ISO/IEC JTC 1/SWG 3 N 427

ISO/IEC JTC 1/SWG 3Planning

Secretariat: DIN (Germany)

Document type: National Body Contribution

Title: CESI contribution on possible work on Smart Cities in JTC 1

Status: The document will serve as basis for the discussion in item 9 on the agenda of the meeting ofISO/IEC JTC 1/SWG Planning in St. Denis, FR, on 19/20 June 2013.

Date of document: 2013-05-28

Source: China Electronics Standardization Institute, Ms Yuan Yuan

Expected action: COMM

Action due date: 2013-06-19

Email of secretary: cord.wischhoefer@din.de

Committee URL: http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/open/jtc1swg3

China contribution of possible future work on Smart Cities in JTC 1

May 19th, 2013

Contents Page

1 Scope ....................................................................................................................... 3

2 Terms and Abbreviations ........................................................................................ 3

2.1 Terms and definitions .............................................................................................. 3

2.2 Abbreviations, acronyms and conventions ............................................................ 4

3 Introduction of Smart Cities .................................................................................... 5

3.1 General concept ....................................................................................................... 5

3.2 Characteristics of Smart Cities ............................................................................... 5

3.3 Related technologies ............................................................................................... 6

4 Applications, requirements and challenges of Smart Cities................................ 10

5 Relevant standardization activities on Smart Cities ............................................ 11

6 Standard needs analysis on Smart Cities and related work in JTC1 ................... 16

6.1 ICT standard needs analysis on Smart Cities ...................................................... 16

6.2 Mapping between existent work in JTC 1 SCs/WGs and Smart Cities ................ 17

6.3 Examples of gaps between standard needs and existent work in JTC1 ............. 23

7 Recommendations to JTC 1 .................................................................................. 23

7.1 Recommendation 1: Establishment of a Study Group on Smart Cities .............. 23

7.2 Recommendation 2: Potential Standard Areas on Smart Cities .......................... 24

Bibliography ....................................................................................................................... 26

1 Scope

The concept of Smart Cities has aroused great attention around the world nowadays. Application

of information and communication technology (ICT) has been recognized as key issue on Smart

Cities. Many standardization development organizations (SDOs) have initiated standardization

work for Smart Cities, including ISO, IEC, ITU-T, IEEE, CEN, ANSI, BSI, CESI (China Electronics

Standardization Institute) etc. There is a need for JTC 1 to establish a study group on Smart Cities

to analyze the requirements, gap and potential standard items.

The objectives of this document are:

- to explain concepts, characteristics and related technologies of Smart Cities,

- to analyze applications, requirements and challenges of Smart Cities,

- to study current international, regional and national standardization activities on Smart

Cities,

- to recognize standard needs on Smart Cities and related work in SCs and WGs within JTC1,

- to propose recommendations of establishing a study group on Smart Cities in JTC 1 and

potential standard areas.

2 Terms and Abbreviations

For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply.

2.1 Terms and definitions

Smart（Intelligent） Cities

While almost all cities (and municipalities and regions) want to be ‘smart’, there is no accepted

definition of what this means in practice – be it in technological, developmental, or

administrative terms. A Smart Cities is more than a digital city. A Smart Cities is one that is able to

link physical capital with social one, and to develop better services and infrastructures. It is able

to bring together technology, information, and political vision, into a coherent programme of

urban and service improvements.

A city can be defined as “smart” when investments in human and social capital and traditional

(transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic

development and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through

participatory action and engagement. (Definition taken from Wikipedia)

Smart Environment

Collectively refers to a particular domain or system that uses a mixture of reality and virtuality as

its main presentation medium. Different descriptors are given to “reality” systems in terms of

the relative composure of physical reality and virtuality (e.g. computer graphic objects or scene)

in the medium. In the case of “augmented” reality, medium representing the physical objects

(e.g. video) are embedded into the virtual world. In other words, the virtual reality has

relatively higher composure than the physical.

Internet of Things

The internet of things is a network of physical objects that are seamlessly integrated into the

information network – allowing 2 way communications.

Interoperability

Interoperability refers to the technical capability of two or more systems or components to

exchange information and to use the information that has been exchanged. Multiple degrees of

interoperability are possible, ranging from basic Physical layer (e.g., frequency, modulation and

coding) compatibility up to full Application layer information exchange.

System-Oriented, Importunate Smartness

The space would be active, (in many cases even proactive) and in control of the situation by

making decisions on what to do next and actually take action and execute them automatically

(without a human in the loop).

People-Oriented, Empowering Smartness

keep the human in the loop’ thus empower people to make informed decisions and take actions

as mature and responsible people who are in control. In this case, the environment will collect

data about what is going on and aggregates the data but provides and communicates the

resulting information - hopefully in an intuitive way so that ordinary people can comprehend it

easily - for guidance and subsequent actions determined by the people. In this case, a smart

space might also make suggestions based on the information collected but the people are still in

the loop and in control of what to do next. Here, the place supports smart, intelligent behaviour

of the people present (or in remote interaction scenarios people being away ‘on the road’ but

connected to the space). This view can be summarized as ‘smart spaces make people smarter’.

Sensor

(1) A term synonymous to hardware Device, (2) A term interchangeably used for Event (because a

sensor, software or hardware) often generates an event(s). In this document, we avoid the

usage of the term “Sensor” to avoid confusion.

2.2 Abbreviations, acronyms and conventions

For the purposes of this document, the following expansion of acronyms and abbreviations apply.

RM: Reference Model

SNS: Social Network Service

SOA: Service Oriented Architecture

SC-RM: Smart Cities referenced model

3 Introduction of Smart Cities

3.1 General concept

The concept of Smart Cities is gaining increasingly high importance as a means of making

available all the services and applications enabled by ICT to citizens, companies and authorities

that are part of a city’s system. It aims to improve citizens’ quality of life and improve the

efficiency and quality of the services provided by governing entities and businesses. This

perspective requires an integrated vision of a city and of its infrastructures, in all its components,

and extends beyond the mere “digitalisation” of information and communication: it has to

incorporate a number of dimensions that are not related to technology, e.g., the social and

political ones.

