ILASS Europe 2010, 23rd Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, rno, Czec! "epu#lic, Septem#er 2010Improvement of Atomization Characteristics of Spray by Multi-Hole Nozzle forPressure Atomized Type InectorN. Tamaki*, A. Kato, K. Imano and K. KatoDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKinki Universit!, Takaa Umeno"e, #igashihiroshima, #iroshima, $%&'(!!), *A+ANAbstractThe p,rpose of this st,d is to invent high'efficienc atomi-ation enhancement no--le, .hich the spra .ith large spraangle, short li/,idcorelengthandsmalldropletdiameter is o"tained.Intheprevio,s st,d, the single hole atomi-ation enhancement no--le, .hich e0cellent spra characteristics are o"tained at relativel lo. in1ection press,re, .as developed. In this st,d, it .as investigated a"o,t atomi-ation of the spra of the m,lti'hole atomi-ation enhancement no--le invented in this st,d, and aimed to improve atomi-ation characteristics and to o"tain e0cellent spra characteristics .ith shorter "reak,p length, larger spra angle and smaller droplet diameter. The effects of dimensions of the atomi-ation enhancement no--le s,ch as hole n,m"er, the hole dia'meter, position of the no--le hole on atomi-ation of the spra and atomi-ation characteristics .ere investigated. As a res,lt, it .as clarified that in case of the m,lti'hole atomi-ation enhancement no--le .ith hole n,m"er of N 2 3, "reak,p length "ecomes short a"o,t $4 p.c. and spra angle "ecomes large a"o,t t.o times, droplets of the spra "ecome considera"l small compared .ith the single hole atomi-ation enhancement no--le. Atomi-a'tion characteristics .ere improved considera"l and ,niform spra mass fl,0 distri",tions are o"tained " ,sing the m,lti'hole atomi-ation enhancement no--le .ith hole n,m"er of N 2 3.IntroductionIt is a matter of great ,rgenc to red,ce car"on dio0ide ca,sed " glo"al .arming. The final o"1ects of this st,d are improvement of com",stion characteristics of a direct in1ection Diesel engine, red,ction of soot emis'sion, progress of f,el cons,mption rate " improvement of spra characteristics. In the previo,s st,dies, it .as cleared that cavitation phenomenon in the no--le hole is considera"l affected to atomi-ation of the spra 5!6'5!%6. Moreover, it .as developed the atomi-ation enhancement no--le 576, 5!%6, .hich e0cellent spra character'istics .ith large spread angle of the spra, short "reak,p length and small droplet diameters, are o"tained at rel'ativel lo. in1ection press,re " cavitation in the no--le hole. 8,rthermore, the effects of the atomi-ation en'hancement no--le 5!36, 5!96 on atomi-ation of intermittent spra at atmospheric and high'am"ient press,re con'ditions and application to the act,al Diesel in1ector .ere investigated. The p,rpose of this st,d is to develop the atomi-ation enhancement no--le, .hich is o"tained the spra .ith high'dispersion and high'penetration, and it is to improve the spra characteristics of a direct in1ection Diesel no--le. At previo,s res,lts, it .as cleared that al'tho,gh the spra tip penetration of the atomi-ation enhancement no--le is short, spread of the spra "ecomes large considera"l compared .ith a previo,s single hole no--le for direct in1ection Diesel in1ector at the inter'mittent spra ,nder high'am"ient press,re condition, and it .as indicated possi"ilit of application to the act,al Diesel in1ector 5!96. In this paper, the atomi-ation enhancement no--les 5!36, 5!96, .hich .as installed in a direct in1ection Dies'el in1ector and the m,lti'hole no--le, .hich total sectional area of no--le holes of the m,lti'hole no--le is the same diameter as one of the single hole no--le, .ere ,sed. The effect of the developed in1ection no--le on atom'i-ation of the spra .as investigated. The effects of dimensions of the atomi-ation