Nagla Bmd New

8/7/2019 Nagla Bmd New

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Dr. Nagla El Nabarawy Dr. Nagla El Nabarawy Consultant of Clinical Toxicology Consultant of Clinical Toxicology Nationai Egyptian Center of Environmental & Toxicologial Nationai Egyptian Center of Environmental & Toxicologial Research (NECTER). Cairo University Research (NECTER). Cairo University


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IntroductionIntroduction

Mobile phones have been available for the lastMobile phones have been available for the lasttwo decades and have become common in thetwo decades and have become common in the

general population in recent years.general population in recent years.Mobile phones are low-poweredMobile phones are low-poweredradiofrequency transmitters operating atradiofrequency transmitters operating atfrequencies between 450 and 2700 MHz withfrequencies between 450 and 2700 MHz with

peak powers in the range of 0.1 to 2 Watts. peak powers in the range of 0.1 to 2 Watts.


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IntroductionIntroduction

Most mobile phones emit electromagneticMost mobile phones emit electromagneticradiation at 900 MHz or 1800 MHz.radiation at 900 MHz or 1800 MHz.

There are very few studies regarding the effectThere are very few studies regarding the effectof low frequency electromagnetic fieldof low frequency electromagnetic field

(LFEMF) on the behavior of the cell(LFEMF) on the behavior of the cell populations in bone. populations in bone.


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Aim of the WorkAim of the Work

To investigate the effects of 900To investigate the effects of 900MHz EMF on BMD of rats and toMHz EMF on BMD of rats and todetermine effects of ALA on EMF-determine effects of ALA on EMF-exposed bone.exposed bone.


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Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods

24 males and 24 females of 24 males and 24 females of Wister Wister albino rats (6 weeksalbino rats (6 weeksold, average 160 gm weight).old, average 160 gm weight).Experimental period was 4 weeks.Experimental period was 4 weeks.

33 GroupsGroupsGroup A (n = 16) non-irradiated ratsGroup A (n = 16) non-irradiated ratsGroup B (n = 16) exposed to 900 MHz EMF for 1Group B (n = 16) exposed to 900 MHz EMF for 1hour/day for 4 weekshour/day for 4 weeksGroup C (n = 16) received daily with Alpha lipoic acidGroup C (n = 16) received daily with Alpha lipoic acid(ALA) (50 mg/kg/day i.p) for 4 weeks before exposure(ALA) (50 mg/kg/day i.p) for 4 weeks before exposureto the 900 MHz EMF.to the 900 MHz EMF.


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Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods

At the end of 4 weeksAt the end of 4 weeks

BMD was measured in bones of vertebraeBMD was measured in bones of vertebraeand femora under anesthesia.and femora under anesthesia.Animals were sacrificed and bones wereAnimals were sacrificed and bones weredissected for histopathologicaldissected for histopathological

examinationexamination


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The experimental electromagnetic fieldThe experimental electromagnetic field

set-up for rat irradiationset-up for rat irradiation


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EMF Exposure systemEMF Exposure system


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Anesthetized rat under examination withAnesthetized rat under examination withDEXA machine for BMD measurementDEXA machine for BMD measurement


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ResultsResults

NO significant difference in BMD NO significant difference in BMD between males and females in the three between males and females in the threestudied groups.studied groups.Hence, we compared the three groupsHence, we compared the three groupsirrespective of the sex of rats.irrespective of the sex of rats.


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Lumbar and femoral BMD was significantly lower in the irradiated group (groupLumbar and femoral BMD was significantly lower in the irradiated group (groupB) compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Group C (ALA treated rats) hadB) compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Group C (ALA treated rats) had

apparently - not significantly - higher BMD compared to irradiated groupapparently - not significantly - higher BMD compared to irradiated group

0

0.05

0.10.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.40.45

0.5

Group A Group B Group C

B M D ( g / c m

2 )

Lumbar Femoral


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Abnormal osteoclast score (1-4) was significantly moreAbnormal osteoclast score (1-4) was significantly morefrequent in group B (75%) and C (37.5%) compared to group Afrequent in group B (75%) and C (37.5%) compared to group A

(6.3%) (p < 0.001)(6.3%) (p < 0.001)

0%

10%

20%30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%


Osteoclast Score 0 Osteoclast Score 1-4


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Serum MDA was significantly higher in irradiated groupSerum MDA was significantly higher in irradiated groupcompared to the control group (p < 0.001). ALA treatedcompared to the control group (p < 0.001). ALA treated

group had significantly lower MDA levels compared togroup had significantly lower MDA levels compared toirradiated group (p = 0.001).irradiated group (p = 0.001).

