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NACREW 201327 August, Quebec
Crop protection in cranberry crops and honeybee safety
Madeleine Chagnon, entomologist, Ph.D.Jean-Pierre Deland, Agr., M.Sc.
SITUATION
Severe honeybee losses have been reported up to 3 days after pesticide treatments.
Dead honeybees were found in front of hives and in field margins.
Insect pollination can increase cranberry fruit yield by 30-50%.
To ensure a good production, cranberry producers rent honeybee hives
For beekeepers, hive rentals provide very interesting additional income
FACTS
Photo credit: daamaaextweb.gnb.ca
Photo credit: daamaaextweb.gnb.ca
FACTS … on the other hand … during flowering It is important to protect this crop against the Cranberry fruit worm (Acrobasis vaccinii) at risk of losing 20% to 35% of the harvest
In organic production, the potential loss can reach up to $ 2800 - $ 5000 per acre.
The Blackheaded fireworm( Rhopobota naevana) can also cause considerable dammage
This 4 part study aims to find ways to use pesticides registered to control pests in cranberry by ways that can be …
• safer for honeybees and all pollinators
• while remaining effective for crop protection
OBJECTIVES
PART 2. NEW PRODUCTSTest new insecticides registered (or being registered) for cranberry pest control on honeybee safety.
PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSESTest different methods of applying a pesticide(Entrust) in cranberry so that it can be for bees.
PART 3. DRIFTEstimate spraying methods to reduce drift and find the ideal distance from field to place hives.
Test different methods of applying a pesticide(Entrust) in cranberry so that it can be safer for all bees.
Entrust (Spinosad) treatments
1 : CONTROL (0 g m.a./ha).
2 : USUAL DOSE_ 218 g/ha Entrust (175g m.a./ha)
3 : HALF DOSE_109 g/ha de Entrust (87.4g m.a./ha) (registered)
4 : USUAL DOSE_RINCED_218 g/ha de Entrust (175g m.a./ha) Rinced the next morning during 1 hour.
Treatments
PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES
• Treatments were done on different fields (or field sections)• The 3m X 6m treated plots are covered by a screen house • Nuclei with a laying queen, 4 frames of brood and reserves are
introduced into each tent.• The honeybee colonies were introduced only in covered areas.
EXPERIENCE IN CAGED SEMI-FIELD CONDITIONS
PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES
Sprinklers were blocked to prevent rinsing after some treatments
Protection of control plots (3m X 6m) during pesticide treatments
METHODOLOGY –THE FIELD PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES
• Brood and the number of honeybees: Before and after treatments
• Number of dead bees in front of the hives
• Abnormal behaviour of bees was noted (tremor, lethargy, inactivity, overactivity).
METHODOLOGY –THE HONEYBEES PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES
Transport of mini hives (Nuclei) at night ( 5 frames)
Installation of shelters in very early morning, after pesticide had dried and before honeybees started foraging
PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSESMETHODOLOGY – THE TRIALS
Pesticide treatments after sunset
Establishment of 16 plots (3 treatments + 1 control X 4 replicates)
PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSESMETHODOLOGY – THE TRIAL
Blackheaded Fireworm:
• On 100 stems per plot • Count small larvae or eggs.
Sample taken before treatments, and 7 days after.
Yields and fruit damage were estimated by collecting 5 times one square foot, for a total of 0.45 m2 of fruit per plot.
Fruits were weighed and measured in the laboratory.
Cranberry Fruitworm , • On 200 fruits per plot• Count the eggs and larvae
Yields and pest damage assessments were done as for the Fireworm.
METHODOLOGY –FRUIT DAMMAGE PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES
Two fields (2) Four (4)repetitions for each treatment, in each field
Cranberry Fruitworm Twelve (12) plots were used in fields with high infestation
Three (3) treatments :Control, Entrust 1X et Entrust 1X rinsed.
Blackheaded Fireworm
Sixteen (16) plots were samples in fields with low infestation
Four (4) treatments: Control, Entrust 1X, Entrust 1X rinsed and Entrust ½X.
Monitoring was done before and after pesticide treatments in four (4) smaller plots (1 m2), defined within the treated area.
PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSESMETHODOLOGY –FRUIT DAMMAGE
Healthy fruit Damaged fruit - Fireworm Damaged fruit - Fruitworm
Number Weight Number % of total Weight% total weight Number % of total Weight
% total weight
122,94 147,90 1,00 0,74 0,55 0,36 10,50 7,62 8,08 5,17
107,38 128,15 1,06 0,86 0,71 0,48 11,38 8,67 8,40 5,64
90,63 104,29 1,56 1,34 1,14 0,89 21,81 20,39 15,81 13,97
RESULTS – FRUIT DAMMAGE
Entrust 1X
Entrust rinced
Control
TREA
TMEN
TSPART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES
% nbre total % poids total0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
Entrust 1XEntrust rincéTémoin
b
aa
aa
b
RESULTS – FRUIT DAMMAGEBlackheaded Fireworm (Rhopobota naevana).
PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES
% of damaged fruit (numbers) % of total weight
% nbre total % poids total0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
Entrust 1XEntrust rincéTémoin
aa
aa
b
b
PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES
RESULTS – FRUIT DAMMAGE-Cranberry Fruitworm ( Acrobasis vaccinii)
% of dammaged fruit (numbers) % of total weight
IMPACTS OF TREATMENTS ON HONEYBEES IN CAGED PLOTS (shelters)
There was no significant difference between the number of dead bees in from of the hives, according to the treatments.