enhancement no--le s,ch as hole n,m"er, hole diameter, pitch circle diameter of no--le hole, gap diameter and "pass n,m"er .hich .as connected "et.een the ,pstream cham"er and the gap on atomi-ation of intermittent spra and atomi-ation char'acteristics .ere investigated. As a res,lt, it .as clarified that in case of the m,lti'hole atomi-ation enhancement no--le .ith hole n,m"er of N23, "reak,p length "ecomes short a"o,t $4 p.c. and spra angle "ecomes large a"o,t t.o times, droplets of the spra "ecome considera"l small compared .ith the single hole atomi-ation enhancement no--le. Atomi-a'tion characteristics .ere improved considera"l and ,niform spra mass fl,0 distri",tions are o"tained " ,sing the m,lti'hole atomi-ation enhancement no--le .ith hole n,m"er of N23.* :orresponding a,tor; tamakireak,p length is defined as the li/,id core length, .hich .as in1ected from one no--le hole. In case of the m,lti'hole no--le, it is necessar to meas,re the li/,id core length of the spras in1ected from each no--le holes. #o.ever, in case of the m,lti'hole no--les invented in this st,d, .hen in1ec'tionpress,re increasedover4.!M+a,thespras in1ectedfrom eachno--leholesaregeneratedonespra. Therefore, "reak,p length .as meas,red " previo,s meas,rement method and definition. ?pra angle .as defined as the spra "o,ndar, and it .as meas,red " images of photographed spras. ?chematic of test no--les are sho.n in 8ig. (. Test no--les are the single hole atomi-ation enhancement no--le 58ig. ( @aA6, them,lti'holeone58ig. (@"A6. Total sectional areaof no--le holes of the m,lti'hole no--le is constant of the single hole no--le. ?pecification of test no--les is sho.n in Ta"le !.Table #$ ?pecification of test no--les @mmANozzle Types %imensionsAtomi-ation Enhancement No--leN n %b %bp %#!, 3, 9, 74, !, 3 !.4 &.4,!9%.4&' %' %() %(c %p%.4 !7%.4 @N2!A,!.9 @N23A,!.% @N29A,!.! @N27A).4,&.4,!(,!9!"perimental *esults and %iscussionEffect of Hole Number of Atomization Enhancement NozzleThe effect of hole n,m"er of atomi-ation enhance'ment no--le on atomi-ation of the spra is sho.n in 8ig. %. The hole diameter do.nstream from the gap D( of the m,lti'hole no--le is the same total sectional area as one of the single hole no--le. E0cept of the pitch circle dia'meter of the "pass D"p and the pitch circle diameter of the no--le hole Dp, s,ita"le meas,rements for atomi-a'tion enhancement .ere ,sed as the test no--les. In case of the single hole no--le, altho,gh ligaments e0ist in the spra, spreadofthespraissmall compared.iththe m,lti'hole no--le, and small droplets generates little. To the contrar,in case of the m,lti'hole no--le, spread of the spra of hole n,m"er of N23 is the largest, high'dis'persion spra is o"tained,and a great n,m"er of small droplets e0ist in the spra in spite of magnified no--le .ith large hole diameter. =hen hole n,m"er increases of N27, spread of the spra "ecomes small and it is the smallest at the m,lti'hole no--le. Altho,gh droplets "ecome small like that N23, densit of the droplets "ecomes high in the spra. Moreover, in case of hole n,m"er of N29, (+i'ure ($ ?chematics of e0perimental apparat,s+i'ure #$ ?chematics of test no--les@aA ?ingle hole no--le@"A M,lti hole no--le+i'ure ($ ?chematics of test no--les@"A M,lti'hole no--le+i'ure ,$ Effect of hole n,m"er of atomi-ation enhancement no--le on atomi-ation of spraILASS Europe 2010 Impro$ement of Atomization C!aracteristics of Spray #y %ulti&'ole (ozzle for )ressure Atomized *ype In+ectoraltho,ghspreadofthespraisrelativellarge, the spra, .hich .as in1ected from no--le center, atom'i-es little and the spras, .hich .as in1ected from the other no--leholes, atomi-elikethat thespraof N23. 