name index
Aaronson, M., 84, 98, 429, 430, 447Abbott-Shim, M., 129, 154Abdal-Haqq, I., 252, 261Abidin. R., 102, 116Achenbach, T. M., 102, 112, 116Achilles, C., 18, 287, 293, 294t, 295, 296t, 297,
298, 299, 300, 304, 305, 306, 444, 446, 473Ackerman, D. J., 268, 273, 284, 335, 336, 339Adair, L., 3, 26Adams, G., 150Agostin, T. M., 267, 284Ahluwalia, I. B., 37, 46Ahnert, L., 243, 246, 263Aigner, D. J., 399, 411Aikens, N., 155Ainsworth, P., 444, 445Aiyagari, S. R., 381, 411Akabayashi, H., 398, 411Akey, T. M., 346, 347t, 365Akin, J. S., 38, 48Alexander, K. L., 267, 284Allegretto, S., 327, 340Alva, S., 127, 151Alvir, J. M., 40, 47Anastasopoulos, L., 210, 213Anderka, M., 35, 47Anders, P. L., 252, 264Anderson, D. A., 373n9, 379Anderson, K., xxiiiAnderson, M., 367, 379Anderson, R., 354, 362Angrist, J. D., 287, 305Anson, B., 71Anson, E., 64, 65, 65t, 66, 74Aos, S., 69, 70Applebaum, M. I., 1, 26Archibald, S., 252, 264Arias, E., 354, 362
Armstrong, M. L., 53, 72Arnett, J., 112, 117Arnett, R. H., 354, 362Arnold, D. H., 219, 232, 266, 284Assel, M. A., 254, 263Atwood, M. L., 266, 286Aust, A., 299, 305Austin, J., 34, 47Aytaclar, S., 55, 71
Baca, P., 71Bain, H. P., 290n8, 293, 302, 308Bain, S. K., 267, 284Bakan, D., 53, 71Baker, L. S., 267, 285, 288, 307Ballard, C., 71Bandura, A., 56, 71Bandy-Hadden, I. G., 268, 285Barbarin, O., 95, 96, 247, 254, 263Barfoot, B., 112, 118Barnard, K. E., 57, 71, 153Barnes, H. V., 10, 25, 243, 264, 315, 341, 415,
416, 420, 447Barnes, W., 155Barnett, S., 97, 346, 347t, 363Barnett, W., 1, 6, 7, 9, 17, 23, 25, 93, 94, 96,
97, 124, 125, 134, 137, 149, 151, 157, 163,165, 166, 188, 197, 207, 212, 213, 214, 215,219, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234, 243, 245,257, 261, 268, 273, 284, 315, 329, 332, 335,336, 339, 340, 341, 366, 367n3, 369, 372,372n7, 373, 374, 379, 380, 385, 387, 411,414, 416, 418, 444, 445, 447, 463
Barney, H., 266, 278, 285, 473Barr, H. M., 52, 53, 55, 75Barrett, B., 196, 198Barrett, B. J., 124, 125, 133, 134, 151, 153, 155,
156
489
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490 Name Index
Barrie-Blockley, S., 80, 97Barthal, M., 53, 72Bartlett, S., 32, 46Bates, E., 102, 117Bates, J., 55, 72Baumrind, D., 53, 71Baydar, N., 246, 248, 261Bayley, N., 80, 96, 102, 117Beck, K. H., 54, 71Becker, G. S., 3, 10, 23, 381, 383n1, 391, 411Beckett,C., 385, 413Behrman, R. E., 69, 72Belfield, C., 1, 9, 20, 25, 157, 166, 234, 301,
302, 307, 315, 329, 341, 342, 346, 347t, 350,350n17, 357t, 363, 366, 367n3, 372, 372n7,373, 374, 379, 380, 387, 414, 418, 447
Bell, S., 150Belsky, J., 53, 71, 254, 264Belton, J., 71Ben-Avie, M., 444, 445Ben-Porath, Y., 387, 388, 411Benabou, R., 381, 411Benasich, A. A., 116, 117Bender, R. H., 127, 151Bereiter, C., 124, 151Berendes, H. W., 50, 75Bergholz, T. S. M., 53, 72Bergmann, B. R., 335, 339Berliner, D. C., 293, 305Berman, W., 4, 10, 26, 155Bernanke, B., 314Bernstein, H., 150Bernstein, J., 327, 340Bernstein, L., 113, 118, 163, 166Berreuta-Clement, J., 416, 445Bertalanffy, L. V., 77, 96Bezruczko, N., 416, 446Biddle, B. J., 293, 305Biederman, J., 52, 55, 73Bigelow, J. H., 330, 340Bilheimer, L., 34, 35, 37, 47Binkin, N. J., 39, 48Birch, S. H., 267, 285Birman, B., 252, 261, 262Bitler, M., 34, 35, 36, 46Black, A. R., 347t, 348, 365Black, K., 416, 447Black, M. M., 40, 46Blair, C., 421, 446Blank, L. A., 354, 362Blatchford, P., 297, 299, 305, 306Blau, D., 129, 151, 332, 339, 383, 390, 411Bloom, H. S., 347t, 348, 365Boardman, A. E., 349n14, 360, 364Boat, T., 3, 24
Bobronnikov, E., 32, 46Bogard, K., 2, 23, 211, 212, 252, 261, 283, 284Bohlin, G., 248, 262Bohrnstedt, G. W., 300, 305Boller, K., 102, 118Bonczar, T. P., 302n22, 305, 356n25, 363Bond, M., 254, 265Bonuck, K., 38, 47Bookstein, F. L., 52, 53, 55, 75Boozer, M., 288, 305Borghans, L., 382, 411Borko, H., 252, 264Borland, E., 39, 48Boruch, R. F., 290n8, 307Boscardin, W. J., 354, 365Bourdieu, P., 3, 23Bourke, S., 299, 305Bowlby, J., 56, 71Bowles, S., 382, 411Bowman, B., 9, 23Boyd, J. S., 218, 233Boyd, M. D., 39, 47Boyd-Zaharias, J., 290n8, 293, 293n13, 294t,
295, 296t, 297, 298, 302, 303, 305, 306, 308,346, 347t, 350, 363, 444, 446
Boyle, M. H., 55, 71Bracht, G. H., 385, 413Bradby, D., 302, 307Bradley, R. H., 102, 112, 117, 153, 425, 445Brady-Smith, C., 102, 112, 117Brafford, L. J., 54, 71Brandon, R., 258, 261Bredekamp, S., 153, 266, 285Bremner, J. D., 53, 71Brennan, P., 55, 71, 75Brennan, R., 50, 75Brewer, D., 289, 289n5, 300, 303, 305Brick, J. M., 153Briefel, R., 44, 46Bristow, B., 257, 264Broadhurst, D., 330, 341Broene, P., 150Bromberger, J. T., 55, 72Bronfenbrenner, U., 3, 4, 10, 22, 23, 56, 71, 77,
96, 244, 245, 246, 247, 250, 259, 261Brooks-Gunn, J., 50, 51, 54, 72, 99, 109, 112,
114, 115, 116, 117, 154, 236, 239, 246, 248,261, 267, 277, 284, 286, 386, 397, 412,456
Brown, A. P., 354, 362Brown, J., 150Brown, R., 266, 284Browning, K. G., 211, 212Bruininks, R., xviiBryan, R., 39, 47
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Name Index 491
Bryant, D., 127, 132, 151, 193, 198, 245, 246,247, 248, 254, 261, 262, 263
Bryant, D. M., 84, 96, 211, 212Bryk, A. S., 153Bucholz, K. K., 55, 73Buchsbaum, H. K., 54, 72Buescher, P., 34, 40, 46, 47Buhs, E. S., 267, 285Buirns, M. S., 228, 234Buka, S. L., 93, 96Bukstein, O. G., 55, 72Burchinal, M., 10, 23, 82, 84, 87, 95, 96, 127,
132, 151, 193, 198, 211, 212, 243, 245, 246,248, 261, 264, 334, 340, 416, 421, 445, 446
Burkam, D. T., 268, 279, 285Burns, M. S., 9, 23, 123, 152Burr, J., 1, 23Burts, D. C., 153Bush, G. W., 236Bushbaum, H. K., 55, 72Butterfield, P. M., 57, 72
Cadigan, K., xxiiiCaldwell, B. M., 102, 112, 117, 153, 425, 445Cameron, J., 383, 388, 390, 411, 413Cameron, S. V., 352, 363, 386, 397, 411Camilli, G., 1, 23, 125, 151Campbell, D. T., 216, 232Campbell, F., 1, 9, 10, 13, 22, 23, 76, 82, 83,
84, 86, 87, 91, 93, 95, 96, 97, 114, 118, 162,163, 165, 193, 198, 229, 232, 415, 416, 421,445, 446, 453, 480
Cannon, J. S., 1, 3, 9, 24, 269, 283, 284, 415,444, 446
Carlson, M. J., 54, 73Carneiro, P., 289, 305, 383, 385, 386, 389n10,
397, 411, 412Caspi, A., 55, 73, 383n3, 412Cassidy, D. J., 154Cassidy, J., 57, 73, 266, 284Caucutt, E., 397n22, 412Caughy, M., 246, 248, 261Chamberlin, R., 59, 61, 74, 115, 118Chanana, N., 335, 341Chandler, J., 155Chandran, R. V., 45n1Chaplin, D. D., 129, 151Charlesworth, R., 153Chase-Lansdale, P. L., 267, 277, 284Chatterji, P., 38, 47Chazan-Cohen, R., 99, 456Cheah, B., 150Chen, H. T., 172, 184Chen, J., 353, 364Chen, L., 52, 55, 73
Chilson, L., 70Chin-Quee, D., 246, 261Cicchetti, D., 55, 72Cicirelli, V. G., 77, 96Claessens, A., 388, 398, 412Clark, A. S., 53, 72Clark, C., 126, 127, 133, 134, 150, 153, 156Clark, D. B., 55, 72Clark-Kauffman, E., 386, 397, 413Clark, W. W., 160, 166, 167, 425, 447Clarke, S. H., 163, 165Clifford, R., 112, 118, 151, 193, 198, 211, 212,
231, 233, 243, 246, 248, 257, 261, 264, 334,340
Clyman, R. B., 55, 72Cohen, J., 88, 90, 96Cohen, M. A., 357, 364, 373n9, 380Cole, R., 55, 60, 61, 62, 64, 64t, 65, 65t, 66, 72,
73, 74Coleman, J. S., 3, 24Coley, R. J., 277, 284Collier, A. M., 80, 97Colon, A., 217, 233Colville, W. R., 37, 46Comer, J.P., 444, 445Compton, W. M., 55, 75Condelli, L., 124, 125, 133, 134, 151, 153, 155,
156, 196, 198Conry, J., 76, 97Constantine, J., 102, 118Cook, R., 150Cook, T., 207, 212, 216, 228, 232, 234Cornelius, J. R., 55, 72Costiloe, P., 35, 47Cottler, L. B., 55, 75Cowan, C. A., 354, 362Cox, D., 292, 306Cox, M. J., 155, 267, 286Craig, I. W., 383n3, 412Crane, J., 154Crosby, W., 35, 47Cross, L., 80, 97Crouse, J., 267, 285Cruickshank, D. R., 292, 305Cryan, J. R., 268, 285Cryer, D., 112, 118, 231, 233Culkin, M., 151, 193, 198, 243, 246, 264, 334,
340Culross, P. L., 69, 72Cunha, F., 10, 21, 24, 381, 383, 383n4, 385,
386, 387n8, 389n9, 389n10, 390, 390n14,391n16, 398n23, 399, 399n24, 400, 400n27,401, 401n28, 401t, 402t, 403, 403n29, 403t,404, 404n35, 405, 405n37, 407, 407n38,407n40, 411, 412, 480
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492 Name Index
Cunningham-Williams, R. M., 55, 75Currie, J., 3, 24, 34, 35, 36, 46, 125, 151, 154,
196, 197, 198, 331, 333n6, 335, 339, 383,385, 386n6, 390, 391, 411, 412, 415, 446
Curry, J. C., 266, 284Cutler, D., 354, 357, 363Cutts, D. B., 40, 46
Dahl, G. B., 386, 397, 412Dahl, R. E., 385, 412Dale, P., 102, 117Damasio, A. R., 398, 412Daniel-Echols, M., 16, 17, 199, 206, 209, 211,
212, 213, 463Daniels, D., 272, 286Darling-Hammond, L., 252, 254, 262, 299,
303, 305Darlington, R., 87, 97, 154, 243, 263Dauber, S. L., 267, 284Davidson, S., 217, 234Davis, T. H., 53, 72Davis, W., xxiiiDawson, B., 189, 191, 198, 231, 233, 331, 333,
339Deater-Deckard, K., 246, 262Deb, N., 38, 47D’Elio, M. A., 150, 158, 166DeLong, J. B., 367n4, 380Denton, K., 257, 265, 268, 277, 286Derogatis, L. R., 87, 96Desimone, L., 252, 261, 262Devaney, B., 12, 29, 34, 35, 37, 40, 44, 46, 47,
453Dever, R., 76, 97Dhawan, S., 38, 47Diamond, A., 230, 233, 471Dickinson, D., 154, 210, 213Dillon, R. F., 52, 72DiPietro, J., 246, 248, 261DiScala, C., 53, 72Dobbs, J., 219, 232Doctoroff, G. L., 219, 232Dodge, K. A., 55, 72Dolezol, S., 57, 72Domingue, G., 112, 118Donovan, J. E., 55, 72Donovan, M. S., 9, 23Doolittle, F., 346n8Downer, J., 247, 254, 255, 256, 257, 262, 263,
264Dowsett, C. J., 388, 398, 412Duckworth, A. L., 382, 411Dulberg, C. S., 52, 72Duncan, G., 154, 193, 198, 238, 344, 364, 386,
388, 397, 398, 412, 413
