Territories-in-between:

the diversity of peri-urban development in Europe

Vincent Nadin & Alex Wandl Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands

Territories-in-between:

the diversity of peri-urban development in Europe

Vincent Nadin & Alex Wandl Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands

Nordeinde, Delft

Delft looking North from Neue Kirk, 2011, VN

Peak District near Castleton 2011, VN

Tirol, AW

Shetland Islands, VN

Source: UN World Urbanisation Prospects 2011

http://esa.un.org/unup/Maps

Growth rates of urban agglomerations 1970 – 2011

Source: UN World Urbanisation Prospects 2011

http://esa.un.org/unup/Maps

Growth rates of urban agglomerations 2011 - 2025

UN Population Division (2012) World Urbanization Prospects 2011 Revision, File 6

Average annual rate of change of urban population 1950 - 2020

—

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

Australia 89%

United Kingdom 80%

Netherlands 85%

Brazil 84%

China 54%

Country & proportion urban population

Source: UN Population Division

population change 1950 - 2015

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Netherlands

United Kingdom

Australia

Source: UN Population Division

population change 1950 - 2015

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

China

India

Netherlands

United Kingdom

Australia

Shanghai

Hong Kong

Guangzhou

Beijing

Source: Jinghuan He, TU Delft

Source Jinghuan He, TU Delft

Shanghai planning history – strategies

Source: Jinghuan He, TU Delft

Shanghai planned development in 1959 vs actual development in 1984

12

Legend

Development that conforms to the

plan

Planned development without implementation Unplanned development

N

0 3 6 9km

Source: Jinghuan He, TU Delft

Shanghai planned development in 1986 vs actual development in 1997

Legend

Development that conforms to the

plan

Planned development without implementation Unplanned development

N

0 3 6 9km

Source: Jinghuan He, TU Delft

Shanghai planned development in 1999 vs actual development in 2010

Legend

Development that conforms to the

plan

Planned development without implementation Unplanned development

N

0 3 6 9km

population, economic growth, and prosperity

competition between ‘local governments’

multi-level & sector cooperation

tools that assume control

speculation

public attitudes

Who wins and loses?

16

17

Source: CEC (2010) Fifth Report on Social, Economic and Territorial Cohesion, Luxembourg: OOPEC, p. 67

Source: Dühr, Colomb and Nadin 2010

European Spatial Planning

Shifting conceptualisations of the core of Europe

Blue Banana (Brunet 1989)

Golden Triangle (Williams 1993)

Central Regions (CEC 2001h)

Pentagon (Schön 2000, CEC 2007b)

Plate 6 Core-periphery models of Europe: shifting conceptualisations of the core

Source: Base map: Europe at night (urban areas visualised by light sources), courtesy NASA/Goddard Space Flight CenterScientific Visualization Studio, 2001, downloaded from the Visible Earth Website at http://visibleearth.nasa.gov. Modified bythe authors.

Note: the Golden Triangle is defined by London, the Ruhr and Paris. The Central Regions are identified in the SecondCohesion Report (CEC 2001h) as bounding 14 per cent of the EU-15 land area, 33 per cent of its population and 47 per centof its GDP. The Pentagon, bounded by London, Hamburg, Milan, Munich and Paris, covers 20 per cent of the EU-15 land area, 40 per cent of its population and 50 per cent of its GDP (Schön 2000 and also Fourth Cohesion Report , CEC 2007b). A variation in the Third Cohesion Report (CEC 2004a) includes northern England.

V O U

C H

E R

S

Coastal sprawl

accessible rural areas accessible rural areas

post-modern urbanisation

Zwischenstadt middle landscapes

city fringe shadowland

spread city

Annähernd Perfekte Peripherie

territories of a new modernity Tussenland hybrid geographies

peri-urban development

edge city

Stadtlandschaft

ring city Randstad

città diffusa

accessible rural areas

21

post-modern urbanisation

middle landscapes

city fringe

shadowland spread city

Annähernd Perfekte Peripherie

territories of a new modernity Tussenland hybrid geographies

peri-urban development

edge city

Stadtlandschaft

ring city Randstad

città diffusa territories-in-

between

Zwischenstadt

22

23

monocentric polycentric

dispersed corridor

24

25

26

dispersed

27

28

29

threats

‘the ignored challenge … that threatens the very culture of Europe’

European Environment Agency 2010

opportunities

30

contain design

concede landscape

The 1947 Finger Plan for Copenhagen, Regional Planning

Office

Source: Thomas, D. (1963) London's Green Belt: The Evolution of an Idea, in the Geographical Journal, Vol. 129, No. 1 (Mar., 1963), pp. 14-24

containment

Principles of Spatial Development in the Austrian Ost-Region (around Vienna). Source: Planunggemeinschaft Ost

regional design

Source: lwl.com

landscape

Source: Sara King, TU Delft

from Ireland Environmental Protection Agency & Urbis Spatial Data Warehouse, UCD

34

1. New houses 2003-07 2. Areas of >10% pop growth

concede

35

36

strategy

zoning incentives

policy

37

37

37

conclusions

39

Source: ESPON Synthesis Report 2013, p. 44

Land use change

hotspots

1990-2006

40

41

42

43