Name Event Date1

HHH, CARE 08, CERN, 03.12. 2008CERN

W. Scandale & F. Zimmermann

High EnergyHigh IntensityHadron Beams

http://care-hhh.web.cern.ch/care-hhh/

HHHHHHHHHHHH Networkcoordinated by W. Scandale and F. Zimmermann

Name Event Date2

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHH

HHH, CARE 08, CERN, 03.12. 2008

CARE-HHH networkCoordinate and integrate the activities of the accelerator and particle

physics communities in a worldwide context, towards achieving superior High-Energy High-Intensity Hadron Beam facilities for Europe

road map for the upgrade of the European accelerator infrastructure (LHC and GSI accelerator complex)

coordinate activities and foster future collaborations dissemination and outreach

WP1: Advancements in Accelerator Magnet Technologies (AMT)WP2: Novel Methods for Accelerator Beam Instrumentation (ABI)WP3: Accelerator Physics and synchrotron Design (APD)

Participating institutes: CEA, CERN, CSIC-CIEMAT, CCLRC, DESY, GSI, INFN, PSI, TEU, WUTAssociated institutes: CRPP, ENEA, TUBE, ESRF, UPSA, FZK, TEMF, US-LARP (BNL,FNAL,LBNL,SLAC), JINR, IHEP, KEKAdditional collaborations: Texas A&M U., U. Geneva, U. Bologna

Name Event Date3

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHH

HHH, CARE 08, CERN, 03.12. 2008

HHH deliverables

Delive-rable no.

Deliverable name Deliverable type

Work package

Delivered by contractor

Planned (in months)

Achieved (in months)

1 Final report Report All WPs CERN 60 62

2 Beam Dynamics code repository

Data base WP3 CERN 24 18

3 Data base on SC magnets and cables

Data base WP1 CERN 36 48

4 HHH web site WEB site All WPs CERN 12 9

5 APD web site WEB site WP3 CERN 6 9

Name Event Date4

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHH

HHH, CARE 08, CERN, 03.12. 2008

activities in 2004-08

Events:39 main workshops

[1 yet to be DONE]8 organized by AMT6 organized by ABI17 organized by APD8 co-organized with other Institutions

Dissemination and outreach: 154 documents reflecting presentation/publications outside the previously mentioned

workshops31 proceedings of the workshops organized within HHH11 CARE-NOTEs, 60 CARE-Conf papers, 9 CARE-Journal articles, 4 CARE theses44 scientist exchanges supported by HHH15 students (master and PhD) partly supported by HHHDevelopment and extension of SC & accelerator physics codes databasesMaintenance and development of HHH web sites

Name Event Date5

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHH

HHH, CARE 08, CERN, 03.12. 2008

activities in last quarter of 2008

Events:1 main workshop HHH-2008 common to the 3 work packages1 mini-workshop on Electron Cloud MitigationCo-organization of the conference Channeling 2008, Erice, November 2008. It addressed

crystal-particle interaction phenomena• 1 ABI workshop on Transverse & Longitudinal Emittance Measurement in Hadron-

(Pre-)Accelerators, December 2008 (upcoming)

Recent dissemination and outreach: Various events/workshops organized by/with physicists from LHC experimentsFurther extensions of SC & accelerator physics codes databasesMaintenance and development of HHH web sites

Exchanges and education: Visits of CERN accelerator physicists to other labsSupport of EU or non-EU (US, J, Russia,...) scientists for visits to CERN Support of one PhD and one technical student working for the crystal activity

Name Event Date6

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHH

HHH, CARE 08, CERN, 03.12. 2008

Highlights of HHH

2004-08

Name Event Date7

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHH

HHH, CARE 08, CERN, 03.12. 2008

N3-HHH-AMT networkmajor events: 7 large workshops

WS1: WAMS2004 - Accelerator Magnet Superconductors, Archamps (France), 2004

WS2: Beam Generated Heat Deposition and Quench Levels for LHC Magnets, CERN, Geneva, 2006

WS3: ECOMAG05 - Superconducting Pulsed Magnets for Accelerators, ENEA, Frascati (Italy), 2005

WS4: WAMDO-2006 – Accelerator Magnet Design and Optimization, CERN, Geneva, 2006

WS5: LER – Low Energy Ring in the LHC Tunnel, CERN, Geneva , 2006

WS6: THERMOMAG-07 - Heat Generation and Transfer in Superconducting Magnets, LPNHE, Paris, 2007