Duncome, W., 344, 363Dunn, L., 83, 96, 102, 111, 117, 154, 207, 212,
222, 233, 245, 262Durbin, J., 399n25, 412Dutta, S., 35, 47Dynarski, M., 346n8
Early, D. M., 127, 151, 211, 212, 218, 233, 257,261
Eason, G., 299, 308Eaton, J. J., 268, 286Eckenrode, J., 55, 61, 71, 73, 74, 75Edgerton, M., 84, 98, 429, 430, 447Edozien, J., 39, 47Egeland, B., 53, 72Egelson, P., 295, 300, 305Ehrenberg, R. G., 289, 289n5, 303, 305Ehrle, K., 295, 307Elliot, K., 331, 341Elster, A. B., 50, 72Emde, R. N., 54, 55, 72Englund, M., 1, 22, 415, 480Entwisle, D. R., 267, 284Epstein, A., 207, 315, 341, 415, 416, 445Epstein, D. J., 1, 6, 7, 9, 23, 188, 197Erickson, M., xviiiErikson, E. H., 387, 412Esposito Lamy, C., 215, 232Ettner, S. L., 354, 365Everingham, S. S., 62, 72Evertson, C. M., 299, 305
Faddis, B., 125, 151Fall, C., 3, 26Faraone, S. V., 52, 55, 73Farr, D., 71Farrah, G., 292, 307Farris, E., 129, 152, 267, 285Fauth, R. C., 112, 117Feiler, R., 272, 286Feine, R., 246, 263Fenson, L., 102, 117Ferguson, R. F., 272, 285, 288, 306Fermanich, M., 252, 264Ferris, E, 335, 341Fiene, R., 154Figueras, A., 219, 233, 463Finison, K., 35, 47Finn, J. D., 18, 287, 290n8, 292, 293, 293n13,
294t, 295, 296t, 297, 298, 299, 303, 306,308, 346, 347t, 350, 363, 444, 446, 473
Fischel, J. E., 154Fischer, P. H., 219, 232Fish, R. M., 290n8, 293n13, 303, 306Fisher, P. H., 266, 284
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Name Index 493
Fitzgerald, J., 299, 308Fitzmaurice, G. M., 93, 96Fleming, J. E., 55, 71Fleshood, L., 39, 48Florian, J. E., 207, 212Folger, J., 292, 299, 305, 306Fombonne, E., 55, 73Forden, M. A., 299, 306Foss, D. J., 3, 24Fox, J. D., 297, 306Fox, M., 38, 40, 47, 343, 344, 359, 363Frank, D. A., 40, 46Frede, E., 17, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 228,
231, 232, 233, 234, 463Fried, P. A., 52, 72Friedman, A. H., 1, 6, 7, 9, 23, 188, 197, 444,
445Friedman, J., 150Fuller, B., 138, 151, 195, 197, 198Fulton, D. B., 290n8, 293, 302, 308Furstenberg, F. F., 50, 51, 54, 72
Gable, S., 53, 75Gallagher, H. A., 252, 264Gamoran, A., 289, 289n5, 303, 305Ganson, H., 124, 125, 133, 134, 151, 153, 155,
156, 196, 198Garbarino, J., 53, 72Garber, H. L., 76, 96Garbowski, G. C., 40, 47Garces, E., 196, 198, 331, 331n5, 339, 415, 446Gardner, D., 193, 198, 421, 446Gardner, R. C., 280n12, 285Garet, M. S., 252, 261, 262Garner, P. W., 388, 398, 414Gayer, T., 189, 191, 198, 231, 233, 331, 333,
339Geppert, J., 40, 46Gerber, S. B., 290n8, 293, 293n13, 294t, 295,
296t, 297, 298, 303, 306, 346, 347t, 350,363, 444, 446
Germino-Hausken, E., 257, 265Gershoff, S., 34, 47Gershwin, D., 266, 278, 285, 473Ghelfi, L. M., 45n1, 47Gieseke, J., xxiiiGil, D., 53, 72Gilbertson, L., 343, 344, 359, 363Gill, B. P., 300, 305Gilliam, W. S., 1, 9, 10, 26, 163, 166, 335,
341Gilman, E., 4, 26Gilman, S. E., 93, 96Ginsburg, H. P., 219, 233Gintis, H., 382, 411
Gluckman, P. D., 383, 412Goelman, H., 246, 262Goldberger, A. S., 399n25, 413Goldenberg, R. L., 52, 73Goldin, C., 360, 362, 363Goldschmidt, P., 302, 306Goldstein, H., 297, 306Goldstein, N. E., 266, 284Gomby, D. S., 69, 72, 116, 117Goodman, L., 155Goodson, B., 113, 118, 154Goodson, B. D., 163, 166Gordon, A., 34, 35, 36, 47Gordon, C. S., 331, 334, 335, 340Gordon, R. A., 55, 75, 267, 277, 284Gormley, W., 1, 16, 24, 188, 189, 191, 197,
198, 231, 233, 238, 331, 333, 339, 462, 485Granholm, J., 212Grant, K. E., 53, 72Gray, C., 153Gray, S. W., 76, 97Graycar, A., 70, 72Green, S. M., 55, 75Greenberg, D. H., 349n14, 360, 364Greene, B., 335, 341Greenwald, R., 272, 285, 288, 306, 307Greenwood, J., 381, 411Greenwood, P. W., 62, 72Grekin, E. R., 55, 71Grey, S., 235Griffin, P., 123, 152, 228, 234Grossman, M., 3, 24Grummer-Strawn, L., 37, 46Grunewald, R., xxiii, 1, 23, 25, 313, 315, 341,
367n3, 380Guilkey, D. K., 38, 48Gunnewig, S. B., 254, 263
Hadden, D. S., 254, 262Hagekull, B., 246, 248, 262Hagemann, M., 416, 446Halback, A., 295, 307Hallal, P., 3, 26Hamagami, F., 257, 262Hamilton, W., 38, 40, 47Hammond, M. A., 153Hamre, B., 247, 254, 255, 256, 257, 260, 262,
263, 264Hanks, C., 62, 64, 65, 65t, 66, 72, 73, 74Hansen, J. A., 268, 286Hansen, K. T., 387, 413Hanson, M., 383, 412Hanushek, E., 289, 289n4, 303, 306, 349n15,
363, 367n1, 380Harman, P., 295, 300, 305
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494 Name Index
Harmon, P., 300, 305Harms, T., 112, 118, 231, 233Harrison, P. M., 355, 363Hart, B., 53, 72, 154Hart, C. H., 153Hart, P., 257, 262Harter, S., 86, 97Harvey, A. C., 399n25, 412, 413Haskins, R., 84, 97, 133, 134, 151Hause, J. C., 372, 380Hawkinson, L., 228, 232Hayes, C., 154Haymore-Sandholtz, J., 252, 262Haynes, N. M., 444, 445Heath, A. C., 55, 73Heaviside, S., 267, 285Heber, R., 76, 97Hecht, J. B., 302, 308Heckman, J., 3, 10, 20, 21, 22, 24, 110, 118,
196, 198, 289, 305, 306, 352, 361, 362, 363,366, 367, 367n2, 368t, 369, 372, 372n5,372n7, 375, 375n12, 377t, 378n13, 379, 380,381, 382, 383, 383n4, 385, 386, 387, 387n8,389n9, 389n10, 390, 390n14, 391n16, 397,398n23, 399, 399n24, 400, 400n27, 401,401n28, 401t, 402t, 403, 403n29, 403t, 404,404n35, 405, 405n37, 407, 407n38, 407n40,411, 412, 413, 415, 446, 479, 480
Hedges, L., 272, 285, 288, 297, 306, 307,348n10, 364
Heid, C., 150Heinrich, L. B., 54, 72Helburn, S. W., 335, 339Hemphill, L., 155Henderson, C., 52, 55, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65,
66, 71, 72, 73, 74, 115, 118Henderson, L., 331, 334, 335, 340Henderson, V., 246, 264Henry, G. T., 247, 262, 331, 334, 335, 340Herrnstein, R. J, 367n1, 380, 382, 387, 413Hestenes, L., 154, 245, 262Hiatt, S., 71Hieronymus, A. N., 423, 425, 446Hill, P., 69, 74Hills, T., 257, 261Hindman, A., 254, 265Hirsch, E. D., 331, 340Hofferth, S. I., 129, 151Hogan, V. K., 37, 46Hohmann, C., 207, 213Hollingshead, A. B., 92Holloway, S. D., 138, 151Holmberg, J., 67, 71, 74, 115, 118Holmes, D. L., 266, 267, 285Holzer, H. J., 360, 363
Holzman, M., 343, 363Honigman, J., 268, 279, 285Hood, A., 300, 305Hoover, H. D., 423, 425, 446Hopkins, K. D., 385, 413Horn, W. F., 154Hornbeck, A., 217, 233Horton, S., 34, 40, 46, 47Hoube, J., 62, 72House, J. S., 353, 364Houts, R., 254, 264Howell, W. C., 303, 307Howes, C., 133, 151, 152, 154, 155, 193, 198,
243, 246, 257, 262, 263, 264, 334, 335, 340Hsiao, C., 399, 411Hubbell-McKey, R., 150, 156Hulsey, L., 155Hunker, P., 150Hunt, J., 76, 97Hustedt, J. T., 1, 6, 7, 9, 23, 188, 197, 228, 232,
245, 257, 261, 444, 445Huston, A. C., 388, 398, 412
Ingersoll, R. M., 254, 263Ingram, A., 9, 10, 24Inoue, N., 219, 233Isaacs, J., 69, 73, 360, 363Izzo, C., 71
Jaccard, J., 246, 248, 261Jacknowitz, A., 269, 283, 284Jacobs, E., 246, 264Jacobvitz, D., 53, 72Jaffee, S. R., 55, 73Jambunathan, S., 216, 228, 233James, J., 257, 262Jencks, C., 344, 363Johnson, D. L., 114, 115, 118Johnson, J., 300, 301n19, 307Johnson, L. B., 235Johnson, M. B., 83, 87, 98, 111, 118, 425,
447Johnston, J., 290n8, 293, 299, 302, 307, 308Jones, J., 52, 55, 73, 232Jones, S. S., 1, 9, 10, 26Joreskog, K., 176, 184, 399n25, 413, 431, 432,
433, 446Joyce, T., 35, 36, 37, 47Joyner, E. T., 444, 445Juncker, J., 216, 228, 233Jung, K., 163, 165, 207, 212, 213, 214, 219,
228, 232, 233, 234, 332, 339, 463Jurkiewicz, T. C., 206, 213Justice, L. J., 247, 263Justice, L. M., 255, 256, 263, 264
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Name Index 495
Kagan, S., 151, 193, 198, 243, 246, 264, 266,285, 334, 340
Kainz, K., 95, 96Kalil, A., 386, 397, 412Kaplan, D., 268, 285Kaplan, N., 57, 73Kapteyn, A., 399, 411Karberg, J., 355, 363Karoly, L., 1, 3, 9, 24, 62, 72, 330, 340, 415,
444, 446Karwe, V., 44, 46Katz, L. F., 360, 362, 363Kauerz, K., 2, 26Kaufman, P., 302, 307Kawachi, I., 93, 96Keane, M. J., 158, 166Keaveney, L., 385, 413Kempe, C. H., 53, 73Kennedy, E., 34, 47KewalRamani, A., 343, 344, 359, 363Kilburn, M. R., 1, 3, 9, 24, 62, 72, 415, 444,
446Kim, K., 126, 127, 133, 134, 150, 153, 156Kirby, S. N., 18, 266, 278, 285, 473Kirisci, L., 55, 71, 72Kirk, L., 153Kiser-Kling, K., 299, 305, 307Kisker, E., 102, 118, 335, 340Kitzman, H., 1, 24, 50, 55, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65,
65t, 66, 67, 71, 72, 73, 74, 114, 118Klaus, R.A., 76, 97Klayman, D., 155Klebanov, P., 109, 114, 115, 116, 117, 154, 267,
277, 284, 388, 398, 412Klein, L., 52, 73Kleiner, A., 129, 152, 335, 341Knudsen, E. I., 383, 390, 413Kochanek, K., 354, 362Konopka, G., xixKonstantopoulos, S., 297, 307Kontos, S., 154, 246, 262, 263Koopman, S. J., 399n25, 412Kotch, J. B., 40, 47Kotelchuck, M., 34, 47Kraft-Sayre, M., 255, 262Kralik, J., 254, 263Kramer, M. S., 52, 73Kreppner, J. M., 385, 413Krop, C., 300, 305Krueger, A. B., 3, 22, 24, 293, 297, 298, 300,
301, 301n19, 302, 307, 349, 363, 444, 446,474, 475
Kuehl, B., 295, 307Kung, H., 354, 362Kurland, B. F., 155
Kurland, M., 124, 151Kuziembo, I., 350n20, 364Kwon, Y. A., 267, 285
La Paro, K. M., 148, 151, 254, 264Lacker, J., 312Ladd, G. W., 267, 285Ladd, H. F., 288, 306LaFontaine, P., 362, 363Lahey, B. B., 55, 75Laine, R. D., 272, 285, 288, 307Lamb, M., 243, 246, 263Lambert, M. C., 154Lamy, C., 163, 165, 207, 212, 213, 215, 216,
218, 219, 228, 232, 233, 332, 339, 463Landry, S. H., 254, 263Lantz, P. M., 353, 364Larenas, M. I., 383, 413Larsen, J. M., 331, 340Larsen, L., 9, 10, 24Larson, K. A., 350, 365Lau, L., 132, 151, 245, 248, 261Lavy, V., 287, 305Layzer, J., 113, 118, 154, 163, 166Lazar, I., 87, 97, 154, 243, 263Lazariu-Bauer, V., 37, 47LeDoux, J. E., 398, 413Le, V.-N., 18, 266, 278, 285, 413Lee, M., 82, 96Lee, V., 196, 198, 268, 279, 285Leighton, J., 40, 47Lenihan, A. J., 40, 47Leonard, R., 30, 47Leontief, W., 396Lepkowski, J. M., 353, 364Lescohier, I., 53, 72Levenson, S., 40, 46Leventhal, B. L., 55, 75Levin, H., 20, 24, 301, 302, 307, 342, 348, 350,
