd how I prefrndyou ts the il*uslims"' The Per*ian renderings of the Arabic *r* uncx{eptisn*ble. Sn t---------------hrrnh*r *ide of l. Ias6l *re fiurnd rix Q*r'Sn vsrsr$ whi*h kav* br*n crlpie*l t:tn frorn v*rimrs

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    Hebrcw rcxr in the body sf the mnnumnp:" lt is flIllmrens rh*t ths ver$&s*nd rhat rhel'nr* intcnded ttr bt used as proof tcxt$t $rllns in *rgummtstiansorilc in arg*rncntndon with Jews. We xh*ll return f$ CIn* of the*e in our

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    Inrcrihed on rhc l*sr pg* $f the book, I. ltggb] i* a Fcrs**n ghax*l * *$ yet uri-itlendfid*wrirnffii nur in H*hr*rr" cherfl{dcrs. Of nppnr*mly $uli inspir*dsn" it txginri:"A tho**and rqr*ts *nd * hurxlrst dimppcintnre*rs rhtt at lart I h*r'* ;xamtrl *rvay frurlrhe urorld , * *'otr T-ht poem in reeopierl rri*r slight rnrixd*n rxr thc f*eing end pepcr rthichedhcres ts the bqcl* cov*r,

    TheHebrsrilr fu*ndwritings ofll. {e96}, {rfgJ arrdthc*rxl p*per irv*distirquish r*'ohandsjrre l*m Per*i*n *sr*ivr. The.y co$fonn in geneml with thc Nrards of nnc documcnts frrnif{cshkd urirh rrhich they h*r* lmen compored: JNUL l{cb. So }or 4a*, x kctub*h dadngro r834 {thc sigxr*tures *f the wimes*es}, td *cn ?ti trn*titutc a48 {rvritins CIn the insidsof the bck *6rcr) d*ring {s r{l39.rr The Persi*n h*nd* nf the Qpr'fin h*t* *n obviousaffiniry with *everal of rhe hnndwriring* in the dneumented spc'cinrcns.

    trn completing this d*mrigrdmr of the l-ibr*ry of Ccngre*ll tnirr$$ripr t *ignilicnntcoincidcnce nre3" be nmiced" "I"haugfr nrsch tf ths psper m which the l.C f,$rr'In is wrinensxhibit* thc YIll, {\u*n der Ley} ffirlnogffirnn the quires in tlr* l**er pan of the v*lurnenre nll wa(crrn*rked ryirh a fleurde*lis druign sunnmurr*d try' * *r*tnn *ccompnied byrhc LVG iniriafu of the Hgmond pcperm*her. Luberttr$ van fi*rrstink" Fnp*r sirnilerlym*rkod is med, *,{ $rr h*ve *lre*dy nstd, in tlre Srjdsh l\iluc*urn }-febr*rv d}ur"*n m&1$*sc*ipt. Thir *imileriry in r$*tcnnmks * *rd one &rrth*r inrunne* in * rslsv*m manurcriptmcy tn *nticipred hcre" i. e., in Mx, t)a,r, r{l *t the ffniv*r*iry l,itrrxrrf in *tmbridge"lingl*d * ie *nggestiv* CIf *irnil*r origin.s'*

    lffe h*v* elicird th* faers rh*r the l,ibwy of Cr:ngrrss Qrrr'*n is a trnnsl*tisn QfGl**cm*ker, ir*elf r tr*n*lari** *f Su ftl'er, thst it is nnrirren in *n "&shk*ne*ic hand.thet *t lcn*r one 61her Hebrmr m*nuserlpt hes inten'med berrvei:n it nnd filaserrr*lcer,rh*r th* m***s*ripr h** b*En in a P*rsim milieu, *nd that ir conteins *ddsrda whichsssg$r I cffmffiri*n wi*r rhe circlc de*crihd by Wclf, $ur * to sttte the msscr inlssic*l r*nn$ * rher* fhcts provide rhe nffie$$nr). though nnt the sufficirmt condideins afproof To dennansrrers * link hcr.rye*n thc msnuscripr s*cn in Meshhcd snd thet nsw inlfferhingon* {rns fgil$r gs sn to invextigarc the *ther dar* *upplied by W*lS' vie'r theplace n*rs*. and th* nfrmr$ of the *npyist *nd rrsn*l*tsr. trVe $all rtrrn Sr.st ro the pl*rename. "Kqi$t."

    Wh*re is t*Kogn$l"1would sgrry& ns pttqlo$e r$ *n*$lerete fuere the pr(}pncd idend$sti*ns rhet ws h*ve

    considercd end ab*ndonerl. lVe sh*ll *r$$e simply th*r "Koge#" i* eo*hin. the *iry cnrh* $nn*ln*'e$r csr$r nf l*din * forrnerly *all*d l\"|*lehar * ils1s in*luded in ths old*newsmre sf Kersl*. Th* ciry*s rise in fir*r:ne ber*n i* ttle middle of thc fturt*errrh *tsturyrarhen henrv flr:oding ge*r*d cr imprcr'*d irs n*turfll herheir-s* Ar rcseflls its Jcwi*$

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    & I{t&rrla Qrd$r}.&f*mrrrrryr }rpopuleticq *ll thet $'c *r *ure of is thf,t it *nted*tes thc arrivrl of the Fanugsw* er ths

    pnffir r*ry end of the l5th century. Whether thc Gmiesh dccurnmm rclarirqg ta lndi* rrill $lrcd *s*fligl*r on rh* *r*lenmnt o,f jcrr* in ikl*l*hnr is a quexim ta be lcft in abeycn*c pmding*cir comptprc prblie*ti*n,$r

    If, rt firsr bl*rh, dre phoneric dilficultiet c*mild in thc *uggc*tad identilirstisri rpp,ffirformldcblr, rn*lysir of th* orhogrEphy demorr*rares th* cppasit*. Fsr sur pr{sdrir F$rposewe n*d llm i*guirn ints ttrc undcrlying Indic lingui*tic re*lity, nor n*d we in fxcq dcreilthc fsrms *f *rir *ity m*nr* in th* wrjws furopc*n txr4ruager. Whnr fa*ed \ffotf on thepnge in Meshhd w{s a pl*m n*ms writtcsr in Hebr*w chnrncrcrc; k wns thar whidr hctrocdsd t$ t il$crib* imo lsdn leffcrs. Horv, th*n, is "Coehin" spellcd in Hehrew]In en cmeir$ve examinatiom of th* oocru'fsncen of dri* $a** nnms in Jewixh Niremalrgmste drsn * dotctr dilfcrenr npcllingn kr',s bsen fnaoilmersd";d ftes* ar* lnry*ly rhc warkof wrirer* wirh no fir$t*hf,nd knowlodgr of thc city * ignor*m in csnc cxrs*$ sf ir* loce-tion