8rom these res,lts, it can "e seen that the m,lti'hole no--le .ith hole n,m"er of N23 is the most ef'fective to atomi-e of the spra and to o"tain high'dis'persion spra. The effect of hole n,m"er on "reak,p length and spra angle are sho.n in 8igs.3 and 9, respectivel. As sho.n in 8ig.3, "reak,p lengths of the m,lti'hole no--les are shorter than the single hole no--le. Espe'ciall, "reak,p lengths of hole n,m"er of N23 and 7 are short at all in1ection press,res. >reak,p lengths of N23and7"ecomeshorta"o,t $4p.c., its"ecome short considera"l. As sho.n in 8ig.9, spra angle of the single hole no--le of N2! is the smallest, spra angle of the m,lti'hole no--le of N23 is the largest at all in1ection press,res. ?pra angle of N23 is over )4 degrees andt.otimes as largeas thesinglehole no--le and other m,lti'hole no--les. Theeffect of holen,m"er of atomi-ationen'hancement no--le on spra mass fl,0 distri",tion is sho.n in 8ig.). ?pra mass fl,0 e0cept of hole n,m'"er of N23 are the largest at the no--le center a0is of 024 mm, and spra mass fl,0 at vicinit of the no--le center a0is, for instance, 02(.4mm, it rapidlde'creases and spra mass fl,0 distri",tion does not "e'comes,niformit. Incaseofholen,m"er ofN23 .hich .as o"tained e0cellent atomi-ation character'istics, ,niform spra mass fl,0 distri",tions are o"'tained at .ide ranges to radial direction of 02'!9 mm and02!9mm. Moreover, incaseofthem,lti'hole no--le of N27, altho,gh relativel,niformspra mass fl,0 distri",tions are o"tained at vicinit of 02'9 mm and 029 mm, .hen distance from spra center a0is 0 "ecomes large, spra mass fl,0 "ecomes rap'idl little and it does not "ecomes ,niformed distri'",tion. In case of N29, spra mass fl,0 at the no--le center a0is is the largest, li/,id core e0ists at vicinit of spra center a0is, it can "e seen that spra mass fl,0distri",tionofN29"ecomesconsidera"lhet'erogeneo,s. 8romtheseres,lts, it can"eseenthat spread angle of the m,lti'hole no--le of N23 is large, "reak,p length is short, relativel small droplets disperse .ide range of the spra and atomi-ation characterist'ics is improved compared .ith the single hole atom'i-ation enhancement no--le.Effect of Bypass Numbers of NozzleThe effect of e0istence of "pass and "pass n,m"ers on atomi-ation of the spra is sho.n in 8ig. $. 8ig,re $ @aA is the single hole atomi-ation enhancement no--le, @"A is the m,lti'hole one. As sho.n in 8ig.$ @aA, in case of the no--le .itho,t "pass @n24A, the li/,id 1et does not atomi-e at all. In case of the no--le .ith "pass @n2!,n23A, spread of the spra "ecomes .ide, and spread of the spra "ecomes small .ith an increase in "pass n,m'"er. It is considered that in case of the no--le .itho,t "pass, since hdra,lic flip, .hich the li/,id flo. in the no--le hole separates from the inner .all of the no--le hole, occ,rs in the no--le hole like that the single hole %+i'ure -$ Effect of hole n,m"er of atomi-ation enhancement no--le on "reak,p length+i'ure .$ Effect of hole n,m"er of atomi-ation enhancement no--le on spra angle+i'ure /$ Effect of hole n,m"er of atomi-ation enhancement no--le on spra mass fl,0 distri",tionILASS Europe 2010 Impro$ement of Atomization C!aracteristics of Spray #y %ulti&'ole (ozzle for )ressure Atomized *ype In+ectorno--le and strong dist,r"ance does not occ,r in the li/,id flo. in the no--le hole, the li/,id 1et does not atomi-e. To the contrar, .hen "pass is installed, the static press,re in the gap increases and dist,r"ance d,e to collapse of cavitation ",""les occ,r in the li/,id flo., the spra atomi-es. Moreover, it is g,essed that .hen "pass n,m'"er increases, the flo. rate incoming from "pass increases, atomi-ation of the spra is controlled. As sho.n in 8ig.