350n17, 351n21, 363, 364, 475Levinson, R. A., 54, 73Levy, F., 382, 413Lewis, I., 79, 80, 98Lewit, E. M., 267, 285, 288, 307Li, G., 53, 72Liang, X., 138, 151Liaw, F., 109, 114, 115, 116, 117Lieb, R., 69, 70Lieberman, A., 254, 263Lim, W., 268, 286Lin, B., 38, 40, 47Lindquist, E. F., 423, 425, 446Lindseth, A. A., 367n1, 380Links, P. S., 55, 71Lintz, M. N., 290n8, 293, 302, 308
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496 Name Index
Lipps, G., 331, 340Little C., 69, 74Lleras-Muney, A., 354, 357, 363Lochner, L., 355, 356, 357t, 361, 363, 364, 381,
383, 383n4, 385, 386, 387n8, 390, 390n14,391n16, 397, 397n22, 398n23, 412
Loeb, S., 196, 198, 346, 347t, 364Loeber, R., 55, 75Lonigan, C., 207, 213, 222, 233Lonigan, C. J., 155Lopez, M., 113, 118, 163, 166Love, J., 99, 102, 118, 125, 151, 456Lowenstein, A., 197, 198Lu, S., 55, 71Lucas, B., 312, 313Luckey, D., 55, 61, 65, 66, 67, 73, 74, 115,
118Ludwig, J., 196, 198, 357, 364Lugo, D. E., 111, 117, 154, 222, 233Lynch, R. G., 19, 315, 316, 317n1, 340Lynsky, M. T., 55, 73
Mackinnon, D. P., 430, 446MacLeod, J., 9, 24MacPhee, D., 77, 97Madden, K., 150Madden, P. A., 55, 73Magee, C., 158, 166Magin, K., 367n4, 380Magnuson, K., 193, 198, 231, 233, 332, 333n6,
335, 340, 344, 364, 388, 398, 412Main, M., 57, 73Malofeeva, E. V., 16, 199, 206, 209, 211, 213,
463Mann, E., 9, 25, 163, 166, 173, 176, 179, 180,
184, 185, 243, 264, 315, 316, 341, 346, 347t,365, 415, 418, 422, 447
Marcus, S., 415, 446Markwardt, F. C., 83, 96Martin, J., 55, 73, 383n3, 412Martinez-Beck, I., 252, 258, 261, 265Martorell, R., 3, 26Mashburn, A., 17, 243, 247, 248, 254, 255,
256, 257, 262, 263, 264, 331, 334, 335, 340,473
Masse, L., 93, 94, 96, 97, 163, 166, 243, 261,315, 340
Masterov, D. V., 110, 118, 381, 383, 383n4,385, 386, 387n8, 390, 390n14, 391n16,398n23, 412
Mather, N., 207, 213, 222, 234Mathieson, L. C., 9, 10, 25Mavrogenes, N. A., 416, 446Maxwell, K., 127, 151, 257, 261Mayes, L. C., 52, 73
Mayfield, J., 69Mayfield, W. A., 154McAnarney, E. R., 50, 72McCabe, M., 287, 307McCall, R. B., 9, 10, 24McCarthy, D., 80, 97McCartney, K., 129, 133, 152, 154McClay, J., 383n3, 412McClelland, M., 266, 267, 285, 297, 306McConkey, C., 124, 125, 133, 134, 151, 153,
155, 156, 196, 198McCoy, S. J., 155McEwan, P. J., 3, 24, 348, 364McGrady, G., 71McGrew, K. S., 207, 213, 222, 234McGinness, G. D., 80, 97McKey, R., 124, 125, 133, 134, 151, 153, 155,
156, 196, 198McLanahan, S., 54, 73, 277, 286McLaughlin, A. E., 93, 97, 415, 446McLaughlin, M. W., 252, 254, 262McMahon, W. W., 357, 364Meaney, M. J., 388, 398, 413Mednick, S. A., 55, 71, 75Meghir, C., 385, 413Meisels, S. J., 268, 279, 285Mekos, D., 129, 150, 154Melhuish, E., 148, 152, 331, 341Mero, R. P., 353, 364Merrill, M. A., 158, 159, 160, 166, 423, 447Merrill, N. Q., 80, 98Mersky, J. P., 1, 9, 25, 176, 183, 184, 232, 234,
415, 447Metcoff, J., 35, 47Meyers, M. K., 332, 333n6, 335, 340Mezzich, A. C., 55, 72Milberger, S., 52, 55, 73Milchus, N., 292, 307Miles, K. H., 288, 307Mill, J., 383n3, 412Millburn, S., 272, 286Miller, D., 196, 198Miller-Johnson, S., 1, 9, 10, 23, 86, 87, 91, 96,
162, 165, 229, 232, 415, 416, 445Miller, L. J., 112, 118Miller, M., 69, 70Miller, T. R., 357, 364Milne, D., 35, 47Mincer, J., 3, 24Mishel, L., 327, 340Mitchell, D. E., 302, 308Mitchell, T. K., 302, 308Mocan, H. N., 330, 340Moffitt, R. A., 374, 380Moffitt, T. E., 55, 73, 383n3, 412
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Name Index 497
Molnar, A., 295, 299, 307Montie, J., 1, 9, 25, 157, 166, 181, 185, 229,
234, 315, 329, 341, 366, 372n7, 380, 387,414, 418, 447
Moon, S. H., 20, 366, 367, 367n2, 368t, 369,372, 372n5, 372n7, 375, 375n12, 377t,378n13, 379, 380, 405, 413, 479
Moore, E., 266, 285Moore, M. A., 349n14, 360, 364Moretti, E., 355, 356, 357t, 364Morgan, S. P., 50, 51, 54, 72Morganstein, D., 153Moritz, P., 69, 74Morris, P., 9, 23, 244, 247, 250, 259, 261, 386,
397, 413Morrison, F., 254, 264, 266, 267, 285Moss, M., 154Mosteller, F., 293, 307Moynihan, D. P., 410n41, 413Muennig, P., 301, 302, 307, 342, 350, 354, 355,
357, 364Mullen, K. J., 387, 413Munoz, A. F., 222, 234Munro, S., 230, 233Murnane, R. J., 382, 413Murphy, S., 354, 362Murray, C. A., 367n1, 380, 382, 387,
413Murray, H., 87, 97, 154, 243, 263Musick, J. S., 54, 73
Naisbitt, N., 171, 184Neal, D., 300, 301n19, 307, 343, 344,
364Nelson, E. C., 55, 73Nelson, G., 9, 24Nelson, L., 34, 35, 36, 47Newberger, C. M., 53, 73Newport, E. L., 385, 413Ng, R., 67, 74, 115, 118Nicholson, P. A., 155Niles, M. D., 1, 9, 25Nores, M., 1, 9, 25, 157, 166, 229, 234, 315,
329, 341, 346, 347t, 363, 366, 367n3, 372,372n7, 373, 374, 379, 380, 387, 414, 418,447
Nowak, J., 268, 286Nye, B., 295, 297, 305, 307, 348n10,
364
O’Brien, R., 69, 74, 150, 158, 166O’Connell, M. E., 3, 24O’Connor, T. G., 385, 413Odden, A., 252, 264Oden, S., 207, 213, 415, 446
O’Donnell, K., 126, 130, 132, 153Offner, P., 360, 363Offord, D. R., 55, 71O’Koon, J. H., 53, 72Olds, D. L., 1, 12, 25, 49, 50, 52, 55, 59, 60, 61,
62, 63, 64, 65, 65t, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73,74, 114, 115, 118, 453
Oliveira, V., 45n1, 47Olmsted, J., 45n1, 47Olson, H. C., 52, 53, 55, 75Ortiz, C., 266, 284Osborne, M., 382, 411Ou, S.-R., 1, 9, 10, 15, 22, 25, 168, 173, 176,
183, 184, 229, 232, 234, 415, 416, 446, 447,458, 480
Overpeck, M. D., 50, 75Owen, J., 299, 305Owen, M. T., 112, 118
Pacheco, N., 32, 46Packard, T., 154Padilla, E. R., 111, 117, 154, 222, 233Page, M. E., 346, 347t, 364Pai-Samant, S., 150, 156Painter, G., 269, 283, 284Palme, M., 385, 413Palmer, J., 154Pannozzo, G. M., 299, 306Parsad, B., 129, 152, 335, 341Parvana, I., 39, 48Pate-Bain, H., 295, 305Paterson, W., 232Pederson, D., 266, 286Peevely, G., 348n10, 364Peisner-Feinberg, E., 151, 193, 198, 243, 246,
248, 261, 264, 334, 340Pence, A., 246, 262Pennucci, A., 69, 70Peters, H. E., 257, 264Peterson, A., 37, 46Peterson, L., 53, 74Peterson, P., 303, 307Pethick, J., 102, 117Pettit, B., 356, 364Pettit, G. S., 55, 72Pettitt, L., 55, 61, 67, 74, 115, 118Phillips, D., 130, 133, 152, 154, 189, 191, 197,
198, 231, 233, 246, 262, 331, 333, 335, 339,340, 391n15, 414
Phillips, M., 154, 267, 285, 344, 363Piaget, J., 160Pianalto, S., 311Pianta, R., 17, 148, 151, 155, 211, 212, 243,
247, 254, 255, 256, 257, 260, 262, 263, 264,267, 268, 286, 473
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498 Name Index
Pierre, R., 113, 118Pikulski, J. J., 155Pine, D. S., 53, 74Pinker, S., 385, 413Pinkerton, R., 246, 262Pinto, R., 20, 366, 367, 367n2, 368t, 369, 372,
372n5, 372n7, 375, 375n12, 377t, 378n13,379, 380, 479
Pizzo, P. D., 124, 152Plantz, M., 124, 125, 133, 134, 151, 153, 155,
156, 196, 198Plomin, R., 56, 75Plucker, J. A., 268, 286Poest, C. A., 266, 286Poindexter, L. M., 53, 72Pollock, N., 55, 72Ponder, B. D., 331, 334, 335, 340Popkin, B., 38, 48Porch, S., 268, 286Porter, A. C., 252, 261, 262Poulton, R., 55, 73Pouncy, H., 362, 364Powers, J., 55, 73Pritchett, L., 357, 364Provasnik, S., 343, 344, 359, 363Pruzek, R., 37, 47Puma, M., 150Pungello, E., 1, 9, 10, 23, 86, 87, 91, 93, 95, 96,
97, 162, 165, 229, 232, 415, 416, 445, 446Putnam, R. T., 252, 264
Quinn, L., 150Quint, J., 347t, 348, 359n28, 364, 365Quinton, D., 53, 75
Racine, D., 68, 69, 74Racine, Y., 35, 36, 45, 47, 55, 71Radloff, L. S., 102, 112, 118Raikes, H., 14, 99, 102, 118, 456Raine, A., 55, 75Ralph, J., 267, 285Ramey, C., 1, 9, 10, 13, 23, 76, 77, 78, 80, 82,
83, 86, 87, 91, 96, 97, 110, 114, 118, 153,162, 165, 193, 198, 229, 232, 257, 264, 298,307, 415, 416, 421, 445, 446, 453
Ramey, S., 110, 118, 193, 198, 246, 248, 257,261, 264, 298, 307
Ramsey, B. K., 76, 97Raphael, S., 345n7, 355, 356, 356n25, 365Rapp, K. E., 268, 286Rashotte, C., 207, 213, 222, 233, 234Rathbun, A., 268, 283, 286, 295, 308Raudenbush, S. W., 153, 383, 413Raver, C. C., 124, 152, 388, 398, 414Ready, D. D., 268, 279, 285
Reaney, L. M., 268, 277, 286Reed, R., 34, 47Rees, D. I., 330, 340Reichardt, R., 300, 305Reid, M., 246, 248, 261Reidy, K., 44, 46Reitz, W., 292, 307Rescorla, L. A., 102, 112, 116Resnick, G., 14, 15, 121, 126, 127, 130, 133,
134, 135, 136f, 147, 148, 152, 153, 155, 156Reynolds, A. J., 1, 2, 9, 10, 15, 22, 25, 26, 163,
166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 176, 179, 180,182, 183, 184, 185, 229, 232, 234, 243, 264,315, 316, 340, 341, 346, 347t, 365, 415, 416,418, 422, 444, 446, 447, 458, 480
Reynolds, A. T., 155Reznick, J., 102, 117Richardson, E., 236Richardson, V., 252, 264Richmond, J. B., 23, 25Richter, L., 3, 26Rickman, D. K., 247, 262, 331, 334, 335,
340Ridenour, T. A., 55, 75Rimm-Kaufman, S. E., 267, 286Ripple, C., 335, 341Risley, T. R., 53, 72, 154Ritchie, S., 211, 212, 257, 262Ritter, G. W., 290n8, 307Rivlin, A. M., 124, 152Roache, N. A., 53, 72Roberts, J., 70Robertson, D., 1, 9, 25, 163, 166, 173, 176, 179,
180, 183, 184, 185, 232, 234, 243, 264, 315,316, 341, 346, 347t, 365, 415, 418, 422, 447
Robin, K., 228, 232, 234, 245, 257, 261, 268,273, 284, 335, 336, 339
Robins, L. N., 55, 75Robinson, C. C., 331, 340Robinson, J., 55, 61, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 74, 115,
