Old Thoughts Connecting Science and Scriptures : Satya Sarada Kandula : All Rights Reserved Nakshatras, Grahas, Varas, Rasis, Masas, Rtus leave a comment » Authorship and Copyright Notice : All Rights Reserved : Satya Sarada Kandula This page is sectioned into Nakshatras, Masas etc., scroll down to find the information which you need. A. Nakshatras 1. What are Nakshatras ? 2. Nakshatra refers to an area of the sky in the Vedas 3. English Names of Nakshatras 4. Nakshatram of the Day . 5. o Uccha, Neecha, Exaltation, Debilitation and Declination o What is the difference between a graha yoga (conjunction) and a yuga? 6. Locating Constellations and Zodiac Signs (Western) and matching Nakshatrams 7. Measuring distances in degrees in the sky using your hand 8. Identifying Nakshatras – Betelguese, Arudra in Orion; Aldeberan, Rohini in Taurus; Mrigasira and Krutika; Punarvasu, Pollux in Gemini ; Brahma, Auriga 9. Denebola (Uttaraphalguni) and Deneb (?) 10. Agni Nakshatram (Kruttika Nakshatram, Karthikeya) 11. Moola Nakshatram 12. Revathi Nakshatram 13. Agastya – Canopus 14. Onam – Thiru Onam – Shrona – Sri Ona – Sravana 15. Daksha : He named the fixed stars! 16. Daksha’s head: Goat! Aries, Mesha! 17. Vimsottari Dasas for Sri Rama 18. Date of Sri Rama’s birth as per Balakanda 19. Nakshatradhipatis from Vedic deities to Grahas, after Valmiki’s Ramayana 20. Nakshatras in the Mahabharata
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Old ThoughtsConnecting Science and Scriptures : Satya Sarada Kandula : All Rights Reserved
Nakshatras, Grahas, Varas, Rasis, Masas, Rtus
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Authorship and Copyright Notice : All Rights Reserved : Satya Sarada KandulaThis page is sectioned into Nakshatras, Masas etc., scroll down to find the information which you need.
A. Nakshatras
1. What are Nakshatras?
2. Nakshatra refers to an area of the sky in the Vedas
3. English Names of Nakshatras
4. Nakshatram of the Day .5.o Uccha, Neecha, Exaltation, Debilitation and Declination o What is the difference between a graha yoga (conjunction) and a yuga?
6. Locating Constellations and Zodiac Signs (Western) and matching Nakshatrams
7. Measuring distances in degrees in the sky using your hand
8. Identifying Nakshatras – Betelguese, Arudra in Orion; Aldeberan, Rohini in Taurus; Mrigasira and Krutika; Punarvasu, Pollux in Gemini ; Brahma, Auriga
Mesha The month of Ashwija (usually October in the Gregorian System) is named after Ashwini and at the full moon of Ashwija Moon is near Ashwini Nakshatra. If a single star has to be identified as representing Ashwini Nakshatra, Best
candidate is 13 Aries / SAO-75151/HD-12929/Hamal.
Bharani 3Yama / Sukra
Mesha If a single star has to be identified as representing Bharani Nakshatra, best candidate is 41-Aries/SAO-75596/HD-17573
Krittika 6 Agni / Surya
Karthikeya Karthika- October – November
Mesha, Vrishabha
Krittika Nakshatra is defined as a set of six stars. Bharateeya tradition has it that Kaartikeya, is surrounded by five Apsaras. This set of stars is identified by classical European system as Plaeidis. Brightest amongst them is called Alcyone by Arabs. If a single star has to be identified as representing Krittika
Nakshatra, best candidate is 25hAries/SAO-76199/HD-23630/ AlCyone. Arundhati Nakshatra (though not a part of the 27 day pointing stars) is near the Krittitka. It is said to be the eighth star in the cluster Krittika(Ref-2).