It is a mistake to think that making smarter cities requires just more investment in IT (Information

Technologies) – what cities need to be able to do is to use IT as a means to deliver local (and

national and national levels) aims and objectives. The most important issue confounding efforts

to make cities smarter is not the development of appropriate technologies, but to tackle the

difficulties in changing organisations and existing ways of working to use these new technologies

to deliver smarter cities.

3.2 Characteristics of Smart Cities

This definition of domains and factors can serve as a good starting point for the crystallisation of

the Smart Cities concept. The research [1], looking for an operational definition of Smart Cities,

bases themselves on the study mentioned above and propose their own definition: “We believe a

city to be smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and

modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality

of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance.”. While

this definition remains broad, the Smart Cities concept does entail many diverging elements,

which are all in some way captured by it.

This document addresses several aspects that are critical for understanding the ‘Smart Cities’

concept and the current progress in this area. Based on studies and foresight reports we aim to

shed light on how the concept of ‘Smart Cities’ is currently adopted by cities and what the

ambitions and expectations are in using this concept. Underlying approaches to Smart Cities are

discussed, both in terms of the strategies and planning approaches. From this point of view, we

explore the conditions that must be established to stimulate the transformation towards Smart

Cities, and the resources that are available or should be made available such as investments in

broadband networks and in smart applications, as well as in the capabilities to innovate. This also

points to the changing structures and processes of innovation and city development. We see a

tendency towards more decentralized and bottom - up approaches to planning and innovation.

Innovation ecosystems are characterized by a combination of top down and bottom up initiatives,

leading to networking and collaboration among stakeholders, which eventually extend to real

innovation communities. Increasingly, citizens, advanced businesses and local governments act as

proactive catalysers of innovation, shaping cities as “agents of change”. [2]

The authors of [3], describing medium-sized European Smart Cities, define a Smart Cities by using

six characteristics in which such a city “performs in a forward-looking way”: Smart Economy,

Smart People, Smart Governance, Smart Mobility, Smart Environment and Smart Living. They use

these six concepts to describe specific factors that can be important when describing a Smart

Cities, which are presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1 - Characteristics and factors of a Smart Cities (extracted from [3]).

Given the broad definition of the Smart Cities concept, and the wide array of domains it may

impact on, its potential is equally broad. In its most basic and general interpretation, the idea

behind a Smart Cities should be an increase in quality of life for its citizens and travellers. This

goal can be reached by increasing efficiency and efficacy of government, developing

environment-friendly applications, increasing mobility, providing better health services,

stimulating economic prowess, etc. In order to reach these and many other goals, it is vital that a

city intending to become smart clearly outlines them in policy making, then defines a strategy

that is founded in research to reach them, and which role(s) the city should play, e.g., as a service

facilitator/incubator, service provider, network provider, etc.

3.3 Related technologies

We found that the future Internet domain landscape comprises a great diversity of research

streams and related topics for designing alternatives for Smart Cities. However, most connected

and influencing Smart Cities are the following technology streams.

Ubiquitous Computing

One particular challenge in the context of Smart Cities relates to open data business models. As

services become pervasive and ubiquitous, the matter of opening up databases will become

more important. Transparency towards the end users on how their information is being used,

with clear opt-in options and secured environments, has to be the starting point when providing

services that leverage personal data. The Public Sector Information re-use and utilisation of open

data introduces a paradigm shift that will impact on many people working in public

administration. Among many activities necessary for Public Sector Information provision and

re-use, one can identify achieving most easy comparability and comprehensibility through

furthering meta-data and data standardisation, and supporting the publishing of more fine

granular data through mechanisms for automatic anonymisation or pseudonymisation of data

sets.

Networking Technology

Networking Technology is about bringing higher broadband capacity with FTTH, 4G LTE and IP

Multimedia Systems (IMS) as well as future networking technologies. These will enable the

democratization, in terms of reasonable cost for high quality service, of Immersive Digital

Environments. Such environments enable, for example, the radical increase of telecommuters (far

less people travelling in and out the city), remote diagnosis in healthcare, and web-streaming of

cities’ events. All these examples would contribute to reduce the level of congestion and wasted

time and resources in every situation. Research areas such as Content Centric Networking (CCN)

and Ubiquitous Computing are also promising faster processing that would increase the real-time

capacity that is vital for mass interactions.

Cloud Computing

An element related to the trend of platformisation is cloud computing, which is increasingly

helping the private sector to reduce cost, increase efficiency, and work smarter. From a business

perspective, cloud computing is a key concept to enable a global ecosystem, where organisations

are able to be more competitive. In the context of this ever-increasing complexity and

platformisation, interoperability between systems will be exceedingly important. Standardisation

is clearly an important task, affecting all levels of middleware implementation, assuring

transparent and reliable interfaces to the middleware, as well as interoperability between

products and services across very different domains. Thus, interoperability and standardised ways

of communication between systems is an important research subject, crosscutting all smart ccity

domains.

Extremely important is the expected standardisation of Smart Cities systems, platforms, and

applications, which is necessary to provide on-demand self services. Standardisation will

accelerate technology diffusion and learning curves as city administrations and their IT

departments will become aware of proven solutions for the main districts and sectors of the city.

We should expect a standardisation of platforms and applications in different domains of cities,

related to typical city districts (CBD, manufacturing, housing, education), city utilities (transport,

energy, water, broadband), and city management (administration, democracy, planning).

Collaborative innovation ecosystems may emerge in these areas.

SOA

Pre-built integration into back-office applications and multi-channel access to maximize citizen

self-service results in higher efficiencies and cost savings, and must be implemented with a

Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) that facilitates a fully shared environment. Taking a SOA

approach for local and city government organizations will require a new way of thinking about IT

infrastructure, not only technically but organizationally. SOA can leverage a world of multiple

vendors that build systems, which create interoperability and use each other’s capabilities. By

interoperating and mapping an SOA approach across IT systems, local governments can achieve

dramatic results. This shifts the old IT model of proprietary systems that cannot be transformed

from older generations of technology to a flexible, shared model that leaves room for scalable,

incremental growth. With flexibility for the future, government organizations are no longer

beholden to legacy systems or partners that promote them, nor are they faced with a

step-function such as the need to remove large data systems all at once.