118Rock, S. L., 153Rohacek, M., 150Roholt, S. J., 40, 47Roid, G. H., 112, 118Rolnick, A., 1, 2, 25, 313, 315, 341, 367n3, 380Rosen, S., 474Ross, C., 102, 118Rouse, C., 277, 286, 288, 301, 302, 305, 307,
342, 350, 351, 351n21, 365Royce, J., 87, 97, 154, 243, 263Ruhm, C., 193, 198, 231, 233, 332, 333n6,
335, 340Rumberger, R., 302, 307, 345n7, 350, 365Rush, D., 40, 47
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Name Index 499
Russell, C., 39, 48Russell, J. L., 266, 286Rutter, M., 3, 4, 25, 53, 75, 383, 383n2, 383n3,
385, 413, 414Ryan, R. H., 267, 286Ryan, S., 1, 23Rydell, C. P., 62, 72Ryer, P., 151
Sadler, L., 1, 24, 114, 118Sakai, L. M., 155Sameroff, A. J., 53, 75Sammons, P., 151, 152, 331, 341Sampson, P. D., 52, 53, 55, 75Sandstead, H., 35, 47Sangeorge, A., 210, 213Sansanelli, R. A., 1, 6, 7, 9, 23, 188, 197Sarason, S. B., 299, 307Sarri, R. C., 429, 430, 447Savelyev, P., 366, 367, 367n2, 368t, 369, 372,
372n5, 372n7, 375, 375n12, 377t, 378n13,379, 380, 479
Saxon, D. W., 53, 75Scanlon, K., 39, 48Scarr, S., 129, 133, 152, 154, 246, 261, 262Scazafabo, L., 70Schaefer, E., 84, 98, 429, 430, 447Schaefer, L., 155Schafer, J. L., 274, 286Schafer, W. E., 429, 430, 447Schanzenbach, D. W., 196, 198, 301, 307Schecter, C., 329, 341Schennach, S. M., 400, 403, 404, 405, 405n37,
407, 407n38, 407n40, 412Schliecker, E., 246, 264Schore, J., 34, 35, 37, 47Schulman, K. L., 245, 257, 261Schultz, T. W., 3, 25Schwager, M. T., 302, 308Schwartz, J., 35, 38, 47, 48Schweinhart, L., 1, 9, 10, 15, 16, 22, 25, 157,
158, 164, 166, 181, 185, 199, 206, 207, 208,212, 213, 229, 231, 234, 243, 264, 315, 329,341, 346, 347t, 363, 366, 367n3, 372, 372n7,373, 374, 379, 380, 387, 414, 415, 416, 418,420, 445, 446, 447, 458, 463, 480
Sedlak, A., 330, 341Seefeldt, V., 266, 286Senechal, M., 350n16, 365Seo, K. H., 219, 233Seplocha, H., 216, 228, 233Seshadri, A., 381, 411Setodji, C. M., 266, 278, 285, 473Shannon, J., 70Shapiro, G., 150
Shapiro, M. F., 354, 365Shapson, S. M., 299, 308Shaver, P. R., 266, 284Sheehan, R., 268, 285Shepard, L. A., 302, 308Shephard, N., 399n25, 412Shonkoff, J. P., 383, 390, 391n15, 413, 414Shriver, S., 235Sidora-Arcoleo, K., 64, 65, 65t, 66, 74Sidora, K., 49, 63, 65, 66, 67, 71, 73, 74Siraj-Blatchford, I., 148, 152, 331, 341Skalicky, A., 40, 46Skeels, H. M., 76, 98Skinner, M., 93, 97, 193, 198, 415, 421, 446Sloan, N. K., 40, 47Slutske, W. S., 55, 73Smith, A., 3, 26Smith, B., 78, 97Smith, C., 207, 213Smith-Donald, R., 388, 398, 414Smith, E. W., 246, 263Smith, G., 71Smith, K. E., 254, 263Smith, L. P., xviiSmith, M. L., 302, 308Smith, M. W., 210, 213Smith, O., 295, 299, 307Smith, P., 266, 286Smith, S., 217, 234, 257, 262Smith, T., 129, 152, 335, 341Snipper, A., 87, 97, 154, 243, 263Snow, C., 123, 152, 155, 228, 234Solon, G., 162, 166Song, N., 68, 74Sorbom, D., 176, 184, 431, 432, 433, 446Sorongon, A., 126, 127, 133, 134, 150, 153Soto, S., 53, 72Sparling, J., 1, 9, 23, 77, 79, 80, 91, 96, 98, 132,
151, 162, 165, 229, 232, 245, 248, 261, 415,445
Spence, J. T., 3, 24Spiker, D., 109, 114, 115, 116, 117Spira, E. G., 154Spitznagel, E. L., 55, 75Springle, J. E., 155Sroufe, L. A., 53, 72St. Pierre, R. G., 163, 166Stecker, B. M., 300, 305Stephens, L., 347t, 348, 365Stern, G., 19, 311Stevenson-Boyd, J., 217, 233, 444, 445Stinebrickner, R., 386, 414Stinebrickner, T., 386, 414Stipek, D., 267, 272, 286Stixrud, J., 10, 24, 382, 387, 413
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500 Name Index
Stolz, B. M., 154Storch, S. A., 154Storer, E., 207, 213Stowe, R. M., 266, 284Strasser, J., 216, 228, 233Stratton, H., 37, 47Streissguth, A. P., 52, 53, 55, 75Strobino, D., 246, 248, 261Stroot, S., 257, 262Stuhlman, M., 148, 151Styfco, S. J., 4, 22, 26, 156, 444, 447Suarez, T., 193, 198Sullivan, L. M., 171, 185Suomi, S. J., 388, 398, 414Suriani, A. E., 18, 287, 473Susser, M., 172, 185Swank, P. R., 254, 263Sweet, M. A., 1, 26Switzer, B., 39, 47Sylva, K., 331, 341Sylva, S., 148, 152Szatmari, P., 55, 71
Taber, C., 361, 363, 386, 397, 411Tabors, P. O., 154, 155Taggart, B., 148, 152, 331, 341Takanishi, R., 2, 23, 25, 211, 212, 252, 261,
283, 284Tarr, J., 215, 232Tarter, R. E., 55, 71, 72Tarullo, L., 155Tatelbaum, R., 52, 59, 61, 62, 64, 64t, 65, 70,
72, 73, 74, 115, 118Taussig, C., 416, 447Teicher, M. H., 55, 75Temple, J., 1, 2, 9, 10, 15, 25, 26, 163, 166, 168,
173, 176, 179, 180, 183, 184, 185, 232, 234,243, 264, 315, 316, 341, 346, 347t, 365, 415,418, 422, 444, 447, 458
ter Weel, B., 382, 411Terman, L. M., 80, 98, 158, 159, 160, 166, 423,
447Thall, D., 102, 117Thomas, D., 125, 151, 154, 196, 197, 198, 331,
331n5, 339, 385, 386n6, 391, 412, 415, 446Thomas, J., 230, 233Thornburg, K. R., 154Tiegs, E. W., 160, 166, 167, 425, 447Timpane, P. M., 124, 152Tobin, A. W., 155Todd, P. E., 3, 26Tomes, N., 381, 411Topitzes, J. D., 1, 9, 10, 25, 173, 415, 416, 446Topitzes, J. W., 9, 10, 25, 176, 183, 184, 232,
234, 415, 447
Torgeson, J., 207, 213, 222, 233, 234Toth, S. L., 55, 72Traylor, F., 211, 212Trifiletti, L. B., 50, 75Trochim, W. M. K., 228, 234Trowbridge, F. L., 39, 48Trumble, A. C., 50, 75Tsang, M. C., 380Tufankjian, E. E., 124, 152Tygart, C. E., 51, 55, 75
Updegraff, R., 76, 98Urzua, S., 10, 24, 382, 383, 387, 413
Vaden-Kiernan, M., 158, 166Valentine, J., 123, 124, 152Vandell, D., 102, 118, 246, 264VanFleet, W., 283, 286Vargas, S., 1, 23Vaughn, A., 112, 118Verdinelli, S., 299, 306Vermetten, E., 53, 71Victora, C., 3, 26Vining, A. R., 349n14, 360, 364Vinter, R. D., 429, 430, 447Voelkl, K. E., 293, 308Voran, M., 335, 340Vorwaller, D. J., 429, 430, 447Vytlacil, E. J., 385, 412
Wagner, R., 207, 213, 222, 233, 234Wakschlag, L. S., 55, 75Walberg, H. J., 1, 25, 168, 185, 415, 447Waldfogel, J., 193, 198, 231, 233, 332, 333n6,
335, 340Walker, T., 114, 115, 118Walston, J., 268, 286, 295, 308Wang, J., 302, 306Wang, M. C., 1, 25, 168, 185, 293, 308, 415,
447Wansbeek, T., 399, 411Ware, A. M., 112, 118Warner, K. E., 3, 24Wasik, B., 95, 96, 254, 265Watkins, C. L., 124, 152Watkinson, B., 52, 72Weber, M., 217, 233Wechsler, D., 80, 82, 87, 98, 423, 447Weikart, D., 10, 25, 157, 158, 164, 166, 243,
264, 315, 341, 415, 416, 420, 445, 446, 447Weimer, D. L., 349n14, 360, 364Weinberg, B. A., 398, 414Weinberg, R., xviii, xxiiiWeisbrod, B. A., 3, 26Weisenfeld, G., 217, 234
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Name Index 501
Wellman, B. I., 76, 98Wells, D., xxiiiWest, J., 155, 257, 265, 268, 277, 283, 286, 295,
308West, M. R., 303, 307Western, B., 356, 364Westhaus, A., 9, 24White, D., 246, 264White, K. M., 53, 73White, K. R., 133, 152Whitebook, M., 128, 132, 133, 152, 154, 155,
246, 262, 335, 340Whitehurst, G. J., 155Whitmore, D. M., 297, 298, 307, 349, 363,
474, 475Whitmore, T. J., 40, 47Wierchel, J., 268, 285Wiersema, B., 357, 364Willett, J. B., 382, 413Williams, D. R., 353, 364Williams, H. M., 76, 98Williams, J. R., 266, 286Willms, J. D., 289, 289n5, 303, 305Wilson, K., 246, 264Wishard, A., 155Witt, D. D., 266, 286Woelfel, M. L., 37, 47Wolock, E., 216, 228, 233Wolpin, K. I., 3, 26Wong, M. D., 354, 365Wong, V., 207, 212, 228, 232, 234Woodcock, R. W, 83, 87, 98, 111, 118, 207,
213, 222, 234, 425, 447Woolf, S. H., 302, 307
Woolverton, M., 126, 127, 133, 134, 153Word, E., 290n8, 293, 302, 308Wright, E. N., 299, 308
Xiang, Z., 1, 9, 25, 157, 166, 206, 207, 208,209, 211, 212, 213, 229, 234, 315, 329, 341,366, 372n7, 380, 387, 414, 418, 447
Xie, Y., 415, 446
Yavitz, A., 366, 367, 367n2, 368t, 369, 372,372n5, 372n7, 375, 375n12, 377t, 378n13,379, 380, 479
Yeates, K. O., 77, 97Yellen, J., 312Yershova, K., 266, 284Yinger, J., 344, 363Yinger, R., 257, 262Yip, R., 39, 48Yipton-Avila, J., 331, 340Yoon, S., 252, 262Younoszai, T., 158, 166Yunzal-Butler, C., 35, 36, 37, 47
Zaharias, J. B., 295, 305Zahorik, J., 295, 299, 307Zaslow, M., 154, 252, 265Zeljo, A., 266, 284Zettervall, S., xxiiiZigler, E., 1, 4, 9, 10, 14, 22, 26, 123, 124, 152,
155, 156, 163, 166, 235, 335, 341, 416, 444,447, 470
Zill, N., 126, 127, 130, 133, 134, 135, 136f,147, 148, 152, 153, 155, 156, 267, 286
Ziv, Y., 126, 130, 132, 153
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subject index
Abbott Preschool ProgramAbbott vs. Burke and, 17, 214African Americans and, 223, 228CPC and, 232ECERS and, 217ELIC report and, 215–216enrollment in, 214–215, 215fevaluation of, 224–230literacy and, 228, 229, 230, 471Longitudinal Effects Study, 17, 214,
224–230, 466, 471math skills and, 222, 226, 226fNIEER and, 221PCMI and, 217, 218per-pupil costs, 227, 228policy and, 231–232poverty and, 214, 230, 231PPP and, 232PPVT and, 224–226, 227, 229pre-CTOPP and, 207, 222, 223, 227, 227fprogram quality, 216–219RDD and, 216, 219–220, 221, 223, 224, 228,
466reading skills and, 227, 229research directions for, 228, 230–231SELA and, 218vocabulary and, 215, 226, 226f. See also
specific topicsAbecedarian Project (ABC), 5, 13, 21
African Americans and, 115, 422at-risk groups and, 417–445Brazil and, 481CARE and, 84causal analysis and, 483characteristics of, 421tcognitive advantage hypothesis and, 416,
432, 433, 439, 442common findings and, 417–445, 484
complementarity and, 389cost-benefit analysis, 93–94, 237CPC and, 183, 346, 417–445, 481, 485, 487crime rates and, 92, 482curriculum, 79–82description of, 77–81developmental mechanisms, 486–487dosage and, 454Early Head Start and, 114–116ecological theories and, 77educational attainment and, 64, 65, 89, 91,