$ @"A, in case of the m,lti'hole atomi-ation enhancement no--le, spread of the spras are almost same inde'pendent of e0istence of "pass and "pass n,m"ers, and it is considera"l larger than the single hole atomi-ation enhancement no--le. It is not clear that the reasons .hich atomi-ation of the spra is different " hole n,m"ers at the no--les .itho,t "pass and the same "pass n,m"ers. The effect of "pass n,m"er on "reak,p length at the m,lti'hole atomi-ation enhancement no--le is sho.n in 8ig.7. Altho,gh atomi-ation of the spra is almost same as sho.n in 8ig.$ @"A, "reak,p length of the no--les .itho,t "pass @n24A and "pass n,m"er of n2! are short, and the no--le .ith "pass n,m"er of n23 is long. The reasons are considered as follo.s. The effect of "pass n,m"er on vol,metric flo. rate at the m,lti'hole at'omi-ation enhancement no--le @N23A is sho.n in 8ig.&. As sho.n in 8ig.&, vol,metric flo. rate of the no--le .itho,t "pass @n24A is the little and one of the no--le .ith "pass n,m"er of n23 is the largest, independent of the in1ection press,res. Benerall,in case of the same in1ection press,re condition, it is g,essed that since the spra hardl atomi-es at large vol,metric flo. rate condition, atomi-ation of the spra of "pass n,m"er of n23 "ecomes .rong. 8rom these res,lts, it can "e seen that e0istence of "pass and "pass n,m"er are not affected to atomi-ation of the spra at the m,lti'hole atomi-ation enhancement no--le, the spra .ith large spread angle is o"tained.Effect of Hole Diameter Downstream from GapThe effect of hole diameter do.nstream from gapC simpl called the o,tlet hole diameter on atomi-ation of thespra is sho.n in 8ig.!4.The effects of theo,tletholediameteron "reak,p lengthand spraangleare sho.n in 8igs. !! and!(, respectivel. 8ig,res !4, !!, !( @aA is the case of the single hole atomi-ationenhance'ment no--le, and @"A is the m,lti'hole one. As sho.n in 8ig.!4, in case the single hole atomi-ation enhancement no--le and the o,tlet hole diameter D( is larger than the hole diameter ,pstream from the gap D!C simpl called the inlet hole diameter, spread of the spra "ecomes large.+i'ure 0$ Effects of e0istence of "pass and "pass n,m"ers on atomi-ation of spra+i'ure 1$ Effect of "pass n,m"er on "reak,p length +i'ure 2$ Effect of "pass n,m"er on vol,metric flo. rate3Atomi-ation Enhancement No--le, D"p2!9 mm, D!2%.4 mm, D!2%.4 mm, Dg2%.4 mm, Dg2!7 mm, D(2!.( mm, D(2!.9 mm @N23A, Dp2!9 mm, +i2!.9 M+a, +a24.! M+a@aA ?ingle hole no--le @N2!A @"A M,lti'hole no--le @N23AILASS Europe 2010 Impro$ement of Atomization C!aracteristics of Spray #y %ulti&'ole (ozzle for )ressure Atomized *ype In+ector+i'ure #3$ Effect of hole diameter do.nstream from gap on atomi-ation of spra+i'ure ##$ Effect of hole diameter do.nstream from gap on "reak,p length+i'ure #($ Effect of hole diameter do.nstream from gap on spra angleTo the contrar, in case of m,lti'hole atomi-ation enhancement no--le and total sectional areas of the inlet hole diameter D!and the o,tlet hole diameter D(are same of D!2%.4mm,D(2!.9 mm@correspond to the hole diameter of D(2%.4 mm for the single hole atomi-ation enhancement no--leA, spread of the spra "ecomes con'sidera"l large, droplets of the spra are considera"l small from the spra image. As sho.n in 8igs.!!, !( @aA, in case of hole n,m"er of N2!, "reak,p length of the o,tlet hole diameter D( of 9.4 mm @D(ED!A is short and spra angle is large at large in1ection press,re regions of +iE4.9 M+a. As sho.n in 8igs.!!, !