E-Government

The development of efficient and effective e-government is a prerequisite for the development of

Smart Cities. The lack of horizontal and vertical integration across the various e-government and

urban initiatives, and the relatively low level of interest shown by many national authorities, limit

efforts for the systemic development and implementation of local e-government. The

development of transnational authentication systems for citizens and businesses, the

development of agreed frameworks for data privacy, and the sharing and collection of individual

and business data, are key. Standardisation and interoperability are key requirements for the

widespread adoption of technologies and services to provide e-government at the city level.

Cities will need to be able to better integrate wireless networks, making provision seamless and

transparent. Cities will increasingly move from being service providers to platform ones,

providing an infrastructure that enables the development of a broad range of public and private

applications and services. Standardised technologies and infrastructures that are necessary to

provide personalised and location-based services need to be developed.

Embedded networks

Embedded networks of sensors and devices into the physical space of cities are expected

advancing further the capabilities created by web 2.0 applications, social media and

crowdsourcing. A real-time spatial intelligence is emerging having a direct impact on the services

cities offer to their citizens. Collective intelligence and social media has been a major driver of

spatial intelligence of cities. Social media have offered the technology layer for organizing

collective intelligence with crowdsourcing platforms, mashups, web-collaboration, and other

means of collaborative problem-solving. Now, the turn to embedded systems highlight another

route of spatial intelligence based on location accurate and real-time information. Smart Cities

with instrumentation and interconnection of mobile devices and sensors can collect and analyse

data and improve the ability to forecast and manage urban flows, thus push city intelligence

forward.

Internet of Things

Internet of Things (IoT) is considered as a major research and innovation stream leading to create

plenty of service opportunities in interconnecting physical an virtual worlds with a huge amount

of electronic devices distributed in houses, vehicles, streets, buildings and many other public

environments. These technologies open up a new innovation technology paradigm of embedded

spatial intelligence cities, emerging from cloud computing, embedded smart sensors and devices,

and open data.

Internet of Things including sensor networks and RFID is another important emerging strand.

These technologies may overcome the fragmented market and island solutions of Smart Cities

applications and provide generic solutions to all cities. Examples of generic architecture include

networked RFID tags (passive and active tags, mobile devices), sensor networks (multimodal

sensors and actuators, built-in intelligent agents), and connected objects such as distributed

intelligent systems, intelligent objects and biometrics [4]. A new round of applications, such as

location aware applications, speech recognition, Internet micro payment systems, and mobile

application stores, which are close to mainstream market adoption, may offer a wide range of

services on embedded system into the physical space of cities. Augmented reality is also a hot

topic in the sphere mobile devices and smart phones, enabling a next generation location-aware

applications and services[5].

While the future uses of IoT technologies that will bridge the physical and virtual worlds are still

largely a matter for speculation, there are estimations that they will bring significant economic

benefits. The OECD policy guidance encourages research on economic and social impacts and

foster business R&D encouraging technological neutrality, open global standards, and

harmonization of frequency bands [6].

Embedded networks of sensors and devices into the physical space of cities are expected to

enable a new type of spatial intelligence, advancing further the capabilities created by web 2.0

applications, social media and crowdsourcing. A real-time spatial intelligence having a direct

impact on the services cities offer to their citizens. The concept of spatial intelligence of cities

refers to mechanisms that make a city intelligent or smart and allows unifying those of

“intelligent city" and “Smart Cities” under a common field of study focusing on their underlying

informational and cognitive processes

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_intelligence_of_cities). Internet of Things brings us closer to

the way describing the intelligence of cities as residing in "the increasingly effective combination

of digital telecommunication networks (the nerves), ubiquitously embedded intelligence (the

brains), sensors and tags (the sensory organs), and software (the knowledge and cognitive

competence)". Collective intelligence and social media has been a major driver of spatial

intelligence of cities. Social media have offered the technology layer for organizing collective

intelligence, with crowdsourcing platforms, mashups, web-collaboration, and other means of

participatory problem-solving. Now, the turn to embedded systems highlight another route of

spatial intelligence based on location accurate and real-time information. Smart Cities with

instrumentation and interconnection of mobile devices and sensors can collect and analyse data

and improve the ability to forecast and manage urban flows, thus push city intelligence forward [7]. For this type of embedded spatial intelligence it is important to develope the Urban IoT

platforms offering a common framework for ambient sensor networks as intelligent information

infrastructure under universal ubiquitous sensor network architecture [8].

4 Applications, requirements and challenges of Smart Cities

Applications and requirements are grouped into 5 topics: Economic, Social & Privacy Implications;

Developing E-Government; Health, Inclusion and Assisted Living; Intelligent Transportation

Systems; and Smart Grids, Energy Efficiency, and Environment. Each of the topics is put into

perspective according to its potential, challenges, technical requirements, and roadmaps.

All these domains raise new challenges in security and privacy, since users implicitly expect

systems to be secure and privacy-preserving. One of the critical elements is which role(s) the city

will take up as an actor within an increasingly complex value network. New players enter the

market, actors shift their business strategies, roles change, different types of platforms emerge

and vie for market dominance, technological developments create new threats and opportunities,

etc. An element related to the trend of platformisation is cloud computing, which is increasingly

helping the private sector to reduce cost, increase efficiency, and work smarter. One particular

challenge relates to open data business models. Activities necessary for Public Sector Information

provision can be identified.

Health, inclusion and assisted living will play an essential role, since the demand for related

services is rising, because ageing is changing disease composition. Requirements address a

number of technologies, beyond the ones related to mobile and fixed networks. An integrated

perspective on healthcare solutions for the near- to long-term can be foreseen, bridging a direct

gap in between the health area and the technological development of communications (radio

and network components).

The needs for mobility in urban areas result into a number of problems, such as traffic congestion

and energy consumption, which can be alleviated by exploiting Intelligent Transportation Systems

and further adoption of vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication networks.

The information being managed in this area can be relevant to other domains, which increases its

potential. An effective deployment poses a number of technical, sociological, regulatory and

economic challenges.