162, 415–452, 435f, 440f, 485effectiveness of, 238, 417–445employment and, 91enrollment in, 418families and, 79, 79f, 95, 389n12five-hypothesis model, 416–418, 443funding for, 77Graham Center and, 421–422HST services and, 81IQ and, 87–89, 398n23, 454learning efficiency and, 390long-term effects, 84–89, 442, 443longitudinal studies, 417maternal education and, 95math skills and, 89–91, 90fmental health and, 93–94, 485NFP and, 115period of, 483poverty and, 78PPP and, 92, 163, 183, 389n12, 417–445,
482reading skills and, 82, 83t, 85, 89–91, 90f,
418, 424, 425, 430, 444–445, 450tresearch and, 95short-term effects, 82–84systems theory and, 77teacher ratings in, 442
502
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Subject Index 503
Tulsa pre-K program and, 193welfare system and, 79, 93, 94young adults and, 86–87, 90. See also
specific topicsACF. See Administration for Children and
FamiliesACYF. See Advisory Committee on Services to
Families with Infants and ToddlersAdministration for Children and Families
(ACF), 100center-based programs and, 113, 116dosage and, 114Head Start and, 109–114, 138home-based services and, 113MPR study, 101RCT studies and, 138
Advancement Via Individual Determination(AVID), 350
Advisory Committee on Services to Familieswith Infants and Toddlers (ACYF), 99,101, 110
AFDC. See Aid to Familes with DependentChildren
African AmericansAbbott program and, 227–228ABC program and, 79, 115, 422. See
Abecedarian Projectachievement gap and, 149, 150, 283, 342,
344, 349, 484class size and, 346CLS and, 171CPC and, 346, 348n12, 483, 485, 487. See
also Child-Parent Centersdropout rates, 352drugs and, 344n6educational investments in, 342–365, 483educational status, 343–345family and, 344–345GED exam and, 352graduation rates, 20, 157, 343–356, 351t,
357t, 359t, 360, 362Head Start and, 8, 101, 110, 115, 116, 124,
125, 458. See also Head StartHispanics and, 115, 134labor market and, 351t, 353tmaternal education and, 158NFP and, 115. See also Nurse-Family
PartnershipNIEER and, 221NLSY and, 20, 125poverty and, 79, 157PPP and, 15, 20, 157–171, 221, 348n12,
369. See also Perry Preschool Programpre-K and, 192, 195, 197public health costs, 353–355, 353t
RDD and, 221, 223readiness and, 267, 270, 277reading achievement and, 276SAT scores, 343Spanish-speaking children and, 134special education and, 343tax revenues, 350, 353, 353tteenage mothers and, 79TPS pre-K and, 197welfare system and, 343, 344, 375white students and, 20, 115, 267, 269, 282,
297, 342–345, 354, 355t, 474. See alsorace/ethnicity; specific programs, topics
aggressive behavior, 55, 63, 84, 102, 108, 112,144t
Aid to Families with Dependent Children(AFDC), 66, 161, 175
alcohol abuse, 51, 53, 58, 87, 92, 344n6anemia, 32, 33, 34f, 39antisocial behavior, 51–55, 299, 415. See
specific typesAPPLES. See Abbott Preschool Program,
Longitudinal Effects StudyArnett Caregiver Interaction Scale (CIS), 112,
131, 132, 136Asian students, 276, 277, 282attachment theory, 56, 57attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 52,
53AVID. See Advancement Via Individual
Determination
Bank of Minneapolis conference (2007), xxiii,2
Basic Skills First (BSF), 292, 293t, 296tBayley Scales of Infant Development, 80, 102,
103t, 104t, 106tbehavioral problems, 50, 51, 66, 267, 390,
401t. See specific typesBell Curve, The (Herrnstein/Murray), 382bioecological model, 17, 56, 77, 243, 247–250,
259–260birth outcomes, 34–37, 51, 52, 59, 62Blacks. See African AmericansBrazilian model, 481breastfeeding, 29, 33, 37–38, 43, 62Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), 87, 93Bronfenbrenner model. See bioecological
modelBrooks-Gunn study, 109, 114, 236, 267,
397BSF. See Basic Skills FirstBush administration, 236, 287
California Achievement Test, 424t, 425
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504 Subject Index
CARE. See Carolina Approach to ResponseEducation
caregivingArnett Scale, 112, 131–132, 137CARE and, 94–95NFP and, 56–60quality of, 249–250
Carolina Abecedarian Project (ABC). SeeAbecedarian Project
Carolina Approach to Response Education(CARE), 94–95
causal mechanisms, 168, 176, 410, 484class size and, 291coherence and, 172CPE and, 172five-hypothesis model, 416–417, 462policy analysis and, 487STAR and, 293uncertainty in, 21, 172, 211, 415, 444–445
CCDP. See Comprehensive ChildDevelopment Program
CDI. See Communicative DevelopmentInventories
CEED. See Center for Early Education andDevelopment
Center for Early Education and Development(CEED), xix
Center for Early Education Research, 215, 216Center for Epidemiological Studies, 102, 112Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
34Chicago Longitudinal Study (CLS), 163, 171,
423, 436fchild abuse, 55, 60, 63–64, 66, 70Child and Family Resource Program, 123child-initiated learning, 420Child-Parent Centers (CPC), 4, 19, 21, 163,
181–184, 232, 316, 390n13, 458, 461Abecedarian program and, 183, 346,
417–445, 481, 485, 487activities in, 169adult well-being, 173–174, 174fAfrican-Americans and, 346, 348n12, 483,
485, 487at-risk groups, 417–445Brazil and, 481CLS and, 168, 171cognitive advantage and, 438, 439common findings, 484cost-benefit analysis, 180–181, 237, 460,
461, 483crime and, 175, 176–179developmental mechanisms, 486–487Duncan on, 238early curriculum and, 169
educational attainment and, 64t, 415–452,439, 440f
effectiveness of, 181–184efficiency in learning, 390evaluation of, 176–179family support and, 425females and, 487five-hypothesis model and, 416, 443funding for, 168–169graduation and, 162Head Start and, 171health and, 176impacts of, 168–169longitudinal studies and, 173–176, 417mental health and, 176mobility and, 479motivation and, 420No Child Left Behind and, 168nutrition and, 420parent involvement and, 420, 422, 424, 425,
458, 459, 461paths of influence, 433period of, 483PPP and, 417–445pre-K and, 458program components, 169–170, 170frandomized trial and, 486–487reading skills and, 169, 177t, 179, 346, 418,
424, 430, 444–445, 450tsensitivity analysis for, 336social policy and, 181–184teachers in, 444welfare system and, 175, 176, 180,
181twell-being and, 174, 174f, 175t
Child Protective Service, 66child:staff ratio. See pupil:teacher ratioChildren of the National Longitudinal Survey
of Youth (CNLSY) data, 400Children, Youth, and Families Initiative, xviiiChildren’s Sentinel Nutrition Assessment
Project, 40CHLM model. See Cuhna-Heckman-
Lochner-Masterov modelcigarettes, 58, 59, 60, 62, 344n6CIS. See Arnett Caregiver Interaction ScaleCLASS. See Classroom Assessment Scoring
Systemclass size, 287–308, 474, 479
African-American children and, 346cohort effects and, 298cost-benefit analysis and, 289, 300–301,
349CSR programs, 196, 287, 346–349defined, 288
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Subject Index 505
duration analysis and, 296, 296teducation and, 18effect sizes, 294t, 295, 296tpreschool programs and, 474, 475PTRs and, 288STAR (Student Teacher Achievement
Ratio) and. See Tennessee Project STARteaching and, 298, 302welfare and, 300, 301
Classroom Assessment Scoring System(CLASS), 147, 148, 197, 254, 471
Classroom Behavior Inventory, 84CLS. See Chicago Longitudinal StudyCNLSY. See Children of the National
Longitudinal Survey of Youthcognitive development, 13, 21, 398
age and, 468cognitive advantage hypothesis, 10, 415,
416Early Head Start and, 116growth curves, 88finvestments and, 406, 406fnoncognitive skills and, 406, 406f, 407, 408fpoverty and, 76preschool treatment and, 88, 88ftest scores and, 13, 89tuniversal pre-K and, 16, 188–198See also
specific skills, topicscohort effects, 298Communicative Development Inventories
(CDI), 102Community Reinvestment Act of 1977, 312comparison-group design, 211complementarity, 3, 21, 394fComprehensive Child Development Program
(CCDP), 113Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills (CTBS),
292Confirmatory Program Evaluation (CPE),
171–173Consortium on Early Childhood
Development, xxiiiConsortium for Longitudinal Studies, 162Consortium for Political and Social Research
(University of Michigan), 127continuity, principle of, 3, 4, 22, 486cost-benefit analysis, xviii, 62, 358
ABC and, 93–94, 237class size and, 289, 300–301, 349CPC and, 180–181, 237, 460, 461, 483CSR programs and, 300–301dropout rates and, 475early childhood programs and, 19ECD and, 5error terms in, 480
fiscal returns and, 342–365human capital and, 5investment and, 62, 315IRRs and, 368t, 375, 379Leontief models and, 396life cycle profile and, 392–397longitudinal study, 163policy and, 396PPP and, 21, 163, 237, 315, 366–380, 484pre-K and, 315rate of return analysis, 358–361, 375STAR and, 300–301. See also specific
programs, modelsCPE. See Confirmatory Program Evaluationcrime, 15, 92, 378t
Abecedarian and, 482cost analysis and, 355–356, 370t, 376–377,
376t, 378tCPC and, 175, 176, 178fdatabases for, 373developmental theory and, 401economic burden of, 356education and, 357t, 408finvestments and, 181, 182f, 407, 409fLISREL model for, 177, 177fpoverty and, 162, 164, 330PPP and, 162, 372–373, 378, 481, 482pre-K and, 317Uniform Crime Report, 373victimization-to-arrest ratio, 373welfare system and, 357
CTBS. See Comprehensive Tests of Basic SkillsCuhna-Heckman-Lochner-Masterov
(CHLM) model, 366–368, 375, 381–386,390n14
Dependent Care Credit, 6n1depression, 13