( @"A, in case hole n,m"er of N23 and the total sectional areas of the inlet hole diameter D! and the o,tlet hole diameter D( are same of D!2%.4 mm and D(2!.9 mm @correspond to the hole diameter of D(2%.4 mm for the single hole no--leA, "reak,p length "ecomes short and spra angle "ecomes large at all the in1ection pres's,re regions compared .ith the largeo,tlethole diameterofD(2(.9mm@correspondto D(29.4mmforthe single hole no--leA. These are considered as follo.s. In general, in case the in1ection press,re is the same, .hen 9Atomi-ation Enhancement No--le, n23, D"p2!9 mm, D!2%.4 mm, D!2%.4 mm, Dg2%.4 mm, Dg2!7 mm, D( F D(24.3, Dp2!9 mm, +i2!.9 M+a, +a24.! M+a@aA ?ingle hole no--le @N2!A @"A M,lti'hole no--le @N23A@aA ?ingle hole no--le @N2!A @"A M,lti'hole no--le @N23A@aA ?ingle hole no--le @N2!A @"A M,lti'hole no--le @N23AILASS Europe 2010 Impro$ement of Atomization C!aracteristics of Spray #y %ulti&'ole (ozzle for )ressure Atomized *ype In+ectorvol,metric flo. rate is large, it seems that the spra hardl atomi-es. Therefore, the spra of D(2!.9 mm atom'i-es considera"l compared .ith the no--le of D(2(.9 mm .hich vol,metric flo. rate is large.Effect of Pitch Circle Diameter of Nozzle Hole Downstream from GapThe effects of pitch circle diameter of no--le hole do.nstream from gap on atomi-ation of spra and "reak',p length are sho.n in 8igs.!% and !3, respectivel. =hen disintegration "ehavior of the spra .as compared at ar"itrar location do.nstream from the no--le e0it, the larger the pitch circle diameter, the larger the spread of the spra to.ard radial direction, and small droplets of the spra disperses .idel. The droplets of the spra of the largestpitchcircle diameterof Dp2!9mm "ecome considera"l small1,dgingfromthe spraimages at a"o,t 94 mm do.nstream from no--le e0it are considera"l small and atomi-ation of the spra is enhanced. As sho.n in 8ig.!3, "reak,p length "ecomes short .ith an increase in the pitch circle diameter of the no--le hole do.nstream from the gap Dp, especiall, "reak,p length of the no--le .ith Dp2!( mm and !9 mm are short. Th,s, the reasons that .hen pitch circle diameter of no--le hole is large, spread of the spra "ecomes large and atomi-ation of the spra is enhanced, are considered as follo.s. The effect of position of the no--le hole on atomi-ation of the spra is sho.n in 8ig.!9. Gne of the no--le holes of the m,lti'hole no--le is selected. Dis'tance from no--le center to hole center D424 mm, that is, in case the no--le hole is on no--le center a0is, spread of the spra is narro. and relativel large droplets and ligaments are o"served. +i'ure #,$ Effect of pitch circle diameter of no--le hole on atomi-ation of spra +i'ure #-$ Effect of pitch circle diameter of "pass on atomi-ation of spra+i'ure #.$ Effect of position of no--le hole on atomi-ation of spra=hen the no--le hole is located at Do2%.4 mm, 3.9 mm, spread of the spra "ecomes .ide and a large n,m'"er of small droplets are generated. Moreover, .hen the no--le hole is located at far from the no--le center of Do2).4 mm, $.9 mm, spread of the spra "ecomes narro., and inclined angle of the spra "ecomes large. >ased on theseres,lts,it is g,essedthat.hen the pitch circle diameter ofno--leholeis small corresponded.ith Do2%.4 mm, 3.9 mm, droplets densit at vicinit of no--le center "ecomes high, relativel large droplet and li'/,id core e0ists at the spra center. To the contrar, .hen pitch circle diameter of no--le hole is large correspon'ded .ith Do2).4 mm, $.9 mm, it is possi"le to disperse the spra .ide range d,e to iss,e inclining from the hole e0it.)Atomi-ation Enhancement No--le, n23, D"p2!9 mm, D!2%.4 mm, D!2%.4 mm, Dg2%.4 mm, Dg2!7 mm, D(2!.( mm, D(2!.9 mm @N23A, +i2!.9 M+a, +a24.! M+aILASS Europe 2010 Impro$ement of Atomization C!aracteristics of Spray #y %ulti&'ole (ozzle for )ressure Atomized *ype In+ectorAc4no5led'ementThis research .as partl s,pported " *apan ?ociet for the +romotion of ?cience @*?