Smart energy grids are the backbone of the Smart Cities, a major requirement being to leverage

energy consumption between the different producers and consumers. The successful

combination of smart processes and technologies will enable energy efficiency and savings to be

achieved in the residential and business markets. Intelligent systems and integrated

communication infrastructure are highly demanded, which can assist in the management of

power distribution grids in an optimised way. Smart grids are seen as a major opportunity to

merge power and ICT industries and technologies.

When looking at the potential impact that telecommunications, and the services made available

by them, may have in cities, a number of opportunities, challenges and barriers can be identified.

The deployment of these services implies that other sectors need to be brought to work together

with the telecommunications one, hence, requiring that the latter is aware of a number of

requirements and constraints, coming from the many applications made possible in a Smart Cities

environment.

The cooperation between the IT industry, other sectors, and public authorities, should be

stimulated to accelerate development and wide-scale roll out of IT-based solutions for smart grids,

meters etc. The IT sector should deliver modelling, analysis, monitoring, and visualisation tools to

evaluate the energy performance and emissions of cities and regions.

In the context of this ever-increasing complexity and platformisation, interoperability between

systems will be exceedingly important. Standardisation is clearly an important task, affecting all

levels of middleware implementation, assuring transparent and reliable interfaces to the

middleware, as well as interoperability between products and services across very different

domains. Thus, interoperability and standardised ways of communication between systems is an

important research subject, crosscutting all Smart Cities domains.

In conclusion, we have addressed application areas within Smart Cities, i.e., e-Government,

Health, Inclusion and Assisted Living, Intelligent Transportation Systems, and Smart Grids, Energy

Efficiency, and Environment. In order to achieve the goal of Smart Cities, quite a number of

technologies in the area of wireless and fixed communications networks, cross-sector data and

service fusion, smarter services delivery have to be developed, and many research challenges

have been identified. Meanwhile, standards on Smart Cities are urgently needed, which are

fundamental and essential for the development of Smart Cities.

5 Relevant standardization activities on Smart Cities

Specific Smart Cities standardization working items are being developed by a variety of new and

also by well established SDOs/consortia outside ISO/IEC JTC 1. The following table gives an

overview of the major standardization initiatives, national or regional strategy, and commercial

solutions on Smart Cities.

Table 1 - Smart Cities standardization initiatives and activites outside ISO

Title Related fields and corresponding work to Smart Cities

1. ITU-T ITU-T Study Group 5 – Environment and climate change –Focus Group on Smart

Sustainable Cities, will act as an open platform for smart-city stakeholders – such

as municipalities; academic and research institutes; non-governmental

organizations (NGOs); and ICT organizations, industry forums and consortia – to

exchange knowledge in the interests of identifying the standardized frameworks

needed to support the integration of ICT services in Smart Cities. “Smart

Sustainable Cities’’ is also the theme of ITU’s 3rd Green ICT Application

Challenge.

2. IEC Japan and Germany proposed to establish a technical committee on Smart Cities in

the SMB meeting, 2013.

IEC/SMB/SG3 Strategic Group on Smart Grid

1. IEC/TR 62357：2003 Power system control and associated communications

- Reference architecture for object models, services and protocols

2. IEC 61850 Power Utility Automation

3. IEC 61970 Common Information Model (CIM) / Energy Management

4. IEC 61968 Common Information Model (CIM) / Distribution Management

5. IEC 62351 Security

IEC PC118

3. IEEE

Standards

Association

1. IEEE SCC21

2. IEEEP2030

3. IEEE 1888 (Ubiquitous Green Community Control Network)

4. IEEE 802 refers to a family of IEEE standards dealing with local area

networks and metropolitan area networks. The IEEE 802 family of standards

is maintained by the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee (LMSC).

The most widely used standards are for the Ethernet family, Token Ring,

Wireless LAN, Bridging and Virtual Bridged LANs. An individual Working

Group provides the focus for each area.

4. European

Commission

1. By launching a Smart Cities and Communities European Innovation

Partnership (SCC) the European Commission aims to boost the development

of smart technologies in cities – by pooling research resources from energy,

transport and ICT and concentrating them on a small number of

demonstration projects which will be implemented in partnership with cities.

For 2013 alone, € 365 million in EU funds have been earmarked for the

demonstration of these types of urban technology solutions.

2. EU’s Seventh Framework Programme for Research(FP7) will investe €4.8

billion in thematic areas, with specific priorities to preserve oceans and

water, better use of raw materials, efficient energy, promote efficiency in the

processing of biological resources, develop Smart Cities and tackle issues

such as public sector reform, brain research and anti-microbial resistance.

3. European Smart Cities Ranking

5. CEN/

CENELEC

and ETSI

A very significant development is the launch of the European Innovation

Partnership (EIP) for Smart Cities and Communities. CEN/CENELEC and ETSI

initiate Smart Cities standardization work in the high-level group, which also

includes the EU Commissioners in charge of Energy, Transport, and Information

Society, together with leaders from industry and local governments. They have

taken the initiative in order to discuss their standardization needs in relation to

energy aspects relating to the Smart Cities' concept.

6. NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability

7. ANSI On April 4, 2013, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) convened a

Joint Member Forum with subject matter experts from standards developing

organizations, industry, government, and academia to discuss the role that

standards and conformance solutions can play in contributing to national and

international Smart Cities initiatives.

8. BSI The UK Department of Business, Innovation and Skills commissioned BSI to

develop a standards strategy for Smart Cities. This strategy aims to accelerate the

implementation of Smart Cities and minimize the risks of failure in April 2012.

The strategy outlines a foundation of knowledge to help cities as the embark on a

programme to become smarter:

• guidelines

• metrics

• management processes

• technical specifications

1. BS 8904 Guidance for community sustainable development provides a

decision-making framework that will help setting objectives in response to

the needs and aspirations of city stakeholders

2. BS 11000 Collaborative relationship management

3. New PAS Guide for a Decision-Making Framework for the Establishment of

a Smart Cities

4. BSI PAS on Smart Cities terminology

5. BSI workshop on standards requirements for the interoperability ecosystem

6. Smart Cities guide to information governance

7. Smart Cities robustness standard

9. ACR

NEMA

Digital Imaging and Communication of Medicine

10. China In China, several national standardization committees and consortia have started

standardization work on Smart Cities, including China National IT

Standardization TC (NITS), China National CT Standardization TC, China

National Intelligent Transportation System Standardization TC, China National

TC on Digital Technique of Intelligent Building and Residence Community of

Standardization Administration, China Strategic Alliance of Smart City Industrial

Technology Innovation.

