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8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
PAVEMENT PAVEMENT MATERIAL MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATIONCHARACTERIZATION
-- A. Ramesh A. Ramesh M.TECH, MITE (M.TECH, MITE (Ph.dPh.d))
Sr. Asst. Prof, CED,Sr. Asst. Prof, CED,
VNR VJIET, HYDVNR VJIET, HYD
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
OVERVIEW OVERVIEW
• Introduction on Pavements
• Materials used in Pavements
• Tests on Subgrade soil
• Test on Road Aggregates
• Test on Bitumen Materials
• Failures in Materials
• Closing Remarks
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
TYPES OF PAVEMENTSTYPES OF PAVEMENTS
•Un Surfaced
–Earthen roads
–Gravel roads
•Surfaced
–Bituminous Road
–Cement Concrete Road
•Un Conventional
–Block Pavement
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
• Flexible Pavements
– Earthen Roads
– Gravel Roads
– Bituminous Roads
• Rigid Pavements
– Reinforced Concrete
– Plane Concrete Roads
FURTHER CLASSIFICATION FURTHER CLASSIFICATION OF PAVEMENTSOF PAVEMENTS
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GRAVEL ROADSGRAVEL ROADS
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BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTBITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
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COMPONENTS OF FLEXIBLE COMPONENTS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTPAVEMENT
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LOAD DISPERSION IN
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS
Base
Black Topping
Sub Grade300mm
Sub Base
450
Base
Black Topping
Sub Grade300mm
Sub Base
450
Base
Black Topping
Sub Grade300mm Sub Grade300mm
Sub Base
450450
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RIGID PAVEMENTRIGID PAVEMENT
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REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT DETAILSPAVEMENT DETAILS
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BLOCK PAVEMENTS BLOCK PAVEMENTS
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BLOCK PAVEMENTS BLOCK PAVEMENTS
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PAVEMENT MATERIALSPAVEMENT MATERIALS
Different materials are used in different types
of pavements
• Soil
• Aggregates (natural, artificial)
• Bitumen, Tar, Emulsion, Cutbacks
• Modified bituminous binders (PMB & CRMB)
• Bituminous mixes
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
• Cement
• Cement concrete (plain, reinforced, pre-
stressed)
• Stabilized materials
• Recycled materials
• Geo-textiles/ geo membranes
PAVEMENT MATERIALS PAVEMENT MATERIALS CONTD..CONTD..
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
• Characterization of materials
• To obtain necessary inputs for design of new structure (pavement)
• To obtain inputs regarding the condition of the materials in an existing pavement
• To ensure proper quality during construction
STUDY OF PAVEMENT STUDY OF PAVEMENT MATERIALS MATERIALS
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
Pavement material properties are
evaluated by
• Conducting laboratory experiments on
representative samples
• By field evaluation
STUDY OF PAVEMENT STUDY OF PAVEMENT MATERIALS MATERIALS
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•Loads
•Climatic conditions
•Weathering action
PARAMETERS FOR MATERIAL PARAMETERS FOR MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATIONCHARACTERIZATION
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MATERIAL PROPERTIESMATERIAL PROPERTIES
• The material properties to be considered should be relevant to the design approach adopted
• The properties should also reflect the performance of the pavement structure
• Stress-strain relationship
• Ability of the material to recover after
release of load
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MATERIAL BEHAVIOUR (STRESSMATERIAL BEHAVIOUR (STRESS--STRAIN RELATIONSHIP)STRAIN RELATIONSHIP)
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California Bearing Ratio TestCalifornia Bearing Ratio Test
Strength of unbound Materials- Subgrade, subbase,
base course material
Examples: Native/borrow soil in subgrade; WBM or
WMM/GSB in subbase/ base course layers
Sample is to be prepared and tested as per standard
procedure.
TEST ON SOIL SUBGRADETEST ON SOIL SUBGRADE
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CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR)
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CBR Apparatus
CBR Test: Started around 1927 period, USA
Apparatus: CBR with accessories
Adopted standard Procedure-sample
preparation, testing and reporting the result
Definition: CBR value- load required to cause
depth of penetration measured at 2.5 and 5.0
mm compared with standard material ( >0 to
more than 100 % is possible)
More the value, higher is the strength
Less – poorer is the soil
Size: passing 20 mm
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
TEST ON ROAD AGGREGATE TEST ON ROAD AGGREGATE
• Aggregate Crushing Value
• Aggregate Impact Value
• Abrasion Test
• Sp. Gravity & Water Absorption
• Soundness
• Shape Test
– Flakiness Index
– Elongation Index
– Angularity Test
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* Uniformly graded
- Few points of contact
- Poor interlock (shape dependent)
- High permeability
* Well graded
- Good interlock
- Low permeability
* Gap graded
- Only limited sizes- Good interlock- Low permeability
TYPES OF GRADATIONS
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DIFFERENT GRADATIONS
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•Dense or well-graded gradation - near maximum density.