    -

    $r ere flusntp$ *t *pproxim*tirry * Enrapen ccipr o*hogr*phy * Rwrnn, Go*ic,cr Cyrillic * $r ir* Sncied ordroryy. It i* po**ibXe, hovrevrr, in dri* rnuld$icity r$ &r(rrtrs rl?es of cpdlirry* enrplaycd by the f,o*inJerrr" Thqs{ *re {l} *pdlingc with medisl u{ths inidd lener bcirg clth* r or pi th* 1 being wri**n or cnrinsd)*st *rd {r} epelling$*ith mdirl l-alnrs*r ahx*y* l'ilp*with ito gfunel norrnrlly carrying * supr*lin*ardi*cridc rn*rk {sre$tt gcr*lmyim, cr n*I?dr}- $'hich f*llr *wny endrcly in cemdn $r,*nu*r*ig hrnd* *nd primed tryorks-tt It is ell bw *eroin rlnt uhnt rllc *r& dmling with in thel*tmr ense is * I"dinc *p,nlling ***ve*don in which grrnel with di*critic nend*s the*f,ric*e of "il&rcho."r*

    Thi* fomn rvith the ginrcl c{rnrc in tinrs to dirylcm rno$ af ira compedmrx. So es-trmelrd dld the *pellirw ynp b*mrre, in fnm, that tlr* rmrrels J**uh $*drir, who *rriv*din f.ccfrin In r$fu, cautd *t** fiatly rh*t Senirunin u {*tr*racl Jo*uph &ni*rrrim} had norpreccdad hirn drcrr nnd dduce l* p6rr proof rnd *mrcequence Xcmi*rnin'* igrrornnce ofwkr &*it efsumea is tht ttrrset Hsbrsrilr spctling sf drc city n*me"{o

    To raurn, horpw*tr, to ?folffin Khsr*ran tsr hnck in &{*lt* whrr* h* *rn*criboi! hicnstcs *nd di*ty &r publicrdm)r Tnr a pcr$on facd wirh thi* unkn*r** Sl*c* ru$a* oE-cunirry in r Hebrerr. rnenu*mipq s mamr rpelld ynp {wirh or x'i*our * modifi*d gfu:nnl},5'*'Kogell" urould bc *n entirrly plnuriblc Ladn rrrn*cripion. ln f**n ilr vierr of l{olfcGcmtf,rl hc\grotmd ir nny be saanerrhar {nors lik*ly rh* he wsuld hnve rgtdc|rd tilre

    ' ilfine *'Kogen" dnn "Kogirrrn'due to th* fsnuitour dre*rx*tarxr rh*t m*ny **rmnn pl*celulfiKt md in *n*f;|'*r"" whgrges t*-dn," if it occuru *t all, ir extrerncly r*re.

    3ut if *tKo$Fxt" ic e pl*n*ible resex of, "f.cchi!i," cafi nn* serisnsly e*teneir* rh* idc*of idsnifyim a copyist drcrs of flcbr*r*'rffin$$crip{s wirh so rwn-de**rip a Jnwish nffirel* "Devid &hcn " * rnpyi*t, tnormvrtr, who rnry be rc*ponribte f

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    .lh***i'r's trl ,il$i$-li*gr$$&? *rld Sm&Jrr*, l*/im#r"* rgFJ/ fr'Iwq yar$ hc epem in rnisrdveffurs$ ogt the Cororn*rrdel Cncm befsr* mc*hing iHsl*bsrbv ship *t fi*ehi. Hsre he sffirck soudr t* vicit the $r" Th*mns fi*micriffis in Cachin,An$/ whgre he erriv*d n* the lrst day of ehe y*ar l?$?. Then tll* fclloning unf*lds: He in* NEXT

    'r r /! !ll! {4-I ILrr**rignrcs rhe surrounqling counry*ideo *nd r*ntrns to Ca*hi*. Wc Snd hirn put up intodgirg* mnde eveilable h1' the J*wish merch*m Xtrie S"ahabi, to*t of the leadirry Dutch[n*r lndin Cnmpany ageffi] [eehi*l Rnhabi. Lmrnrng *f the exirt*nce of the copper*plar**herrcr sf the ftehin Jews inseribe* in *neisu T*ttdl, he gru* pcnnissin*r frefift rh* hffld*f rhelewish cnnununiry ro rehe it r* his r#tlm ts *opy. This nccamplishd, he pys r vlcitm Fa*lricl Rnhabi ardo s* the reconuneidation of the lancrns *on and a lscal D*tch fiaettrsir Co*rpany offici*l, bCIrrown from fiu*kl*l * rmrebcok i* whith thc f"amil text hasbeen ran*eribed inm Hehrcrr lmers, Absve csch trsfi$criM T*mil word the Hehr*rrrnnrla*on had atss bcen inmnei!" ksplte s$nt* kn*rrldge of dre Heh,rcut Bibls- he isobviog*ly bnfld by th* wridng in Seelciel ft*h*bi'* *'Retu*il S.*bhinique" * 11ss tc spe*kof ttre r:n&mili*r Hebrew in which th* nen*lation is *errch*d, 'nH$brsrr de R*bbin." H*rssr$ t* * rrxernber of the Jcwish rrrrxmmity lbr h*lpr '*U* i*une Juif n*mrn D*vidC*cn, me ls copia en ba*ux c*r*cr*re* H6br*iqu*s evtn {e$ ddtslls do*r it vierls d* parler,& i dr$i moi*rnfurc sl deur nuir* l* *ryi* de dsux f-s$ss *n cam**re* K*Siniques,gue renfermoit tre m&ne Kecueil."{r

    C,sgil dlir n'iexnre Joif'bn **copylm of the Ubrary uf Congrcss Qud$ul Th*existstcsof thfu Hehrew doeummt frorn thc hn*d of * D*vid C*hm *f Crxhin wculd *ppcsr toprnrvidc * muchsrone cgainsr whieh cur hypothe*is could be t*$ed" lVhere it this documsu?

    That the docum$t \rys$ in Ar4uuil's poruessian m kast undl t??t r.vs infer fram thefollowing ds*ilr in prbli*hing his drawingr cf the origi$sl T*r*il cspptr plat* chert* inkfrddtu$il, rr, rr l' pl. r to g, hc nric* promi*d r* ge $n to prrbtirh the Hebreir tren*la-dam if *ircur*r$lrg1ec wsuld pcrmig.$r He never did" Sut *t &ct th*t h* pruni*ed to do eoindi*srrs rh*r he can*iderd rhe fiebrew rtxr *f ssillc irnponuc*. He*:cs, lrro cen hadtyb*tleve thsr he would harc diamrdcd it. Anguctil died in r8og, Imving a cmriderebltlibrmy- His book$ $rcrc sold soon aft*r, bur the m*nuscripts he had collectcd snd hi*pcrsa*r*t p*per* wcrs d*ptited in the Siblio$hque N*don*1e.66 Th* pnpets have bemsrrmgpd md ercclss*d in rhe Sibliorhfuire Nrtionsls as Nsuvellee Acqnicitisns Srenqeisec,nm. 3tg7*"gg$r. $wcrsl of;h* **fond$'n nfhis pnr*on*} papers havs beelr &ororrghty sr**.\*tdg our dipE5riou, but ro rrs tvail. The Hnbrew *,*ncladon sf tlrc Temll inrcription tepisd