NITS is the mirror committee of JTC1 in China. The progress on Smart Cities are:

1. <Investigation Report on Status of Smart Cities and Standard Needs in

China>

2. Draft <Research Report on China Standard System on Smart Cities>

3. Started studying on several standard items on Smart Cities, such as

terminology, reference model, evaluation model and basic indexes, data and

services fusion, methodology for planning and designing based on EA,

guidance on how to use current SOA standards

4. A book <Implementation Guidance for Smart Cities>

11. Korea Standardization of ICT infrastructure, processes and governance norms will lead

to the creation of an extensive information-led ecosystem which can deliver

uniform citizen and business services. A symbiotic collaboration model of

ownership and accountability across government and private institutions will be

crucial. Going forward, U-City projects will have an intrinsic lifecycle

management process aligned to changing business and citizen requirements,

thereby driving sustained competitive edge.

12. Germany Member of European Innovation Partnership (EIP) for Smart Cities and

Communities. DKE and DIN work together on roadmap and Smart Cities

recommendations for action in Germany.

The following table on Smart Cities gives an overview of the major concerns of cities today and

how ISO standards provide the support for better, healthier and safer city living. It highlights how

International Standards contribute to building Smart Cities by improving energy efficiency,

increasing safety, planning sustainable urban development, developing reliable road networks

and effective means of transportation, reducing pollution and dealing with water and wastewater

management.

Table 2 - ISO standardization work on Smart Cities

TC No. Related fileds and corresponding work to Smart Cities

1. 268 TC 268, Sustainable development in communities, focuses on the development of a

management system standard. ISO/TC 268/ SC 1, Smart community infrastructures,

is dedicated to smart urban infrastructures.

1. ISO 37101, Sustainable development and resilience of communities –

Management systems–General principles and requirements

2. ISO 37120, Sustainable development and resilience of communities – Global

city indicators for city services and quality of life

3. ISO/TR 37150, a technical report on smart urban infrastructures around the

world

4. ISO 37151 standard on harmonized metrics for benchmarking smartness of

infrastructures

2. ISO/TC

163 and

ISO/TC

205

A joint working group (JWG) helps coordinate common areas between ISO/TC 205,

Building environment design, and ISO/TC 163, Thermal performance and energy

use in the built environment, and has developed a holistic approach to address

buildings’ energy performance. The JWG has started work on a standard for

addressing the indoor environmental conditions assumed in energy performance

calculations.

1. ISO 16346, Energy performance of buildings – Assessment of overall energy

performance

2. ISO 16343, Energy performance of buildings – Methods for expressing energy

performance and for energy certification of buildings

3. ISO 12655, Energy performance of buildings − Presentation of measured

energy use of buildings

4. ISO/TR 16344:2012, Energy performance of buildings – Common terms,

definitions and symbols for the overall energy performance rating and

certification

5. ISO 13153:2012, Framework of the design process for energysaving

single-family residential and small commercial buildings

3. 257 ISO/TC 257, General technical rules for determination of energy savings in

renovation projects, industrial enterprises and regions, has a key role to play in

cutting global energy consumption. Energy savings and the resulting improved

energy efficiency are the best ways to restrain energy consumption and reduce

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Measurement, calculation and verification have

established themselves as the cornerstone to stimulate technologies and policies and

encourage efficiency.

To enhance collaboration in related technical subjects at an organizational level, an

ISO/TC 242, Energy management (leading body)-ISO/TC 257 joint working group

(JWG) for the Measurement and verification of organizational energy performance

– General principles and guidelines, has also been established.

4. 242 ISO/TC 242, Energy management, focuses on the field of energy management,

including for example: energy efficiency, energy performance, energy supply,

procurement practices for energy using equipment and systems, and energy use as

well as measurement of current energy usage, implementation of a measurement

system to document, report, and validate continual improvement in the area of

energy management.

1. ISO 50001:2011, Energy management systems – Requirements with guidance

for use.

5. 59 ISO/TC 59, Buildings and civil engineering works, subcommittee SC 14, Design

life, focuses on balancing environmental and economic impacts, applying the overall

methodology of service life planning to open source data transfer.

1. ISO 15686, Buildings and constructed assets – Service life planning

2. ISO 16739, Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) for data sharing in the

construction and facility management industries

6. 223 ISO/TC 223, Social Security, develops standards for public and private

organizations in such areas as: resilience, exercises, public/private partnership,

emergency management, capability assessment, mass evacuation, and continuity

management.

1. ISO 22316, Societal security – Organizational resilience – Principles and

guideline

2. ISO 22301:2012, Societal security – Business continuity management systems

– Requirements

3. ISO 22313:2012, Societal security – Business continuity management systems

– Guidance

4. ISO 22398, Societal security – Guidelines for exercises, helps businesses to

plan and carry out joint exercises and test their preparations, ability and

capacity to deal with unexpected events.

5. ISO 22320:2011, Societal security – Emergency management – Requirements

for incident response

6. ISO 22324, Societal security – Emergency management – Colour-coded alert

7. 241 ISO/TC 241, Road traffic safety management systems, covers the field of RTS,

Road traffic safety. ISO 39001 will assist governmental and private sector

organizations alike by providing a structured, holistic approach to road traffic safety

as a complement to existing programmes and regulations.

1. ISO 39001:2012, Road traffic safety (RTS) management systems –

Requirements with guidance for use

8. 204 ISO/TC 204, Intelligent transport systems, focuses on standardization of

information, communication and control systems in the field of urban and rural

surface transportation, including intermodal and multimodal aspects thereof,

traveller information, traffic management, public transport, commercial transport,

emergency services and commercial services in the intelligent transport systems

(ITS) field.