WS7: WAMSDO-2008 - Accelerator Magnet, Superconductor, Design and Optimization, CERN, Geneva, 2008

+ working groups + topical meetings

Name Event Date8

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHH

HHH, CARE 08, CERN, 03.12. 2008

New magnets are needed for the LHC phase 2 upgrade in about 10 years:low-beta quadrupoleslow-beta correctorsearly separation dipoles (D0)magnets for dispersion suppressors and cleaning insertions, etc.Also, in far future:stronger dipole magnets

enabling technology, but

high-field/large margin s.c. magnets for LHC

magnet protection more severe,

large forces & stresses

Name Event Date9

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHH

= Bmax x (dB/dt)

max=7

T 2/s

• Most designs and models aim at B ≥ 4 T (enablers)

• Bmax x dB/dtmax are correlated, and a good bet of the present capability is a value Bmax x dB/dtmax ≈ 7 T2/s

fast cycling s.c. magnetsfor LHC injector upgrade & FAIR

This activity was started and fostered by HHH-ECOMAG, 2005

Name Event Date10

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHH

HHH, CARE 08, CERN, 03.12. 2008

Pulsed magnet with curved shape for FAIR

P. Fabbricatore

Name Event Date11

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHH

HHH, CARE 08, CERN, 03.12. 2008

N3-HHH-APD networkmajor events: 6 large workshops

WS1: HHH-2004 - Beam Dynamics in Future Hadron Colliders and Rapidly Cycling High-Intensity Synchrotrons, CERN, Geneva, 2004

WS2: LUMI’05 - Scenarios for the LHC luminosity upgrade, Arcidosso (Italy), 2005

WS3: LUMI’06 – Towards a roadmap for the upgrade of the LHC and GSI accelerator complex, IFIC, Valencia (Spain), 2006

WS4: BEAM’07 - LHC Injectors Upgrade and LHC Beam Parameters Upgrade including Francesco Ruggiero Memorial Symposium and CERN-GSI Meeting, CERN, Geneva , 2007

WS5: IR’07 - Interaction Regions for the LHC Upgrade, DAFNE and SuperB, INFN, Frascati, 2007

WS6: HHH-2008 - Scenarios for the LHC upgrade and FAIR, Chavannes-de-Bogis (Vaud), 2008

+ numerous topical workshops (crystals, crab cavities, beam-beam compensation, electron cloud)+ topical meetings

Name Event Date12

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHH

HHH, CARE 08, CERN, 03.12. 2008

LHC upgrade stages“phase-1” 2013:

new triplets, D1, TAS, b*=0.25 m in IP1 & 5,reliable LHC operation at ~2-3x luminosity;beam from new Linac4

“phase-2” 2017:target luminosity 10x nominal,

possibly Nb3Sn triplet & b*~0.15 m

complementary measures 2010-2017: e.g. long-range beam-beam compensation, crab cavities, new/upgraded injectors, advanced collimators, lower emittance, coherent e- cooling??, e- lenses??

longer term (2020?): energy upgrade, LHeC,…phase-2 might be just phase-1 plus complementary measures

+ injector upgrade

Name Event Date13

LHC phase-2 upgrade paths for IP1 & 5

• ultimate beam (1.7x1011 p’s/bunch, 25 ns spacing), b* ~10 cm • early-separation dipoles in side detectors , crab cavities

→ hardware inside ATLAS & CMS detectors, first hadron crab cavities; off- d b

stronger triplet magnetsD0 dipole

small-angle

crab cavity

J.-P. Koutchoukearly separation (ES)stronger triplet magnets

small-angle

crab cavity

• ultimate LHC beam (1.7x1011 p’s/bunch, 25 ns spacing)• b* ~10 cm • crab cavities with 60% higher voltage

→ first hadron crab cavities, off- d b-beat

L. Evans,W. Scandale,F. Zimmermann

full crab crossing (FCC)

wire

compensator

larger-aperture triplet magnets

• 50 ns spacing, longer & more intense bunches (5x1011 p’s/bunch)• b*~25 cm, no elements inside detectors• long-range beam-beam wire compensation

→ novel operating regime for hadron colliders, beam generation

F. Ruggiero,W. Scandale.F. Zimmermann

large Piwinski angle (LPA)stronger triplet magnets

• ultimate LHC beam (1.7x1011 p’s/bunch, 25 ns spacing)• b* ~10 cm • smaller transverse emittance