    . *oln Escki* Rsh*hi-c nsebook by }*vid Cohen is nawher* t* be found.Wkr eat*d h*v* htppened ts rhe do*nme*rt? In **sdng nbnut for e clue it w** dixno'vcred

    ttut Anqnetil'* Iit*rary cx$rlr{or, the r*narryned Antaine.tr$*sc Silvc*rs de &cy, had slsswritren axr dlclmrc of Cochin whera he mmdffis itr "Les privllegcs [sicJ dec ]u*fs de Co-chin mt *t$ *opi& rur I'origiml rn*mr, p*r M. -{nguccil drr }errm, qui s *hit gr*ver Ie copiequ'il 6gr *vcit dde, er I'a pblim dan* le toffie t du fimd*Ane*tl . o . M, Anqu*dl *vairgm*i r*p* d'un Jr*f, le lmmre dtl teme tnrnoul, exprirnd* sn lettro h*breique*' *t t!$#trEilucdom de ce t:$riurnent prdcieux m hdhr*u rabbinique. II *ry*it prxni* d* publier lt

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    tor$l *e qr'il n'* pninr *xdeut*. J'ai rouvi l* *opi* en **r*er&r*s hdbreux *r I* maductionhdbreQuc pnmri l*s mffiuscrim qu'il rn'n laissdsn mnir ssns suc$n* interprimdm ltdne

    nK$r tlu frang*ise,n'{? Thc dacunrent p*ss*d, rhec}o to $ihrestrc de $acy" What did hc d* with it} SlgxrAt his deeth in r83S* d* $*cy tefr a vcry l*rge anrl irnpon** library *f ariemnl mudies"

    'f,hi* wa* brokerr tlp at nuction ssrns yfflr$ l*rer" The mirsing document i* not* hcwever,inr'ffiteried emoryl the m*nuscripts of thn au*ion catatrogl. Reading through the portionof rhc *uction mmlq li*drry prir*d rqrorks reludng to Jud*ismr ons srumble* upcn it:"fhe docurne* in que*don h{d b$c$ insend ln de $*cy'x ctpy cf r fn*ugrrese bosk abourthc J*wr of Sochin* xia"u ihlors*h P*reyr* d* Prdra's lkf"u*s d*r Jud*rs ds fsr&i#i, Amster*drm, rd$7. There, in the au*tion sdoso Si&Iial&igx* rfr ,#. f,e Ssrarl $ilrrys*rc dr &ey3 vclx. {F*ds, r$4l*4f }, y. r, p. 3Sn itern lto. rf r* fallowing rhe }fullsi*r *ntry on* rerd**i* rddition: "Tr*du*tian hdbraique dc$ $lle* ftalipot palm leave* usd ** urridng mamriahmcnning hers 'dscnaxmt*n] en cuivre sonrenrnt les privilry*s tl*s Jui& d* Cochin, tireedu rmueil *ebbiniquc d*fia*chieln courtier drs Hell*nduir i Cochi*. tJnc feuille m*. inpl**o [* *iugle broed;id* lo{, be*u srnct. h*bratque."&*

    Th*.lVairisr vol&rne rm* sold *t aucticm in April r84I" T'hc rnnrkrd crr*lag *f the s*lein pas**ssim cf the Sibliathkus N*d*n*le rccords rhc p*rchascr ** *'lin&ne*" {*pprentlyt bookneller *o ntnred r*her than a nadorul innrirurinn *r rhe qrlunrry *f, residq$ce *f rhrprrchget). S**pite $$*nusu$ e{fcnr ts find *re book, irs pr*senr loc*tion h*r not becntmcod" It may noc, sf *our*e, rurvivei if it strould survive rhedncun:lenr mty be lorr.6r

    Our in*biliry t* l*e*m the dscurnsnt in que*rion wo*ld have closrd rhis apprn*ch rr*'erdideeiriti**tion of the Librnry of C*ngresx Qur'3n rrere ir nar f*r rhe fru rhar in dre cour$*sf seeffihing thrtugh th* ^&nquedl pap*rs in Paris * Hebrew *be**d*ry w*s dlsccverd,r*m *beced*ry which *,nquetil himxelf $fiKr$ rv*s writrm fnr hinr by S*vid Cahen. Thisdiemv*ry eeerrred *r firm *ight more mislrep thnn fanune fer thc *ursive hand ir fispl*ysdi&rs r*di**lly fronr rh*t *f rhe rext of thn Qur'fo!

    Lct un fitr$ ro the *b*eed*ry {Fig. r}. It iq found sn n l*af nsw bsund as fol" rg ofMs' Nouv. Srcq. Fr. *s3* tlf the n*pn*ment des fuI**useritr, Sibliothique Nadonale.Sn h Aqtretil h*s writren: "alph[a@ rebbiniqlu*J donns . . . IHr stvid Cohen qui rn'*copi6 m c*r[acr]rd Hebrf*Iq$en] le treduc[rinnJ de folle de Ferum*l fnire par Eeeehidct *crit* em c*r{ac"*r*sJ R*bbinisle$"" Above ir ra the righr is rhe script to t+hich rhiurcfcrs, i. e., Ilarid Cohen'* cursive Hebrew alphabrt in c ducru* ro be presendy de*cribed.Tothc lefr sf the first al$rabct S*hsn h*s rewri*en the l**ers ro illustrare rhcir us* *u rhe' Hebrsrr nurwriee.i *ystdntr ptacing thc u-{rebic {i. *., Eurnpe*n} nulueral equiv*}enr *bveee$ lertff" F'iltring oat ths fucr line *f Arryxetil'e drscription anreedy quomdn where weh*ve pleced cn ellipri*, Cohen ha* eddesl thc civil y*arr r?$8, in r rhor**ghly rnixednomtion. On the top linc sbove nnd to the righr cf C*hsn's firsr alphetrer, we frd *gnini* Arry*til'* trrsrdr -nlqttfretJ Rf*hbiniqu*s] imprinrdes.*' Ttrris lrgnnd reftrs tc niuc*Icbmw lctrer* t* its le* whlch *re copid from * s*rni*squ*rs sr msshdr &nt of rypr'nbriou*ly for purpo*e* of *omp*ris*n. Th*se nine lemer$ src differegr rnough fr*m

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    Cohcd* *nrsiv* q*iv*lemn iu*r bel*w rhsn to werf,*rtt beins tingld out by fl pffrffrpggv inttt.eutsd in ca*paring rhrm. We iudge thet rhcy re'srs copled ftom a prinmd hf,ol* b S[xr

    Anqrsil hirnrelf er * d*rc l*r*r th*n th*t of dw *dginal writl*q" Thc*s is nothing on theFsS* in Cofren's sqffire frcrd. This i* nat wdy beeeuee Ar*qu*til *lrmdy knerr the sg**relcrem, bur *l** hncsuse rhe *beeed*ry $t*s iottnd dswn by Cohen to cquip Anguedl todeciplrr *re cursive wridrry in Xzekiel's nffebsCIk, or specifically- sn his nneps. l$e *hatrlrm be $ryulg rs cnar*lude* co*t$cqufnrly, *r*t ttris ffi*ndie cumive h*ndwridng of DavidColren fm!$ be*r somc likcne*s te drnt of Xrekisl R*habi"rn