9. TMB ISO/TC Technical Management Board

1. ISO 20121:2012, Event sustainability management systems – Requirements

with guidance for use, specifies requirements for an event sustainability

management system for any type of event or event-related activity, and

provides guidance on conforming to those requirements. It has been developed

to help ensure that events, ranging from local celebrations to “ mega events ”

such as the Olympic and Paralympic Games, leave behind a positive legacy in

terms of economic, environmental and social benefits, with minimum material

waste, energy consumption, or strain on local communities.

2. ISO 26000:2010 guidance on social responsibility (SR) is intended to provide

organizations with guidance concerning social responsibility and can be used

as part of public policy activities.

Currently, there are many initiatives to make the standards related to Smart Cities. However,

since some of those activities are very beginning stage and some of them are only focused on

narrow work scope which is not global perspective, more activities are being done by

international/national/regional SDOs recently.

6 Standard needs analysis on Smart Cities and related work in JTC1

6.1 ICT standard needs analysis on Smart Cities

The concept of Smart Cities is a complex giant system, which is the integrated application of the

mobile Internet, Internet of things, cloud computing, Big Data, SOA, IT service management,

information security etc. So the standardization work of Smart Cities should not only include

developing the specific standards for smart cities but also consider how to adopt and use existing

standards effectively.

In general, Smart Cities standard needs should be divided into three categories: the first category

is the existing standard to follow directly; the second category for smart cities needs to focus on

the development of the new standards; the third category is the guidelines of existing standards

according to different scene of Smart Cites.

Following are detailed analysis on the representative standard needs for Smart Cities.

Throughout the world there is a need for advanced monitoring methodologies and benchmarking

scoreboards (such as the EU Innovation Scoreboard) to assess effectively and comparatively costs

and benefits from investments in broadband infrastructure in cities, sensor networks, Smart

Cities platforms, e-services, and user-driven innovation initiatives over this tangible and

intangible infrastructure. There should be also concrete methods and indicators to evaluate the

enrichment of user experience, the level of people/citizens engagement and the resulting

co-created value and empowerment of citizens, as innovation is all about empowering humans.

The development of Smart Cities requires a pragmatic approach to technological development

and deployment that is based on open standards and interoperability, which is vendor neutral

and focused on the needs of cities, citizens, and businesses. Technologies need to be deployable,

and supported by sound business models. Smart networks and infrastructures need to be

developed in order to exchange information from person to person, from people to machines,

from machines to people, or from machines to machines. Smart Cities need to be able to

integrate themselves into national, regional and international infrastructures. Although

implementation aspects depend strongly on national, regional and local authorities, worldwide

recommendations and directives will definitely contribute to accelerate the deployment of Smart

Cities in their government perspectives. According to investigation work on Smart Cities, it is

needed to initiate a dialogue with relevant consortia as identified in this document with a view to

establishing the state of the work on Smart Cities in the various consortia.

In order to achieve the goals of a Smart Cities, it is necessary to increase efficiency and efficacy of

government, developing environment-friendly applications, increasing mobility, providing better

health services, stimulating economic prowess, etc. It is vital that a city clearly outlines these

goals in policy making, defining a strategy founded in research to reach them, and which role the

city should play.

In order to achieve user consent, trust in, and acceptance of Smart Cities, integration of security

and privacy-preserving mechanisms must be a key concern of future research. Overall research

challenges can be classified into the following aspects: handling of the increasing complexity of

distributed systems from the security perspective is required; identity and privacy management,

where, e.g., pseudonymisation must be applied throughout the whole system, in order to

separate the data collected about a user from the user’s real identity; integration into systems of

security technologies, e.g., advanced encryption and access control, and intelligent data

aggregation techniques. A roadmap in this area foresees that the technological development

should be accompanied by legal and communication aspects.

6.2 Mapping between existent work in JTC 1 SCs/WGs and Smart Cities

Regarding the work scope of existing SCs/WGs in JTC 1, there are some relationships with their

work on several Smart Cities issues.

Table 3 - Mapping between SCs/WGs and Smart Cities

No. Subcommittee Title Relationship to Smart Cities

WG 7 Sensor networks Infrastructures of sensor network:

1. ISO/IEC DIS 29182-1 Information technology -- Sensor

networks: Sensor network reference architecture (SNRA) -- Part 1:

General overview and requirements

2. ISO/IEC WD 30101 Information technology -- Sensor

Networks: Sensor Network and its interfaces for smart grid system

3. ISO/IEC WD 30128 Information technology -- Sensor

Networks -- Generic Sensor Network Application Interface

4. ISO/IEC DIS 20005 Information technology Sensor networks

-- Services and interfaces supporting collaborative information

processing in intelligent sensor networks

WG 8 Governance of IT Specifically, Governance of IT incorporates the mechanisms,

methods, and models which ensure the conformance of IT to

underlying and required policies, regulations, laws, and ethical

guidelines. Additionally, Governance of IT considers the

mechanisms, methods, and models which ensure that the IT

organization’s performance can be measured again such

conformance requirements. Governance of IT also considers

organizational and IT strategy and the means by which these critical

functions should be aligned to ensure value is derived for the

organization from the IT investment. The area of work includes

standardization (or alignment with existing standards work) in the

following areas:

- Corporate Governance of IT

- IT Service Management

- IT Forensics

- IT Audit

- IT Security and Privacy

- IT Systems Architecture

1. ISO/IEC 38500:2008 Corporate Governance of IT

SC 02 Coded character sets TBD

SC 06 Telecommunications

and information

exchange between

systems

Infrastructures of network:

1. ISO/IEC 8802 Information technology -- Telecommunications

and information exchange between systems -- Local and

metropolitan area networks -- Specific requirements

The physical layer protocol is designed for the following scope:

- low carrier frequency for large magnetic field area and reliable

communication in harsh environments;

- simple and robust modulation for a low implementation cost and

error performance;

- variable coding and bandwidth for a link adaptation.

The media access control layer protocol is designed for the

following scope:

- simple and efficient network topology for low power consumption;

- variable superframe structure for compact and efficient data

transmission;

- dynamic address assignment for small packet size and efficient

address management.

