Name:_________________
Cells:DividingtoMultiplyWhatdoyouknowaboutcells?(Consider:Definition,Types,Parts(of),Function(s),Size,Growth,Living?,Importance)
ConditionsEssentialforLife§ Theconditionsessentialfortheemergenceoflifeoneartharetheconditions
thatmadeitpossiblefor___________________________________________
andtheir________________________________________________________
§ Theseconditionsare:• Presenceof________________________________________
• Presenceof________________________________________
• Presenceof_________________________
• Averylongperiodof_________________Table:ConditionsforLife(seehandout)Cells
• Thecellisthebuildingblockofall______________organisms.
• Wearemadeofabout10,000billioncells.
• Atthebeginningallcellsare_____________________,butastheydeveloptheybecome_____________________.
• Thereareabout______________________ofcellsthatvaryin____________ReviewofCells
Structuresmostessentialforcellularreproduction:
• CellMembrane:__________________________which________________
thecell,and____________________whatcan
__________________________thecell.
• Cytoplasm:________________insidethe__________________________whichallowssubstancestocirculateinthecell
• Nucleus:_________________________cellsactivities(growthandreproduction)andcontains_____________
• NuclearMembrane:___________________thenucleusandcontrols
_________________________betweennucleusandtherestofthecell
DNA• DNAstandsforDeoxyribonucleicAcid• AcompletemoleculeofDNAiscalleda__________________________.• ADNAmoleculeisa________________________________structurewhich
whenstraightenedlookslikea__________________.
• Each“bar”intheladderiscalleda___________________andismadeof
2_______________________.
• Thereare4bases:______________________(A),_______________(C),____________________(G)and_____________________(T)
• Theyarealwayspaired:__________________and______________
• Theorderinwhichthesebasepairsarearrangeddeterminesthe
____________________________________
Chromosomes&Genes§ Chromosomes:structurescontaininganindividual’s_____________________.
Inanimalandplantcells,thechromosomesarelocatedinthe_____________.
Chromosomescontain:§ Genes:chromosome__________________thatdeterminespecific
_____________________________.Weallhave_______________genesbut
___________________differencesmakeusallunique.
§ Genesaresegmentsof____________thatdetermineaparticulargenetic
characteristic.Theycanbe_________________________or
____________________.Genecontains_______________for
__________________________________suchaseyecolor,skincolor,etc.
§ ChromosomesformwhenDNApacksitselfuptightlyby_______________
againandagainuntilitisshapedlikean_____________.
CellDivision:
§ Cellsdivideforthreereasons:1. To_________________innumbersandallow_________________
(________________________cells(2n))
2. Tissue__________________(somatic/diploidcells(2n))
3. ______________________reproduction(_______________cells(n))
**Buttheyarenotalwaysdividing.Mostlytheyareensuringtheproperfunctioningofthehumanorganism.**Howcellsmultiply• Cellsuse______________________tomultiply.• Mitosis:processof_________________________inwhichthe
_______________celldividestoproduce_________________________cells
called_____________________cells(diploidcells(2n)).
• Usedforthe_______________________________andto____________
____________________________
Mitosis
• Ensuresgrowth(an___________________________________ofcellsthatmakeupanorganism).
• Whenourbodiesgrowsodoesthe#ofcells,sowehavemorecellswhenweareadultsthanwhenwearebabies
• Mitoticactivity:#ofmitosescarriedoutbycells(moreintenseduring
________________and____________________thananyotherstageof
life)
• Ensuresrepairof___________________________________,repairareasofthebodythathavebeenaccidentally____________________(ex.Injuries,
cuts,fracturesandhemorrhages)
• Certaincellsweardown_______________________thanothersandneedreplacingmoreoften(eg.Skincellsarereplacedevery2wksandwhitebloodcellsevery120days)
ProcessofMitosis§ DNAis__________________beforethecelldivides(processcalled“DNA
___________________”).Todothis,theDNAunzipslikea______________
andnewbasesare________________intherightorderandattachtoeachof
theseparatestrands,forming_______________________________________.
• Steps:
1. DNA______________________
2. __________________________areformed
3. DNAlinesupin___________________
4. Chromosomes________________upandgoto________________
ends
5. Cell_______________________creatingtwodaughtercells
(_______________cells)withthe______________genetic
information.
Meiosis
• Meiosisisaformofcelldivisionthatproduces__________________________
____________________thatare____________________fromtheoriginal
cellbecausetheyeachcontain________________theDNA
• Theresultis________________________________,eachcontain______________________________andall__________________genetic
material.
• Eachdaughtercellendsupwith____________________thegeneticinfo.Thesearecalled_________________(n)cells.
• Thisisusedtocreate_____________________
• SexCells:Spermandova(eggs),arealsocalled____________________
• InordertoproducecellsthatcontainonlyhalftheDNA,thereare___________divisionsthattakeplace.
• Thefirstoneis___________________tomitosis(whereDNA_____________itselffirst)
• Theseconddivisionhappensrightafterthefirstdivision,but______________duplicatingtheDNA
• During_________________________millionsofspermatozoa(n)encountertheovum(n).
• Onlyoneofthespermwillbeabletopenetratetheovumandcombinethemalegeneticinfo(n)withthatofthefemale(n)toproduceazygote(2n).
• Further__________________resultsinthedevelopmentofan____________(firststepstoababy)
MitosisvsMeiosis§ Usingyournotes,createaVennDiagramtocompareMitosisandMeiosis
CellularOrganization• Remember:23_______________giveatotalof___________chromosomes
ofwhich½comefromthe_____________________and½fromthe
_____________.
• 22ofthe23pairsare____________________inboth________________
• The23rdpairisthe_________________________
• A_________________showingthepairsofchromosomesindescendingorder
of__________________iscalleda______________________
GeneticDiversity• Everyhumanbeingisunique.
• Thepairsofchromosomesthattheoffspringreceivefromtheirparentsispure
________________.
• Itispurechance___________________________andovumwillcombine.
• Geneticdiversity:• isthe_______________________ofgenesamongtheindividualsofthe
same_______________________.
• Prevents_____________________ofaspecies
FactorsthatcontributetoGeneticDiversity• Geneticrecombination:similarchromosomes__________________________
oftheirgenesduringthebeginningof_______________________
• Geneticmutation:where________________________________happenin
thebasesofDNA(A,C,T,G).Thiscanbecausedby________________________
or_______________________________.
• Populationmixing:whereindividualsfrom___________________populations_______________________
What’safterCells?• _____________________________________canperformallthebasic
functionstosurvive.
• __________________________organismsbeingmorecomplexrequire
cellsto_______________________and___________________________
toperformthesesamefunctions.• Thesecellsare_____________________into:
Tissues
OrgansOrganSystems
Organism