    AJ fsr *s cursivs h*nd cf the ebmd*:y, it h** is* *lcassr caqsftrcr$ in nr*nus{ripx ofCgr$is prwcnience * fio{n horrwern dhots wrkren in th* $edtcrdie curxiv*s of th*sewnr*mrh cc*lrnry arnileble in f*ccirnilt in $olwnon A" Slrnbaum's I}r H*bftt$ $dpfr'm, rS3, end Drvid $, $*wo'lra's O**I l)ffirrd, v" r, pl" qT. It in clo*cr to the Hrb,rew hrndsf th* bilins!ffil docunrsrr Il#n tkhln of r8o3 which hns hml repmducnd m thc duet|**ket d Wnlt*r j. Finchcl'e ff*yafrxdirr Shttfdtr, end in the Seil[vi Insdmte't $lrdi*rld fiepo*s r {:pf }}, p. a of thc Hebrew secflwt, Sm we n}sy Ss fumher: *nrong drcnnnnrcrip* *quirnd by thc Severcnd Clardius Fucllsnnn sn * vitit to fuhin in t8a$or*mnm*cripw whidr w*re l*ter Brceound to the Univer*iqr Llbmry at &mbridgr, Slrgland,we find rhffi in rryhich we derecr whm lre helicve to be * bcyord * re*ron*ble doubr *rhc very h*rdwridrq sf rhc nhd*ry' i. s.n the S*$r*dic cursive hand cf S*vid C".chen,I* i* ls thecs ** rryc nsnr dircs our attmti#t,tr

    lVe rhdl rm lingrr orrer Oo"r.I?, e Hebrew rr*n*l*ti*n of portimr* of Arncl*nder'tYlddilh b*rr n'.ntg, Itr hard shorrx *ligk rbcrr*tio,ns frsrr thet of the rbd*ry whichrvc will nm discu*r hse. It includes norhing in *q**r* lm*ers *nd is widrmn rhe mrne oftht copyi*r. Iffc p*fs or& nnhm, rn O*.r,3r *nd Sn-*,r6, nro inrcrrdated t{cbmw N*rrTc*uncnr nr*n*r*ripts, ThB Hehr*w of the*e transl*tisr* is, b}' snd X*.rXp, *pp*llin$l, butthi* i* nst our pmssnt {ffiir{{n, kl So.r,}} * * co*nplme HT cnye fnr Rcv*l*tion

    -

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    dietirryui;h thc fr*n&rriti*lss of no fcwcr ih** three copyi*t*. S*stirunisfiring the hands nfthir rn*n**nripf * tn* of whi*h ar* nimil*r but s' no mexms idmdc*l * i* ssrnplic*tdby it* *lcvsrline*s, *nd **vcml apinim* Ixvc bttt wpre**ed.rr Ir i* n$r necet*ary th*twe so dcryly inm thrdet*ils here. $uffice it t* *ey thet we bclieve th*t ons of ** copyictsi* ttre wrircr of dre rbwedary {in t{ii* rnnnuucripcr tffir hi* h*ld shcws minsr devi*tion*fm*r it)" Therc f,re no sstare ch*rocts* in th* pordon we *scribe m him, viz., *ll thefl$rtnrr wridng on ll. rlrf, to r6ob with dre cxeryti*n cf the lbllonsdng: the captionc anl. r16h *e **piwr *nd first trwo yer$* on L rpp and *ll the gloeseo of thes* leencsS. 9o* ffid b ffiy dis$*y {r} mrlis *tar* of hi* hend}. Here* again, na runt*$ of c*pyi*t.t*re prouid*d.

    k ir in mnnuacript 0o"r.16, howevcr, that there awair* ue * *rmning surprice. Thisr*nnu*uipt, Iike thc London ad W*rhirryon Qm*fui*n i* rrrimm ofi g*ps h**rfry x* *wsmrmerk ttr* LVG inidels sf r $utch paperrnakcr wid* fl*urdeli* dmigu surln$lntcdby a croanr. Ir- like thc Lonilsn and Wsahingron Qtrtfins, in in brov.,n {or norr brov,ryr}

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    *# Srl*dicr fn #l*fi*,$r*gJry *rr,*d &p*f,sffn t$'infrr* *ppr/p*

    ink. A$ain e m*nilrcrip widrnut d*u *s m copyist*it in*lrdes Actr ts S$*sienr inbrgc sguere lextsrs an hsve* * througfi *g" {C*Bs#t* :}r* in monurnenml *ryr*rc lerrcr*

    ?tlt,LY . . . t. tA icn*pl$yrlrg ehadiry-) Sn *l* fivn conciuding l**ves co*tdning text, Rwelltim has bcen N[xr*opfiGd in a nnnll Se$udic cur*ivr. Whil* the ln$ fire lssve$ of this Cambridge $t*:Rr-scn$ rtrc uilKc ruors Se hendwriting of the F*ris *b*ced*ry*Pevi$ Cdrst'r*th*fir*r ninmy*rin& lre Se hnrdwri$ng of ** s$nr* c*pion* in thc I#ashingson Qnr'Iil!(Fig" 3),x tlfe xhell nor nter upofi * furrnxl anelysis of the hands. Thsy am reproducdin *re ncsmpnyixg figurs$. Th* reedtr will iudge.t*

    Thir cinl*iisn io perplcxingr. Is th*re *nyrhing rs sonttst the h*nd of dre firrt niney-nin*lmves with th*c of die last frve? In checking rhroug*r the v*riouc clemefits of scrib{l pr*rtimin *c nro parts of the manuscrip, ws hit apsn onc elcrnmt which w* havc mrne ts bcli*veie d*nisiv*; ligature of numemls" The yerss$ *re nsmberd in both paxc of Oo,r,t6 {*s*lso in Oo-r,3r), Thsse Arabic Rumemls * whase fprrnatisn is complct*ly consistentin thc n#o Frrs cf So.r.rd *tsrd to b* lig*tured in both p*$s when * **nrin spc*d inrririrqg is r*sclrsd, Ths $*$$ nurnb*r* in both F*$s terrd m k ligatud. The cxcclltion*f rh* ligntur** is dikc in both S*r$" ?he numeral '*t" it suseepdble of tig*tur* to thck& *rd *o rh* rigtrr. Ligrttrrcd'na!" in borh pa$$ di*plry* th* r*me fiuer*y sf linc tcf.dl* tnmm$*s ef dric nr:mbcr *ccurring in rh* sffo p{ns of Fig. }}" Thi* spor*di* ligrruring*lsc occurs in dr*r p*rtiam of Oo.r"gr w* *smibe m Cohen (l[. rSra*rsob]" \ffe belienrerfw thin puctie i* disdnctiv* mcugh *nd cingular cnough to w:rrrrnt rhe nenclusion**t we *re dealing wirh tlw writing cf on* m*n. l$e muy *dd, hswws, nnothw p*-culi*rity cana*cted rryith numm*lc: trn ncidrm pm af Oo"r.rs ha* the firw r*rw of *llyehnW bcen numkrd by th* mpyict {** Srff vsr$* in th* whcl* volunr* is en *ppercnt**pion)" In *ontm** *ll pcnicne sf *o.r.3l xhich w* d* n* ac*igu te f*hen cox*in* mnrhm **tnt Ytffis-?l