Rohini 5Prajaapati / Chandra
Krishna Vrishabha
Brightest Star
Rohini is the brightest of the 27 Stars used for Bharateeya Nakshatra system of names, with a brightness of 0.85. Rohini is identified as birth star of Sri krishna. The distance between Krittika and Rohini is about 12.5 degrees (E-W). If a single star has to be identified as representing Rohini Nakshatra, best candidate is 87Tau/SAO-94027/HD -29139/ Aldebaran
Mrigasheerisham
3Soma / Kuja
Dattatreya Maargasira -November – December
Vrishabha, Mithuna
Brightest Full Moon
If a single star has to be identified as representing Mrigashira Nakshatra, best candidate is 112 Tau /SAO-77168 /HD -35497/ Elnath.
Aardharaa 1 Rudra / Rahu
Siva Mithuna
Points to centre of universe?
24 Gem/SAO-95912/HD47105/Arab ‘Alhena’ is
the best candidate for Aardhra. It is 68 minutes or 17 degrees (E-W) away from Mrigashiras. It is 2 diameters out of moon traverse band.
Punarvasu 2-4Aditi / Guru
Sri Rama’s janmanakshatram Chaitra masa Punarvasu nakshatram was the day on which Dasaratha made the decision regarding Sri Rama’s coronation – Valmiki Ramatanam – Ayodhyakanda.
Mithuna, Karkataka
Very Bright Star
If a single star has to be identified as Punarvasu, then
78 Gem/SAO-79666/HD-62509/’Pollux’ is the best candidate for Punarvasu. It is a very bright star of +1.15 brightness.
Tishya 3 PushyaBrihaspati / Sani
Chaitra masa Pushya nakshatram was the target date selected by Dasaratha for Sri Rama’s coronation – Valmiki Ramatanam – Ayodhyakanda
Pushya – Jan, Feb
Karkataka
If a single star has to be identified as Pushya (Tishya), then 17 Cnc/SAO-116569/HD-69267/ is the best candidate. The brightness of this star is 3.52. Arab name is Al Tarf.
Aaslesha 1 Ashresha Sarpa / Budha
Karkataka
If a single star has to be identified as Aaslesha, then 65 Cnc/SAO 98267/HD 76756
is the best candidate. Aaslesha is 45 minutes or 11 degrees (E-W) away from Pushya. This star is also called by Latin name Asseleus Australis.
Maghaa 5Pitru / Ketu
Maagha-Feb, March
Simha If a single star has to be identified as Maagha, then the best candidate is 32 Leo/SAO 98967/HD 87901/Regulus. Its
Poorva Phalguni
2 PubbaBhaga / Sukra
Marriage of Ruru and Pramadvara (Mahabharata)
Simha If a single star has to be identified as Poorva Phalguni, then SAO 99512/HD 97633 is the best candidate, and it is located at 65 minutes or 16 degrees (E-W)from Maagha. Poorva Phalguni is also called Chort by Arabs.
Uttara Phalguni
2 Uttara Prajapathi as per Balakanda, Valmiki Ramayanam / Ravi
Siva, Sati Marriage. (Siva Puranam)Janaka selected this nakshatram for the marriage day of Rama and Sita and their siblings. (Balakanda)
Phalguna-march- april
Simha, Kanya
Both the stars are at same time distance from Poorva Phalguni. If a single star has to be identified as Uttara Phalguni,
then 94 Leo/SAO 119076 / HD 102870 is the best candidate, despite Denebola being brighter. Reason is that Denebola is about 5 diameters out of Moon traverse band while Zavijava is in the
moon traverse band. Uttara Phalguni, is also called Zavijava by Arabs.
Hastaa 3Savitru / Chandra
Kanya If a single star has to be identified as Hastaa, then star
29 g Virgo identified as HD-110380, (It has no SA0 identification) is best candidate for Hastaa Nakshatra. Its brightness has been declared as +2.8 in some references and +3.6 in some. Hastaa is 55 minutes or 14 degrees (E-W) away from Uttara Phalguni Nakshatra. It also carries the Arab name Porrima.
Chitra 1 Chitta Indra / Kuja
ChaitraApril – May
Kanya, Tula
Ugadi, Chaitra masa Pushya nakshatram was selected by Dasaratha for Sri Rama’s coronation – Valmiki Ramatanam – Ayodhyakanda
It also stands for the name of the first month in Chandramaana calender. The Bhrateeya Chandramaana Ugadi (new Year day) is on the new moon day of this month, and this day is very near the Spring Equinox day. Spica. This star which is very near the ecliptic was scientifically studied by Hipparchus in 150 BC and by Ptolemy in 150 AD, and they noticed the
property of earth’s precession using observations on Spica.
