Name: Date: Pd. 1 ZOOLOGY RESOURCE BOOKZOOLOGY RESOURCE BOOK Book Par… · ZOOLOGY RESOURCE...

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________ Pd. ____________ 1

ZOOLOGY RESOURCE BOOKZOOLOGY RESOURCE BOOKZOOLOGY RESOURCE BOOKZOOLOGY RESOURCE BOOK PART 3

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________ Pd. ____________ 2

ZOOLOGY RESOURCE BOOKZOOLOGY RESOURCE BOOKZOOLOGY RESOURCE BOOKZOOLOGY RESOURCE BOOK PART 3PART 3PART 3PART 3

WRITTEN AND COMPILEDWRITTEN AND COMPILEDWRITTEN AND COMPILEDWRITTEN AND COMPILED

FOR THE WOODLAND HILLS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL FOR THE WOODLAND HILLS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL FOR THE WOODLAND HILLS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL FOR THE WOODLAND HILLS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

JULY 1996

REVISED AND UPDATED

JUNE 2003 AUGUST 2005

2006-2007 School Year

BY

J. SMERDEL, J. BLASI, AND D. SCHULLER

Revised 2006-2007 By:

J. Vranka & V. Smith

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________ Pd. ____________ 3DEDICATIONS

Smerdel – To my family who “suffered” through all t he agonies of having a Zoology teacher for their wife and mother.

Schuller – To the countless students who have point ed out mistakes over the past four years. Thank You!

Blasi – To the patient students who learned along w ith me my first year. Thank You!

Vranka – To those who decided to take Zoology despi te what others have told you about it!

Smith – To all of my students who learned through a ll the sights and smells of Zoology.

PHILOSOPHY

This Zoology course is based on the idea that all a nimals are important. Our world and existence must be in constant balance with the diversity of animals in which

we share the Earth. Each animal has a role in a co mplex web of life that makes its’ survival crucial. All organisms deserve our respec t, for if this balance is upset our

lives will ultimately be affected.

This course is designed for students wanting to per use an academic path, especially in the sciences. Material in this class is unique to other sciences, and thus presents an opportunity for the hard working s tudent to achieve success. As an elective course, Zoology is designed to guide it s students to become better learners, more responsible students, and hopefully more conscience observers of the natural world. It not our intent to make the c ourse too hard to be successful in; however, we feel that in challenging our studen ts we provide them with a better way to learn, therefore helping them to becoming be tter and more productive students.

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________ Pd. ____________ 4

ZOOLOGY PRE-LAB REQUIREMENTS

THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION NEEDS TO BE COMPLETE, ALONG WITH ANY OTHER ASSIGNED WORK, PRIOR TO BEGINNING OF ANY LABORATORY EXERCISES. PRE-LABS NEED TO BE COMPLETED IN BLUE OR BLACK INK AND HAND WRITTEN. SKIP A SPACE BETWEEN NAME, TITLE, MATERIALS, AND PROCEDURES. STUDENTS NOT COMPLETING THE PRE-LAB ARE NOT ALLOWED TO DO THE LAB, AND CAN EITHER TURN IN THE LAB WITH AS MUCH FINISHED AS POSSIBLE OR MAKE UP THE LAB AT A LATER TIME. NAME: TITLE: (please include page number with your title) MATERIALS: (please list in a single column) PROCEDURES: (Please break down steps into single actions. Skip spaces between steps. Number steps from 1 - ??) 1. 2. 3. 4. ETC.

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________ Pd. ____________ 5TABLE OF CONTENTS:

UNIT IX – PHYLUM MOLLUSCA Phylum Mollusca Powerpoint Notes………………………………………………….. 7 Squid Lab/Self-Test…………………………………………………………………… 10 Squid Lab Report……………………………………………………………………… 11 Mollusca Review……………………………………………………………………… 12 UNIT X – ARTHROPOD: Introduction to Arthropod Powerpoint Notes………………………………………… 16 Arthropod Again Notes……………………………………………………………….. 18 The Arthropod Story Worksheet……………………………………………………… 21 Crayfish Anatomy Worksheet………………………………………………………… 24 Crayfish Lab…………………………………………………………………………… 25 Crayfish Self-Tests……………………………………………………………………. 27 Crayfish Lab Report…………………………………………………………………… 28 Crayfish Appendage Pictures………………………………………………………….. 31 Crayfish Adaptation Lab………………………………………………………………. 32 Crayfish Adaptation Lab Report………………………………………………………. 33 Study Sheet: Arthropods I & II………………………………………………………… 34 Study Sheet: Arthropods III…………………………………………………………… 35 UNIT XI – ECHINODERMS: Echinodermata Powerpoint Notes…………………………………………………….. 37 Echinodermata Lab……………………………………………………………………. 41 Echinodermata Lab Report/Self Test………………………………………………….. 43 Starfish Anatomy Questions…………………………………………………………… 45 Echinodermata Study Sheet……………………………………………………………. 46 UNIT XII – OVERVIEW OF CHORDATES (AGNATHA, CHONDRIC HTHYES, & OSTEICHTHYES)

Chordata Powerpoint Notes…………………………………………………………… 49 Worksheet: Noncranial Chordates…………………………………………………….. 51 Phylum Chordata Guided Notes………………………………………………………. 52 Study Sheet: Intro to Chordates……………………………………………………….. 54 Shark Lab Report……………………………………………………………………… 55 Shark Lab Self-Tests…………………………………………………………………... 56 Shark Lab Self-Tests Answer Sheet…………………………………………………… 59 Shark Study Sheet I……………………………………………………………………. 60 Shark Study Sheet II…………………………………………………………………… 61 Shark Study Sheet III…………………………………………………………………… 62 Shark Study Sheet IV…………………………………………………………………… 63 Fish Study Sheet………………………………………………………………………… 64

UNIT XIII – CHORDATES PART II (AMPHIBIANS & REPTILE S) Amphibian Powerpoint Notes…………………………………………………………… 66 Phylum Chordata: Amphibian & Reptiles Guided Notes……………………………….. 69 Frog Self-Tests…………………………………………………………………………… 71 Frog Self-Tests Answer Sheet……………………………………………………………. 73 Frog Lab: Dissection List………………………………………………………………… 74 Worksheet for Muscle and Skeleton……………………………………………………… 74 Amphibians WS…………………………………………………………………………... 75 Frog Study Sheet I………………………………………………………………………… 77 Frog Study Sheet II………………………………………………………………………... 78 Reptiles Reading Assignment……………………………………………………………… 80 Turtle Lab Self-Tests………………………………………………………………………. 84 APPENDIX Self test terms to be used…………………………………………………………………85-87

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________ Pd. ____________ 6

UNIT IX: PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________ Pd. ____________ 7

Phylum Mollusca General Characteristics

• _________________ or more species of molluscs. • They share 3 major sets of characteristics:

– Body enclosed by a blanket-like __________that secretes a shell made of _________________ or some other stiffening structure. – A mantle _________ between the mantle and the internal organs; the anus, _________________, and

excretory ducts open into the mantle cavity. – A _________________, muscular foot that is highly modified among the various groups of molluscs.

General Characteristics Cont’d

•

• Invertebrates (lack a backbone)

• Unsegmented

•

• Bilateral symmetry

• Have a ____________________ ______________________

• Simple to complex ___________________ ______________________ Habitats & Niches

• Some mollusc habitats include: – _________________ (mostly) – _________________ (a few) – _________________ (a few)

• Mollusc niches (life-style): – Most live on the ocean bottom and are mostly _________________ – Some are _________________ (the cephalopods)

The six major mollusc classes • There are seven mollusc classes, of which we will study 6 of them. • Those 6 classes are:

– __________________________ (mono=single; placo=shell; phora=bearing) • Ex. _________________

– __________________________ (a=without) • Ex. _________________

– __________________________ (poly=many) • Ex. _________________

– __________________________ (gastro=body cavity; poda=foot) • Ex. _________________, _________________, _________________

– __________________________ (bi=two; valvia=valves) • Ex. _________________

– __________________________ (cephalo=dealing with head; poda=foot) • Ex. _________________, _________________, etc.

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________ Pd. ____________ 8Class Monoplacophora

• _________________ is the only genus in this entire class. • These creatures were discovered in the __________ while dredging the deep ocean. Specifically, they can be

found around South & Central America. • Prior to 1950s only _________________ _________________ were found. • Their specific characteristics include:

– – – • They have _______ pairs of gills & eights pairs of foot retractors. • This segmentation suggests an ancestral relationship with _________________.

Class Aplacophora

• Specific characteristics: – – No _________________, but has a body wall made up of calcium spicules (think of the sponges).

• It is this that puts them in the phylum mollusca – They are generally found on the _________________ _________________.

Class Polyplacophora

• _________________ are the only genus in the class Polyplacophora.

• Their specific characteristics: – Posses a _________________ that consists of 8 overlapping plates. – – – – They have a tongue-like tooth-covered rasping organ (_________________) to scrape algae and other

food. Class Gastropoda

• Most _________________ class of molluscs. • Consists of snails and snail-like creatures. • Specific Characteristics:

– They have a _________________ located shell (often coiled). – They have a well-developed _________________.

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________ Pd. ____________ 9– Visceral mass (organs) is located inside the shell. Their viseral mass is rotated _______ during

development. – They are _________________ or _________________ (carnivorous). – Habitats include: _________________, lake, _______________ _________________, coastal shores,

and land. Class Bivalvia • Specific Characteristics:

– – They have _______ __________held together by powerful muscles. – They have a _________________ located foot that sticks out between the two valves. – Habitats include: _________________ and _________________. – They tend to burrow into ___________ ________or sand or attach to rocks or other shells.

• Large gills are used for respiration and filter feeding. • Food is trapped by mucus on the gills and moved by cilia. Water enters and exits through siphons. Class Cephalopoda • Contains the _________________ molluscs. • Specific Characteristics:

– May lack a _____________ (like an octopus) – Shell may be reduced to a _________________ ________ (like the squid or nautilus) – The foot is highly modified to form a group of _________________ around the mouth. – They are found in deep and shallow waters along many coasts. – Squids & Nautilus are ____________________ and move very quickly. Octopuses are found among rocks

or crawling on the bottom of the ocean. – Complex ____________, two _________________ eyes, excellent eyesight.

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________ Pd. ____________ 10Squid Lab

Directions:

1. Go to the following webpage: http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/animals/squid.html

2. Click on External Morphology.

� Click on each number and write the corresponding structure in your resource book.

3. Click on Funnel Area.


4. Click on Buccal Mass.


5. Click on Male Morphology.


6. Click on Female Morphology.


7. Click on Stellate Ganglion.


Squid Self–Test Pictures:

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________ Pd. ____________ 11

Squid Lab report

Write in your responses from the virtual squid lab. Please be sure to LEARN where the structures are while doing this activity. External Morphology:

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

Funnel Area:

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

Buccal Mass:

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

Male Morphology:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9.

Female Morphology:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9.

Stellate Ganglion:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________ Pd. ____________ 12Complete the following chart using your notes and color plate book. Be specific with both!

Structure Location Function

1. TENTACLES

2. ARMS

3. SUCKERS

4. SIPHON

5. BUCCAL CAVITY

6. JAWS

7. INK SAC

8. CEREBRAL GANGLIA

9. STOMACH

10. RADULA

11. AFFERENT BRANCHIAL

VESSELS

12. EFFERENT BRANCHIAL VESSELS

13. PANCREAS

14. OPTIC NERVES

15. MOUTH

Squid Self-Test:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15. 16.