→ constraint on new injectors, off- d b-beat

R. Garobylow emittance (LE)

Name Event Date14

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHHparameter symbol nominal ultimate ES FCC LE LPA

transverse emittance e [mm] 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 1.0 3.75

protons per bunch Nb [1011] 1.15 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 4.9

bunch spacing Dt [ns] 25 25 25 25 25 50

beam current I [A] 0.58 0.86 0.86 0.86 0..86 1.22

longitudinal profile Gauss Gauss Gauss Gauss Gauss Flat

rms bunch length sz [cm] 7.55 7.55 7.55 7.55 7.55 11.8

beta* at IP1&5 *b [m] 0.55 0.5 0.08 0.08 0.1 0.25

full crossing angle qc [mrad] 285 315 0 0 311 381

Piwinski parameter =f qcsz/(2*sx*) 0.64 0.75 0 0 3.2 2.0

geometric reduction 1.0 1.0 0.86 0.86 0.30 0.99

peak luminosity L [1034 cm-2s-1] 1 2.3 15.5 15.5 16.3 10.7

peak events per #ing 19 44 294 294 309 403

initial lumi lifetime tL [h] 22 14 2.2 2.2 2.0 4.5

effective luminosity (Tturnaround=10 h)

Leff [1034 cm-2s-1] 0.46 0.91 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5

Trun,opt [h] 21.2 17.0 6.6 6.6 6.4 9.5

effective luminosity (Tturnaround=5 h)

Leff [1034 cm-2s-1] 0.56 1.15 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.5

Trun,opt [h] 15.0 12.0 4.6 4.6 4.5 6.7

e-c heat SEY=1.4(1.3) P [W/m] 1.1 (0.4) 1.04(0.6) 1.0 (0.6) 1.0 (0.6) 1.0 (0.6) 0.4 (0.1)

SR heat load 4.6-20 K PSR [W/m] 0.17 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.36

image current heat PIC [W/m] 0.15 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.78

gas-s. 100 h (10 h) tb Pgas [W/m] 0.04 (0.4) 0.06 (0.6) 0.06 (0.56) 0.06 (0.56) 0.06 (0.56) 0.09 (0.9)

extent luminous region sl [cm] 4.5 4.3 3.7 3.7 1.5 5.3

comment nominal ultimate D0 + crab crab wire comp.

Name Event Date15

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHH

W. Scandale & F. Zimmermann HHH, CARE Meeting, CERN, 17.09. 2008

experimenters’ choice

no accelerator components inside detectorlowest possible event pile uppossibility of easy luminosity levelling

→ full crab crossing upgrade → and/or low-emittance upgrade?

Name Event Date16

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHH

50-ns upgradewith 25-ns collisionsin LHCb

upgrade bunch structures

25 ns

50 ns

nominal

25 ns

ultimate& 25-ns upgrade(ES & FCC)

50-ns upgrade (LPA),no collisions in LHCb!

50 ns25 ns

Name Event Date17

PSB

SPSSPS+

Linac4

(LP)SPL

PS

LHC / SLHC DLHC

Ou

tpu

t en

ergy

160 MeV

1.4 GeV4 GeV

26 GeV50 GeV

450 GeV1 TeV

7 TeV~ 14 TeV

Linac250 MeV

(LP)SPL: (Low Power) Superconducting Proton Linac (4-5 GeV)

PS2: High Energy PS(~ 5 to 50 GeV – 0.3 Hz)

SPS+: Superconducting SPS(50 to1000 GeV)

SLHC: “Superluminosity” LHC(up to 1035 cm-2s-1)

DLHC: “Double energy” LHC(1 to ~14 TeV)

Proton flux / Beam power

present and future LHC injectors

PS2

Roland Garoby, LHCC 1July ‘08

layout of the new injectorsSPS

PS2

SPL

Linac4

PS

R. Garoby, CARE-HHH BEAM07, October’07; L. Evans, LHCC, 20 Feb ‘08

Name Event Date19

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHHCrab-cavities optionuse KEKB experienceplan R&D for crab cavitiesphased approach:

(1) prototype construction [SBIR](2) “global” crab cavity test in IR4, (3) “local” crab cavities in IR1 & 5

international collaboration

RF Deflector( Crab Cavity )

Head-onCollision

Crossing Angle (11 x 2 m rad.)

