NAGPURSubmitted by- Shraddha Bahirat

PART ANagpur is the largest city in central India and the winter capital of the state ofMaharashtra. It is a fast growing metropolis and is the third most populous city in Maharashtra afterMumbaiandPune, and also one of the country's most industrialized cities. Nagpur is the13th most populous cityand13th largest urban agglomerationin India.PHYSICAL AND NATURAL SETTING IN REGIONAL CONTEXT

Figure 1: Nagpur in national and regional contextNagpur is located at the exact centre of theIndian peninsula. The city has aZero Milestone locating the geographical center of India, which was used by the British to measure all distances within the Indian-subcontinent.The city lies on the Deccan plateau of the Indian Peninsula and has a mean altitude of 310.5 meters above sea level.The underlying rock strata are covered with alluvial deposits resulting from the flood plain of the Kanhan River. In some places these give rise to granular sandy soil. In low-lying areas, which are poorly drained, the soil is alluvial clay with poor permeability characteristics. In the eastern part of the city, crystallinemetamorphic rockssuch as gneiss, schist and granites are found, while in the northern part yellowish sand stones and clays of the lowerGondwanaformations are found. Nagpur district lies between 20.35 to 21.44 North Latitude and 78.15 to 79.40 East Longitude., in the plain to which it gives its name at the southern base of the Satpuda Hills. It has an area of 9,892 Sq. km. The district is bounded on the north by the Chhindwada and Seoni districts of the Madhya Pradesh, on the east by Bhandara, on the south and west by Chanda and Wardha, respectively, and along a small strip on the north-west by the Amravati district. The northern range of hills extends along the whole border, being pierced only in two places where the Kanhan and Pench rivers have broken through. On the west it consists merely of the outlying foothills of the Satpudas, the plateau proper lying behind them in Chhindwada. But from the Kanhan to the Pench, it is the major range of the Satpudas themselves which dominates the landscape, and the ascent of the Khamarpani plateau is made in Nagpur. Along this length the hills are well wooded and picturesque, and there is some striking scenery on the Pench river. In the Archaean area the rocks are hidden beneath a considerable thickness of alluvial soil, deposited by the tributaries of the Kanhan and the Wainganga rivers.Nagpur city is dotted with natural and artificial lakes. The largest lake isAmbazari Lake. Other natural lakes includeGorewada Lakeand Telangkhedi lake. Sonegaon and Gandhisagar lakes are artificial, created by the city's historical rulers. Nag river, Pilli Nadi along withnallasform the natural drainage pattern for the city

DEMOGRAPHIC TREND FOR LAST 50 YEARSPrior to the separation of Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 Nagpur district was a part of Central Provinces and Berar province with Nagpur city enjoying the status of capital city from 1947 to 1956. After the separation of Maharashtra, Nagpur district along with Vidharbha merged in the state of Maharashtra. Nagpur district has 42 percent of workers engaged in agricultural activities as cultivators or agricultural laborers and the rest 58 percent in non-agricultural activities as per 1991 census. The percent of agricultural labour to total workers population is15.7 percent as per 2001 census. As of the2011 census, Nagpur municipality had a population of 2,405,421and the urban agglomeration had a population of 2,523,911.[The municipality had asex ratioof 961 females per 1,000 males and 9.9% of the population were under six years old.Effective literacy was 93.13%; male literacy was 96.16% and female literacy was 89.99%.Hinduism,Buddhism,IslamandJainismare four major religions in Nagpur with a following of 66.0%, 20.0%, 11.0% and 1.5% of the population respectively. Others are 1.5%. 52.5% of Nagpur's population is in the 1559 years age category. Around 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE BODIES AND THE PLANNING INSTITUTIONNagpur is administered by theNagpur Municipal Corporation(NMC),which is a democratically elected civic governing body.Nagpur Improvement Trust(NIT) works with NMC and carries out works such as development of the civic infrastructure and new urban areas on behalf of NMC.The city is divided into 10 zones, which are, in turn, divided into 145 wards.Each ward is represented by a corporator, majority of whom are elected inlocal elections.Nagpur is the headquarters of some national scientific and governmental establishments such as the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), the Central Institute of Cotton Research (CICR), the National Research Centre for Citrus, the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, the Jawaharlal Nehru National Aluminium Research and Development Centre, and thePetroleum And Explosives Safety Organisation(PESO), formerly known as the Department of Explosives.Nagpur is the home to theNational Academy of Direct Taxes(NADT) where officers of the revenue Services are trained and the National Academy of Defence Production (NADP), where officers of ordnance factories are trained