•Gap graded gradation - contains only a small percentage
of aggregate particles in the mid-size range.
curve is flat in the mid-size range.
mixes - prone to segregation during placement.
•Open graded gradation - contains only a small percentage
of aggregate particles in the small range. -results in more air
voids because there are not enough small particles to fill in
the voids between the larger particles.
-curve is flat and near-zero in the small-size range.
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
•Uniformly graded gradation - contains most
of the particles in a very narrow size range.
-all the particles are the same size.
-curve is steep and only occupies the narrow
size range specified
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
AGGREGATE PROPERTIES AND TESTS
Specific Gravity
Test
Measure of strength and
presence of voids
Specific Gravity
Soundness TestResistance to weatheringSoundness
Shape TestsBetter workability, Interlocking
and Strength
Shape
Impact TestResistance to ImpactToughness
Los Angeles
Abrasion Test
Resistance to AbrasionHardness
Crushing TestResistance to CrushingStrength
TestExplanationProperty
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
AGGREGATE CRUSHING TESTAGGREGATE CRUSHING TEST
• Internal Dia 11.5 Cm and Height 18 Cm (Measuring)
• 25 Times Tamping – Three Layers
• Testing – 15.2 Cm Internal Dia
• 40 Tons in 10 Mins (4 Tons/Min)
• Passing 2.36mm Sieve
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
ABRASION TEST ABRASION TEST • Internal Dia 700mm, and Length
500mm
• Abrasive Charges of Cast Iron with 48mm Dia weighing 390 - 445 gms
• Quantity of Aggregates 5 – 10 Kg (Depending upon the size of aggregates taken)
• Cylinder Speed 30 – 33 Rpm
• No. of Revolutions 500 – 1000 (Depending upon the size of the aggregates taken)
• Passing 1.7mm sieve
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• Metal hammer of weight 13.5 to 14Kg is arranged to drop with a free fall of 38.0 cm by vertical guides and the test specimen is subjected to 15 number of blows.
• The crushed aggregate is allowed to pass through 2.36 mm IS sieve.
• Aggregates to be used for wearing course, the impact value shouldn't exceed 30 percent.
IMPACT TEST IMPACT TEST
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SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTIONTESTINGWATER ABSORPTIONTESTING
Water Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravity
• 2 – 3 Kg Aggregate Sample, Wire Mesh Container
• 24 Hours (20 cm dia X 2o cm hieght)
• 100 – 1100C
• Percentage Water Absorption (Continuity of Voids)
• Bulk Specific Gravity of Aggregates
= (Dry Wt of Aggregates)/(Vol. Of Aggregates)
= (Dry Wt of Aggregates)/(Vol. Of Displaced Water)
= (Dry Wt of Aggregates)/(Wt of Displaced Water/ G of Water)
= (Dry Wt of Aggregates)/(Wt of Displaced Water)
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
SOUNDNESS TESTSOUNDNESS TEST
• Soundness test is intended to study the resistance of aggregates to weathering action, by conducting accelerated
• weathering test cycles. The Porous aggregates subjected to freezing and thawing are likely to disintegrate
• prematurely. To ascertain the durability of such aggregates, they are subjected to an accelerated soundness
• saturated solution of either sodium sulphate or magnesium sulphate for 16 - 18 hours and then dried in oven at
• 105 – 110oC to a constant weight. After five cycles, the loss in weight of aggregates is determined by sieving
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
Particle Shape and Surface Texture
• Important for compaction, deformation resistance,
workability, binder requirement of bituminous mixes and
workability in PCC
Angular RoundedFlaky
ElongatedFlaky & Elongated
SHAPE OF AGGREGATES SHAPE OF AGGREGATES
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
AGGREGATE SHAPE TESTAGGREGATE SHAPE TEST
Elongation Index: Percentage weight particles
by total weight of aggregates whose greatest
dimension is 1.8 times the mean dimension
Flakiness Index: Percentage weight particles by
total weight of aggregates whose least dimension
is 0.6 times the mean dimension
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
50 T
O 40
27 mm
THICKNESS GAUGE
63 T
O 50
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LENGTH GAUGE LENGTH GAUGE
50 TO 40
81 mm
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TESTS FOR AGGREGATES WITH
IS CODES
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Bituminous surfacing
Aggregate Impact Value : 50%[IS:2386-Part:4]
Los Angeles Abrasion value : 40% [IS:2386-Part:4]
Flakiness and Elongation Index: 35% [IS:2386-Part:1]
Water Absorption : 2%[IS:2386-Part:3]
Stripping Value : 15 % [IS: 6241-1971]
Soundness Value : 12% [Sodium Sulphate][IS:2386-Part:5]
: 18 % [magnesium Sulphate]
SPECIFICATION OF VARIOUS SPECIFICATION OF VARIOUS LAYERS OF RURAL ROADSLAYERS OF RURAL ROADS
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
BITUMINOUS MATERIALS
Bitumen is a viscous liquid, semi-solid or solid
material ; colour varying from black to dark
brown; having adhesive properties; consisting
essentially of hydro carbons derived from
distillation of petroleum crude.