Abecedarian and, 93–94, 485CPC and, 176Head Start and, 103t, 142MDD and, 55poverty and, 93substance abuse and, 55symptoms, 13, 93tests for, 102
developmental theory, 49age and, 468capability formation, 410causal inference and, 416, 484. See causal
mechanismscognitive. See cognitive developmentcomplementarity and, 388, 389, 403continuity and, 4, 486crime and, 401
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506 Subject Index
developmental theory (cont.)definition for, 486disadvantaged backgrounds, 388diversity and, 382, 382–387, 395, 690ECD, definition of, 2economic models of, 381etiology for, 76intentional learning, 160models for, 398multidisciplinarity and, 2multiplier effects in, 388noncognitive skills and, 401one-period model of, 392Piagetian theory, 160preference formation, 398retardation and, 76, 79self-productivity and, 388, 390, 401, 403sensory deprivation and, 79skills and. See skill formation; specific
programs, topicsstages of, 387timing and, 467
Dietary Guidelines for Americans (WIC),42
diversity, xx, 123, 124, 212, 392dosage rates, 12, 114, 172, 230, 279, 454, 469.
See also specific programsdropout rates, 301–302, 475. See also
graduation; specific programs, groupsdrugs, 52, 58
Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale(ECERS), 112
CLASS and, 148FACES and, 127Head Start and, 127, 131, 137, 141, 142,
150, 338, 459prediction and, 131subscales of, 217
Early Childhood Investment Corporation(ECIC), 212
Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS),18, 111, 134, 269–274
Early Childhood Research Collaborative(U. Minn.), 311
Early Head Start, 4, 13, 99–116, 238Abecedarian program and, 114–116ACYF report and, 110–112African Americans and, 110, 115Amendments of 1998 and, 99budget for, 99causal relationships and, 485CCDP and, 113center-based model, 100, 116
cognitive development and, 116. See alsocognitive development
data collection for, 112demonstration programs, 114ECERS scores and, 149–150effectiveness of, 99–108evaluations of, 149, 150family services, 109follow-up studies for, 99–112Head Start and, 99, 116, 121. See also Head
Starthigh-risk groups, 457, 476Hispanics and, 110home visiting models and, 457Infant Health and Development Program
and, 116low-income families, 110mixed-approach programs, 109, 113MPR report, 101neurological effects, 236Nurse-Family Partnership and, 114outreach of, 100overall impacts, 103tparenting and, 108–109PIR data, 121, 122poverty and, 110, 457program features, 99, 113–114program models, 99, 100race/ethnicity and, 101, 110RCT and, 116Shalala committee, 99subgroup analyses, 485welfare system and, 457
Early Language and Literacy ClassroomObservation (ELLCO), 210
Early Learning Improvement Consortium(ELIC), 215
Earned Income Tax Credit, 6n1ECERS. See Early Childhood Environment
Rating ScaleECIC. See Early Childhood Investment
CorporationECLS. See Early Childhood Longitudinal
Studyecological theory, 3, 77
child development and, 244–252, 245f,248f
physical resources and, 248school readiness and, 250–252social resources and, 248f
Educational Testing Services (ETS), 125effectiveness, principle of, 181–184Elementary and Secondary Education Act
(ESEA), 6, 168, 169, 422
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Subject Index 507
ELIC. See Early Learning ImprovementConsortium
ELLCO. See Early Language and LiteracyClassroom Observation
employment, 15, 174f, 175f, 186tAfrican Americans and, 91, 351, 360educational investment and, 342, 415job training programs and, 196lifetime earnings, 370–372parental occupations, 53–54Perry Project and, 369, 373, 387, 482pre-K and, 317, 330
English as a Second Language (ESL), 123environmental factors, 13, 22, 49, 76–77, 173,
383. See also families; specific topicsESEA. See Elementary and Secondary
Education ActESL. See English as a Second Languageethnicity. See race/ethnicityETS. See Educational Testing Services
FACES. See Family and Child ExperiencesSurvey
fade-out effect, 83, 125, 196, 197, 303, 398failure, risk factors, 199–200families, 12, 157
ABC and, 78–79, 79t. See also AbecedarianProject
aggression and, 102, 112altruism and, 389, 393birth outcomes, 34–37, 59, 62breastfeeding and, 29, 33, 37–38, 43, 62caregiving and, 52, 53, 56CPC. See Child-Parent Centerscredit constraints, 386, 397demographics for, 79tdomestic violence and, 54, 55educational level in, 8, 190, 431, 431t,
432, 432tethnic composition and, 136FACES. See Family and Child Experiences
Surveyfathers and, 52, 54–56, 65, 158–159, 237,
344, 359, 423, 427t, 431t, 432tgenetics and, 52, 53, 381Head Start and, 108–109, 112, 391, 461,
462. See also Head Starthome background and, 278tincome of, 54, 278, 329, 330–334, 386, 388t,
395investment strategy and, 389, 393, 398life course and, 51, 54–55longitudinal study and, 271low-income, 12, 29, 50, 68, 79. See also
poverty
maternal health, 63f, 67maternal IQ, 76middle class, 466NPP. See Nurse-Family Partnershipparaprofessionals and, 67, 68, 453Parent-Child Centers, 114, 123parent-child interactions, 11f, 12, 58, 102,
105t, 107t, 111, 112, 123, 174parental employment, 158parental involvement, 271, 420, 425,
458–462, 459parental life course, 61–66parental occupation, 54–55parental skills, 51, 392pre-K and, 312–314, 329preference formation, 398pregnancies and, 54–55principal-agent models and, 398program impacts, 104t, 106trace/ethnicity. See race/ethnicity; specific
programs, groupsreadiness and, 278trisk and, 68serotonin levels, 53skill formation and, 381, 395socio-demographic factors and, 78, 136. see
specific topicsstress and, 53, 102structure of, 136support from, 10, 416, 425teachers and, 129twelfare and. See welfare systemwork and, 53–54
Family and Child Experiences Survey(FACES), 14, 111–112, 122
child-adult ratios, 131–132classroom quality and, 126, 147cohorts of, 127counterfactuals and, 126curriculum and, 147ECERS scores and, 127, 131Head Start policy and, 147–150Hispanic children and, 134literacy and, 133–134math and, 133multilevel models, 135reports on, 126–127social competence rating scales, 133teacher qualifications, 129t, 132, 146
Family and Medical Leave Act, 236FDA. See Food and Drug Administrationfederal funding, 5–8, 9, 12, 19, 32, 101, 169,
202–203, 232, 344, 422, 460Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, xviii,
xxiii, 2, 311–312, 314
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508 Subject Index
Federal Reserve Banks, xvi, 311–314first grade
Abbott program and, 229center-based programs and, 204t, 205tclass size and, 249, 292CPC and, 430FACES and, 126full-day programs and, 268, 269, 282GSRP and, 205, 206half-day programs and, 269Head Start and, 15, 126, 140, 141, 144, 145,
460HighScope study, 211literacy and, 470poverty and, 295risk factors and, 268routing tests, 270n3skill levels and, 268STAR experiment and, 291
First Steps programs, 469First Things First (FTF), 20, 346, 347tfive-hypothesis model
causal analysis and, 416–420, 462crime rates and, 176, 177fHead Start and, 22, 443longitudinal studies and, 418, 442–445program evaluations and, 442, 443, 444,
462FNS. See Food and Nutrition ServicesFood and Drug Administration (FDA),
455Food and Nutrition Services (FNS), 32food vouchers, 30–31FTF. See First Things First
GAO. See General Accounting OfficeGED certificate, 123, 163, 352General Accounting Office (GAO), 35general systems theory, 77genetic factors
Bell Curve and, 382caregiving and, 53developmental theory and, 486family and, 381nature/nurture and, 382–383, 383n1
Government Performance and Results Act(GPRA), 125
graduation, 20, 345t, 347tABC and, 415–452, 485African Americans and, 345–350, 350–356,
351t, 357t, 359t, 362child-parent centers and, 415–452cognitive advantage, 439cost of raising, 349dropout rates and, 475
health and, 354PPP and, 415–452preschool and, 415–452social gains from, 356–358tax revenues and, 350, 475total benefits of, 362wages and, 360white students and, 349, 355t, 484
Great Start Readiness Program (GSRP), 16,199–213
center-based programs and, 203effectiveness of, 206funding for, 202–203grade retention and, 207, 207f, 208, 209fHead Start and, 202HighScope and, 211Implementation Manual, 205kindergarten and, 207longitudinal studies, 206math and science scores, 209MEAP and, 16, 200–204, 209fMichigan program, 16, 200–204middle school and, 208, 211minimum requirements and, 204tpolicy and, 211–212PQA and, 205PreSchool Variation Study, 210quasi-experimental designs and, 211race/ethnicity and, 209reading skills and, 209, 210requirements for, 203risk factors and, 201tsecond grade and, 208special education services, 209spending per child, 203frstate funding of, 199. See also specific topics
growth, physical, 34, 39–40, 52, 80GSRP. See Great Start Readiness Program
Harter scales, 86Hausman test, 38Head Start, 4, 77, 121–150
achievement gap and, 149, 150adult literacy, 137assessments, variance in, 136, 136fblended-funding and, 202brain development, 236caregiver interaction, 136causal relationships and, 485CCDP and, 113center-based programs, 139, 140, 141classroom quality, 127, 137, 147cognitive development, 146, 236, 398complementarity and, 22continuity and, 22
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Subject Index 509
CPC and, 171crossovers and, 141, 146data collection, 140DHHS and, 138, 148discovery-learning approach, 123Early Head Start. See Early Head StartECERS and, 127, 131, 137, 142, 150, 338,