    nut, lf thc wrisr of rlr* curxive of Nsr Test*mmrt Ms" *o.r-16 is the writer of it*rgnrc hnrd, *e writer of th* sqmm hrrd of the Tlf**hirrytm Qpr'in in dr* rrrirsr af iucur$iv. Th*rn i* nm r *crap of *vidm*c to indieag **llebomtion bcturem copyistx infodminf thc Q*r'in" omc *e indiw of th* caprionr, drc oths of the text. $cript*dally,drc Qur'In ie * *'*rk of tmiary ca*npc*ition*dierqnding &* lst*r glssscs, of, *onrse"Wc mn drrufiI, &rr*, m *e ineluctrbls csnclu$sn rhet ths writcr in question * fite SevidCdrfn of Cnchin*tr.rotr two diff*rmr Hebrgrrn c*r*iv* hErdr!

    k thie *ff *n wrmly ebsuril cs*cluci*nl W* *ink lt i* not" Not onty in our oum d*y,in lcreel, h*s the nmdry *riscn for sorn* to lmrn n snmrrd cursivc h*od, ln qhe F*r thirnd lrrr cb*rly xisd ff rrffily poimn of *anmcr of the dic*por*s, fur purpos*s of ctrt!-rnunic*tim, for sccution of decd& for prm*cwiom of endiet. In {k, *incc dre *rpulliz***sr of dirdnffi {nffiiw rypcs th* seed cs}il nrssr have bccn nb'ffirt. Ths difmrccs ofdmur hvc qrsr rc.rulmd in h*lxlchi* pblmr*, *d th* limmrmr sr tfte subicct hr* besnocdf parti*lly cxplmed.rr Ir is, of, oora$*' the a*ss th*t *e knowldgn by *n individu*lof * cnmivc tr*rd odwr *r*n rh* in whieh hc wra* lvil$ $nffiirnoil, Tlfs m*y cite *s in-

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    PREV ^ - t rt-^+i I I NEXT

    even rhe cuperscripinn of e lctmr in the Ashkcn*u eharacter.-'r* Thtlr$h $$common, thc *rb'tiabiliry ro r*nd mors than cne ryp* of *ur*ive hand c*n h*rdly havc been ex*sssively rare*t cem*irt riraes *nd pl*cer, for H*brew mnnuscripts, wrirt*n in cne ductus and usd lrrhersrh*t d*ctu$ w** not cilrrenr, arr$r r* if.8o Sut evm rhe rbility t* wrice msr* than *ne cursivesrne hardly nnknown" Here we mf,y ndduce the csse af Don Is*ac Abr*v*n*I, * ry*ry*ld rnen in Venice, siuing down rtr wrire e long ffply tn r philosophical qurry * for hlsccribe had desnmed hinr for rhe Holy Land * who, out of c$une$y m his {$rr*spondenr,penc his *nswrr in an Ashkenaeic hend to whlch he i* not *ccustomed.nn

    We hnyc, horyey*r, ffs!& rpecilrc grounds fCIr bclieting thnt Ssvid Cohen csuld urrittrw* crruire h*nd*. *y c *troke of pure f*rrun*, this finan's will hes survivtd t$ be fcundrvithin the last few yems.*, lt ir n curious docurnent, bnt n* esrrsideradans of Sood t*$tesh*uld prevrnr * fr*nk apprais*l of its c$nrsrr$. It i* the t*$ar$:nr tlf * *rxr-nadve bornmerchant, whp, tying ill in fuhin in 1769, hnt * n"ill drnwn up by an offieial CIf shs Dutchfiaxt lndie Comp**y rn*n*mirdng his sl*vE cancubinr:, lcknowledging parernity *f hernrs $nns* nnd providing g;rn*r*urly for the unkcxp s,f thi* f*rnily. l{* deeig:ut*s *n hi*sole heir, h*wevcr, * $y$sgssue in n*ighb*ring J\{xtr*ncherry * xxrely the Paradc*iSynagqgrue *f the 'nWhir* Jews,*' thmryh thst is not spetrled rlu{ * ard ss *ne of hi,rsxscurgrf the third son of fa*ki*l R*h*bi. This dss$mem illus$ete.q in erriking f,*shien *h*sic pcttem *f $quth Indi*n Jewish life from thc rirne ure first h**r *nyrhing s$b*tsnti*il*b*ut ir et the @inning of the *ixternrh r*nnlry: rh* nrrivsl of rnrrch*nts and r*Iugce*fronr rb*md* their unicn* with locnl wcrneno *nd dl* resnlring irnp*rfbct intcgrndCIn ofthe o{*pring into the

    .}ervi*h conrnrunity of Mal*b*r.t*Sut tFr*t ie not whsr *sncem* u* hcre. lc is rhe d*scriprr*n nf the te$rntor givwt in the

    will itself which is irnportent for u*. Th* mcn i* dmribed as the 'foodse vriiburger SavidCohen bii *'Corrp.'c bncken be*erd vo*r Jen Frdrtle ftheff*r v*n Sertriin" {dle J*wishfr*ernan DavidCohw, known en rlref**Foy'*bcok* nsJan Fredrik $chcffcr, of *crlin)"r*lVhere,ver the re$$on for the nlicn, the will rwe*ls rhe re$aror'a phee of origin: it prore*m be Scrlin. lffhat cculd bn firsre *atural than rhat C*hsr arrived in l$alab*r knorningthc Ashkcnnsic ffirsive of his yauth and proeerded to learn the vcry differenr $epkrdiccursive of Cuetrin upon senling therel** In thc f.arnbridg* illenus{riprs rracm af sever*$st*sn* CIf thir le*rning praccs$ are disccrniblc"

    Thc tesutor's end*r-snTl&nt of the will sdds $ome *dditicn*l rreight to whnt wr believ*is th* $rs*g pnlcsgr*Sric evidcncc *Ssrd for identifying the writer of thc Libr*ry of*mgress manuecript ar Dadd Cohcn of Co*hin. He rigms hi* n*rn* in * clear L*dn h*nd{xhiclr i* n*t e*f*ebled *$ sn* might expect of *omcon* in hi* eircum*anae} **SCoh*nr"ligaturing the initialsn flnd underseoring the name wirh a ftonrirh, There is no Hcbrewsignatr*e"rf .&ll that rnly be clairned is ch*t tlre wridng of rhc Svr lxtin script glorscsurhich rrc in*nrpor*texl direcrNy into the rext *f th* flur'iln is cangr*ons rnirh the *ignenrre.