+?A, Brant'in'Aid for ?cientific Hesearch @KAKEN#IA @:A. The a,thors .ish to e0press their thanks for s,pporting this research.Conclusions!. In case of the m,lti'hole atomi-ation enhancement no--le, spread of the spra "ecomes large and "reak,p length "ecomes short compared .ith the single hole atomi-ation enhancement no--le. Moreover, ,niform spra mass fl,0 distri",tions are o"tained. (. In case of the m,lti'hole no--le, it is little affected to atomi-ation of the spra, and the spra .ith large spread angle .as o"tained. %. In case total sectional area of the ,pstream and the do.nstream hole diameters from the gap are the same 5D!2%.4 mm, D(2!.9 mm @N23A6, spread of the spra "ecomes considera"l .ide, "reak,p length "ecomes short, spra angle "ecomes large and droplets of the spra "ecome considera"l small, compared .ith larger do.n'stream hole diameter of D(2(.9 mm @N23A.*eferences5!6 >erg.erk, =., 8lo. +attern in Diesel No--le ?pra #oles, )roc, Inst, %ec!, En-., Iol. !$%, No. (9, @!&9&A, pp. )99'))4.5(6 #iroas,, #., Arai, M. and ?himi-,, M., >reak',p Dength of a Di/,id *et and Internal 8lo. in a No--le, )roc, .ift! International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, @!&&!A, pp.($9'(7(.5%6 8. H,i-, A 8e. Usef,l Helations for :avitaing Grifices, )roc, .ift! International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, @!&&!A, pp. 9&9')4(.536 ?oterio,, :., Andre.s, H. and ?mith, M., Direct In1ection Diesel ?pras and the Effect of :avitation and #dra,lic 8lip on Atomi-ation, SAE *ec!nical )aper, No. &94474, @!&&9A, pp. ($'9(.596 :haves, #, Knapp, M., K,"it-ek, A., G"ermeier, 8. and ?chneider, T., E0perimental ?t,d of :avitation in the No--le #ole of Diesel In1ectors Using Transparent No--les, SAE *ec!nical )aper, No. &94(&4, @!&&9A, pp. )39')9$. 5)6 >adock, :., =irth, H., Kampmann, ?. and Tropea, :., 8,ndamental ?t,d of the Infl,ence of :avitation on the Internal 8lo. and Atomi-ation of Diesel ?pras, )roc, *!irteent! Institute for Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems&Europe, @!&&$A, pp. 9%'9&. 5$6 ?chmidt, D. +., H,ltand, :. *. and :orradini, M. D., A N,merical ?t,d of :avitating 8lo.s Thro,gh Iario,s No--le ?hapes, SAE )aper, No. &$!9&$, !&&$. 576 Tamaki, N., Nishida, K., ?himi-,, M. and #iroas,, #., Effects of :avitation and Internal 8lo. on Atomi-ation of a Di/,id *et, Atomization and Sprays, Iol. 7, No. (, pp. !$&'!&$, !&&7. 5&6 >adock, :., =irth, H., 8ath, A. and Deipert-, A., Investigation of :avitation in Heal ?i-e Diesel In1ection No--les, International /ournal of 'eat and .luid .lo0, Iol. (4, pp. 9%7'933, !&&&. 5!46#enr, M. E. and :ollicott, #., Iis,ali-ation of Internal 8lo. in a :avitating ?lot Grifice, Atomization and Sprays, Iol. !4, No. ), pp.939'9)%, (444. 5!!6Arco,manis, :. and Bavaises, M., :avitation in Diesel In1ectors; Modeling and E0periment, )roc,.ourteent! Institute for Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems&Europe, pp. (37'(99, !&&7. 5!(6J,le, A. *. Dalli, A. M. and Jeong, K. >., Transient :avitation and ?eparation in a ?caled',p Model of a I:G Grifice, )roc, .ourteent! Institute for Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems&Europe, pp. (%4'(%9, !&&7. 5!%6Tamaki, N., ?himi-,, M. and #iroas,, #., Enhancement of the Atomi-ation of a Di/,id *et " :avitation in a No--le #ole, Atomization and Sprays, Iol. !!, No.(, @(44!A, pp. !(9'!%$.5!36Tamaki, N., Nishida, J. and #osoka.a, T., +ractical ?t,d on #igh'Dispersion and #igh'+enetration Diesel In1ection No--le; !st Heport, Effects of Beometric ?hape of #igh'Dispersion Atomi-ation Enhancement No--le on Atomi-ation of Intermittent ?pra, )roc, 21st Institute for Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems&Europe, :D'H, ) pages, (44$. 5!96Tamaki, N., Morimoto, K., :hi"a, M., +ractical ?t,d on #igh'Dispersion and #igh'+enetration Diesel In1ection No--le @?econd Heport; Atomi-ation of Intermittent ?pra of #igh'Dispersion Atomi-ation Enhancement No--le at #igh'Am"ient +ress,reA, )roc, 22st Institute for Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems&Europe, :D'H, $ pages, (447.$