459effectiveness studies, 123–126, 163enrollment in, 138ETS study, 125evaluations of, 147–150FACES and, 125. See also Family and Child
Experiences Surveyfade-out and, 83, 125, 303, 398first grade and, 15, 126, 142, 145, 460five-hypothesis model and, 22, 442–444follow-up studies, 386–387funding, 6, 202–203, 231gains in IQ, 134GSRP and, 202high-risk children, 331Hispanic children and, 134HSIS study, 14, 122, 138–147hyperactivity and, 145impact of, 14, 103t, 122, 138–147, 143t,
144t, 164, 238Information Report (2004), 110–112IQ scores and, 134, 235ITT estimates, 141kindergarten and, 134, 135, 142, 144, 145letter-word identification, 133–136, 143t,
145, 148literacy skills, 123–126, 133, 141–143, 143t,
144t, 145, 163math skills, 133–135, 143t, 144t, 145, 148National Impact Study, 164, 238NLSY and, 125no-shows and, 141numeracy skills and, 133parents and, 147–149, 391, 461–462Performance Standards for, 100, 101,
109philosophy of, 122, 123policy and, 147–150poverty and, 121, 142, 235, 236, 464pre-K programs and, 196, 330PreSchool Variation Study, 210psychomotor skills, 145randomized design and, 138readiness and, 132, 137, 148–150reading skills and, 123, 133, 134, 136, 137,
146–149reauthorization of, 125, 128recruitment and, 138
research and, 147–150return on investment, 237RCT studies and, 138Shriver and, 235socio-emotional impacts, 142–147socialization and, 123socioeconomic factors in, 135state-funded programs and, 465subgroup analyses, 485teachers and, 128–132, 135, 141, 142variations in, 459vocabulary and, 125, 133–137, 142–146,
148, 456War on Poverty and, 121welfare system and, 235, 457white students and, 101, 106t, 110, 125
health care, 29CPC and, 176economic value of, 357emergency room use, 453graduation and, 354hospitalization and, 63f, 64tinfants and, xviii, xix, 115–116lunch subsidy, 473maternal, 51f, 70. See also pregnancymental health, 93, 176. See also specific
disordersmortality rates and, 65tnutrition and, 420. See also nutritionphysical growth, 34, 39–40, 52, 80pregnancy and, 33. See also pregnancypublic clinics, 30public health costs, 353–355, 355tQALYs and, 355, 357readiness and, 18WIC and, 29–48, 454. See also specific
programs, topicshierarchical linear modeling (HLM), 87,
274–276HighScope Educational Research Foundation,
164, 199, 206, 237–238HighScope Perry Preschool Program. See
Perry Preschool ProgramHispanics, 110, 267
African Americans and, 115, 134FACES and, 134Head Start and, 110, 134. See also Head
StartInfant Health and Program and, 115Nurse-Family Partnership and, 115Parent-Child Centers and, 115pre-K programs and, 192, 195, 197reading achievement and, 276subgroup findings for, 458
HLM. See hierarchical linear modeling
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510 Subject Index
Home Observation for Measurement of theEnvironment (HOME), 59, 60, 62, 102,112, 425
home school resource teachers (HST), 81homeless children, 477, 478HSTs. See home school resource teachersHuman Capital Research Collaborative, xviii,
xxiiihuman capital theory, 2–4, 289
cost/benefits and. See cost/benefit analysisdevelopmental stages and, 4ECD and, 2, 4, 19–22investment and, 2, 8f, 19–22, 196, 237life course and, 21scale, levels of, 5skills and, 3, 21well-being and, 4, 22. See also specific
programs, topicshuman ecology, 56. See also bioecological
modelHumphrey Institute (UMinn), 311hyperactivity, 145
IDEA. See Individuals with DisabilitiesEducation Act
IEPs. See individualized education programsIndian Tribal Organizations, 32individualized education programs (IEPs),
457Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(IDEA), 6Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health
Certificate, xviiiInfant Health and Development Program,
115, 116intentional learning, 160Iowa Test of Basic Skills, 423, 424t, 425IQ scores, 77, 78, 83, 235iron-deficiency anemia. See anemiaIRT. See Item Response TheoryIsaacs study, 69Item Response Theory (IRT), 270
job training programs, 196Johnson administration, 121, 235
K-FAST test, 137kindergarten, 4, 17–19, 77, 81
Abbott program and, 216–232ABC and, 77, 81, 95, 389n12. See
Abecedarian projectclass sizes, 5, 18, 279, 282, 288, 291–304,
346classroom learning and, 273CLS and, 171, 423
CPC and, 169, 170f, 177f, 422, 423, 430ECD and, 6–8ECLS and, 18, 134ELIC and, 215, 216FACES and, 126, 133, 142fifth grade and, 273–274, 276f, 283fourth grade and, 208full-day programs, 17, 18, 171, 181,
266–286, 298, 422, 423, 470, 476, 477GSRP and, 206–208Head Start and, 14, 111, 122, 126, 134,
142–147HighScope study and, 208home environment and, 277, 278t, 279HSIS and, 15learning disabilities and, 279literacy and, 225, 470. See also literacylongitudinal studies, 171, 225, 225f, 226f,
274–276, 283–284lunch subsidies, 278part-day programs, 18, 279, 280tparticipation rates, 8policy and, 284pre-CTOPP and, 222–223pre-K and, 315–341. See specific programs,
topicsrace/ethnicity and, 276–277, 277t, 281–283RDD and, 216, 220–225, 227–229, 468readiness and, 16–18, 178f, 179, 182, 201,
216, 225f, 226, 226f, 228, 267–270,277–279
reading skills and, 267, 268, 269, 273, 281,281t, 283, 303, 332, 476–477
second grade and, 208services and practices, 17–19STAR and, 291–304, 346third grade and, 475TPS pre-K program and. See Tulsa pre-K
program and specific programs, topics
Learningames program, 80Leiter International Performance Scale, 112Leontief models, 396LISREL models, 176, 177, 177f, 433, 442literacy
Abbott program and, 229, 471bioecological model and, 248CPC and, 168–170ECERS and, 218FACES and, 125, 136, 149family and, 350, 350n16GED and, 385GSRP and, 17, 207, 210Head Start and, 123–125, 132, 133, 142,
143t, 144t, 145, 163
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Subject Index 511
HighScope study and, 210HSIS and, 148–149K-FAST and, 137MTP and, 254–255, 256, 257NCRECE study and, 258PPP and, 160, 161tpre-CTOPP and, 223, 224RDD studies and, 228–229, 470readiness and, 266, 271, 277, 444school readiness and, 271–273SELA and, 218–219teacher surveys and, 271–273
longitudinal studiesAbbott Program and, 17, 214, 224–230,
466, 471Abecedarian Project and, 85, 417CLS and, 162, 415CPC and, 15, 163, 168–184, 417, 422–423,
436f, 451t, 483ECLS and, 18, 111, 134, 269–274fade-out and, 229five-hypothesis model and, 418–445GRSP and, 199–211Harter scales and, 86Head Start and. See Head StartHLM and, 87IRT and, 270language skills and, 90f, 225f, 228math and, 90f, 226fMinneapolis study and, 483national children’s study, 486NELS and, 350NLSY and, 20, 125, 400postsecondary study, 348n13PPP and, 158, 159, 417RDD approach and, 227, 466. See
regression-discontinuity designreadiness and, 271–272, 275underestimation and, 229WIC and, 40
matched comparison designs, 211math skills, 91, 135
Abbott program and, 223, 224, 228, 229Abecedarian program and, 89–90, 90f, 91African Americans and, 343, 350class size and, 190–191, 195, 294t, 296t, 297CPC and, 346FACES and, 141–142grade school scores, 83, 84fGSRP and, 17, 207, 208, 209Head Start and, 133, 134, 142, 143t, 144t,
145, 148home school and, 81income and, 384f, 401t
IRT and, 270kindergarten and, 16longitudinal scores for, 89, 90f, 226, 226f,
227MPR report, 101NFP program and, 65NLSY and, 384fnutrition and, 473PCMI and, 217–219pre-K programs and, 231–232standards for, 217–218STAR and, 304TPS pre-K and, 190–192, 195, 196Wechsler Scale and, 82–83, 87, 89Woodcock-Johnson and, 83, 84f, 87, 133,
222. See also specific programs, testsMathematica Policy Research (MPR), 101McCarthy Scales, 80MEAP. See Michigan Educational Asessment
ProgramMedicaid, 35, 37, 70, 354Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS),
354mental health, 93, 176. See specific disordersmental retardation, 235Mental Retardation and Developmental
Disabilities Branch (NIH), 77MEPS. See Medical Expenditure Panel SurveyMichigan Educational Assessment Program
(MEAP), 208, 209fMichigan School Readiness Program (MSRP),
469, 472Milwaukee Project, 76MIMIC model, 399mixed-services system, 464, 465MPR. See Mathematica Policy ResearchMSRP. See Michigan School Readiness
ProgramMTP. See MyTeachingPartnermultistage sampling, 139multilevel models, 256–257multiple imputation models, 475MyTeachingPartner (MTP), 17, 254–256
NAEP. See National Assessment ofEducational Progress
NAEYC. See National Association for theEducation of Young Children
National Assessment of Educational Progress(NAEP), 343
National Association for the Education ofYoung Children (NAEYC), 244
National Center for Education Statistics(NCES), 269–274
National Center for Health Statistics, 45
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512 Subject Index
National Center for Research in EarlyChildhood Education (NCRECE), 258
National Crime Victimization Survey(NCVR), 373
National Education Goals Panel, 6, 266National Education Longitudinal Study of
1988 (NELS 88), 350National Health and Nutrition Survey
(NHANES), 45–46National Household Education Surveys, 8National Institute for Early Education
Research (NIEER), 206, 207, 216–217,238, 244
National Institute of Child Health andHuman Development (NICHD), 77, 102
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 77National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
(NLSY), 20, 125, 369, 384fNational Maternal and Infant Health Survey,
35Native American children, 192, 195, 197nature/nurture debate, 382, 383NCES. See National Center for Education