ECONOMYNagpur is an emerging metropolis. In 2004, it was ranked the fastest growing city in India in terms of the number of households with an annual income of Rs 1 crore (10 million) or more. Nagpur has been the main center of commerce in theVidarbharegion since its early days and is an important trading location. Though, Nagpur's economic importance gradually declined relative to MumbaiandPuneafter the merging ofVidarbhainto theMaharashtrabecause of a period of neglect by the state government, the city has recovered its economy later. During the slowdown, state and central government offices were a major source of employment. Nagpur's economy has recovered from past slowdowns]and the city has attractedRupees5,000 crore in investment in 2004.[45]It was ranked the 11th most competitive city in the country by the Institute for Competitiveness in its 2012 report.The city is important for the banking sector as it hosts the regional office ofReserve Bank of India.MIHANMulti-modal International Cargo Hub and Airport at Nagpuris an airport project for Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport, Nagpur. It is the biggest economical development project currently underway in India in terms of investments. The project aims to exploit the central location of Nagpur and convert the present airport into a major cargo hub with integrated road and rail connectivity. This project consists of two parts: An international airport to act as a cargo hub and ASpecial Economic Zone(SEZ) with residential zone covering an area of 40.25km on the southern end of Nagpur.The government ofMaharashtraformed a special-purpose entity in the name ofMaharashtra Airport Development Companyfor development ofMIHAN. The project is financed by multiple Indian banks with total loan amount of INR 3,000 million along with investment from state government andAirports Authority of India. With a projected target of serving 14 million passengers and handling 0.87 million tones of cargo this is one of largest aviation project in India. The estimated capital cost of the project is INR 2581 crores (by year 2035) and is supposed to generate revenues INR 5280 crores.MIDC Industrial AreasThe Nagpur and thevidarbharegion has a very prominent power sector as compared to rest of Maharashtra. TheButiboriindustrial area is the largest in all of Asia in terms of area.The estate's largest unit is of Indo Rama Synthetics, which manufactures synthetic polyester yarn. Other units in Butibori include the power transmission company Gammon India Limited (T & D), Gammon India Ltd. (Infra), Central Workshop, KEC, Hyundai Unitech, ACC Nihon Castings Ltd.Koradi Thermal Power StationandKhaparkheda Thermal Power Stationare the two majorthermal power stationslocated near Nagpur and operated byMSPGCL.NTPChas a super thermal power plant inMaudaaround 40km from Nagpur whose first plant is commissioned.TheHingnaindustrial estate on the western fringes of the city is made up of around 900 small and medium industrial units. The major ones among them are tractor manufacturing plant ofMahindra and Mahindra, casting units of NECO Ltd. (the country's largest casting group),[50]units of International Combustion,Bajaj Autogroup,Candico(the second largest confectionery manufacturing plant in India, Ajanta toothbrushes, and Sanvijay Group (largest steel rolling group of companies for long products in Central India). Nagpur is home to ice-cream manufacturer Dinshaws, Indian dry food manufacturerHaldiram's, Indian Ready to Cook food manufacturer Actchawa andAyurvedicproduct company Vicco and BaidynathMININGOwing to natural resource richness of region, mining is major activity. Several government organizations related to Mining industry are based in Nagpur.Western Coalfields Limited(WCL), which is one of the eight fully owned subsidiaries ofCoal IndiaLimited, has its head office at Nagpur.

LONG TERM (2030 YEARS) WEATHER TRENDS IN REGIONAL CONTEXT

A meteorological observatory is situated at Nagpur airport, which represent the climate of Nagpur. Daily Meteorological data of this observatory have been used to prepare the climatology of Nagpur. The climatological study of rainfall, Temperature, wind & humidity is based on the data and weather phenomenon for a 42 year period from 1969-2010.The city of Nagpur enjoys a very dry and semi humid climate throughout the year excepting monsoon season (June to September). Nagpur climate witness a very hot weather during the month of summer. It reaches the pinnacle in the month of May. Mean and extreme monthly data of Nagpur during the period from 1969 to 2010 is given in Table 1(A) & 1(B) below.

Diurnal variation of Temperature: Diurnal variation of the temperature during summer season (March to May) is depicted in Figure 4.1. The minimum temperature of the day is recorded around 0700 hrs I.S.T. in March and around 0600 hrs I.S.T. in April & May. As the Sun start rising earlier,8 the temperature increase sharply from 0700 hrs I.S.T. to 1300 hrs I.S.T. and reach their peak value around 1500 hrs. I.S.T. The decrease in temperature from afternoon to night is gradual as compared to sharp rising trend during forenoon hours and winter season. The difference in temperature of March & April is about 4 C at each hour of the day and about 2 C for those of May indicating gradual increase in temperature through the month of May. The days in the month of May have about 6 hours of temperatures in excess of 40 C.