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________ Pd. ____________ 13Mollusk Review Sheet

1. Most mollusks are _______________________ but some are freshwater and terrestrial. 2. Mollusks have a _____________ part body plan. List the parts ___________________________________

______________________. 3. The _____________ ____________ contains the internal organs, including the digestive tract, paired

kidneys and reproductive organs. 4. The mantle may secrete a ________________ or contribute to gills or lungs. 5. The _________________ _______________ is an organ adapted for locomotion, attachment, food capture,

or a combination of functions. 6. The organ that bears many rows of teeth and is used for grazing on food known as the _________________. 7. Mollusks have a reduced _______________ that is limited to the region around the heart. 8. Most mollusks have an ________________ circulatory system except for the class cephalopoda that have a

_________________ circulatory system. 9. Chitons are in the class ___________________________. 10. Chitons have a shell that consists __________________ overlapping plates. 11. The class __________________ includes snails, terrestrial slugs, whelks, and sea slugs. 12. Many gastropods are herbivores and use their _____________to scrape food from surfaces. Other

gastropods are ________________and use their radula to bore through surfaces such as shells to obtain food.

13. Most gastropods have a ________________ shell. Some such as slugs____________ a shell. 14. The class _____________________ contains clams, oysters, mussels and scallops. 15. The shell of terrestrial snails offers protection and prevents desiccation. What does desiccation mean?

________________________________________________ 16. What is secreted from the muscular food of snails to help in movement? _____________________ 17. Terrestrial gastropods are ______________________ (contain both male and female sex organs). 18. Bivalves have a ____________ part shell, no head, no radula and little cephalization. 19. Bivalves are __________________ feeders; water comes in the ______________ siphon, passes over the

gills where food is trapped. The water and wastes then exit through the excurrent ______________. Gills are also used for _______________.

20. Bivalves have ___________________ sexes.

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________ Pd. ____________ 1421. The class Cephalopoda includes _______________, _______________, ________________, and _________________.

22. Cephalopoda means ______________ _______________. 23. Squids and octopuses propel themselves through the water by ___________ _________________. 24. The muscular foot of cephalopods includes the ______________ and ___________. 25. Cephalopods have well-developed sense organs, eyes and ___________ which show a capacity for

learning. 26. Squids and octopuses have ____________ ____________, which squirt a cloud of ink, to help them escape

from predators. 27. Nautilus are enclosed in shells, squids have a reduced internal shell and octopuses ______________ a shell. 28. Cephalopods have _________________ sexes. 29. Review external squid anatomy - arms, tentacles, suckers, mouth, beak, eyes, lens, cornea, siphon, and fins. 30. Review internal squid anatomy - mantle, pen, ovary, testis, caecum, nidamental glands (pancreas/liver),

branched heart, gills, kidney, stomach, ink sac.

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________ Pd. ____________ 15

UNIT X: PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________ Pd. ____________ 16Intro To Arthropods

Overview

• There are _____________________ known species of arthropods. – If you include all those species that have not yet been discovered the number is more likely in the

________________. – This is more ________________ in this one ______________ than you would get by grouping all

members of all other phyla together.

• There are _______________ insects for each person on this Earth.

• There are so many ________________ & tiny crustaceans that together they outweigh all the ___________________ on Earth.

Habitat

• Given that there are ______________ different species, they are found in ____________ __________ habitats on Earth. – Many crustaceans live in the __________ at depths exceeding _______________. (That’s 2.5 miles

deep) – Insect collembolans and jumping spiders have been found on ____________ ______________ at

heights exceeding _______________________. (That’s 4 MILES high.) – Collembolans and the orbatid mites live in ______________________. – Brine shrimp are found in some _____________________ lakes. – Beetles, mites, and various crustaceans can live in _____________ _________________. – Tiny crustaceans inhabit ______________________ waters. – ___________________ support a large arthropod population, especially insects and arachnids.

Niches

• All are ________________________, and the aspects of their niche that affect humans include: – Many species of ______________ and _________________ attack food crops and timber. – _____________________ of all flowering plants are pollinated by insects. – Soil and leaf-mold arthropods, which include insects, mites, myriapods, and some crustaceans (pill

bugs), play an important role in the formation of _____________ from decomposed leaf litter and wood.

– To protect themselves many arthropods (insects) will sting their attacker. Medical Importance

• Medically, arthropods are significant as carriers of diseases, including: – – Yellow fever – – African sleeping sickness (via tsetse

flies) – – bubonic plague (via fleas) – Rocky Mountain spotted fever (via ticks) –

17 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ Arthropod Characteristics

• What makes an organism an arthropod? – – Segmented Body with paired ____________________ – _____________________ symmetry – ___________ ____________ digestive system (mouth and anus) – Open ________________________ system – Separate _______________

Arthropod Subphyla & Classes

• There are many different classes of Arthropods, including: – Class Merostomata (horseshoe crabs, eurypterids) – Class _____________________ (spiders, ticks, mites) – Class _____________________ – Class Chilopoda (centipedes) – Class Diplopoda (millipedes) – Class _____________________

18 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ Arthropods Again: The Crustacean

The Crustacean • The first type of arthropod that we will study is the ________________________. • There are about _______________ species in this class. They include:

o Barnacles o o Lobster o o Crab

Crustacean Body Plan • Crustaceans have a body plan that consists of:

o ________________________________ consisting of: • _______________, consisting of five segments giving off appendages • _____________________ Segments – generally modified for food handling or movement

o _______________________ – usually segmented, but may or may not have appendages. The Crayfish • Our crustacean of choice to study is the crayfish. We will complete a lab the week of March 20th. • Like other crustaceans, the crayfish has a head, thorax, and abdomen.

o Specifically it has: � ____ ___________ segments � ____ ____________________ segments � ____ ____________________ segments

Crayfish Segments • In the crayfish, each segment gives rise to a specific ______________ which has specific functions. • You will need to know and study what these appendages are, and what their functions are.

19 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ Head Appendages • Head Segment 1: give off ______________________ that are used as _______________

________________. • Head Segment 2: give off ___________________ that are also used as _______________

________________. • Head Segment 3: give off _________________ around the mouth that are used to _________ and

______________ food. • Head Segment 4 & 5: give off _________________ that are used to ___________ the food around so that it

can be put in the ________________. Thoracic Appendages • Thoracic Segments 6-8: give off ____________________ which are also used to ___________________

food. • Thoracic Segment 9: ___________________ (___________________)are used for ___________________,

getting, and manipulating __________. • Thoracic Segments 10-13: ______________ _________, which are used for ___________________. Abdominal Appendages • Abdominal Segments 14-18: give off ___________________, which create ___________________

___________________, enhance air movement to gills, hold eggs in females, and are modified as reproductive structures in males.

• Abdominal Segment 19: ___________________ (which houses the anus)– used for waste ___________________ and ___________________. Both structures can be used as a paddle to allow for rapid ___________________ underwater.

Crayfish Internal Structures • Do not lose these notes, as this picture will greatly help you with your self-test.

20 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ Get to Know the Exoskeleton • The dorsal and lateral parts of the ___________________ are covered with the _________________.

o The carapace has an anterior extension known as the ___________________. • The ventral plates is called the ___________________. • The abdominal skeletal plates are known as the ___________________. • All of these structures comprise the ___________________ and act as ___________________ for internal

organs. Crayfish Muscular System • Inside the thoracic and abdominal segments are ___________________ ___________________,

___________________, and vessels. o The abdominal segments are nearly filled with ___________________ tissue. o These muscles are used to power the appendages of the abdominal regions: ___________________.

Crayfish Digestive System • Mouth -> esophagous -> stomach -> digestive gland -> intestine -> anus • Their stomach is divided into a ___________________

region and a ___________________ region. o The cardiac chamber has calcified plates that act like ___________________ to grind up food into ___________________ bits. o The food then moves to the pyloric region and moves on as listed above.

Crayfish Excretory System • The excretory system is made up of ___________________ glands. • While these glands are capable of some excretion, they cannot handle all of the chemical & water balance

needs. o The ___________________ play the largest role in regulating body fluids.

Crayfish Circulatory System • Crayfish have ___________________ circulatory systems.

o They have ___________________, but the vessels empty into ___________________. o The blood from the sinuses is then returned to the heart in ___________________, not vessels. o So, though there are vessels, they empty into sinuses – so it is still considered an open system.

Crayfish Respiration • Respiration occurs through the ___________________ (found from thoracic segment 2-6). • Water is circulated over the gills by movement of a paddle-like __________ ____________ which moves

with the second ___________________.

21 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ THE ARTHROPOD STORY

Introduction:

1. Arthropods have been around for _________________ years. 2. There are ___________ insects for each person of Earth.

3. There are so many _____________, tiny crustaceans, that together they outweigh all the

_____________ on Earth. Habitat & Distribution:

1. Define Habitat:

2. List 3 extreme habitats where arthropods are found: • • •

Ecological Niche:

1. Define Niche:

2. Describe the unique niche of 2 arthropods: • •

What is an arthropod:

1. List the 6 branches (classes) of the arthropod tree. • • • • • •

2. List the 6 characteristics common to all arthropods. • • • • • •

COLORPLATE INTRODUCTION (CP 38 AND 41) Subphylum Chelicerata (approximately 60,000 species)

Characterized by:

22 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ 1. Body divided into _________________(fused head/thorax) and __________________.

2. 6 pairs of appendages • 1st pair are _______________ - claw or pincer bearing • 2nd pair are _______________

• 3rd – 6th pairs are ______________

3. Usually segmented abdomen, generally no appendages

2 Major Classes:

• Merostomata – an example is the _________________, whose habitat is

________________________________.

• Arachnidia – examples include ______________________________________ whose habitat is

generally _____________________ and whose niche is typically _____________________.

Subphylum Mandibulata (nearly 900,000 species) Characterized by one of the following:

1. A cephalothorax and abdomen (same as Chelicerates) 2. A head, thorax, and abdomen

3. A head and a trunk of similar or identical segments Shared characteristics include: 1. Collection of appendages that surround the mouth and form jaws (_________________ and ____________________)

2. Pair of sensory _______________

4 Classes of Mandibulates:

• Crustacea – examples of which include _________________________________________ and

whose habitat is largely ____________________. Their body plan consists of a

________________ and _______________.

• Insecta – examples of which include ________________________________________ and

whose habitat is largely ___________________. Their body plan consists of a

________________, _________________, and _________________.

23 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ • Chilopoda – an example of which is __________________ and whose habitat is

_________________________.

• Diplopoda – an example of which is __________________ and whose habitat is

__________________________.

CHILOPODA/DIPLOPODA COMPARISON Contrast 5 characteristics of the niches of chilopodas and diplopodas. CHILOPODA DIPLOPODA 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5.

24 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ CRAYFISH ANATOMY WORKSHEET

Directions: Use Color Plate 42 & 43 & your notes to answer the following questions.

1. Fill in the following chart by naming the appendages connected to the segments listed in the left-hand column and give the function of each appendage. There may be some duplication of functions. Head Segments Appendage Name Function

1

2

3

4

5

Thoracic Segments

6

7

8

9

10-13

Abdominal Segments

14-18

19

2. The interior of the abdomen of the crayfish is filled almost entirely with what kind of tissue? Explain why.

3. The crayfish has teeth in its stomach. Explain this statement.

4. What type of circulatory system does the crayfish have (open or closed)? Describe in your own words the circulation of blood through the crayfish. Be sure to explain how it circulates through the gills and returns to the heart.

25 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ CRAYFISH LAB REPORT

Introduction: Using CP 44, compare the crustaceans lobster, shrimp, and crab. Identify two similarities of all three and at least one difference for each of the three. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

EXTERNAL : Place a crayfish specimen in a dissecting pan and examine the external anatomy.

1. Is the outside of the body hard or is it rather soft? _______________________ 2. Does it have an exoskeleton? _______________________

The segmented hind portion is the abdomen.