1. ISO/IEC 15149:2011 Information technology --

Telecommunications and information exchange between

systems -- Magnetic field area network (MFAN)

2. ISO/IEC NP 15149-1 Information technology --

Telecommunications and information exchange between

systems -- Magnetic field area network (MFAN) -- Part 1: Air

interface

3. ISO/IEC NP 15149-2 Information technology --

Telecommunications and information exchange between

systems -- Magnetic field area network (MFAN) -- Part 2:

In-band Control Protocol for Wireless Power Transfer

4. ISO/IEC NP 15149-3 Information technology --

Telecommunications and information exchange between

systems -- Magnetic field area network (MFAN) -- Part 3:

Relay Protocol for Extended Range

5. ISO/IEC NP 15149-4 Information technology --

Telecommunications and information exchange between

systems -- Magnetic field area network (MFAN) -- Part 4:

Security Protocol for Authorization

6. ISO/IEC WD 17821 Low Power Wireless Mesh Network over

Channel-hopped TDMA Links (LPWMN-TDMA)

7. ISO/IEC DIS 24771 MAC/PHY standard for ad hoc wireless

network to support QoS in an industrial work environment

8. ISO/IEC CD 29157 Information technology --

Telecommunications and information exchange between

systems -- PHY/MAC specifications for short-range wireless

low-rate applications in the ISM band

9. ISO/IEC PDTR 29181 Information technology -- Future

Network -- Problem statement and requirements

SC 07 Software and systems

engineering

SC 07 work related to Smart Cities includes:

- IT Service Management,

- IT Enabled Services and Business Process Outsourcing,

- IS Governance, Software asset management (SAM)

SC 17 Cards and personal SC 17 work related to Smart Cities:

identification - Cards and devices for associated with their use in inter-industry

applications and International interchange

SC 22 Programming

languages, their

environments and

system software

interfaces

TBD

SC 23 Digitally Recorded

Media for

Information

Interchange and

Storage

TBD

SC 24 Computer graphics,

image processing and

environmental data

representation

Augmented reality is a hot topic in the sphere mobile devices and

smart phones, enabling a next generation location-aware

applications and services.

SC 24 work related smart enviroment :

- Augmented Reality Continuum Reference Model

SC 25 Interconnection of

information

technology

equipment

The energy savings expected from smart grids can be enhanced

through the interaction among smart grids and smart homes.

1. The HES standards ISO/IEC 14543-x-y enable such

interactions with intelligent homes.

2. ISO/IEC 15067-3-x - Information technology – Home

electronic system (HES) – Part 3-1: Architecture of smart

energy home for HES

3. ISO/IEC TR 15067-3 has been upgraded to a standard to guide

electric utilities as they deploy demand response systems for

managing energy consumption, including various “smart

grid” initiatives.

SC 25 provides the emerging smart grids with access to intelligent

homes and devices.

1. ISO/IEC TR 29107-1:2010-03 Information technology --

Intelligent homes -- Taxonomy of specifications - Part 1:

Taxonomy method

2. ISO/IEC TR 29108 IT - Terminology for intelligent homes

3. ISO/IEC 14543-5-x Intelligent grouping and resource sharing

4. ISO/IEC 9318-XX Intelligent Peripheral Interface

SC 27 IT Security

techniques

SC 27 work realted to ICT security in Smart Cities:

- management of information and ICT security; in particular

information security management systems (ISMS), security

processes, security controls and services

SC 28 Office equipment TBD

SC 29 Coding of audio,

picture, multimedia

SC 29 work related to smart enviroment :

1. ISO/IEC DIS 23000-13 Information technology - Multimedia

and hypermedia

information

application format (MPEG-A) -- Part 13: Augmented reality

application format

2. ISO/IEC 23005-4:2013 Information technology -- Media

context and control -- Part 4: Virtual world object

characteristics

SC 31 Automatic

identification and

data capture

techniques

SC 31 work related to AIDC, RFID,RTLS in Smart Cities:

- product/item identification, point-of-purchase/use, track and trace,

product distribution in such market sectors as retail sales, health

care, supply chain, transportation, and many areas of the

manufacturing and service industries, where reliable, fast and

automated data input with reduced errors improves operational

efficiency with a positive impact on financial returns

- RFID market sector throughout supply chain, asset tracking,

traceability and other application areas

SC 32 Data management

and interchange

SC 32 work related to all kinds of data in Smart Cities:

- new areas of standardization, including metadata registry for

semantic web, metamodel management, registry of registries to

support interoperation, layering ontologies upon data exchange

agreements, and topics such as ontology evolution and alignment,

and a metamodel for on-demand model selection

- electronic business applications (e.g., e-Commerce, e-Government,

e-Logistics), products, and services grow as firms continue to

adapt to the electronic marketplace

- SQL/MM Part 2: Spatial, specifying Spatial Data Management for

Intelligent Transport Systems, and Geographic information

/Geomatics

SC 34 Document

description and

processing languages

TBD

SC 35 User interfaces TBD

SC 36 Information

technology for

learning, education

and training

SC 36 work related to learning, education and training in Smart

Cities:

- IT aspects of learner collaboration and the use of intelligent

technology in LET environments

- Management and Delivery of Learning, Education, and Training

- development, integration and use of platforms, services and

specifications where specific LET stakeholder requirements must

be fulfilled

- Culture, Language, and Individual Needs

SC 37 Biometrics SC 37 work related to secure transactions, positive identification

and augmentation to human judgment in Smart Cities:

- public and private sector applications worldwide to authenticate an

individual’s identity, secure national borders and restrict access to

secure sites including buildings and computer networks

-harmonization of biometric standards with security and token-based

standards that use biometrics (e.g., cloud computing, sensor

networks, ID management, biometric interfaces to support mobile

devices, IdM applications, and authentication exchanges between a

point of sale terminal and its related database

SC 38 Distributed

application platforms

and services (DAPS)

SC 38 work related to web services, SOA, cloud computing in

Smart Cities:

1. ISO/IEC TR 30102 General Technical Principles of Service

Oriented Architecture (SOA)