  • SIM F 1:$4 pmjstor.org

    $rsdirs in Sisdfmgmpllp *rrrrd &r*fsrro $frinrrr* r$Frlr*

    .f :$ 127o I

    3S

    Thsre me too fuir lettss rs sey rnors *nd e eign*ture i*, by defi*ition, totr *pmicl. Apropas

    PRt"tl ,, ;,$r*puc oryxrffnt$- The*e enioy'ed * c*rtain yCIgxre in conternpor*ry German bock*. As niHXT*m-y be ceem fronr Fig*. r and 3n Cchen'x p*nrn*n*hip is rnore scribblc th*n dgn**e. Hi*deeth, k rnu* he n*d, ucc*rred no e*rlier fh*n r77a"rt

    Ws h*ve (rme full cir*ls back toJo*eph Wnlf *nd th* QSrr'Sn rnanuscript h* *xaminedin Meshhcd. The m*nuscrlpt wr*, lffolff mlls uc, pa:nd in '*Kcgeu-" lfffr believe thatwe hrrre *orreerly lsc*ted "Ksgrn." Ir we* eoprtd, he *eys, by '*David, the scn nf IseecSohen, of Serlin" {*r, inJ, rf,rr, n*David Isaac Cch*n of 3*rlin"}. Though his father'snar$e ic nor *v*il*bl* in tlic soufccs we hrve used, wc bcliere thnt wn hase correctlyidenrifind r.he Dnvid &fic$ of Sedin in ryresdon" 14i* h*ve dsnc this by id*ndfying theM*slrhod rucnuscript *c rhe snc nsw in lffashingron, Perheps it is possiblc to pre$$ on *nd*m*blixh rhc idendty of dre tr*nslaror" frn *nything be discovercd *bcst e F*r$snag:cnnmd *'l:Rrnmrucl J**ob Md*rro" qlr *'Ir'nm*nu*l jacob ilufedsrt" ns hi* nf,rnc is givenin fi rfgr? Hapily, yes!

    To rsdl the dgrouernefirr wc rsfsr *$ain r* Anquctil-Sup*rr*n's *xpericnsss in Coehinin r75S *s relard in rhc iirsr volurne of his Srn$-{uesrur (pp. cli-clii). $trnng euriosiryld him ro coffi*rsc wirlr *n o&ial *f the truteh Ea* lndi* f.*rnp*ny, *ntho*y tnnYdrts1 on the hi*tory, cu$om*' *nd *ndquides *f rhe Hindus *nd ehristiens an theM**bsr Coe*t. This official had hims*lf rsade inr.estigadons of * $ort ovrr a p*riod ofynL without much surc*ss* how*rrsr, n'M" lfen Vmhtcn m* conreille aussi dr nnsdres**ri M, V*n h*s, Juif dn Suchd de Juliers, csnveffi nn flhristi*ni#ns, & qui 6tcir clnrskofessalr de Theologie i frlsmbo." Recrynidon corneu in s rnomem of, percrytion:thi* mln i* our Qurnin trn**lnt*r * [L*pold] Irnm*nucl J*cob v*n Sortl

    Xrrore tftct ah$cure the co*nection rr*nt bc disposed of, Sn dre CIne hand, the #rnd*r{wr*cpafiffe*p which hss bee$ qu*ted conr*ins * mi;print: rhe name *hmld rsd o'van Dotto'nwithqrt l final s. On the sther hand l#alff, in *rnscribing *e n*me frorn rhe Qut'5ncide {pgc), har cn'nunittd an understandeble misrake. Whst fsced hirn, **surdly, was an*mc reading: srrs rpp' bxnx*y, {**Lropcld" cafiu of eo*rs** hc no pan *f *e man'sJenrish n*nnc), Nonplussd by nt.luo h* rend*rd it n*fukdort." $c ir stmds in TleJofirnst " . . t*. . . r$;r. In ftrrrsrrftrs srd ;t{ission*ry Laknrrr* where it i* eopid frarn hisnor*fi * *maqd tirnc, it hes suffered fuffher corrupinn"

    W* *h*ll nor und*rmk* m r*couar here the p*rtin$cr* rre h*vc ccllectsd in *e *uricuscrsa of L*opold ImrnEnuel Jacob n** Son.** Th* mrterinl is not by *ny mffin$ *deqrr**for * cahermt biogrilphy, nn* $ome of ir is tpecul*tivc" {Refcmale to *rchival so$rceswould bs illssr gr*rcfirlly rercivd") A relevsnt dttail rnay be sirnply smt*do nev*rtheless.It ic lcno*vn *nr the man u*d varigu* fnrrnx of n*me: *nr*fi Dorfot' "Tsn b*rgrrr *O*{de Dornrr *14i-Sort" is bur mo*er vminnr. l{c intendnd* obviou*ly, ra den*t*, thereby,**t hs hailsd *io*n rh* *iry of Ds*rlrechr {known colloquially e$ *'l)ort") in thc }lerherlrnds.

    Let u* sumffifir rhe tryument r*r rhi* polm in a less corrvslutcd fn*hion: $e*Xdng to

  • srM e 1:S4 prnjstor.org

    -t 4l 12Vo I

    ,4 ff,,rfirrru ftnr'Srt,ll{ur?rl'r$,rrfpr IA

    idardfy r Hebmv Qur'*n rnmuseripr wnnting ritle pge *nd colophon, in an Ashle*nazich*rd but with Per*i*n glasses, we senrchd the literature of *rn subi*ct. A rsfereme to epRfrv .n r r . F{nKT*'\b!m*nuscript,KeninFerrieinthefirgthglfcfthenineteenthc*rrmrynttr*ctedoura$ention'Finding thet neirher of rh* other knowm rxnuscripts * in csntr*st tCI o$r sr$n * wffi sfrhe right desceffi to *n$wcr the de*criFtism in *re refrrwtce, we {$sumd as * workinghypmhmin whar wf,$ rs be provd; the idendty *f th* pr*s*nt rnenuseriBt with th*t de-rcrihed in rhc ninereefirh renrury sighting. 1#* full*rved where thi* hypr*heri* I*d, *wayfi:wr Central Auia * fln irnprab*hls locatinn fsr n tranrlxion from l}"rrch * ts *il outps$rof ** Dutch f,ast kdla Company in Sourh Asia *arne thrcequ*ners of a cenrury earlier.Thenr* in * ciry rrhos* mlme * rvhen properly inrerprcted * sadsfied rhc indieiurn, wfsund e likely capyisr. An a*errr$ ts lscam r giv*n *p*cirnen af th* c*pyistns hend-wridng to tcst agxinst sur rnsnu$cript praved a failure" Unexpecredly, anarhrr documcndexample of his hardvrriting was di*coversd. This rppe*red at first to negnre any pos*iblccsxn*tion benrem that wrimr and our man$reript. A smr*"*y of mermscripts of Cnchinproveffince turn*d up *ev*ral in his hsrd* h*wevtr, Ons uf rhese * thr key rnrnuscripr *w*e panly in rh* **nsr*d cursive handwridng in *rc dncum*ntcd ex*mplc and panly inthc handwridng sf anothcr slyle of script in the Qur'Sn" Int*nr*l *videnc* wer *vailablcta prov* thet rhis key manu*cript w*c dw wridng *f n *ngle p*r$onr whenc* it fsllow*drhat thc &r'Sn, too, \{ra$ wholly cxe*rrted by this m*n, ir beins xcripori*lly * holryrnph