3. Is the anterior portion clearly divided into a separate head and thorax, or are the two firmly united? _______________________

4. What is this area of the carapace referred to as? _______________________ 5. Is the anterior part of the body divided into segments? _______________________

The covering of this part of the body is called the carapace and is subdivided into a number of regions by grooves.

6. What is the name of the groove found between the head and the thorax? _______________________ 7. What is the name of the sharp projection found between the eyes? _______________________ 8. Is this considered a projection of the carapace? _______________________.

Directly beneath the rostrum are the eyes, which are placed on short, thick, movable stalks.

9. Do the eyes appear to be simple or compound? _______________________ Locate the anus at the posterior end of the abdomen. The central flap-like projection behind the anus is the telson.

10. Is the anus located on the ventral or on the dorsal side? _______________________ THE APPENDAGES:

11. Are the appendages of the body segmented or not? _______________________ Just below the eyes are two pairs of slender appendages; the upper pair are the antennules and the lower pair are the antennae. Please write the name of the appendage.

12. Which of these is longer? _______________________ 13. Which is made up of two thread-like parts per organ and jointed at the base to a thicker stalk?

_______________________ Such a doubly branched appendage is said to be biramous. At the base of this appendage is the opening of the green glands, which serve as excretory organs. Examine the base of the antennae.

14. Do they have a sort of branch near their base, too? _______________________ 15. Would you consider the antenna to be modified type of biramous or uniramous appendage?

_______________________ The appendages next in sequence are the mandibles, or jaws, which appear as hard gray objects on the mid-ventral line. Gently pry open the mandibles with a blunt instrument.

16. Do they appear to move from side to side as those of the grasshopper or up-and-down as do your jaw? _______________________

26 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ Note the little side branches of each mandible.

17. Would you consider these to be uniramous or biramous appendages? _______________________ Before studying the appendages further, examine the crayfish with part of the carapace on the lower left side of the body removed (your teacher will do this for you). The gills will be exposed, which will be seen as grayish feathery projections that are massed completely together. Move some of the legs gently.

18. Do the gills also move when you move the legs? _______________________ 19. Why or why not? ____________________________________________________________________

Locate some of the gills and note that they are attached to the bases of appendages. Now, behind the mandible on each side, find the short fan-like structures, the maxillae, which lie so closely together as they appear as one. These, together with the next three pairs of longer appendages, the maxillipeds are used in handling food, circulating water, and the like. Move the appendages one by one.

20. Do most of the maxillipeds appear to be biramous or uniramous? _______________________ 21. Do all the maxillipeds have gills? _______________________ 22. Which ones do not have gills? _______________________

The five pairs of long appendages behind the shorter ones are the periopods or walking legs. The first one bears a large claw or pincher, and is called the cheliped.

23. Are the chelipeds biramous or uniramous? _______________________ 24. Which other pairs of walking legs have claws? _______________________ 25. Which ones do not have gills? _______________________ 26. How many segments are found on the third pair of walking legs? _______________________ 27. How many segments are found on the fourth pair of walking legs? _______________________ 28. How many segments are found on the first and second pair of walking legs?

_______________________ Zoologists believe that the pincher is composed of the last two segments of the legs.

29. Would all the walking legs have equal number of segments if you include the two composing the claw? _______________________

On the ventral side of the abdomen are a number of shorter appendages called swimmerets. The first two pairs are modified for sexual purposes. In the male, the first pair or two are usually thickened and lengthened, whereas in the female, the first pair is thread-like and may be tucked out of sight between the bases of the last pair of walking legs. Examine your specimen.

30. What is its sex? Please use the symbols for male and female. _______________________ 31. How many pairs of swimmerets are present? _______________________ 32. Are the swimmerets biramous or uniramous? _______________________

The last pair of abdominal appendages are flattened and fan-like; they are the uropods located on each side of the telson.

33. What is the function of the uropod and telson? ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

34. Are they uniramous or biramous? _______________________ Count carefully the number of different kinds of appendages found on your crayfish.

35. How many different kinds of appendages are there? _______________________ 36. How many pairs of appendages are there? _______________________

27 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________

PLEASE LOOK AT THE APPENDAGES SET IN THE PLASTIC BL OCK FOR ADDITIONAL HELP WITH THESE LAB PROCEDURES.

Morphology of a crayfish: edible freshwater crustacean, with pincers on the two forelegs.

Claw: ends of the largest of a crayfish limbs. Rostrum: extension of a crayfish's shell.

Head: foremost part of a crayfish.

Thorax: upper part of a crayfish's body. Abdomen: lower part of a crayfish's body.

Exopodite: external part of the uropod. Endopodite: internal part of the uropod.

Uropod: swimming appendage of the crayfish. Telson: last segment of the abdomen of a crayfish.

Segment: ring of the abdomen of a crayfish.

Walking leg: limb of a crayfish used for forward motion. Coumpond eye (stalked eye): complex sight organ of a crayfish.

Antennule: small antenna. Cheliped: front leg which ends in pincers.

Antenna: organ of touch of a crayfish.

28 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ CRAYFISH SELF TESTS

28.

30.

29.

29 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ SELF TEST for the Crayfish. CP 42

1. ______________________________

2. ______________________________

3. ______________________________

4. ______________________________

5. ______________________________

6. ______________________________

7. ______________________________

8. ______________________________

9. ______________________________

10. ______________________________

11. ______________________________

12. ______________________________

13. ______________________________

14. ______________________________

15. ______________________________

16. ______________________________

17. ______________________________

18. ______________________________

19. ______________________________

20. ______________________________

21. ______________________________

22. ______________________________

23. ______________________________

24. ______________________________

25. ______________________________

26. ______________________________

27. ______________________________

28. ______________________________

29. ______________________________

30. ______________________________

30 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ CRAYFISH ADAPATATIONS LAB

MATERIALS • Live Crayfish • Small Rock

• Probe • Flashlight

OBJECTIVES: To examine the external adaptations of a crayfish. To observe the behavior of a crayfish. PROBLEM: What structural and behavioral adaptation can be observed in a crayfish?

Crayfish live in nearly all bodies of fresh water that contain lime. They dig holes in banks, and the water in which they live is often murky.

The segmented appendages of the crayfish carry on several different functions. The swimmeret is considered the basic type of crustacean appendage. Appendages that are similar in origin and structure, but have a different function, are referred to as homologous structures. PROCEDURES:

Put a living crayfish in the aquarium or a large fingerbowl and cover it with water. Notic that that body of the crayfish is divided into two distinct regions: the cephalothorax and the abdomen. Observe the carapace covering the cephalothorax. The abdomen ends in a reduced abdominal segment called the telson.

Notice the cervical groove that marks the division between the head and the thorax. Observe that the carapace extends forward. This forms a horny beak called the rostrum. Notice the location of the eyes. Record the observations in questions 1-3 on the Data Sheet. The most anterior appendages are the branced antennule. Locate the antennae, which are attached to the head, posterior to the antenulles. Record your observation in question 4 on the Data Sheet. Now, arrange the small aquarium so you can observe the mouthparts of the crayfish. Record your observations in question 5 on the Data Sheet. The thorax has eight pairs of appendages. Three pairs are maxillipeds and are used in handling food. Five pairs are legs. Try to identify all eight pairs. Compare the maxillipeds to the walking legs. Notice that the first pair of legs are well=developed chelipeds. The next four pairs of legs are called walking legs. Record your observations in question 6 on the Data Sheet. Arrange the aquarium so you can observe the ventral surface of the abdomen. The abdominal appendages of the crayfish are called swimmerets. In the female the first pair of swimmerets are small. In the male the first two pairs are modified for transferring sperm. Determine the sex of your specimen. The sixth pair of swimmerets are enlarged to form the uropods. The uropods and the telson form the powerful tail fin used in backward swimming. Find the anal opening on the ventral side of the telson. Now, place a rock in the bottom of the aquarium. Observe the behavior of the crayfish for five minutes and record your observations in questions 7 and 8 on the Data Sheet. Touch the antenna with a probe and observe its reaction. Answer question 9. Shine the flashlight on the anterior end of the crayfish. Then shine in on the posterior end. Observe the reactions. Answer question 10. Put 5 drops of saturated salt solution in the water near the animal and observe the results. Answer question 11.

31 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ CRAYFISH ADAPATATIONS LAB REPORT

1. How many segments are on the abdomen?

2. How many pieces make up the carapace?

3. Where are the large compound eyes in relation to the rostrum?

4. Describe the structure of the antennules and antennae.

5. How do the mouthparts move?

6. Compare the maxillipeds.

7. How does the crayfish respond to the rock?

8. How does the crayfish walk?

9. Describe the reaction to touch on antennae.

10. Describe the reaction to light.

11. Describe the reaction to the saturated salt solution.

32 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ STUDY SHEET ARTHROPODS I – C.P. 38 & 41

38 – INTRODUCTION TO ARTHROPHODS

1. What makes up the exoskeleton?

2. Where is the exoskeleton?

3. Why are these animals called Arthropods?

4. What are three characteristics of the Subphylum Chelicerata?

5. Why are Chelicerate Arthropods different than other Arthropods?

6. What is a cephalthorax?

7. What are the two classes of Chelicerates?

8. List five examples of Arachnids?

9. How do Arachnids kill their prey?

10. What is the function of chelicerae?

11. What is the function of pedipalps?

12. What characterizes mites and ticks?

13. Describe the body of a spider?

14. What do all spiders produces?

41- INTRODUCTION TO ARTHROPODS II

15. What are three characteristics of Mandibulate Arthropods?

16. What surrounds the mouth of all mandibulates?

17. How are the three groups of mandibulates organized?

18. Describe the appendages around the mouth of a crustacean?

19. What are the functions of the appendages of the abdomen?

20. What do all of the appendages have in common?

21. What type of thoracic appendages have the gills?

22. Why are the insects the most successful organisms on rules?

23. Describe the body plan of insects?

24. What is on an insect’s head?

25. What is on an insect’s thorax?

26. Describe the insects abdomen.

27. Give at least two ways centipedes differ from millipedes?

33 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ STUDY SHEET ARTHROPOD III CRAYFISH/CRUSTACEAN C.P. 42-44

CRAYFISH: EXTERNAL STRUCTURES – C.P. 42

1. Name the two body regions of the crayfish.

2. Name the parts and number of segments that make up the cephalothorax.

3. What is the anterior extension of the carapace?

4. What is located at the end of the pedicles?

5. Name the two pairs of sensory appendages located on the head?

6. What are the functions of the mandibles with the palps?

7. What do the two pairs of maxillae do?

8. Where are the maxillae located? Name their functions.

9. Where are the cheliped located and name their function?

10. Where are the gonopores located?

11. What is located under the telson?

12. What is made possible with the telson and uropods?

13. What do swimmerets do?

14. What additional function do swimmerets have in females?

CRAYFISH II : INTERNAL STRUCTURES – C.P. 43

15. What is the ventral transverse skeletal plate called?

16. Where are the thoracic viscera and abdominal structures located?

17. What is the function of the muscles located in the cephalothorax?

18. What do muscles in the abdominal region surround?

19. What occurs in the cardiac region of the stomach? In the pyloric?

20. What is the function of the green glands?

21. What are the main excretory organs in the crayfish?

22. What causes circulation of the water over the gills?

COMPARISON OF SOME CRUSTACEAN BODY FORMS – C.P. 44

23. What are decapods?

24. What determines the differences between the abdomen and abdominal appendages and the

cephalothorax in the decapods?

25. Who has the shortest and widest body of the decapods?

26. What enhances water conservation in the crabs?

34 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________

UNIT XI: PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA

35 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ Phylum Echinodermata:

echinos = spiny derma = skin ata = to bear

General Characteristics:

1.