2. ISO/IEC AWI 18384-1 Specification of Information

Technology Distributed Application Platforms and Services --

Reference Architecture for Service Oriented Architecture --

Part 1: Terminology and Concepts for SOA

3. ISO/IEC AWI 18384-2 Specification of Information

Technology Distributed Application Platforms and Services --

Reference Architecture for Service Oriented Architecture --

Part 2: Reference Architecture for SOA Solutions

4. ISO/IEC AWI 18384-3 Specification of Information

Technology Distributed Application Platforms and Services --

Reference Architecture for Service Oriented Architecture --

Part 3: Ontology for SOA

5. ISO/IEC CD 17788 Information technology -- Distributed

application platforms and services -- Cloud computing --

Overview and Vocabulary

6. ISO/IEC WD 17789 Information Technology -- Cloud

Computing -- Reference Architecture

SC 39 Sustainability for and

by Information

Technology

SC 39 work related to green ICT in Smart Cities:

1. ISO/IEC NP 30131 Information technology - Data Centres –

Taxonomy and Maturity Model

2. ISO/IEC NP TR 30132 Information technology – IT

Sustainability – Guidance for the Development of Energy

Efficient ICT Products

3. ISO/IEC NP TR 30133 Best Practices for Green Data Centres

4. ISO/IEC NP 30134-1 Information technology – Data Centres –

Key Performance Indicators – Part 1: Overview and general

requirements

5. ISO/IEC 30134-2 Information technology – Data Centres –

Key Performance Indicators – Part 2: Power Usage

Effectiveness (PUE)

6.3 Examples of gaps between standard needs and existent work in JTC1

There are two types of gaps between standard needs of Smart Cities and the existing standards in

JTC 1. First is specific new standard requirements for Smart Cities, second is guidance

requirements for adopting existing standards to Smart Cities. Following provides two examples of

each type.

Table 4 – Examples of gap analysis

Num Standard need Current related SCs/WGs Gap

1 Concepts, Technical RM

of Smart Cities:

A common understanding

and framework of Smart

City is needed for all the

stakeholders

None Need to develop new

standard(s)

2 Data/information fusion

for Smart Cities:

Information capture across

the city combined with

data analysis at a city

level, and share data

across the city

Several SCs works on

different aspects of data

respectively, including SC17,

SC29, SC31, SC32, SC34,

SC38, SC39

Need guidance on how to use

existing standards in related

SCs to achieve the goal of

information fusion from

different services and

infrastructure at a city level

7 Recommendations to JTC 1

7.1 Recommendation 1: Establishment of a Study Group on Smart Cities

China recommends that JTC 1 should establish a Study Group on Smart Cities to understand the

current state of standardization and to explore a possible role for ISO/IEC JTC 1. The effort within

JTC1 should be focused on ICT aspects of smart cities. In order to identify new work items for

Smart Cities in JTC 1, the following issues should be investigated as the first priority:

- General & Fundamentals: There are lots of Smart Cities technologies and solutions even if

some of them do not tend to real Smart Cities philosophy. These include: what are the

general and common requirements for future Smart Cities? How to deploy the Smart Cities

with relevant scenarios, and so on.

- In terms of JTC 1 perspective, basically it is required to identify new work items and to

develop the standards for Smart Cities with more global viewpoint. In particular, it is

required to consider the standards for adoption of Smart Cities in various public sectors

such as smart grid. It is also needed to consider the collaboration and liaisons with other

relevant SDOs.

Specific tasks and deliverables of such future study group include:

- Defining the role of information technology in Smart Cities, and identifying the information

technology related standardization necessary to the development of Smart Cities study

group.

- Collecting and documenting information on existing Smart Cities initiatives and technical

specifications, focusing in particular on the identification of standardization gaps.

- Establishing relationships and liaison mechanisms with other bodies engaged in Smart Cities

studies and development.

- Identifying future Smart Cities standardization projects to be undertaken by ISO/IEC JTC 1.

- Developing a roadmap for ISO/IEC JTC 1’s contribution to Smart Cities, providing cohesion to

the development and application of technologies and standards.

Proposed Terms of Reference for a Study Group on Smart Cities:

It is recommended that JTC 1 form a Study Group on Smart Cities with the following Terms of

Reference:

1. Provide a description of key concepts related to Smart Cities and describe relevant

terminology.

2. Study and document the market and societal requirements for the ICT standardization

aspects of Smart Cities.

3. Study and document current technologies that are being deployed to enable smart

cities.

4. Assess the current state of standardization activities relevant to Smart Cities within JTC

1, in other relevant ISO and IEC TCs, in other SDOs and in consortia.

5. Identify and propose how JTC 1 should address the ICT standardization needs of

Smart Cities.

6. Provide a report and recommendations to JTC 1.

7.2 Recommendation 2: Potential Standard Areas on Smart Cities

China suggests JTC1 to consider the following potential standardization areas on Smart Cites,

which could also be considered as input to the Study Group on Smart Cities if it is established.

- Terminologies, concepts of Smart Cities

- Technical reference model (RM) and reference architecture (RA) for the establishment of a

Smart Cities

- Evaluation model and indicators for the level of IT capabilities (infrastructure, systems and

services ) of Smart Cities

- Unified Data View for the entities in Smart Cities

- Data and Services fusion for Smart Cities

i. Data and services fusion is needed to build a services ecosystem that can scale, be

easily modified and is conducive to the needs of the software and end-user device

developers. Smart planning and collaboration between the public and private sector

will set the stage for much success in creating connected communities to achieve

economic, social and environmental sustainability.

- Guidance for application IT technologies to Smart Cities, including but not limited to:

i. Guidance of application SOA to Smart Cities

ii. Guidance of application Cloud Computing to Smart Cities

iii. Guidance of application Internet of Things to Smart Cities

- Method for Smart Cities Planning and Design

- Guidance for application IT Security to data security and system security in Smart cites

- Validation use cases

i. It is important to describe how cities are transforming their processes for becoming

smarter (more intelligent) cities. This will be done in composing showcases that

illustrate smart environments, applications and solutions and through surveys and

case studies in cities like Thessaloniki, Manchester, Helsinki, Lisbon, Oulu and

Barcelona. Altogether, they illustrate both top down planning and bottom-up

initiatives for the making of smart urban environments.

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