� Adequate viscosity at the time of mixing and
compaction
� Low temperature susceptibility
� Good affinity with aggregates
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� Consistency Tests
� Composition Tests
� Specific Gravity Test
� Flash and Fire Point Test
TEST ONBITUMINOUS MATERIALS
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
CONSISTENCY TESTS
� Penetration Test ( IS 1203 – 1978 )
� Viscosity Test ( IS 1206 – 1978 )
� Softening Point Test ( IS 1205 – 1978 )
� Ductility Test ( IS 1208 – 1978 )
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
PENETRATION TEST
• Test at 25O C
• Needle assembly 100 gm
• Readings in 1/10th of mm
• Load application 5 seconds
• Determination of Grade of Bitumen
0
After 5 sec
35
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
SOFTENING TEST SOFTENING TEST
Ring and Ball, water bath, stirrer etc
Def: - temp. at which bitumen
changes its state from semi-solid
to semi-liquid.
Procedure: Heat the bitumen up to
100 C and pour this in two
standard rings and cool in
atmosphere for 30 minutes and
then place the balls and soak in
water bath 5 C for 15 minutes.
Normally value: >50 C.
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
DUCTILITY TESTDistance in cm
Temperature 27oC
Rate of pulling 50 + 2.5 mm per min
To whether the binder has ductile property or not.
Def: It is the distance at which the thin film formed, when a standard sample of bitumen in a briquette mould trenched at the constant rate of pulling, breaks. Units cm.
Procedure: Heat the bitumen up
to 100 C and pour it in a
briquette mould Cool it for 30 -
45 minute in air and in water
bath at 27 C for 85-95 minutes.
Normal value: 50 cm
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
LOSS ON HEATING
• When the bitumen is heated it loses the volatility and
gets hardened. About 50gm of the sample is weighed.
• It is then heated to a temperature of 1630C for 5hours
in a specified oven designed for this test. The sample
specimen is weighed again after the heating period and
loss in weight is expressed as percentage by weight of
the original sample.
• Bitumen used in pavement mixes should not indicate
more than 1% loss in weight, but for bitumen having
penetration values 150-200 up to 2% loss in weight is
allowed.
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
WATER CONTENT TESTWATER CONTENT TEST
• It is desirable that the bitumen contains minimum water content to prevent foaming of the bitumen when it is heated above the boiling point of water.
• The water in a bitumen is determined by mixing known weight of specimen in a pure petroleum distillate free from water, heating and distilling of the water.
• The weight of the water condensed and collected is expressed as percentage by weight of the original sample.
• The allowable maximum water content should not be more than 0.2% by weight.