    -lxrrirrg its l*ter glosaer" s' will w*s adduced whieh explni*ed why rhe rvrit*r qrould haveknmrn t!#s typrs of Hcbmut cursirre uridng * fine occurring in rhe Qnr'X*, one in *lekey rn*nuscrip, n Nsw Testsment. I**ving idend$ed the copyisr of rh* LC Q3rr'in roo*r sEti*facdo*n w* \#ere able to $nd in th* s*urce ttrat led $$ ts th* *opyist, * likclysrdidrte for the ****lntor'g t*ek" Reinterpreting the dat*, thia indirridual w*s s**n uo b*arprccicely dls d$sid*rstd narrE" The nrcn has prCIved upon inqesdgndan to be no sm*llfry$ery. He iE r*rpondbl*, w* b*lieve, frr a fictisnal chronicle. Hc may be responsibl*for a strrngo apmlyp'se, as well"

    sc*ptre rhe *ymrr*etry *nd exh*nstivenesn of this denronsundon it may b* fra*klyndniittd that it dscs nm prCIve bcyond * doubt thrt the m nuscripr now in rhe tlbr*ry *ff.rxryrcss is thc CIne ex*mi*cd by lffnlff in lt{*nhh*d irr rsg r

    " Sor, * pf,rson who ecpir* n

    mrnuscrip on(t mty c$Fy it twieen or n tirnes. Collaternl rssnu*criprs may heve simihf, *thouglr nat wholly *imilar * csreer$. l#'c see ns reass{r! ncverrheles$r rr} rnul*ply en:id*shcyord necercity, ro pastuletc the existenee *f *n wnxm**ted rnanus*ripr whrn ths oflrrre hrve bebre u$ asrfe$ urith *ach of th* indicia" ll!f* xhal| proceed r* sur c*nclusionn,thw, withsur rcncidcring s*riou*ly the po**ibility th*t we rnay hav* happend upon rh*u'roilg one pf a $rt of ideruic*l nplns.

    ThE Libr*ry of Co*gr*sr m**urcript wau wrinen in *r* ry5o'* nr 6o"s. An rhe *ff?xfirrir.r {ilr we t*k* t?$fS, the yerr of the arrival of vcn }sn in th* kdies" {1#* ds nffi knowhonl much befcrc *yg7 Savid Cohsr re*ched Mal*b*r). Th* rrrurinur *d {n{rrn is theyem of fthen's dearh-perhsp r??r*1" The m*nuscript may, pfi$$ibly- d*ts r*r r?$?,

  • $IM F 1lS$ pmjstor.org

    t 1\ 12%tI

    $fuSi*l iru #l*llff:riryfr3 $r#d Sss*fs, - ldrfnrrr* s$Frr'f;

    for vrn San w*s in Co*hin th*t ye*r*if no other*srrivins, epprr$rtly, sorncdrne*fter Jurrc ard leving sometime bcfore rhc Neir Ye*r. $ince Coehin urec only a short seaffirv pns$rgc from Cot""rl", Ceylur*where v*n Dsn w*s teeching*this is unlikely to NEXTtnre bmr hi* mXy visit. To support a drte in *is p*riod rry* have *lso th* wimess nfthe pcp'tr

    Tlrougfi there is no inrern*l evidenc* {and rho*gh the rxonshly rending cycle rnight berhoqighr ro poinr m * differsrr uee) ir $ffirn$ lik*ly dr*t th* Qgr'*n mnnsledon wes intmdedro rcrvc * polxnic p$rFosr" lfe **surne rhar the rrmsl*ting * CIr * leasr rhe *opyirry *rlms dam by *ornnriasiosl of Seekir* R*habi or with his unppon, rnd th*t rhe LC Qt!r'*nrn*nu*cdpr i* on* of dr* produ*ts af,* rnnsledm proiem *imed *t rdering into Hebrc*thc rcligiour litenture pf the ncigftbor$ of *e Mel*kr Jetus" r proic*t which Rahabi$ppsrs to h*ve *ncoamgd nnd emgngsd in. There is arnple widsnm cf a polemic purposrin the m*rgin*li* ef Ncw Tect*mcnt M*. Oo.r.3a cf dre dlniv*rsiry Librery *t &nnbridgc.Sn *smh*r occ*sion rre shall idmtifo e Hebsr mansladsn in m*nuseripc af * work on}$dn bclicf *rd pr*cti*e rrhieh isnrd frcm rlr* $*me eircle. Decpit* Xaekiel Kah*bi'slms$m *c$merlic*l proeliviriesr*s$re must no{ frprct ts ftd drgt he shffrd dre nwivatisn*of * univer*iry depannrmt cf,conpcrrdtn religlon.r*

    Ndinf i* knon'rn of ttle hi*ory *f the qut'En during drc period bmreen the r75a'sor 6d* end th* r83o't, whsn it tr*veld frsm Sochin m Mmhhed. A whclly averl*n*lrours, fu frcarr beirry impl*u*ible, i* r*ost likcly. J*ri*h trsvsl*rs * though ome c*n h*rdlyrmnict tnmsport of silch rllerns ro thern cnly * must have rnade thcir way ncroe* A*i*in rhie pcrisd de*pkc ths hsrduhipc of itr* iounmyn iu$ *r they did in the rniddle pf thrni*enendr cat$ry when ws *r& better inf,arnrd, A cn*e ln poinr i* * repcrt nboxt * certxinlsmc bffi lllsffdwi, of ll*bmn, prhapr a sheli*$, perhap * merch*m, who tr*veled frcrnK*but to $urar, wer enco$nmred in $erampors in r$s6, e$d plurnd to rffu(n hom* h'yship.r" There iE no reflssr! why avcrlard iourneyc i* the oppo*it* Sirecdon shauld not elsCIhnre been unden*krn, and *rs liketitrood *f *uefu iourn*yt is ixereasd if rherc existed ajo*'i*h conrrnunity in Keshrrrlr *t the time, a$ sefllili possible.*t Sut a see pas$egs to Suxhehrotr svcn gasrr is *lco cncxeivable rridr e somerrhat rnore cireninmn ocerlsnd npproachtc iblcxlrlrcd.