Swati 1 Vaayu / Rahu
Tula There are some scholars who have argued that Arcturus is Swati. Arcturus is located in ‘Bootes’ constellation and is identified as SAO-10094/HD-124893/16-Bootes of brightness +1.24. However, Arcturus is at 19 N degrees where as northern limit of moon traverse (8 S to 18 S) band is -8 degrees. Hence the star Arcturus is located 27 to 37 degrees away, north from moon traverse band, hence can not be seriously considered, as being pointed to by Moon. This 27 degrees is the distance between two Nakshtra’s and too large an error. If we accept moon visits the Arcturus mansion, all our identifications become questionable. The Arcturus mansion located in Bootes constellation is nowhere near Tula (Libra) or
Vrishchika. Even 5000 years ago, the location of that constellation was far away from moon traverse band. Hence SAO-139824/HD 124850 /99i Vir, also called Syrma by Arabs is the best candidate for Hastaa. This Nakshatra is 45 minutes or about 12 degrees (E-W) away from Chitra. It is bright enough to have been given a name by Arab astronomers.
Vishaaka 2 Indraagni / Guru
Gautama Buddha
VaisakhaMay-June
Tula, Vrischika
If one star has to be chosen as Vishaaka in Tula Raashi, it is 92a2Libra, identified as SAO 158840 or HD 130481. The brightness is +2.75. It has been called, Zubenelgenubi by Arabs. Vishaaka pair is 45 minutes or 11(E-W) degrees away from Swati. Though Zubeneschemele is a little brighter, it is a little away from moon traverse band. Vishaaka is right in the middle of the moon traverse band. Guatama Buddha was born, received enlightenment,
and died on the full moon day of Vishaka when full moon was on this nakshatra.
Anooradha 4Mitra / Sani
Vrischika
If a single star has to be identified as Anooraadha then the best candidate is 7-Sco/SAO 184014/HD 143275. Anooraadha is 1 hour 10 minutes or 17 degrees (E-W) away from Vishaaka. Anooradha is also called Dschubba by Arabs.
Jyeshta 3Indra / Budha
Oldest Star JyeshtaJune-July Vrischika
If a single star has to be identified as Jyeshta, then the best candidate is 21 Sco/SAO 184415/HD 148478. Jyeshta is 30 minutes or 8 degrees (E-W) away from Anooraadha. The brightness of Jyeshta is a high +1.08. Antares
Vichruta 11 Moola Pitru / Ketu
Vishnu Dhanus If one star is to be identified as Moola, then the best candidate
for Moola or Vichruta
Nakshatra is 42 q OPH from
Ophichius zodiac of the European system. It falls in
the star band and is 50
minutes or 13 degrees (E-W)
away from
Jyeshta. Its brightness is +3.28. Arab
Sabik is another strong candidate
for Moola with +2.43 brightness
and is also 13 degrees from
Jyeshta.
Moola or Vichruta has been extensively referred to in Atharveda Kaanda 2,Kaanda 3 and kaanda 6 (Ref 2). Vichruta, stands for darkness and Moola carries an adjective Arishta. This word has two meanings, one standing for sweet and second associated with bad associated with death. Astronomically, Moola is in line with Milkiway galactic center.? In modern astronomy, there have been conjectures of a black hole at the center of our Milkiway. This area of sky is visually dark because large amount of matter is presumed to exist around the center of the Galaxy
Aashada 2 Purvashada
Aapah / Sukra
AshadaJuly-August
Dhanus If one star is to be identified as Poorvaashadha, it is 34 Sag, which
has an Arab name Nunki. Its brightness is +2.06. There are other stars nearby and one which has a brightness of 1.8. But it is far away from the moon traverse band, and hence is not a good candidate for Poorvaashada. Poorvaasaahda is 80 minutes or 20 (E-W) degrees away from Moola.