Electrons PositronsLERHER

1.41 MV

1.41 MV

1.44 MV

1.44 MV

K. Oide

B. Palmer

R. Calaga

Name Event Date20

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHH

HHH, CARE 08, CERN, 03.12. 2008

crystal experiments

CERN H8-SPS runs Test single and multi-strip crystals with 450 GeV protons, check the effect on electron and positrons, Prepare the UA9 experiment in the CERN-SPS

Participation in crystal collimation expt at FNAL CERN UA9 experiment in the SPS

Check loss confinement with a crystal primary in a 2-stage collimation,

Measure single particle dynamics

Support: CARE-HHH , INTAS-CERN, INFN-NTA, CERN AB and AT

Russian Foundation for Basic Research, LARP

Name Event Date21

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHH

HHH, CARE 08, CERN, 03.12. 2008

2008 crystal experiments

crystal deflection of negative pions and muons inthe SPS NorthArea

W. Scandaleet al

Name Event Date22

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHH“crab-waist” collisions at DAFNE (note: no crab cavities but sextupoles!)

luminosity

current product

w/o crab waist

with crab waist

can we make use of crab waistsat the LHC?

C. Milardi

Name Event Date23

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHH

HHH, CARE 08, CERN, 03.12. 2008

crab-waist collisions

K. Ohmi

Name Event Date24

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHH

HHH, CARE 08, CERN, 03.12. 2008

“crab-waist” to push beam halo away from opposing beam

K. Ohmi

Name Event Date25

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHH

0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33-0.05

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

Nowire

Uncompensated

Compensated

vertical tune

rela

tive

be

am

loss

long-range beam-beam compensationLR beam-beam in LHC

prototypecompensatorin the SPS

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

1

10

100

1000

10000

f(x) = 0.0079669408340264 exp( 0.5275309832067 x )R² = 0.969563974789019

f(x) = 0.032121851154027 exp( 0.263290043375057 x )R² = 0.916491915902518

f(x) = 0.00466317125207914 exp( 0.631317040232308 x )R² = 0.897733587640435.32 .29

Exponential (.32 .29).234,.226Exponential (.234,.226).12 ..16Exponential (.12 ..16)

distance [mm]

lifetime vs separation at various tunesG. Sterbini, J.-P. Koutchouk U. Dorda, et al, SPS MD August 2008

compensationefficiency with2 wires

2008 SPS experiment: compensation efficiency vs. tune 2008 SPS experiment: lifetime

vs separation

Name Event Date26

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHHEvaporation of metals in relatively high pressure of a rare gas produces very rough and porous films. Already mentioned in the literature, “gold black” has been produced and characterized.

a-C on gold black

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Primary Electron Energy [eV]

SE

Y

Gold black deposited by evaporation in Kr (0.5 mbar)

e-cloud mitigation

for PS2 & SPS upgrade; effort triggered by HHH ECL’2 workshop

P. Chiggiato et alpromising: graphite coating on black gold substrate

no dependence on time of exposure to air

Name Event Date27

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHH

HHH, CARE 08, CERN, 03.12. 2008

N3-HHH-ABI networkmajor events: 6 workshops

WS1: Trajectory and Beam position measurements using digital techniques, Aumuehle (Hamburg), 2003

WS2: DC current transformers and beam-lifetime evaluations, Lyon (F), 2004

WS3: Remote diagnostics and maintenance of beam instrumentation devices, Hirschberg (Darmstadt), 2005

WS4: Simulation of BPM front-end electronics and special mechanical designs, Lueneburg (Hamburg), 2006

WS5: Schottky, tune and chromaticity diagnostics (with real-time feedback), Chamonix (F), 2007

WS6: Transverse and longitudinal emittance measurements in hadron (pre-)accelerators, Bad Kreuznach (Darmstadt), 2008

Name Event Date28

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHH

HHH, CARE 08, CERN, 03.12. 2008

example ABI spin-off

Name Event Date29

CERN

HHHHHHHHHHHH

HHH, CARE 08, CERN, 03.12. 2008

Conclusions 2004-08 HHH program

• numerous high-impact workshops concluding 5 years of HHH activity, preparation of summary report

• focused efforts in many frontier areas- crystal collimation, slim magnets, e-cloud suppression, LHC crab cavities, beam-beam compensation, novel optics design schemes, fast cycling s.c. magnets, new beam diagnostics

• results benefit global accelerator community- code repository, s.c. database, intensity limits

• sustained strong dissemination & training effort- mutual visits between partner labs, publications, seminars, web pages, many summer students and graduate students