2.

3.

Special Note: The larval forms are bilaterally symmetrical. This symmetry is lost during transition to

adulthood.

Why transition from bilateral symmetry in larvae to radial symmetry in adults?

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

Pentaradial symmetry:

-

-

Why 5 arms instead of 6?

•

•

Additions to our directional terminology:

Aboral: Oral:

Habitat :

-

-

-

36 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ Niche:

-

-

o

o

o

o

Classes of Echinodermata:

Class Stelleroidea:

examples: sea stars (starfish), brittle stars

*sea stars:

- general characteristics:

1.

2.

3.

- found on pier pilings and rocks in tide pools along coasts

*brittle stars:

- general characteristics:

1.

2.

3.

- found on the seashore, burrowed in sand or deep sea sediments or under rocks and

kelp

Class Echinoidea

examples: sand dollars, sea urchins

*sand dollars

37 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ - general characteristics

1.

2.

3.

4.

*sea urchins

- general characteristics

1.

2.

3.

Class Holothruoidea

examples: sea cucumbers, feather stars

*sea cucumbers


1.

2.

- found on the sea bottom, often partially submerged in mud or sand, or among

intertidal rocks

*feather stars


1.

2.

38 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ Digestive System:

o

o

Reproduction:

o

o

Nervous System:

o

o

o

39 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ ECHINODERMATA LAB: STARFISH

The phylum Echinodermata consists of familiar seashore animals commonly known as starfish, sea

urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies. The phylum is so named because of the presence of spiny

plates (calcareous ossicles), which form a dermal skeleton. Echinoderms are typically radially symmetrical

(although the larva is bilaterally symmetrical) and they have true coeloms arising as outpocketings from

embryonic mesoderm of the gut. It is on the basis of this last characteristic, and because the bilateral larva more

closely resembles the chordate larva, that the echinoderms are said to be more closely related to the chordates.

An unique feature of the echinoderms is a derivative of the coelom known as the water vascular system.

Although a circulatory system is present, it is greatly reduced. Thus, the coelomic fluid acts as the principal

medium for the transport of food, respiratory gases, and so forth. There are no excretory organs and thus

enchinoderms have little capacity for ionic exchange, which explain why this group of organisms has never

invaded fresh waters. The phylum is divided into at least ten distinct classes but only the following five include

live species:

• Class Asteroidea (starfish): having a star-shaped body, with five to twenty-five arms, that are covered by a flexible

spine skeleton

• Class Crinoidea (feather stars and sea lilies): having a flower-like body with many slender branched arms

• Class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars): having a body with a central disc and five distinct slender jointed arms

• Class Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars): having a cynlindrical or disc-shaped body in a shell of fused plates

that bear moveable spines.

• Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers): having a soft wormlike body with no arms or spines.

CLASS ASTEROIDEA (STARFISH)

The simplest and perhaps most familiar of all echinoderms is the starfish. The common starfish, Asterias, found

on the Atlantic coast of North America is a typical example of this class. Starfish crawl on the shallow bottom

or in tide pools among the rocks and sand of the seashore and coral reef. They have been serious predators of

oysters. At one time oyster fishermen caught starfish, cut them up, and threw them back into the ocean. Then it

was discovered that each of the pieces could regenerate and grew into another starfish. Today, “sea mops” made

of cloth are dragged over the oyster beds to entrap the starfish. They are then exposed to the sun to dry.

PRE-LAB QUESTIONS:

1. Why are starfish considered to be more closely related to chordates?

2. What is one unique feature of echinoderms?

3. Compare and constrast the classes: Asteroidea, Crinoidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea.

4. Where are starfish found?

5. What interesting aspect of starfish was discovered by oyster fisherman?

6. How are starfish caught?

40 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ ECHINODERMATA LAB: STARFISH

1. External Aatomy Examine a preserved specimen and notes that the body is composed of a central disc from which radiate

five arms or rays. Some of the specimens may have fewer arms but this is usually because they have been broken off in handling. Some starfish have more than five arms and in rare cases, specimens with as many as twenty-five have been found. The oral, or ventral, surface of each arm contains grooves extending outward from the centrally located mouth. The spiny surface is the aboral or dorsal, surface. Locate the madeporite plate, a small, porous, button-like structure at on side of the aboral surface. The spines of the aboral surface are part of small calcareous plates (ossicles) that lie buried beneath the integument. These plates form the exoskeleton. Around the spines are many minute pincher-like pedicellariae. Each pedicellaria has two jaws that are moved by muscles and that open and shut when touched they keep the body surface clean of debris and may also help to capture food.

The groove on the oral surface of each arm is called the ambulucral groove. Along the sides of the ambulucral groove are a series of flexible spines that can lie across the groove for protection. Located in these grooves are rows of small, finger-like projections called tube feet, which are organs of locomotion. IF you separate the tube feet, you may be able to see the thick, which radial nerve cord that runs down the center of each arm. At the tip of each arm locate the small, light sensitive, eye spot. These light sensitive tips are thrust upward during locomotion.

2. Internal Anatomy

Cut off the tip of one of the arms and then make longitudinal cuts on one side of the arm to the central disc. Carefully remove the aboral surface to expose the internal organs. Note that most of the coelom in each arm is taken up by two highly branched digestive glands, the hepatic caeca. Examine the glands with a hand lens or dissecting microscope and note the numerous lobes that secrete digestive enzymes. The two main ducts of these glands join at the base of the arm to form the pyloric duct, which enters the centrally located saclike stomach. A ventral mouth and a short esophagus lead directly into the stomach, which consists of a lower cardiac stomach, which is lobed, and an upper pyloric stomach. During feeding, the cardiac stomach is everted through the mouth. The food is partly digested and passed into the pyloric stomach which empties into the anus located in the center of the aboral disc. Two small rectal caeca can usually be found near the anus. These caeca are thought to function as temporary storage areas for waste products.

Cut the pyloric duct where it enters the stomach and remove the hepatic area. If the starfish was caught during the breeding season, the arms will be filled with the gonads (reproductive organs). At other times the gonads are normally very small.

The male and female gonads look alike. The ovaries of the female produce spherical eggs that are considerably larger than the sperm. Eggs and sperm are discharged into the water where fertilization takes place.

The water vascular system of the starfish consists of a series of seawater-filled ducts that function in locomotion and feeding. To study this system, carefully remove the reproductive organs and remaining parts of the digestive system – the stomach and anus. Be careful not to damage the sieve plate. Water enters this system through a sieve-like madreporite, which is connected to a circular ring canal by the stone canal. The water is then distributed to the radial canals that are in each of the rays. The margin of the ring canal bears Tiedemann’s bodies, which apparently produce the free amoboecytes found in the water vascular system.

Lining the ridge through which each radial canal passes is a double row of bulb-like structures called ampullae. These structures are connected to the tube feet, which project from the ambulucral groove on the under surface of each ray. Water from the radial canal collects in the ampullae. Contraction of the ampullae causes the tube feet to elongate as water is forced into them. Expansion of the ampullae results in shortening of the tube feet. Thus, thorugh the use of small suction discs at the end of each tube foot and the alternale expansion and contraction of the ampullae, the starfish is able to move.

41 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________

STARFISH LAB REPORTSTARFISH LAB REPORTSTARFISH LAB REPORTSTARFISH LAB REPORT Lab Group #______ Pd. ______ Date _____________________ Members:

• •

Introduction: Using CP 58 and pg.52 in the RB to list the three characteristics all echinoderms share. Explain how radial symmetry is an advantage for echinoderms. Describe the niche and the habitat of echinoderms. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Results: Please read the procedures outlined on pg. 53-54 in the resource book. 1. Locate the structures listed in the dissection list. Be sure to be signed off by your teacher. EXTERNAL 1. DISC 2. ARM/RAYS 3. MADREPORITE PLATE 4. AMBULACRAL GROOVE 5. SPINES 6. TUBE FEET 7. MOUTH

INTERNAL 8. CECUM 9. PYLORIC DUCT 10. ESOPHAGUS 11. PYLORIC STOMACH 12. GONADS 13. RING CANAL 14. STONE CANALS 15. RADIAL CANALS 16. AMPULLA 17. TUBE FEET

2. CHART STRUCTURE LOCATION FUNCTION 1. MADREPORITE PLATE

2. PEDICELLARIA

3. AMBULACRAL GROOVE

4. TENTACLE

5. TUBE FEET

6. MOUTH

42 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ 7. PYLORIC/HEPATIC CECA

8. CARDIAC STOMACH

9. PYLORIC STOMACH

10. GONADS

11. DERMAL GILLS

12.AMPULLAE

13. WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM

Starfish Self-Test using C.P. 59. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. I don’t know what

happened to #6!! 7.

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

43 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ STARFISH ANATOMY

C.P. 59 1. Name the major structures of the water vascular system of the starfish.

2. Describe the function of the water vascular system of the starfish.

3. How do the tubefeet stick to the objects they touch?

4. Describe the structures making up the endoskeleton of the starfish.

C.P. 60 5. Describe the structure, location, and function of the dermal gills.

6. What are pedicellariae, and why are they important for the proper functioning of the dermal gills?

7. Explain the following statement: A starfish can stick its stomach out at its prey.

8. How do starfish reproduce? (2 ways)

44 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ STUDY SHEET ECHINODERMS

INTRODUCTION TO ECHINODERMS – C.P. 58

1. What three characteristics do all Echinoderms have in common?

2. What type of symmetry does the larvae show?

3. What does the radial symmetry of the echinoderms make possible?

4. What are the aboral and oral surfaces on the echinoderm?

5. What are the four ways that echinoderms can get their food?

6. What is the most common echinoderm?

7. How do brittle stars differ from sea stars?

8. What is on the aboral surface of the sand dollar?

9. What is the function of tube feet in the sand dollar?

10. What is fused in the sea urchin?

11. What characterizes the sea cucumber?

12. Where do sea cucumbers live?

13. What is the most primitive echinoderm?

SEA STAR I: EXTERNAL STRUCTURES – C.P. 59

14. On what surface is the mouth located?

15. What supports the body?

16. What pushes up through the epidermal-lined surface?

17. What is the function of the madreporite? Where is it located?

18. What is located inside the ambulucral groove?

19. What makes up the water vascular system? What is its function?

20. What is the stone canal?

21. From what does the radial canals project?

22. What branches off the radial canals? Where do they lead?

23. Describe how the tube feet are extended and retracted?

SEA STAR II: INTERNAL FEATURES – C.P. 60

24. List the five parts of the body wall?

25. What are the functions of the pedicellariae?

26. What is the difference between the visceral and parietal peritoneum?

27. Where are the stomachs located?

28. What occurs before the prey can be brought into the body?

45 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________

UNIT XII: PHYLUM CHORDATA

CLASSES: AGNATHA, CHONDRICHTHYES, AND OSTEICHTHYES

46 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ Phylum Chordata

(Around 45,000 species found in every possible habitat throughout the planet Earth.) General characteristics of member of this phylum:

1. bilaterally symmetrical, ______________ animals deuterostome –

2. 4 unique characteristics present at some stage in development:

a. b. c. d.