Thus the climate of Nagpur can be summarised hastropical wet and dry climate(Kppen climate classification) with dry conditions prevailing for most of the year. It receives an annual rainfall of 1,205mm (47.44 inches) frommonsoonrains during June to September.The highest recorded daily rainfall was 304mm on 14 July 1994.Summers are extremely hot, lasting from March to June, with May being the hottest month. Winter lasts from November to January, during which temperatures can drop below 10 C (50 F).The highest recorded temperature in the city was 47.9C on May 22, 2013, while the lowest was 3.9 C

PART BCLIMATE CHANGE ISSUEAccording to a survey byABP News-Ipsos, Nagpur has been identified as the best city inIndiaby topping theliveability, greenery,public transport, andhealth careindices

The long term rainfall data analyses of Nagpur, Ramtek, Katol, Parseoni, Umred, Saoner indicates that these talukas had faced medium drought conditions in 13 to 20 % of the years. A hydrogeology study was carried out for Nagpur Metropolitan Region which includes Nagpur Municipal Corporation Area, Cantonment Board of Kamthi, two Municipal towns of Kamthi and Kalmeshwar and 262 surrounding villages. It was observed that ground water quality is adversely affected by nitrate contamination in various localities in eastern and southern part of Nagpur City. This zone is the end point for the entire municipal and domestic waste of the City discharged through Nag Nadi. This indiscriminate discharge of liquid waste in drain and on land, disposal of solid waste in land fill sites without hydrogeological consideration and microbial reaction in soil are contribution to high level Nitrate at these places. Such indiscriminate discharge of liquid and solid waste to Nag Nadi should be immediately stopped. In rural areas also the ground water quality is mainly affected by nitrate as 46% of samples are having high nitrate concentration. Continuous intake of high nitrate concentration water causes infant methaemoglobinamea, popularly known as Blue Babies disease. Thus all the wells used for water supply should be first analysed for nitrate contents and if the nitrate content is found beyond permissible limit the ground water may be used for other purposes than drinking. Adequate sanitary protection to the wells may be provided to control the nitrate contamination. Study of ground water quality around Hingna and Kalmeshwar MIDC area has revealed that contamination of ground water of phreatic zone has taken place due to discharge of industrial effluents.

ACTION BY AUTHORITIESMass Awareness and Training Activities- M.A.P. and W.M.T.P.Till March 2007, 2 MAP and 5 WMTP had been organised in the district ofNagpur. The details are given in Table-11.

During the MAP and WMTP at various places, exhibitions depicting rainwater harvesting model, various ground water related posters, leaflets, literature and technical reports were displayed along with maps of Nagpur district. The models, maps, posters were explained to the visitors in details.

Recommendations for change by authority

Shallow aquifer of hard rock formations such as Archeans and Deccan traps can be tapped by large-diameter open wells, and should be pierced to a total thickness of weathered and jointed and vesicular units in favourable hydrogeological and topographical areas. The dug-cum-borewells (DCB) may also be constructed in favourable hydrogeological settings to tap the upper weathered zones and lowerfractured and jointed formations. Gondwana, which forms the best aquifer in the district, can be tapped through tubewells. Trap-covered-Gondwana is also to be developed through borewells. The shallow Alluvium can be developed through shallow tubewellsdown to the depth of 25 to 30 mbgl. Artificial recharge methods like construction of percolation tanks, contour bunding and nala bunding may be constructed in large scale in noncommand areas so as to augment the groundwater recharge. Suchstructures are must in Narkhed and Katol talukas, where ground water development is 83.74% and 98.53% respectively. Percolation tanks utilizing surplus rainwater in hilly areas may be constructed to increase the seepage to ground water especially in Narkhed, Kalmeshwar and Katol talukas. In the Kalmeshwar and Hingna MIDC areas, the nalas carrying the industrial effluents must be lined horizontally and vertically on both sides, so as to avoid contamination of ground water. A final sewage treatment plant must take care of all the sewages coming through the lined nalas before being disposed off in the nearby rivers with proper check. A huge quantity of wastewater from the Nagpur urban area and different industries surrounding the cities are being discharged to the rivers, such as Nag Nadi, and its tributaries resulting in the pollution of ground water as well as surface water. Hence, it is recommended that along with lateral lining, bottom lining may also be provided to the channels to stop the verticalseepages. To prevent the Nitrate pollution in the Nagpur city and rural areas, sanitaryprotection around the borewells and dugwells may be done for larger diameter, than being done at present. The Nitrate content of the ground water may be determined before commissioning of the borewell/dugwell for public use. The land fill sites must be selected carefully at places away from the habitation and after giving due considerations to the hydrogeological settings. Due to construction of cement road and various infrastructures the area available for ground water recharge has been reduced drastically in urban areas. In view of this rooftop rain water harvesting practices are to be adopted in urban area, like Nagpur City, to augment the recharge of ground water as the recharge is becoming lesser and lesser day by day.

REFERENCEhttp://imdnagpur.gov.in/Climate_NGP.pdfhttp://indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/extreme%20events.pdfhttp://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/Nagpur%20dips%2012-13.pdfhttp://www.unicef.org/india/Population_Demographics.pdfhttp://itpi.org.in/pdfs/jul8_10.pdfhttp://nagpurestate.wordpress.com/2007/09/02/nmc-report-pollution-level-on-rise-in-nagpur/http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Maharashtra/Nagpur.pdf1