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0


5.09

10.72

6.82

M D A ( n m o l / m L )


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RadiatedRadiated bone trabecula showing the multinucleatedbone trabecula showing the multinucleatedosteoclasts with their eosinophilic cytoplasm (noteosteoclasts with their eosinophilic cytoplasm (notetwo osteoclasts in one high power field) (x1000)two osteoclasts in one high power field) (x1000)


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RadiatedRadiated bone:bone: Osteoblasts have a basophilicOsteoblasts have a basophiliccytoplasm are found lined up on the surface of brightlycytoplasm are found lined up on the surface of brightlystained newly formed bone trabecula as response tostained newly formed bone trabecula as response to

bone resorption by osteoclasts (x1000)bone resorption by osteoclasts (x1000)


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Section of RadiatedSection of Radiated femur showing newly formedfemur showing newly formedeosinophilic bone trabeculae (x100)eosinophilic bone trabeculae (x100)


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Section in ALA-treated bone: Bone trabecula showingSection in ALA-treated bone: Bone trabecula showingonly one multinucleated osteoclast in the field with itsonly one multinucleated osteoclast in the field with its

eosinophilic cytoplasm (minimal activation of eosinophilic cytoplasm (minimal activation of

osteoclasts) (x1000)osteoclasts) (x1000)


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Section in ALA-treated bone: still resting osteocytesSection in ALA-treated bone: still resting osteocyteswithout any new bone formation (x200)without any new bone formation (x200)


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DiscussionDiscussion

Rats exposed to 900 MHz EMF for 1 hour aRats exposed to 900 MHz EMF for 1 hour aday along 4 week-period hadday along 4 week-period had significantlysignificantly

lower BMDlower BMD compared to the controlcompared to the controlunexposed group (p < 0.001).unexposed group (p < 0.001).This may be mediated throughThis may be mediated through oxidativeoxidativestressstress caused by RF as evidenced by acaused by RF as evidenced by asignificantly higher serum malonaldehydesignificantly higher serum malonaldehyde(MDA) level in the irradiated rats (p


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The relationship between oxidative stress andThe relationship between oxidative stress andBMD or osteoporosis has recently beenBMD or osteoporosis has recently been

reportedreportedThe administration of various or synthetic anti-The administration of various or synthetic anti-oxidants such as Vit. C & E, melatonin andoxidants such as Vit. C & E, melatonin anddietary flavonoids have been shown to be of dietary flavonoids have been shown to be of

benefit in the prevention or attenuation of benefit in the prevention or attenuation of osteoporosisosteoporosis


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BMD was found to be higher in the groupBMD was found to be higher in the grouptreated with the anti-oxidant ALA than that intreated with the anti-oxidant ALA than that in

the irradiated groupthe irradiated groupHistopathological examination of sections of Histopathological examination of sections of femora and vertebrae stained by hematoxylinfemora and vertebrae stained by hematoxylin

and eosin showedand eosin showed enhanced osteoclastenhanced osteoclastactivityactivity in irradiated bones.in irradiated bones.


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MDAMDA waswassignificantly lower significantly lower

compared to irradiatedcompared to irradiatedgroup and abnormalgroup and abnormalosteoclast score wasosteoclast score wasless frequent (37.5%)less frequent (37.5%)

in the treated group.in the treated group.


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ConclusionConclusion

Electromagnetic field radiation at 900 MHzElectromagnetic field radiation at 900 MHzemitted from cellular phones causeemitted from cellular phones cause oxidativeoxidative

damage to bone and consequently decreasesdamage to bone and consequently decreasesBMDBMD ..

Treatment with the antioxidantTreatment with the antioxidant alpha-alipoicalpha-alipoicacidacid is suggested as a useful approach tois suggested as a useful approach to protect protect

bone bone from the adverse effect of radiation.from the adverse effect of radiation.


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