Fewer bees were observed on flowers of rinsed
Entrust treatment.
However, flowering was more advanced in these
fields and the number of open flowers was lower.
Observation: 10 minutes - 2.5 m2 (1/8 of the cage)
Entrust 1/2X Entrust 1X Entrust rincé Témoin0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Mortality
Entrust 1/2X Entrust 1X Entrust rincé Témoin0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Observation of foragers
PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSESRESULTS – HONEYBEES
Initial population Final population Gain
Half dose Entrust (1/2 X) 5838 6225 388
Entrust 1x 5538 6075 538
Entrust 1x rinced 5800 7000 1200
Control 5725 6433 708
Honeybee populations
RESULTS – HONEYBEES PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES
PART 2. NEW PESTICIDES
Test new insecticides registered (or being registered) for cranberry pest control on honeybee safety.
• Dead honeybees in front of hives
• Repulsively
Estimation of impact on honeybees
Insecticides Insects controlled Application period
Actara
ThiamthoxamNeonicotinoid
By Syngenta
Cranberry Weevil Hook stage, before flowering
Altacor
Chlorantraniliprole
By DuPont Canada
Cranberry FruitwormBlackheaded FirewormSparganothis Fruitworm
Cranberry Fruitworm at50% fruit set
2nd generation of the Blackheaded Fireworm may need to be made at different times during flowering.
Treatment for Sparganothis Fruitworm is usually applied later, towards the end of flowering
INSECTICIDES TESTEDPART 2. NEW PESTICIDES
Insecticides Insects controlled Application period
Delegate
SpinetoramSpinosyn
Dow Agrosciences Canada
Blackheaded FirewormSparganothis FruitwormCranberry Tipworm
2nd generation of the Blackheaded Fireworm
2nd generation of the Cranberry Tipwormmay have to be made at different times during flowering.
Treatment for Sparganothis Fruitwormis usually applied later, towards the end of flowering.
MoventoSpirotetramateBayers Crop Science
Cranberry Tipworm Treatment for the 2nd generation of the Cranberry Tipworm may have to be made at different times during flowering.
INSECTICIDES TESTEDPART 2. NEW PESTICIDES
Hook stage Flowering beginning of fruit set and end of flowering
Blakheaded Fireworm 2GTipworm
Cranberry Weevil
Blackheaded FirewormSparganothis FruitwormCranberry Fruitworm 2G Tipworm
Fireworm– FruitwormsCranberry Weevil
Tipworm
Tipworm -Fruitworms
PART 2. NEW PESTICIDES
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
4 2 3 15
5
3
3
452
41
1
21 Témoin
2 Delegate
3 Actara
4 Movento
5 Altacor
Expérimental design
PART 2. NEW PESTICIDESMETHODOLOGY
Data collection in shelters
• The treated plots are covered by a screen house (shelter style Tempo)
• Nuclei with a laying queen and 4 frames of brood and reserves are introduced into each tent.
• The bee colony foraging introduced only in covered areas.
METHODOLOGY PART 2. NEW PESTICIDES
ESTIMATIONS of number of dead bee in front of the hives• twice a day for 72 hours• once on the last day: • = 7 observation periods
METHODOLOGY PART 2. NEW PESTICIDES
Behavioural observations
Drinking water (thirst)
Behaviour in shelters
METHODOLOGY PART 2. NEW PESTICIDES
RESULTS – Repulsion-Attractivity
Actara Altacor Delegate Movento Témoin0
20
40
60
80
100
120
AbeillesAutres pollinisateurs
Num
ber o
f for
ager
s (1
0 m
inut
es –
1/8
she
lter)
PART 2. NEW PESTICIDES
RESULTS- BEHAVIOR
Fewer bees were drinking in Movento and Delegate treatments
There was no difference in the aggregation behaviour on the roof between treatments
PART 3. NEW PESTICIDES
RESULTS-MORTALITY
Nom
bre
abei
lles
mor
tes
par 2
4h
4 heures 24 heures 48 heures 72 heures0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
ActaraAltacorDelegateMoventoTémoin
PART 3. NEW PESTICIDES
ACTARAALTACORDELEGATEMOVENTOCONTROL
Num
ber o
f dea
d ho
neyb
ees
by 2
4h
4 hours 24 hours 48 hours 72 hours
Time after treatment
CONCLUSIONS
Insecticides and Movento and Actara did not cause mortality after application. They seemed to have a higher mortality after 48 hours. THESE RESULTS ARE SIGNIFICANT
PART 2. NEW PESTICIDES
The ALTACOR (Chlorantraniliprole 35%) proved insecticide against pests present during flowering that caused the least mortality in bees. However, it should be used with caution because it is toxic to aquatic organisms. Chlorantraniliprole is persistent and may leach into surronding water. We recommend: DO NOT apply this product directly to freshwater habitats
Do not apply an insecticide on more than 2 successive generations of a same insect species.
After the treatment, the highest dead bee count was found with Delegate. Accumulation of moisture in the shelters could explain for this because it is known that this product should be allowed to dry on leaves in order to be safe to bees.
PART 3. DRIFT Pesticide drift and distance from field borders
CETAQJoseph Bertrand Desrouilleres and Jean-Pierre Deland
• Quantify the deposition of pesticides beyond the targeted treatment area;
• Evaluate the distribution of the drift (distance transport and deposition of droplets);
• Compare the effects of droplet size and the height of the ramp on the size and distribution of drift.
Testing an anti drift noozelAt different hights
Spectrophotometer analysis
Still a lot of work to do !!!
Thank you Fédération des apiculteurs du Québec