Aashada(Abhijit)
3Uttarashada
Vishvedeva / Surya
Dhanus, Makara
If one star is to be identified for Uttaraashada, it is the twin star 5a/6a2 both in Capricorn Zodiac. They are of brightness 4.24 and 3.56.Together the pair appear as one star. The SAO identities are SAO-163422/163427 or HD -192876/192947. There is a large gap between Poorvaashada and Uttaraashaada of nearly 22 degrees (E-W). There are no likely candidate stars for Uttaraashaada in the 22 degrees in the moon traverse band or near by. Arabs call this as Geidi associated with slaughter of sheep.
Shrona 3 ShravanaVishnu / Chandra
Sravana Kumara,
SravanaAugust – September
Makara Krishna’s birth in
If one star is to be identified as
may have been named after this nakshatram
Sravana Masa. Lava Kusa were born on Sravana Pournami, also known as Dandhyala Pournami. Satrughna took control of Mathura in Sravana Masa
representing Shravana, it is clearly 49-cap of brightness+2.83 identified as SAO-164644 and HD-207098. It is 30 minutes or 8 degrees (E-W) away from Uttarashada, which is a part of Makara Raashi. Arabs also call Shravana as Deneb Al Geidi.
Shravishta 4Dhanishta
Vasu / Kuja
Makara, Kumbha
If one star is to be identified as representing Dhanishta, it is clearly 55 of brightness +3.66 identified as SAO-146107 and HD-213051. From a distance point of view this star is 45 minutes or about 12 degrees (E-W) away from Shravana.
ShathaBhishaja
100 Indra / Rahu
Kumbha
Shatabhishaja Nakshatra is defined to be a star mansion of 100 stars. Shata is undred and bhishaja stands for medical doctor. The significance of later is not apparent. The following table presents one candidate star, which qualifies as Shatabhishaja based on brightness, location with reference to moon traverse
band, and distance from previous Nakshatra.and 99 others whose identity has not been proposed -There is great dilemma about star for Shatabhishaja because one hundred stars of brightness <+5 brightness are not visible. Did one hundred bright objects exist in this part of sky 5000 years ago? One bright star near
ecliptic is 90 Aqr, and best qualifies as single star identity of Shatabhishaja. The other identities are SAO-146595/SAO-146620, or HD-219449/HD219688. This star pair is 50 minutes or 13 degrees (E-W) away from Dhanishta, which is in ideal location.
Proshtapada
2 Purvabhadra
/ Guru BhadrapadaSeptember-October
Kumbha, Meena
All the stars in this Meena Raashi are very low in brightness. Modern astronomers always use this area to identify new Sun’s
If a single star is to be found to represent Poorvabhaadra, the best choice is SAO128513/HD
224617 /28 Psc. Star Poorvabhaadra really is in Meena Raashi. The brightness is +4.02.
minor planets because of less interference from low brightness stars.
Proshtapada
2Uttarabhadra
Ahirbadhni / Sani
Meena If a single star is to be found to represent Uttara Bhaadra, then the best candidate is 63 Psc, SAO-189474/HD-4656. It is in the moon band and is located about 12-14 degrees (E-W) away from Poorvabhaadra. But 71e is only 7 degrees away from Revati, while 63 is midway between Poorvabhaadra and Revati.
Revathi 32Pausha / Budha
Balarama’s wife
Meena If one star has to be identified for
Revati, it is 99 Psc, which is the brightest star of Meena Raashi. Its identities are SAO-92484 or HD-9270.The brightness is +3.62. It is 45 minutes or about 12 degrees (E-W) away from Uttarabhaadra.
Note : Brahma is Aurigae as per Pandit Bapu Deva Sastri who translated the Surya Siddhantam.
B. Grahas
1. Graha means gravitational body not Planet.
2. “The Graha s referred to in The Veda s are Surya, Chandra, Brihaspati, Shukra, Budha, Shani, Kuja, Rahu, Ketu.
3. The Vedas extensively refer to Nakshatra month names and moon pointing at different Nakshatra‘s for various purposes.
4. The European view (originally from Chaldian and Kassarian cultures of Middle East and from Egypt), propagated by Greek philosophers, of the night sky and the star system ran in a different direction in ancient times in that Sun was considered as the pointer to skies. In contrast, the moon is considered to be the primary pointer from vedic astronomical point of view.