Notochord • The notochord is:

o A supportive rod that extends most of the length of the animal

dorsal to the body cavity and into the tail

Pharyngeal Slits: • Dorsal Tubular Nerve Cord: • Postanal Tail: • Examples of chordates:

• sea squints (or tunicates) • • lampreys • • • bony fishes • frogs, toads, salamanders • alligators, snakes, lizards • •

47 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ The representative member of the phylum Chordata we will begin with is the spiny dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias. phylum ________________ (_______________________________________________________________) → subphylum _________________ (______________________________________ → class _______________________________ (____________________________________) → subclass ________________________________

The spiny dogfish shark, ______________________________. a.k.a piked dogfish, skittledog, spotted dogfish, white-spotted dogfish, codshark, and thorndog

Useful information concerning your specimen: Habitat: • worldwide distribution, from the _____________________ to the __________________ regions, from the

_____________ waters of the __________________ to depths of _________ fathoms (________________) Niche: • They are voracious eaters, feeding on:

o o o

o o o

• omnivorous – Life span: • Typically from _____________ years. Reproduction: • _______________________________; most shark “pups” hatch internally, and continue their development

within the _________________ of the mother • ___________________________ – born alive as much smaller versions of the adult • Gestation period up to _____________ (the ______________ of any vertebrate) Adaptations: • Sharks do not drink ____________?! The regulate their osomotic pressure by retaining a high concentration

of ___________ and other ____________ in their body fluids. Water enters their cells by _____________. • The lack a __________________________ as seen in most bony fish. • The above 2 facts are responsible for the following interesting fact. Sharks must _________

______________ in order to survive. If they stop moving they _________ because they are somewhat heavier than the water they displace. If stopped, they sink, and will be crushed by the _____________________ of the deep ocean. Sharks of the deeper ocean must continue to move from the moment of _____________ to the moment of ______________!

48 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ WORKSHEET: Noncranial Chordates

Directions: Using color plate 61, answer the following questions. 1. How is the nerve cord of animals in Phylum Chordata different from the nerve cords in other animals? 2. What is the notochord? In what stage of development is the notochord well developed in numbers of Phylum

Chordata? 3. What replaces the notochord in adult sharks and adult higher vertebrates? 4. Describe the unique features of the pharynx of a Phylum Chordata embryo. 5. How do fish use the unique features of the pharynx to help in respiration? 6. What is the major difference between Subphylum Vertebrata and the other two subphyla (Urochordata and

Cephalochordata) in Phylum Chordata?

49 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ PHYLUM CHORDATA

FISH C.P. 70 CLASSES: AGNATHA, CHONDRICHTHYES, AND OSTEICHTHYES

A. CLASS AGNATHA (AG-NAH-THE)

1. Commonly referred to as what? 2. List the common characteristics of agnates:

a. Skin – b. Support/Skeleton –

c. Appendages/Fins –

d. Mouth –

e. Habitat –

f. Niche –

3. Examples -

B. CLASS CHONDRICTHYES (CON-DREE-ICK-THESE) 1. Commonly referred to as what? 2. List the common characteristics of chondricthyes:

a. Skin – b. Support/Skeleton –

c. Appendages/Fins –

d. Mouth –

e. Habitat –

f. Niche –

3. Examples –

C. CLASS OSTEICHTHYES (O-STEE-IKE-THESE)

1. Commonly referred to as what? 2. List the common characteristics of osteichthyes:

a. Support/skeleton – b. Importance –

3. Examples –

50 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ D. Comparing the Sharks and Bony fish: CP 72 (Using text and pictures)

CHARACTERISTIC SHARK BONY FISH 1. Scales (List the types)

2. Presence of spiracles (y/n) & (purpose)

3. Teeth

4. Location of the mouth on the body

5. Gill Slits (type)

6. Lateral line present (y/n) & (purpose)

7. Types of fins

51 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ STUDY SHEET - INTRODUCTION TO CHORDATES

C.P. 61, 67, 68 INTRODUCTION TO CHORDATES – C.P. 61

1. What three structures do all Chordates exhibit at some time?

2. How does the chordate’s nerve cord differ from the invertebrates?

3. What is the notochord?

4. What replaces the notochord in sharks? In vertebrates?

5. Where are the vestiges of the notochord in adult mammals?

6. Describe the pharynx of the embryos of all Chordates.

7. What replaces the gill slits in other vertebrates?

8. What is formed by some pharyngeal pouches and gill in adults?

9. What are the two groups of Chordates?

10. Give two examples of the noncranial chordates and their subphylum.

11. What is the name of the subphylum of chordates with a cranium?

12. List the seven classes of Vertebrates and give an examples of each.

TUNICATE METAMORPHOSIS C.P. – 67

13. Give three characteristics of larval tunicates.

14. What happens to the notochord and nerve chord during metamorphosis?

15. What are two common names of Tunicates?

16. Where are Tunicates usually found?

17. What three thing happen during Tunicate Metamophosis?

18. What is the Tunic?

AMPHIOXUS – C.P. 68

19. What is an amphioxus?

20. What is located in the dermis?

21. Where is the transverse muscle located? What is its function?

22. What makes up the notochord?

23. What is present in the ventral aorta, that takes the place of a heart?

24. What is the vestibule?

25. What is the function of the cirri?

26. What is the function of the velum and tentacles?

27. What enhances digestion?

52 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ SHARK LAB REPORTSHARK LAB REPORTSHARK LAB REPORTSHARK LAB REPORT

Lab Group #______ Members: ___________________________, _____________________________

External Anatomy:

1. Caudal Fin 2. Tail 3. Trunk 4. Head 5. Eye

6. Spiracle 7. Gill Slits 8. Pectoral Fin 9. Lateral Line Canal 10. Pelvic Fin

11. Caudal Fin 12. Posterior Dorsal Fin 13. Fin Spine 14. Anterior Dorsal Fin

Score: _______/14 Teacher Sign-Off: _________________________ Date: _______________

Head

1. Spiricular Pore 2. Spiricular Valve 3. Upper Eyelid 4. Conjunctiva 5. Lower Eyelid 6. Pupil 7. Iris

8. Gill Slits 9. Interbranchial Septa 10. Medial Aperture 11. Nasal Flap 12. Lateral Aperture 13. External Naris 14. Labial Groove

15. Labial Pouch 16. Mouth 17. Teeth 18. Pore of Ampullae of

Lorenzini


Pelvic Region:

1. Urinary Papillae 2. Cloacal Aperture

3. Clasper 4. Spine

5. Pelvic Fin


The Viscera

1. External Naris 2. Mouth 3. Pericardial Cavity 4. Atrium 5. Ventricle 6. Liver 7. Gall Bladder 8. Hepatic Portal Vein 9. Common Bile Duct 10. Pancreas

11. Anterior Mesenteric Artery

12. Posterior Intestinal Vein 13. Rectal Gland 14. Gills 15. Transverse Septum 16. Falciform Ligament 17. Stomach 18. Ventral Gastric Vein 19. Duodenum

20. Spleen 21. Lateral Abdominal Vein 22. Valvular Intestine 23. Dorsal Aorta 24. Seminal Vesicle 25. Esophagus 26. Esophageal Papillae 27. Spiral Valve


Circulatory System

1. Coronary Artery 2. Conus Arteriosus 3. Atrium 4. Ventricle

5. Sinoatrial Aperture 6. Transverse Septum 7. Sinus Venosus 8. Common Cardinal Vein

9. Atrium 10. Gill Lamellae 11. Gill Pouch 12. Pericardial Cavity

53 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ Score: _______/12 Teacher Sign-Off: _________________________ Date: _______________ Reproductive System (Female)

1. Ostium of Oviducts 2. Ovary 3. Shell Gland 4. Oviduct

5. Mesovarium 6. Mesotubarium 7. Uterus 8. Abdominal Pore

9. Rectum 10. Cloaca 11. Urogenital papillae


Reproductive System (Male)

1. Liver 2. Testis 3. Mesorchium 4. Ductus Deferens

5. Kidney 6. Seminal Vesicle 7. Siphon 8. Cloaca Opening

9. Clasper 10. Sperm Sac 11. Urogenital Papillae


Brain & Nervous System

1. Superficial Ophthalmic Nerve

2. Cerebral Hemisphere 3. Foramen of Monro 4. Optic Lobe 5. Aqueduct of Sylvius 6. Cerebellum

7. Fourth Ventricle 8. Gill 9. Spinal Cord 10. Medulla Oblongata 11. Mouth 12. Tegmentum 13. Hypophysis

14. Third Ventricle 15. Optic Nerve 16. Olfactory Nerve 17. Olfactory Bulb 18. Cerebellum 19. Vagus Nerve 20. Diencephalon


Total Points: _________/107

Shark Self-Tests External Self-Test -- Pg. 9 in Shark Dissection Manual

54 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ Male & Female Reproductive System Self-Test -- Pg. C.P. 75 & Pg. 81-88 in shark dissection manual.

55 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ Circulatory System Self-Test – Pg. 67-73 in shark dissection manual.

Digestive System Self Test – Pg. 49-54

56 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ Shark Lab Self-Tests Answer Sheet To complete the following self tests, use your shark dissection manuals as well as the coloring books. External Self-Test Pg.55. 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

Circulatory System Self-Test Pg. 57. 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Male & Female Reproductive System Self-Test Pg. 56. 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

Digestive System Self Test Pg. 57. 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

57 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ SHARKS STUDY SHEET I – C.P. 69-71

VERTEBRATE ORGANIZATION – C.P. 69 1. Complete the following chart listing the eleven systems of the vertebrate body for each system, list the

organs and the function. Use the skeletal system as an example. SYSTEM ORGANS FUNCTION

1. SKELETAL BONES, JOINTS, LIGAMENTS

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

INTRODUCTION TO FISH – C.P. 70 2. What are the three groups of fishes? 3. What are the principle living agnates? 4. What does the word “agnates” mean? 5. Describe the skin of an agnate? 6. What replaces the jaw in these animals? 7. Give three examples of Chondrichthyes? 8. How do Chondrichthyes differ from agnates in their skeleton? 9. What covers the skin of Chondrichthyes? 10. Why do sharks sink to the bottom when they are not swimming? 11. How does the ratfish differ from sharks and rays? 12. Name two bottom dwelling representative of the class Osteichthyes. 13. Why are lungfish unique?

58 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ SHARKS STUDY SHEET II – C.P. 71-72

LAMPREY AND ITS LARVAE – C.P. 71 1. What is an ammocoetes?

2. Where and how long does a sea lamprey spend its larvae life?

3. How and where does a sea lamprey spend its adult life?

4. List four parts of the larvae mouth.

5. What two structures help water with nutrients and oxygen enter the buccal cavity?

6. How does food enter the esophagus?

7. What are two functions of the notochord?

8. What is at the anterior end of the nerve cord?

9. What makes up the spinal column?

10. What does the hypophysis and the hypothalamus make up in higher vertebrates?

11. What replaces the oral hood of the larvae in adult sea lampreys?

12. How does water enter the adult pharynx?

SHARKS AND BONY FISH: A COMPARISON – C.P. 72 13. Give two differences between teeth in sharks and in boney fish?

14. How are gill slits different in sharks and fish?

15. What is the lateral line?

16. Give the function and location of each of the following fins:

a. Pectoral –

b. Pelvic –

c. Dorsal –

d. Anal –

e. Caudal –

17. Sharks do not have which of the above fins?

18. Give the location and the function of the following structures:

f. Gill Arches:

g. Gill Septum:

h. Gill Filament:

i. Gill Rakers:

j. Gill Slits:

59 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ SHARKS STUDY SHEET III – C.P. 73-74

SHARK I: SKELETON – C.P. 73 1. List the regions of the shark skeleton.

2. Describe the brain case of the shark.

3. What is located in the nasal capsule?

4. What is located in the orbital region?

5. What are the two functions of the shark’s ear?

6. What joins the cranium to the first vertebrae?

7. What are formed by the seven pairs of gill rakers?

8. What projects from the centrum of the shark’s vertebrae?

9. What extends below the centrum?

10. What is the function of the intercalary plates?

11. What replaces the notochord?

12. What are the two cartilaginous girdles?

SHARK II: CIRCULATORY – C.P. 74 13. What is the sinuous venosus?