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
CUTBACK BITUMEN
• To reduce the viscosity of Bitumen
some solvents are used resulting in
cutbacks. The solvents are of volatile
nature and materials normally used are
• Naphtha
• Kerosene
• Diesel Oil
• Furnace Oil
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
CUTBACK BITUMEN TYPES
0 - 50 Heavy
Distillate80/100
Slow
Curing
( SC )
15 – 45Kerosene80/100
Medium
Curing
( MC )
15 - 45Naphtha80/100
Rapid
Curing
( RC )
Amount of solvent by
percentage volume of
cutback bitumen
Type of
Solvent
Bitumen
Grade
Type
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
BITUMEN EMULSION BITUMEN EMULSION
• Finely Divided Suspended in Aqueous Medium Stabilised by One or More Suitable Materials (60% Bitumen and 40% Water)
• Rapid, Medium and Slow Setting
• Cationic and Anionic Emulsions
• Viscosity Requirements: Table no. 4.12, Pg. No. 80, IRC:SP:20-2002
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Application of single coat of low viscosity bitumen
on a porous granular surface
PRIME COAT
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Purpose of Tack Coat:
� To ensure a bond
between the new
construction and
the old surface
TACK COAT
Use of Cutback: It should be restricted for sites at subzero temperatures or for emergency applications
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
TACK COATTACK COAT
• Single coat low viscosity bituminous binder
• Materials
• Emulsions → (IS – 8887: 2004)
• Cutback → (IS – 217) (in sub-zero temperature)
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
WRONG PRACTICE OF TACK COATWRONG PRACTICE OF TACK COAT
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MODIFIED BITUMEN MODIFIED BITUMEN (IRC SP 53 (IRC SP 53 -- 2002)2002)
Polymer/Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen
Advantages
• Low Temperature Susceptibility
• Improved Resistance to Deformation
• Improved Age
• Higher Fatigue Life
• Prevention of Cracking
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
� The penetration test determines the hardness or
softness of bitumen by measuring the depth in tenths
of a millimeter to which a standard loaded needle will
penetrate vertically in five seconds. The sample at 250 C
� The bitumen grade is specified in terms of
penetration value. 80 –100 or 80/100 grade bitumen
means that the penetration value of the bitumen is in
the range 80 to 100 at standard test conditions.
� Different grades are 30/40, 40/50, 50/60, 80/100
Some Properties of Bitumen
Grade
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
Flash & Fire Point
� The flash point of a material is the lowest
temperature at which the vapour of a substance
momentarily takes fire in the form of a flash under
specified conditions of test.
� The fire point is the lowest temperature at which the
material gets ignited and burns under specified
conditions of test.
� The minimum specified flash point is 1750 C
Properties…..
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Viscosity
� Viscosity is defined
as inverse of fluidity and it
is measure of resistance
to flow.
Properties…..
� Viscosity is measured by determining the time taken
by 50 ml of the material to flow from a cup through
a specified orifice under standard test conditions and
specified temperature.
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
Specific Gravity
� The specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
mass of a given volume of the substance to the mass
of an equal volume of water, the temperature of both
being 270C.
� Generally the specific gravity of pure bitumen is in
the range of 1.01 to 1.03
Properties…..
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Penetration test…. for testing hardness or softness
Ductility test…. for adhesiveness & elasticity
Viscosity test…. for measuring resistance to flow
Float test…. to define the consistency
Specific gravity test…. for knowing mass / weight
Softening point test…. temperature at which it softens
(350 to 750)
VARIOUS TESTS ON BITUMEN
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
Flash point test…. lowest temperature at which
takes fire momentarily
Fire point test…. lowest temperature at which it
ignites and burns
Solubility test…. for testing impurities
Spot test…. for determine over heated or
cracked bitumen
Water content test…. to know the water content
Bitumen content test…. to know the bitumen content
Various tests on bitumen……..
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
IS SPECIFICATIONS FOR IS SPECIFICATIONS FOR BITUMEN TESTBITUMEN TEST
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
FAILURES IN PAVEMENT FAILURES IN PAVEMENT
• Major are two in category
– Fatigue
• Fatigue cracking - series of interconnecting cracks on the pavement surface caused by repeated traffic loading
• Fatigue occurs at places of bituminous layer
– Rutting
– It is called permanent deformation because it represents an accumulation of small amounts of unrecoverable deformations
– under the channelized repeated wheel loads
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd
FATIGUE FATIGUE
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Fatigue crackingFatigue cracking
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RUTTINGRUTTING
Rutting in wheel paths
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Reflection cracking at PCC Reflection cracking at PCC JointsJoints
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• Subgrade - Core Cutter Method or Sand Replacement Method
• Overlays - Benkelman Beam Deflection
» In combination with roughness (5th towed wheel bump Integrator)
FIELD EVALUATION FIELD EVALUATION
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SAND REPLACEMENT SAND REPLACEMENT
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BITUMEN EXTRACTION BITUMEN EXTRACTION
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FIFTH TOWED WHEEL BUMP FIFTH TOWED WHEEL BUMP INTEGRATOR INTEGRATOR
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Road work is under progress under Road work is under progress under PMGSYPMGSY
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Strengthening of rural infrastructure through construction of roads under PMGSY
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Connectivity with urban areas through road constructed under PMGSY
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CLOSING REMARKSCLOSING REMARKS
All roads need maintenance
Several types of maintenance works
Timely maintenance measures avoids severe damage
and saves lot of money
Quality control measures during selection of pavement
materials and construction always lessen the
maintenance
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QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSIONQUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION
8/2/2011 Construction Project Management, NAC, Hyd