C. Varas : Days of the week : were in use at the time of Janamejaya’s Rule. See Janamejaya’s Dana Sasana Patram They are still in use today.
Ravivar Sunday Sun
Induvasar or Somavar Monday Moon
Bhomyavasar or Mangalvar Tuesday Mars
Sowmyavasara orBudhavar Wednesday Mercury
Brihaspativasara or Guruvar Thursday Jupiter
Bhargava vasara or Shukravar Friday Venus
Sthiravasara or Shanivar Saturday Saturn
D. Rasis or Zodiac Signs :
Rasis were mentioned in the Balakanda of Valmiki Ramayanam to describe the time of Sri Rama’s birth and were also explained in Parasara’s Hora Sastra.
It is likely that zodiac names travelled from India to Greece.
Given the closeness in meaning of Rasi Names in Sanskrit and Greek. (This suggests interaction)
Given the Date of the Bharata war and the Date of Sri Rama (These happened first)
Mesha Aries
Vrishabha Taurus
Mithuna Gemini
Karkataka Cancer
Simha Leo
Kanya Virgo
Tula Libra
Vrishchika Scorpio
Dhanu Sagitarrius
Makara Capricorn
Kumbha Aquarius
Meena Pisces
E. Masas (Months)
1. Why we have 30 days to a lunar month : The time between two successive full moons is 29.53059 solar days, which can be approximated to 30 solar days. The size of fractional moon exposure to sun can indicate a day count and is defined as a moon day or tithi. Thirty tithi‘s are defined in a lunar month, each tithi being smaller than a solar day. Fifteen are identified as Shukla paksha or ascending fortnight and next fifteen are called krishna paksha or descending fortnight.
2. Why we use 27 nakshatras : The moon takes 27.32166 days to go around the earth. This is the sidereal month. It covers 1 nakshatram per solar day approximately. The moon functions as an astronomical day count clock in which Moon is the pointer and the stars are numerals in the sky pointed to by moon each day of the lunar month.
3. The reason for time between full moons being higher than sidereal month is because, the moon has to go around the earth by more than a revolution (nearly 390 degrees) to keep with earth which moves forward in its trajectory around sun.
4. How we got the names of the months: “The twelve months were named after the stars at which full moon occurs and these are Chaitra, Vaishakha, Jyeshta, Ashaada, Sharavna, Bhadrapda, Ashwija, Kaartika, Margashira, Pushya, Maagha, Phalguna.”
5. Lunar Month : “Though the lunar time between two successive full moons is 29.53059 solar days, the time taken for moon to go round the earth (sidereal month) is 27.32166 days. Moon also has an oscillatory motion crossing the ecliptic. The moon anomalistic motion and nodal motion have periods are 27.55545 and 27.21222 days for a revolution around earth. The Chandramaana lunar calendar system keeps a natural cyclic count of days using both Moon based properties
6. Tamil and Hindi Calendar Month Name Variations with Sanskrit (Telugu) Month Names
F. Rtus (Seasons)
1. What are the names of the Vedic seasons: The six-season definition is unique to vedic system and is not found in any other recorded culture or system. These seasons are, Vasanta, Geeshma, Varsha, Sharad, Himavanta and Shishira each season being about two moon cycles.
2. Masas and Rtus Names from the Linga Puranam
Seasonal Connections with Lunar Months tend to be not very accurate – making corrections necessary every 3 and 5 years. In Bangalore, summer starts in March itself.
CHAITRA MASA – VASANTHA RUTHU (Spring) VAISHAKA MASA – VASANTHA RUTHU JYESHTA MASA – GREESHMA RUTHU (Summer) ASHADA MASA – GREESHMA RUTHU SHRAVANA MASA – VARSHA RUTHU (Rainy)
BHADRAPADA MASA – VARSHA RUTHU ASHWAYUJA MASA – SHARAD RUTHU (Autumn) KARTHIKA MASA – SHARAD RUTHU MARGASHIRA MASA – HEMANTA RUTHU (end of ’gold’ – golden skies?