    Th* pivocd pornt in the hi*ary of rhe Jews of illesfrhd is the farced convsr*iom of thce*tir* *onrrnuniry to l*Iern drat occurrd in the eff$$e of a pcgru*n in *e )erm r$3g"**This rmh*ppy syrffi did nm ryeltr the mrd of Jcrvish }ifs ir* Meshhsd" Precdcing * farr:r ofMermniun *uch n* recsr$ in Fcrsi*n J*rrich hietory, the csrnfil$ity n*naged w *urryil'srrJrtivdy inrect o* i*x hosn* gxounds *d, rnsr**ver, ev{n scnt out tiny scttlwne*ts ecsss$A*i* whirh rererred ts ov$$ professlon of Judd*m, Wolff, whe wns in lVleshhed bothhefore {1811**} **d *fi:er (rS*+} Se rnasr*crc, i* an innport*nr wim*** ta the back-grow& Frcryided th*r his tc*timoary ic examiaed xidmlly" *n ths one hando he foundJstryi*h soci*l' in di*errny, wi* * sffmnt af the ccnuntmiry tthc $ufis) cul*ivrdrry *nsotsriE do$rine not in conforndry wirh im *xtcrnsl nffili*tian.*r Anot&*r sqmcilt (corn-

    dtS

  • $tM f 1:g$ pmjstor.org

    I r$ 127o I

    .-f ft'r$ry'tl,**r"mr $fr'$ff{ff: ip

    prising nevding merchnnrr) trad gnnc srill funh*r in dissernbling, prafbsslng Isl*n* in$hiite Kharasen and r*verting ro Juddsm in T.nrlcesra$r s $unnite etrs.?6 l{fo cnust nadce

    *R811 rh*r dris enred*tes rhe cnenr ef rS$ {known *s "Allah Sn*d"}" *n the mher hend, SEXTPrrsi*n soci*y in Khoruseil wes irself in ffux, wirh n wr*k goyernmenr in Tehernn hrving* rlcrd*r hold cn the ever-r*b*llious provinc*, and *nw voicen @,inning t* hc r*issd.sr

    Wh*r hns rhir ro dCI wirh the mnnu**riput Wolff cxplains m rvhnr um the Qrr'fui w*sprr by rhe brqherhod: "They read* with their Moarsheed, thc Korn& md oth*r religiousbook*, t* find a co*frnnadon nf tlre tru* *f their $y$tffns; Jbr . . . th*y in*unsiste*tlyilT ro prsre dre rrmh tlf rheir mner$ frcrn bnoks* tlt* *u*ority *f whish th*y *r* srudyingto undcrmin*" #l*f{* l*S}- lr is n*r cxplicir i**ri$eadon sf their fensr$} h*l*rwcr, whichwc fird ropid out froni th* body of ran Sonns produ*ion on to * blank leaf {1, *rfb}in drc b*ck of the vohxne, but *omething nllid, proof mxtc cale$lard to shield the inidatesfron eirher lV{u*lim atmck or

    "}ewish eenssre, The Sr*s of thess p*$$ngs$ is *f prdcularim*re$r m i* obrious imeruion i* r* lh*ilirtte soci*l i*eresurse benpesn Persien $hiites*nd Jew*,

    Tln rinral imp*riry of she unhsli*ver is s*t out irt detail by rh* Safarvid thcologi*neL-Annili in his populnr mmperdium of $hiite Inw, Jfuf**i *v{}*&Lrr $* *ringent ale theregutr*ion* h* lay* dorrn th*n they sffinof reen {sffirrmpl*t* belierers **ring wirh infide}srnd so do nsr Snd it necessary to expre$sly prohibit rhis horr*r" Bur b*rh Jewi*h andChrisdm $avelers in ninemmth c*mury Fersi* mp**t*dly r*rnark $hiir* abh*rr*n*e cf it.Ilarid n'$*th Hillel, ftlr cx*mpl*" remarks: "Thc Fersinns . , . d* not sar with anycne ofrnothsr mtion, encn touching their bre*d and liquids sr frech flsi*; thcy consider ir asde*ld and will nsvfr etr ir . .

    " *n my amiving in their countri** I we* *sm'rrishs at rhis

    cu$tom "

    . *"r* Ncw wh*t dn w* ii:rd in rhc procf trxt*i Th* Srm *f the pfis$*Srs capiedtrur fsorn vnn Dnds tr*nslrrisn is inre*dcd t$ csrltrCIsem thi* prohibidnn. It r*edr; H,illrstplxit ;n {ll Frn',* ffr!-Lt p1 }mt# il*r}il ntyrr;l Hffitr up br*xb n*b 1ltw *os$nrn.rtnIt ir quit* bcsid* th* point th* this Hebrew p,{r$slgc does nm pr*p*rly r*prerducr **rneanirg of the Qlrr-6n vcr$e ir is supposd fCI repre$sm {$Srah s, f ), and thar rhs orherileof text$ *re dmil*rly inex*ct. Thme sectarirs qusrrlr thc d*ir*d msteri*l fronr vanllo*'s lacse rerd*ing, which is thrice rs*ovad frmr th* "&rebie originnl" Th* Iine *f*pologcrics which this proof texr $$gge$m perrnits ue, hcn'*verl r* avoid lffplffs "gm*rsr,rrpri*e-' *t finding * dnyrn *f *rc Jewitll commu*ity mdng with *e Mrl*liar rnunshid{&fft, tl$}.'n

    Juri*h hieroriogmphy h*s yer ts nodce, rnuch less comc m 6rips rrirh, th* $uS broth*r*hsod of Meshhed and rr-hat it bsokms. It wilt harc ta a$ses$ whnther l*.e h*ve h*re nnnttempt by J*ws ts entf;r intCI Fcrsisn rociety rhro*gh one rlf rhe fhw dacrs rhrr wer* opcnar whe*er the group is ruly arr rJKprsssim *f converging rnysdc*l currcnr$ in Isl*m andJudairm" Wrether it is the former * and there ar& $srne inrimarions th*r it is * or th*la*cr * and there is po*ribly $snre svidcncc &r rhar

    -

    $rr ehdl wmt ro know wh*hsrrhc brmhcdro*d itself wa$ ru)r e eessal elemens in rhe ll{eshhed *vfnrs nf .rs3g, w'h$hsr

    "l' I

  • SIM F 1:gS pmjstonorg

    -f si 11%[

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    it did nor serrr *u a csm*y*r *rm*ir6 rh* fenndcirnn of rh* ffioh. lVc sh*ll sl$o h*v* to*sck m explenrtion &r rh* *xrrordin*ry libm*liry cf tk {t{rlslim Sufir whiqh feirnin*dPRcv thern ro eRrr irna &*nrn*l comacs rvirh Jrnre in en sthenoni*e rmuictiv* socrery"'*' NsxrJgrffirh historiryr*$ry c*n hardly isnsre tl*sc mnttsrf" Nor ecn k nftrdn i* surveyilry*w eryrel to dhr etrmn$ of rSlg, to nv*rlosls*dccpite tht moving sspffi sf M*sl,rMiJcnr'i*h rn**yndarc and foniude *the releir*nsr of thr trslrmic dcctrins nf dissimuletionrin religio*r uhen cv*luedng this and other *xpr*esions of Marmnisrn in * Muslkn Femic;r*emirry;" Thic dnctrine rnached its frdlegt expn*itia* *nd *ccepxnse rmfim$ rl*e $hl'*, thffiShfu el*o claimad srrhusia*ric prac*iricncrs smsng varioun scc{$ on tht fring* sf trrhm.to*

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