14. What vessels bring blood to the sinous venosus?

15. To what chamber does the blood flow after the sinous venosus?

16. Where is the major propulsive force for the blood generated?

17. Into what vessels lead immediately off the ventral aorta?

18. What vessel leads immediately off the ventral aorta?

19. Into what vessel is oxygenated blood conducted?

20. What is the principle conducting artery to the tissues and organs?

21. List what organ is nourished by the following vessels:

k. Subclavian

l. Celiac

m. Iliac

n. Caudal

22. What vessels drain the head and the anterior of the body?

23. What vessel drains the tail and the kidney?

24. What vessel gives blood to the kidney?

25. What is the systems of the vessels that feed the liver?

26. What transports blood from the liver to the common cardinal vessel?

60 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ SHARKS STUDY SHEET IV – C.P. 74-75

SHARK I: NERVOUS SYSTEM –C.P 74 1. What are the parts of the central nervous system?

2. What are ventricles?

3. List three regions of the brain and give their divisions.

4. List the two divisions of the telencephalon and give their functions.

5. What are the two divisions of the diencephalon and what are their functions?

6. What parts of the shark’s brain correlates sensory impulses and motor responses?

7. What is the main part of the metencephalon and what is its function?

8. From what part of the brain does the medulla oblongata originate and what is its function?

9. What makes up the spinal cord?

10. What makes up the peripheral nervous system? SHARKS II: UROGENITAL SYSTEM – C.P. 75 11. What is the nephron?

12. What are the kidneys and where are they located?

13. Into what do the uninary and genital ducts open?

14. What system compose the urogenital system?

15. What are the archinephric ducts?

16. In males, where does the urine go after the archinephric ducts?

17. What composes the testes in sharks?

18. What is the epididymis?

19. Where do the seminal vesicles lead?

20. What is the function of the claspers?

21. Where are the eggs discharged in the female?

22. Where do the eggs go after entering the funnels?

23. Where are the shell glands located?

61 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ FISH STUDY SHEET: C.P. 76-77

BONY FISH: SKELETON – C.P. 76 1. What are the three reasons that bony fish have more complex skeletons than sharks?

2. What are the two kinds of bone present in the higher vertebrate skeleton? Describe each type.

3. Where do you find endochondral bone? Membranous bone?

4. What composes the posterior part of the brain?

5. What are the four parts of the occipital?

6. What is the function of the auditory capsule bones?

7. What does the trabecular section surround?

8. Name two bones of the nasal region?

9. What composes the operculum? What is its function?

10. What composes the upper jaw?

11. Name the three parts of the lower jaw.

12. What has replaced the notochord in adult fish?

13. What is the centrum?

14. What specifically surrounds the nerve cord?

15. What are the two flat bones embedded in the body wall that compose the pelvic girdle?

16. What supports the dermal rays of the median tail fin?

BONY FISH: INTERNAL STRUCTURE – C.P. 77 17. What is present in the oral cavity?

18. What may occur in the fish’s esophagus?

19. How does the liver receive absorbed foodstuff?

20. What occurs in the gall bladder?

21. Name two chemicals secreted by the pancreas.

22. What are nephrons?

23. What is the function of the nephrons?

24. What is the function of the bladder?

25. How does sperm get to the urogenital sinus?

26. Describe the swim bladder.

27. What is the function of the swim bladder?

28. Why is the spleen associated with the cardiovascular system?

62 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________

UNIT XIII: PHYLUM CHORDATA

CLASSES: AMPHIBIA & REPTILIA

63 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ Phylum Amphibia

(American bullfrog – Rana catesbiana)

Froggy Classification: Phylum – ________________________ Sub-phylum – ________________________ Class – ________________________

Super-order – ________________________ Order – ________________________

Family – ________________________ Genus – ________________________

Species - ________________________

The Orders

Amphibia:

1. ___________________________ – examples are frogs & toads

2. ___________________________ – examples are salamanders & newts

3. ___________________________ – examples are caecilians

Amphibians are significant because they represent the most ______________ ___________________with four

limbs that maintain a terrestrial niche.

3 Examples of the order Anura

• There are about ___________ species of frogs and toads.

Frog:

• Habitat –

• Niche –

Toad:

• Characteristics –

• Habitat & Niche –

64 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ Salamanders / newts:

• Characteristics –

• Habitat –

• Niche –

General Characteristics

•

•

• Most have a tongue that is _________________ and _________________

• Spends first stages of life in water as ___________________________

• They go through drastic changes during development (caused by changes in hormones)

• Tadpoles are ___________________________ while adults are ___________________________

• They are ___________________________. During extreme environmental conditions they either

___________________________ (winter) or ___________________________s (summer).

• Temperature regulation is mainly behavioral

• They breathe through ___________________________ and ___________________________.

Amphibians – Systems

• Well developed brain attached to the ___________________________.

• They contain a well developed ___________________________.

• ___________________________ located all over the skin

• Good vision since these animals are mainly ___________________________; that is, they have to use

their sight to ___________________________ food (think of a frog going after a fly!)

Amphibians – Reproduction & Reproductive System

• ___________________________ – 2 different sexes very similar in structure (appearance)

• ___________________________ in moist environments. Exceptions to the external fertilization are

___________________________ (only about 10% are external).

• Jelly-like eggs need to be laid in water

• Interactions between internal (___________________________) controls and extrinsic factors

determine the timing of ___________________________ activities.

• Their offspring develop through a process called ___________________________.

Vocalization

65 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ • Sound production is primarily a ___________________________ function of male anurans.

• These calls attract females to breeding areas and to announce to other males that a given territory is

occupied.

• These calls may also cause some ___________________________ internally to occur, readying the

breeding process in females.

• Sounds are caused by ____________ being forced from the lungs over the __________________and

cartilages of the larynx, causing them to ____________.

Our Dissection Froggy

The American bullfrog – ___________________________

• Typically the specimens are ___________________________ and ___________________________,

measuring about 7 inches from the tips of their snouts to the ends of the trunks. Their long hind legs,

when extended, add another 8 inches to their total length of ___________________________.

• Arteries are injected with _________ latex, and veins with _________ or _________ latex.

• Frogs show ___________________________, along with a relatively complete ___________________

& __________________ system.

Special Amphibian Facts

• Amphibians have a “double life” because they spend half their life in _____________ and half on

_____________.

• In PA waters, the presence of _____________ and frogs show signs of _____________ environment

_____________.

66 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ PHYLUM CHORDATA

CLASSES: AMPHIBIA / REPTILIA Using CP 78

A. CLASS AMPHIBIA (AM – FIB – E – AH)

1. Name the three orders of amphibians and give at least one example for each.

•

•

•

2. Why are they significant?

3. Identify any characteristics, habitats and niches for the following amphibians. • Frog –

Hab –

Niche –

• Toad –

Char -

Hab –

Niche –

• Salamanders/Newts –

Char -

Hab –

Niche –

4. Why are amphibians sometimes referred to as having a “double life?”

B. CLASS REPTILIA (REP – TILL – LEEAH)

1. Name the three orders of reptiles and give at least one example for each.

•

•

•

2. Why are the embryos of reptiles important?

67 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ 3. Identify any characteristics, habitats and niches for the following reptiles.

• Lizards Char -

Hab –

Niche –

• Turtles –

Char -

Hab –

Niche –

• Snakes –

Char -

Niche –

• Alligators/Crocodiles –

Char -

Hab –

C. Comparing Amphibians and Reptiles: Characteristic Amphibians Reptiles

1. Type of skin

2. Presence of nails on toes.

3. Types of eggs

4. Teeth

5. Mouth

6. Life Cycle

68 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________

AMPHIBIAN SELF TESTS

Head/Mouth Region – C.P. 85 Ventral Musculature – C.P. 80

Dorsal Musculature – C.P 81 Internal Organs I – C.P. 82-85

69 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________

Internal Organs II – C.P. 82-85 Female Urogenital Region – C.P. 86

Male Urogenital Region – C.P. 86 Skeletal System – C.P. 79

70 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ Frog Lab Self-Test Answer Sheet To complete the self-tests, use your frog dissection manuals as well as the coloring books. Head/Mouth Region 1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

7.

Ventral Musculature 8. 9. 10. 11.

12. 13. 14. 15.

16. 17.

Dorsal Musculature 18. 19. 20.

21. 22. 23.

24. 25 26.

Internal Organs I & I27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.

39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59.

Female & Male Urogenital System 60. 61. 62. 63.

64. 65. 66. 67.

68. 69. 70. 71.

Skeletal System 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.

81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89.

90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96.

71 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ AMPHIBIAN LAB: DISSECTION LISTAMPHIBIAN LAB: DISSECTION LISTAMPHIBIAN LAB: DISSECTION LISTAMPHIBIAN LAB: DISSECTION LIST

MUSCULATURE: 1. Deltoid 2. Pectorialis 3. External Oblique 4. Rectus Abdominis 5. Triceps Femoris

6. Sartorius 7. Gastrocnemius 8. Tibialis Anterior 9. Tibialis Posterior 10. Temporalis

11. Triceps Branchii 12. Biceps Femoris 13. Peroneus 14. Gluteus 15. Latissimus Dorsi

Score : ____________/15 Teacher Sign Off : ________________________ Date :________

INTERNAL ORGANS: 1. Pharynx 2. Maxillary Teeth 3. Vomerine Teeth 4. Internal Naris 5. Tongue

6. Lungs 7. Liver 8. Spleen 9. Heart 10. Large Intestine

11. Stomach 12. Small Intestine 13. Duodenum 14. Pancreas 15. Fat Bodies


REPRODUCTIVE/UROGENITAL: 1. Testis 2. Ovaries

3. Cloaca 4. Bladder

5. Kidney 6. Oviducts


WORKSHEETS FOR MUSCLES AND SKELETON

Make a chart listing the following muscles. In the first column, list the name of the muscle, in the second column, tell what the muscle does. See example below. MUSCLE LOCATION MOVEMENT Submaxillary Side of lower jaw Swallowing & breathing Subhyoid Side of lower jaw Swallowing & breathing MUSCLES FOR THE CHART 1. Temporalis 2. Masseter 3. Pectorialis 4. External Oblique 5. Deltoid 6. Common Flexors 7. Rectus Abdominus 8. External Oblique 9. Internal Oblique 10. Triceps Femoris 11. Sartorius 12. Abductor Magnus

13. Gracilis 14. Semitendinosus 15. Gastrocnemius 16. Tibialis Major 17. Common Extensors 18. Dorsalis Scapulae 19. Latissimus Dorsi 20. Triceps Branchii 21. Gluteus 22. Piniformis 23. Peroneus

72 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ Amphibians

Fill in the Blanks: 1. Members of the order Anura do not contain a(n) ________________. 2. The males enlarged thumb allows it to help expel eggs from the female during the process of _____________________. 3. The two girdles of the frog's endoskeleton are the __________________ and the _______________. 4. The frog's liver produces the substance called ____________ which is stored in the organ called the _______________. 5. Salamanders differ from frogs and toads by the presence of a(n) ________________. 6. Amphibians are ectothermic and must hide during unseasonable weather. _______________ is a period of summer inactivity and _____________________ is a period of winter inactivity. 7. The area behind the frog's tympanic membrane is connected to its throat by a tube called the _____________________. 8. The frog's heart contains _____________ chambers. Of these the ___________________ collects blood from the lungs. 9. The part of the frog's brain that controls its involuntary responses is the _____________________. 10. The frog uses its lungs and ________________ to carry on respiration. Matching: ______ 11. Excretory & Reproductive Opening ______ 12. Tail-less Amphibians ______ 13. Structures for transmitting sounds ______ 14. Food for tadpoles ______ 15. Brain part associated with involuntary responses ______ 16. Order of leg-less amphibians

a. Apoda b. Algae c. Cloaca d. Anura e. Tympanic Membrane f. Medulla Oblongata

Compare the tadpole and adult frog: Characteristics Tadpole Frog # of Heart Chambers

Type of Limbs

Type of Food Eaten

Respiratory Organ

Essay: 1. Discuss the evidence for the hypothesis that amphibians are intermediates between fish and land-living animals. 2. Discuss the characteristics that enable the frog to be successfully on land and in the water.