or end of ice? – Himantha) PUSHYA MASA – HEMANTA RUTHU MAGHA MASA – SHISHIRA RUTHU (cold – winter -?) PALGUNA MASA – SHISHIRA RUTHU
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Mrigasira and Krutika; Punarvasu, Pollux in Gemini ; Brahma, Auriga
Denebola (Uttaraphalguni) and Deneb (?) 7,500 years ago star exploded in a supernova leaving the Cygnus Loop :
Records/ Significance? Raivata Manvadi and Indra Savarnika Manvadi Tamil and Hindi Calendar Month Name Variations with Sanskrit (Telugu) Month Names Ancient Indian Astronomy : Precession and Dates : Frawley Brian Josephson’s Mind-Matter project Video Lecture Agni Nakshatram (Kruttika Nakshatram, Karthikeya) Halloween, Karthika Pouranami, Yama Deepam Measuring distances in degrees in the sky using your hand Rules of Architecture and Construction as per the Matsya Maha Purana Army Measurements as per Mahabharata 22,949 page views in one year! Daksha : He named the fixed stars! Harvest Moon : Aswiyuja Pournami (Purnima) References to Yugas in Srimad Bhagavatham : Vyasa’s Birth MahaBharata War : date as per R.N. Iyengar Onam – Thiru Onam – Shrona – Sri Ona – Sravana – near Sravana Pournami Vimsottara Dasas for Sri Rama Uccha, Neecha, Exaltation, Debilitation and Declination What is the difference between a graha yoga (conjunction) and a yuga? Nakshatradhipatis from Vedic deities to Grahas, after Valmiki’s Ramayana Astrological Tip : Rahu Do the sapta samudras refer to different galaxies or different oceans? Nakshatram of the Day! Voltaire on Pythagoras’s Visit to India : Science from East to West Bhishmakund – Sri Krishna’s knowledge of Artesian Wells Space Time Continuum Mass Energy Equivalence Ancient India and Glass This year’s Indian Calendar The 18 Ancient Astronomical Siddhantas. Time and Astronomy in the Bhagavatam: Dr.Sivananda Murthy (Sadguru) Two kinds of time Daiva Darsanam – Deva Darsanam – Looking at the luminaries Nakshatras in the Mahabharata Date of Mahabharata War as per Aryabhatta Aryabahatta’s time as per Aryabhattiyam See Jyeshta Sukra and Kuja in line with the moon today Meaning of Vigraha is ‘Embodiment’, not idol! Graha means gravitational body not Planet. Ancient Indian Astronomical Instruments : Gola bandha, Gola Yantra See Karthikeya amd Krttikas on April 26th Evening. Remains of an Ancient Planet near Earth? Ksheera sagara: Ocean of milk: The milky way When the Saraswathi River Dried Up…
Searching for a basis to tie Saka Era to CE (AD) Date of Sri Rama’s birth as per Balakanda Connecting Kaliyuga dates and Saka Year Dates. Spring Equinox this year and Ugadi Notes from Amartya Sen on Indian Calendars Time Line or Time Circle? Unique eclipse pair combination just before the Bharata War! Equinoxes and Dating Vedas: The Data Searching for earths outside our solar system: NASA Equinoxes and Dating Vedas Sivarathri Today! Sleeping with your head to the North Astronomical Dating of the Vedas as per Tilak. The Arctic Home in the Vedas by Tilak The Orion (The Antiquity of the Vedas), Real Uttarayanam and Christmas today! (Winter Solstice) Biggest Full Moon of the Year on this Friday. Daksha’s head: Goat! Aries, Mesha! Orion at dawn, in the south western sky! The December Sky Guru Chandra Sukra Yoga Jupiter and Venus in South West Sky! Astronomical Dating of one Rig Vedic Verse Sri Rama and Sri Krishna – comparative Dates Seven Generations, Yedu taralu, Saath Peediyan! Authorship and Copyright Notice The Gita Karthika Masam and Dhanur Masam Markandeya Yugas Colours of Vishnu: Galactic Centre Climate Change, Earth’s Orbit, Yugas Siva Sati Wedding day Devas and Asuras. Tripura distances – yojanas… Names of Years : Hindu Manvantaras Kalpa Times and Kalpa Names 1 Brahma second = 1 Human Year!!!
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