73 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ Graph the Following Data:

Number of Tadpoles pH of Water 45 8 69 7.5 78 7 88 6.5 43 5 5 4.5

Graph Title : __________________________________________________________________

1. What is the optimum water pH for tadpole development? ___________________. 2. What is the mean pH of the experiment? ________________. 3. What is the dependent variable?__________________________________. 4. Between what pH readings is there the greatest change in tadpole number? _______________. 5. How many tadpoles would we expect to find in water with a pH reading of 4? _____________. 6. What is pH? ________________________________________________________________.

74 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ FROG STUDY SHEET I – C.P. 79-81

INTRODUCTION TO AMPHIBIANS & REPTILES – C.P. 78

1. List the three orders of amphibians and give an example of each.

2. Why are amphibians especially significant?

3. What do frogs eat? FROGS I: SKELETON – C.P. 79

4. Name the four body regions of the frog.

5. List the three bones that compose the upper jaw.

6. List the two major bones of the skull.

7. What forms the foramen magnum? What is it’s function?

8. List the four parts of the vertebral column.

9. What are the two basic parts of the vertebrae?

10. What composes the lower parts of the pectoral girdle?

11. What is the base of the pectoral girdle?

12. What is the dorsal arm of the pectoral girdle?

13. Where does the humerous join the scapula?

14. What bone is in-between the carpels and the humerous?

15. What supports the palm of the hand?

16. What are the bones of the fingers?

17. List the three main bones of the pelvic girdle.

18. To what do the two ilia bones fuse?

19. What is the acetabulum?

20. To what does the femur articulate with at the knee?

21. What bones form the major support for the foot?

22. What joins to the base of the phalanges in the foot? FROGS II: MUSCULATURE – C.P. 80 & 81

23. What must you do to determine one muscle from another when dissecting a frog’s muscle system?

24. What is the origin of a muscle?

25. What is an insertion of a muscle?

75 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ FROG STUDY SHEET II – C.P. 82, 85, 86

DISSECTION – C.P. 82 1. When does the quantity of fat bodies vary?

2. When are the ovaries filled with eggs?

3. What is the pleuroperitoneal cavity?

4. What takes up the most room inside the body?

5. What is located under the liver?

6. Where is the spleen located?

FROG VI: DISSECTION & RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS 7. Complete the chart below.

STRUCTURE LOCATION FUNCTION Maxillary Teeth

Internal Naris

Vomerine Teeth

Auditory Orifices

Tongue

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestines

Large Intestines

Liver

Pancreas

Spleen

8. Explain how the frog gets air inside his body. Use the terms glottis, floor of mouth and larynx.

9. Where are the vocal cords located?

10. How is sound created in the frog?

11. Describe the passage of air into the air sacs. Use terms such as bronchus, lung, and alveoli.

12. How is air returned to the outside of the frog?

FROG VII: UROGENITAL SYSTEM – C.P. 86

13. Describe the appearance of the kidney.

14. What composes the kidney?

76 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ 15. What is the function of the tubules?

16. What is the name for the filtrate of these tubules?

17. Into what structure does the bladder release its contents?

18. From what site do the fat bodies originate?

19. Trace the passage of sperm from the testis to the cloaca.

20. What happens to the eggs once they are deposited inside the female’s body cavity?

21. When are the eggs discharged outside the female?

FROG V: HEART AND ARTERIAL SYSTEM – C.P. 83

22. List the four parts of the amphibian heart.

23. What is the function of the valves?

24. What type of blood enters the right atrium?

25. What type of blood enters the left atrium?

26. What is the function of the ventricle?

27. Name the three parts of the wall of the heart.

28. List the structures become the following vessels after metamorphosis: conus arteriosus, carotid arch, systemic arch, and pulmonary arteries.

29. What part/parts of the body receive blood from the following vessels: coeliacomesenteric, celiac, hepatic, mesenteric, genital, renal, femoral, and sciatic.

FROG VI: VENOUS SYSTEM – C.P. 84

30. Why is the pulmonary vein different than all other veins?

31. How is blood returned from the kidneys?

32. Where does the posterior vena cava enter the heart?

33. What forms the hepatic portal vein?

34. What is contained in portal blood? Where does the hepatic portal system lead?

FROG IX: NERVOUS SYSTEM – C.P. 87

35. What do the olfactory and cerebrum do in the frog?

36. What is the function of the thalamus?

37. What is the function of the hypothalamus?

38. What is centered in the optic lobes?

39. What is the function of the cerebellum?

40. What is located within the medulla oblongata?

41. List the names of the ten cranial nerves and the spinal nerves.

77 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________

Turret

REPTILES

Reptiles are one amazing group of animals. There are giant snakes longer than a bus that

can swallow crocodiles whole. There are bizarre turtle with fleshy skin flaps that lure fish to their

death. There are three-horned lizards with turret-like eye sockets and tongues as long as their

bodies. And there are sea turtle, weighing as much as a large horse, that can swim faster than you

can run. And that’s just the start. We’ll take a close-up look at the characteristics of this diverse crew, which

includes the turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, and two lesser-known groups – the worm-lizards and the tuatara.

And we’ll focus on some of the amazing ways they are adapted for survival.

TAKING A LOOK AT TURTLES

There are over 200 species of turtles in the world, living on almost every continent and in most of the

world’s oceans. Some turtles, such as sea turtles and soft-shell turtles, spend almost their entire life in oceans,

lakes, or rivers. Others, such as bog turtle and wood turtles, are semi-aquatic, spending their time in bogs,

swamps, marshes, and other wetland areas. And many turtles, such as tortoises and box turtles, live their entire

life on land. (NOTE: The term “turtle” refers to all reptiles in this group. “Tortoise” and “Terrapin” are

sometimes refer to specific kinds of turtles.)

What makes a Turtle a turtle?: The most noticeable feature turtles share is a shell, the tough, armorlike

covering that encloses their bodies. The shell varies from species to species, but it always consists of the same

three-part structure, the carapace, which covers the back; the plastron, which covers all or part of the belly, and

the bridge, which connects the two. Most turtle shells are covered with horny plates, others are protected by

tough, leathery skin.

Turtles lay clusters of eggs in soil or sand. And they breathe with lungs, although a few may also get

some oxygen through their skin and the lining of the throat.

Feeding, Turtle-Style: Like birds, turtle do not have teeth, instead they use their feet

and horny beaks to rip, tear, and cut their foods. (Most turtles have hard beaks, but a

few, such as the matamata, have soft mouthparts.) As a group, turtles feed on a variety

of foods, from insects, worms, and fish to fruits, mushrooms, and other plant material.

GETTING TO KNOW LIZARDS, SNAKES, AND WORM-LIKE LIZA RDS

Together, lizards and snakes make up the largest group of reptiles. (There are roughly 3700 species of

lizards and 2400 species of snakes.) Even though they don’t look like “cousins,” these scaly creatures are closely

related. By studying fossil remains and comparing characteristics of living snakes and lizards, scientists have

Matamata Turtle

78 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ concluded that snakes probably evolved from an ancient line of lizards about 135 million years ago. (Worm-

Lizards, a small group of burrowing reptiles, are also considered part of the lizard and snake group. Although

rarely seen, these reptiles have characteristics of both lizards and snakes, they are different enough to make

many scientists think they should be classified as a separate group.)

LOTS OF LIZARDS

When you’re talking lizards, you are talking variety. Take the way they get around. Some climb tress,

some glide from tree to tree; some “swim” through hot desert sands; a few can stand up and run on their hind

legs; some can crawl upside down; some burrow into the soil; and some don’t have any legs at all and slither to

get around. Lizards also vary in color, size, and shape, and in the way they behave. So what makes a lizard a

lizard? Here are some general characteristics:

Eyes, Ears, and Legs: Like most vertebrates, many lizards have movable eyelids. And most also have external

ear openings on the sides of their head. (Most lizards have good hearing, but they also rely on their sense of

sight and smell to know what going on.) And although there are a few species legless lizards, most lizards have

four legs, and with five clawed toes on each foot.

Lizard Chow: Lizards usually feed on anything they can catch and swallow which, depending on the species,

can include other reptiles, insects, spiders, worms, and mammals. But some feed mainly on fruit, flowers,

leaves, and almost all vary their diet with the season.

Lizard Survival: When lizards run into trouble, each species has its own survival strategy. Some lizards

nimbly scramble out of sight. Others putt up, act tough and then run. A few stay and fight. Some “freeze.”

Some can change colors in a matter of seconds to match their surroundings --- a great way to seem to disappear

quickly.

Some lizards also use the tails as a special defense decoy. When a lizard is attacked, its tail breaks off at

a special fracture joint. Often the tail keeps twitching for a few seconds, distracting the predator while the lizard

makes a quick getaway. Lizards that lose their tails can slowly regenerate new ones.

Tail and Tongue Tricks: Tails are also important to lizards for other reasons. They help lizards keep their

balance as they walk, swim, or run. Many lizards rely on their tails as storehouses of fat that can be used during

cold weather and droughts when food is scarce. Lizards also have well-developed tongues, and many use them

to zap food, clean their eye coverings, smell, and even scare their enemies. Chameleons’ tongues are incredibly

long and can shoot out about as far as the length of their body.

79 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ Born a Lizard: Most lizards are egg-layers, usually hiding their eggs in nest cavities they dig in the soil or

under logs or rocks. But, in some species, the eggs develop inside the mother’s body until the embryos are well

developed. The females then give birth to live young.

SIZING UP SNAKES

Snakes are missing body parts that many other animals have. For example, they don’t have legs, eyelids,

outside ear opening, or bladders. And instead of having a pair of lungs, many have only one. Snakes also look

very different from most other animals. They have greatly elongated bodies that can twist and turn in ways that

make them look like contortionists.

Moving Like A Snake: Snakes can coil, climb, and slither because they have a very flexible spine made up of

100-400 vertebrae, each of which is attached to a pair of separate, thin ribs. Most snakes move in a series of S-

shaped curves, pushing themselves along using plants, rocks, sticks, and other irregularities as shove-off points.

Many snakes can also travel in almost a straight line using the wide, overlapping plates, or belly scales,

on their undersides. Muscles attached to the ribs pull and lift, these scales, creating a series of wave-like

motions. As the scales push against rough surfaces on the ground, the snake moves forward. Many thick-

bodied snakes, such as pythons, often move in this way. Most snakes use a combination of these methods, but

some also use an accordion-type movement especially when climbing trees. And a few desert snakes move

using a complicated series of sideways body movements.

Snake Senses: Snakes have a variety of ways to sense their environment. They have fairly good “close-up”

eyesight and an excellent sense of smell. Their flicking forked tongue and a structure in the roof of their mouth

called the Jacobean’s organs are, in combination, responsible for their incredible ability to “smell” the

environment. For a long time, people thought snakes were deaf. But they can actually hear low-frequency

sounds and they can feel vibrations. That’s why snakes often sense your presence long before they see you.

Some snakes also have incredible sensory devices that other reptiles don’t have – heat sensors located in pits on

the sides of their face or on their lips. These heat sensors can detect slight differences in the amounts of radiant

heat energy that animals give off. Snakes process the information to determine both the direction and distance

of the objects. These heat sensors allow snakes to successively hunt mammals, birds, and other prey in complete

darkness.

Gulping Their Grub: Snakes always swallow their food whole. They can do this because they have some

incredible “mouth machinery.” Snakes can move their upper jaw away from their lower jaw and the left side of

their lower jaw away their right side. This expandability, due to extremely elastic muscles and ligaments of the

80 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________

The restored skull of Deinosuchus, featuring (left to right) B. Brown, R. T. Bird and E. M. Schlaikjer [ref: “How the ‘terror crocodile’ grew so big” by Erickson and Brochu, Nature 398, 205-206 (18 March 1999)]

throat and between bones in the jaw, allows snakes to swallow animals that are several times bigger than their

head. Most snakes also have rows of sharp teeth on each jawbone that help hold the prey and “walk” it down

the throat. Because they can eat such huge meals at one time and because they are cold-blooded, snakes don’t

have to eat as often as other animals. If necessary, most snakes can get away with eating just a few times per

year.

Meat-Eating Strategies: All snakes are meat eaters that feed on a variety of prey, including other snakes,

lizards, birds, worms, mammals, amphibians, and fish. Snakes, such as boas, pythons, and rat snakes, kill their

prey by constriction – squeezing so tightly that the victim can’t breathe and eventually suffocates. Others, such

as garter snakes and water snakes, rely on jaws and curved teeth to keep hold of their struggling prey. And

poisonous snakes such as rattlesnakes, cottonmouths, and cobras use venom to subdue their prey. The venom is

located in sacs connected to sharp fangs. When some poisonous snakes, such as rattlesnakes, bite their prey they

jab their fangs into the prey’s skin, or muscle. This forces the venom to flow from the sacs through the fangs

and into the animal’s body. Poisonous snakes, such as coral snakes, have shorter fangs, and their venom is

injected only after several bites or as they hang on to chew their prey.

Reproduction, Snake-Style: Most snakes lay eggs, but some give birth to live young, just as some lizards do.

And like most reptiles, snakes don’t care for the young after hatching. Some snakes, such as pythons, incubate

their eggs by coiling their bodies around the eggs until they hatch. A few snakes, such as the king cobra use

mud, leaves, and other materials to build a nest.

CLOSE-UP ON CROCODILIAN

Crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gavials – the major types of

crocodilian are all semi-aquatic predators that live in warm areas around the

world. They all have the distinctive crocodilian look: a large toothy snout, a

compressed powerful tail, and a tough, leathery hide. As a group, crocodilians

have been around for over 200 million years, having evolved from the same

group of reptiles that eventually gave rise to dinosaurs. The largest crocodilian of all time, Deinosuchus, was

over 50 feet (15 m) long – a monster compared to crocodilians today.

Adapted to Water: Special adaptations help crododilians hunt for food, which, depending on their species and

age, could include insects, crustaceans, mollusks, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Here are just a

few of their aquatic feeding tricks: eyes and nostrils set high on their head that allow them to see and breathe

while the rest of their body is submerged in the water, out of sight. They have a third eye lid, called the

81 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ nictitating membrane, that protects their eyes under water, nostrils and ears that close when they dive. They also

possess a valve at the back of their mouth that closes when they dive, allowing them to catch prey without

swallowing water. Lastly, they have a compressed tail that helps propel them through the water and webbed feet

that help them walk on mud and sand.

Mounds of Heat: Like most reptiles, crocodilians are egg-layers. Their eggs look something like chicken eggs,

although they are not as brittle. Some species dig shallow pits in the sand and bury their eggs. Others hide their

eggs in nests of decaying vegetation and mud. Some croc mothers also protect their nests, staying around until

the nests hatch.

WHAT IS A TUATARA?

Most people have never heard of a tuatara, a lizard-like reptile that lived on about 30 small islands off the

coast of New Zealand. Tuataras are the only survivors of an entire order of reptiles that evolved about 220

million years ago – about the time of the first dinosaurs. What else is special about the tuataras? For one thing,

these nocturnal borrowers have a third “eye” on top of their head, which is connected to their brain and which

scientists think is sensitive to light. (Several lizards also have this “eye.”) Tuatara eggs also have the longest

incubation time of all the reptiles, taking about 15 months to hatch. Many of these reptiles have incredibly long

life spans, living more than a century.

TURTLES LIZARDS SNAKES CROCODILES TUATARA H A B I T A T

T R A I T S

E X A M P L E S

R E P R O D U C T I O N

82 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________

TURTLE SELF TURTLE SELF TURTLE SELF TURTLE SELF –––– TESTS TESTS TESTS TESTS

Turtle Self-Tests:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.

83 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ EXTERNAL:

REPTILIA PRACTICAL

1.coastal scutes 2.marginal scutes 3.vertebral scutes 4.plastron 5.supracaudal

6.nuchal 7.central shield 8.lateral shield

Score : ____________/8

INTERNAL: 1.heart 2.lung 3.stomach 4.liver 5.intestines

6.bladder 7.cloaca 8.trachea 9.tail

Score : ____________/9

84 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ APPENDIX – Self-test terms.

Self test for squid

-SUCKER -EYE -BODY -SUCKER -EYE -MANTLE -FIN -FUNNEL -ARMS -FIN -HEAD -TENTACLES -VALVE -GILL -INK SAC -INTESTINES

Self test for crayfish -CHELIPED -3RD MAXILLIPED -DIGESTIVE GLAND -LONG ANTENNAE -CEPHALIC GROOVE -FLEXOR MUSCLES -HEART -SWIMMERETS -GONADS -DORSAL ABDOMINAL ARTERY -CARAPACE -ANTENNULES -EYE -EYE -CEPHALOTHORAX -ABDOMEN -UROPODS -GREEN GLAND -MANDIBLE -ANUS -CARDIAC STOMACH -ROSTRUM -TELSON -TAIL FIN -WALKING LEGS -MOUTH -BRAIN -VENTRAL NERVE CORD -ESOPHAGUS -INTESTINES

Self test for starfish

-TENTACLE -INTESTINE -LATERAL CANAL -CARDIAC STOMACH -MADREPORITE (STONE CANAL) -MADREPORITE -GONAD PORE -ANUS -CENTRAL DISC -RADIAL CANAL -TUBE FOOT -RECTUM -MOUTH -RAYS -PYLORIC STOMACH -GONAD -MOUTH -AMPULLA -ABORAL SPINE -RING CANAL

Self test for shark – external

-ANTERIOR DORSAL FIN -TRUNK -TAIL -CAUDAL FIN (DORSAL LOBE) -DORSAL SPINE -EYE -PELVIC FIN -POSTERIOR DORSAL FIN -SPIRACLE -GILL SLITS -PECTORAL FIN -HEAD -LATERAL LINE CANAL -CAUDAL FIN (VENTRAL LOBE)

Self test for shark – circulatory system -VENTRAL AORTA -SUBCLAVIAN ATRERIES -CONUS ARTERY -VENTRICLE -AFFERENT BRANCHIAL ARTERY (IV) -ATRIUM -EFFERENT BRANCHIAL ARTERY (IV -SINUS VENOSIS -CONUS ARTERIOSIS -DORSAL AORTA

Self test for shark – male & female reproductive system -UROGENITAL PAPILLA -MESONEPHRIC DUCT -KIDNEY -OVIDUCT (LEFT) -KIDNEY -SPERM SAC -UROGENITAL PAPILLA -MESORCHIUM -OVARY -TESTIS -SEMINAL VESICLE -UTERUS -URINARY PORE -MESOVARIUM -YOLK SAC -MESOTUBARIUM -SHELL GLAND

85 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________

RE LISTRE LISTRE LISTRE LIST

Self test for frog – head/mouth region

-TONGUE -OPENING OF ESOPHAGUS -PALATINE RIDGE -OPENING OF EUSTACHIAN TUBE -INTERNAL NARIS -GLOTTIS -VOMERINE TEETH

Self test for frog – ventral musculature

-SATORIUS -MYLOHYOID -GASTROCNEMIUS -EXTERNAL OBLIQUE -RECTUS ABDOMINIS -TIBIALIS ANTERIOR -DELTOID -TRICEPS BRANCHII -PECTORALIS MAJOR -TRICEPS FEMORIS

Self test for frog – dorsal musculature

-LATISSIMUS DORSI -TEMPORALIS -TIBIALIA ANTERIOR -ILIOFIBULARIS -EXTERNAL OBLIQUE -PERONEUS -TRICEPS BRANCHII -GLUTEUS -DELTOID

Self test for frog – internal organs I & II -CAROTID ARTERY -OCCIPITOVERTEBRAL ARTERY -LIVER -LUNG -SMALL INTESTINE -LIVER -OVIDUCT -HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN -SPLEEN -TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS -GALL BLADDER -LARGE INTESTINE -STOMACH -SMALL INTESTINE -SPLEEN -LARGE INTESTINE -INTERNAL NARIS -TONGUE -MAXILLARY TEETH -VOMERINE TEETH -URINARY BLADDER -RECTUM -SYSTEMIC DUCT -PANCREAS -STOMACH -CYSTIC DUCT -GLOTTIS -COMMON ILIAC ARTERY -PULMONARY ARTERY -POSTCAVAL VEIN -OPENING OF EUSTACHIAN TUBE -OPENING OF ESOPHAGUS -SYSTEMIC ARCH

Self test for frog – female & male urogenital system -URINARY BLADDER -URINARY BLADDER -TESTIS -KIDNEY -KIDNEY -OVARY WITH EGGS -ARCHINEPHRIC DUCT -ARCHINEPHRIC DUCT -CLOACA -CLOACA -FAT BODIES -FAT BODIES

Self test for frog – skeletal system -TARSALS -HUMERUS -SCAPULA -FEMUR -SUPRASCAPULA -ILIUM -FRONTOPARIETAL -METACARPALS -MAXILLA -TIBIO-FIBULA -ISCHIUM -HIP JOINT -DENTARY -ATLAS -CARPALS -PHALANGES -PHALANGES -CORACOID -CLAVICLE -RADIO-ULNA -OMOSTERNIUM -UROSTYLE -VERTEBRAE -METATARSALS -#74

Self test for shark – digestive system

-COMMON BILE DUCT -FALIFORM LIGAMENT -GALL BLADDER -COLON -DORSAL LOBE OF PANCREAS -RECTAL GLAND -SPLEEN -PYLORIC PORTION OF STOMACH -RUGAE -CARDIAC PORTION OF STOMACH -ESPOPHAGEAL PAPILLAE -LIVER

86 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________ EXTERNAL:

REPTILIA PRACTICAL

1.coastal scutes 2.marginal scutes 3.vertebral scutes 4.plastron 5.supracaudal

6.nuchal 7.central shield 8.lateral shield

Score : ____________/8

INTERNAL: 1.heart 2.lung 3.stomach 4.liver 5.intestines

6.bladder 7.cloaca 8.trachea 9.tail

Score : ____________/9

Self test for turtle

-RADIUS -HEART -EYE -BLADDER -DORSAL VERTEBRA -HUMERUS -HEAD -ULNA -PUBIS -TRACHEA -LUNG -SCAPULA -CARAPACE -STOMACH -PLASTRON -MARGINAL SCUTES -MANDIBLE -PLASTRON -MARGINAL SCUTES -CLAWS -FEMUR -VERTEBRAL SCUTES (CENTRAL SHIELD) -LIVER -COSTAL SCUTES (LATERAL SHIELD) -INTESTINES -CLOACA -TAIL -TIBIA -PHALANGES (CARPALS) -FIBULA -HYOID BONES -CERVICAL VERTEBREA -31 -PHALANGES (TARSALS) -32

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