StatisticsNCRECE. See National Center for Research in
Early Childhood EducationNCVS. See National Crime Victimization
SurveyNELS 88. See National Education
Longitudinal Study of 1988neurodevelopmental impairment, 60, 64–65,
67–68NFP program. See Nurse-Family PartnershipNHANES. See National Health and Nutrition
SurveyNICHD. See National Institute of Child
Health and Human DevelopmentNIEER. See National Institute for Early
Education ResearchNIH. See National Institutes of HealthNLSY. See National Longitudinal Survey of
YouthNo Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, 208
CPC and, 168professional development and, 252public schools and, 188Title II funds, 287
noncognitive skills, 21, 398, 401nonlinear models, 400, 403, 467, 468, 480Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP), 4, 12,
49–70, 69, 454births and, 66breastfeeding and, 62child abuse and and, 63–64Early Head Start and, 114
Hispanics and, 115home visits and, 57–58, 62investment in, 69maternal life-course and, 68mother infant dyads and, 67neurodevelopmental impairment and,
64–65, 67–68population groups, 115pregnancy and, 59program requirements, 70RAND study and, 62, 69research-based model and, 62theory-driven model and, 56–57tobacco use and, 67welfare system and, 50–51, 54–55, 66,
68–69white parents and, 115WSIPP analysis, 68–69
nutrition, 80breastfeeding and, 29, 33, 37, 43, 62CPC and, 420health and, 420lunch subsidies and, 463, 473pregnancy and, 33, 58SNAP and, 30supplemental foods, 29, 30WIC and, 29, 30, 31. See Special
Supplemental Nutrition Program forWomen, Infants, and Children
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 29Oklahoma pre-K program, 16, 188–198, 463,
465OMB. See Office of Management and Budgetout-of-school programming, xviii, xix
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 372paraprofessionals, 66–67, 68–69, 453Parent-Child Centers, 114, 122Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction Scale,
102Parenting Stress Index, 102PCMI. See Preschool Classroom Mathematics
InventoryPeabody Individual Achievement Tests, 83Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT),
102, 111, 133, 145, 207, 222, 224pediatric care, 80perfect credit market model, 395Perry Preschool Program (PPP), 4, 5, 20, 21,
433Abecedarian program and, 92, 163, 183,
389n12, 417–445active learning and, 366activities in, 160
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Subject Index 513
African Americans and, 346, 369at-risk groups, 417–445Brazil and, 481characteristics of, 421tcognitive advantage and, 432–433, 439, 442common findings and, 484cost-benefit analysis, 21, 163, 237, 315,
366–380, 484cost of, 461CPC and, 417–445crime rate and, 162, 372, 379, 481, 482developmental mechanisms, 486–487earnings and, 369educational attainment, 415–452, 419f,
434feffectiveness of, 237, 238efficiency in learning, 390employment and, 369, 482enrollment in, 418fertility effects, 484five-hypothesis model, 443–444HighScope and, 15HighScope model and, 15, 159, 237home visits, 159impact study, 421IQ and, 366, 387kernel matching method for, 372long-term effects, 163, 442–443longitudinal studies and, 417motivation and, 420NIEER and, 207period of, 483PreSchool Variation Study, 210program costs, 369Pupil Behavior Inventory, 429random assignment and, 163randomized trial and, 486–487rate of return analysis, 15, 20, 21, 315,
366–380, 484reading skills and, 423, 425, 426t, 427t,
428t, 429t, 430, 444–445, 450tsocio-emotional adjustment, 429study results, 160taxation and, 374, 375teachers in, 444Tulsa program and, 193welfare and, 159, 161, 366, 374
PQA. See Preschool Program QualityAssessment
physical growth, 18, 34, 39–40, 52, 80Piagetian theory, 160PIR. See Program Information RecordPNSS. See Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance
Systempolynomial regression models, 87
poverty, 12, 13, 15, 17Abecedarian program and, 78achievement gap, 148–149African Americans and, 79, 157cognitive development and, 76Coleman report, 464context of, 161–162crime and, 162, 164, 330cycle of, 162depressive symptoms and, 93developmental effects, 237Head Start and, 141–142, 235, 236, 457,
464high-risk groups, 457IQ scores and, 235Johnson administration and, 235low-income and, 29, 50, 68, 79middle class and, 466North Carolina and, 78–81Perry Preschool Study and, 157pre-K and, 330treatment impact and, 338tWar on Poverty and, 235welfare and. See welfare system
PPP. See Perry Preschool ProgramPPVT. See Peabody Picture Vocabulary TestPRAMS. See Pregnancy Risk Assessment
Monitoring SystemPre-CTOPPP. See Preschool Comprehensive
Test of Phonological and PrintProcessing
pre-K. See prekindergarten programspregnancy, 12, 33, 37, 51–52
birth outcomes and, 52, 59, 62infections and, 58life-course and, 54–55, 65–66low income and, 50–51nurse visits and, 59, 62nutrition and, 33, 59PNSS and, 37PRAMS and, 35STDs and, 58stress and, 53, 58teenage, 79
Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System(PNSS), 37
Pregnancy Risk Assessment MonitoringSystem (PRAMS), 35
prekindergarten (pre-K) programsAbbott program. See Abbott Preschool
ProgramABC. See Abecedarian ProjectAfrican American students and, 192, 195,
197child background and, 330–334
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514 Subject Index
prekindergarten (pre-K) programs (cont.)cognitive development and, 111–112,
188–198cost effectiveness of, 181–184, 315–341CPC and, 458. See Child-Parent Centerscrime rates and, 317critical thinking skills, 197effect sizes and, 471ELIC and, 215–216fade-out and, 196families and, 312–314, 329follow-up interviews, 112full-day programs, 181, 469. See specific
programsgender differences, 331Head Start and, 11, 196, 330. See Early
Head Starthigh-risk kids and, 330Hispanics and, 192, 197income and, 312–314, 332, 466. See also
povertyinvestment and, 315large-scale, 16literacy and, 471long-term effectiveness, 196lunch subsidies, 463, 473math skills, 190Native Americans and, 192, 197Oklahoma program, 188–197part-day programs, 8, 469, 470policy and, 338poverty and, 330. See povertypublic schools and, 188reading skills, 190school readiness and, 190, 197. See school
readinesssensitivity analysis, 336socioeconomic factors, 192, 197, 278,
329–334, 337, 386, 388tstate funding for, 17, 22, 324t, 470targeted programs, 315, 317–329, 336taxes and, 196, 353, 353t, 374TPS program, 188–197universal. See universal pre-K programswriting skills, 190. See also specific programs,
topicsprenatal programs, 12–14, 52Preschool Classroom Mathematics Inventory
(PCMI), 217–219Preschool Comprehensive Test of
Phonological and Print Processing(Pre-CTOPPP), 207, 222–223
Preschool Program Quality Assessment(PQA), 205
Pritzker Consortium, 479
Program Assessment Rating Tool (OMB), 29Program Information Record (PIR) data, 122propensity score analysis, 211PSID. See Panel Study of Income DynamicsPTR. See pupil:teacher ratioPupil: teacher ratio, 183, 189, 288–290,
295n17, 421, 421t, 422
Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs), 355quasi-experimental designs, 206, 211
race/ethnicity, 14, 20Abbott program and, 220–221, 223attainment levels and, 345, 421tclass size and, 291, 295costs/benefits and, 320ffamilies and, 106tHead Start and, 14, 109–110, 115impacts and, 106t, 107tparticipation and, 8pre-K programs and, 190, 192, 192f, 463program impacts on, 106tpublic insurance and, 354RDD and. See regression-discontinuity
designreading achievement and, 276–283, 276fschool readiness and, 277, 277tteachers and, 129t. See also specific groups
Ramey model, 466RAND Corporation, 62, 69randomized designs, 140–141, 158, 211
Early Head Start and, 116ethical issues and, 137–138Head Start and, 138–139multistage sampling process and, 139RDD and, 211. See regression-discontinuity
designRCT studies, 116, 137–138small samples and, 482
Rawlsian theory, 463RDD. See regression-discontinuity designreadiness. See school readinessreading skills, 123
Abbott program and, 229ABC and, 82, 83t, 85, 89–91, 90f, 418, 420,
424, 425, 430, 444–445, 450tachievement gap, 266–286African American students and, 276Asian students and, 276class size and, 282, 296, 296tCPC and, 169, 177t, 179, 346, 418, 424, 425,
430, 444–445, 450tFACES and, 133, 134, 135, 148–149grade school scores, 82, 83fGSRP and, 209, 210
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Subject Index 515
Head Start and, 123–124, 133, 134–135,136, 137, 138, 145–146, 148–149
Hispanic students and, 276home background and, 137–138, 148–149,
278fIRT scores and, 281kindergarten and, 267, 268, 269, 273, 281,
281t, 283, 303–304, 332, 476–477longitudinal scores for, 89, 90fNAS report, 123–124NELS and, 350parental reading and, 137–138, 148–149PPP and, 426t, 427t, 428t, 430, 444–445,
450tpre-K programs and, 333program factors and, 280tracial/ethnic differences and, 266–283,
276f, 418RDD studies, 228–229school readiness and, 18, 22, 92, 266–283,
418standardized testing, 82. See also specific
instrumentsTPS and, 196, 197. See also specific programs
regression-discontinuity design (RDD),219–223
Abbott program and, 223–224, 229–230age equivalence and, 464complementary testing and, 469contextual variables, 211cutoff in, 168, 190GSRP and, 206, 211longitudinal design and, 466, 468measurement similarity and, 470nonlinearity and, 469overstatements and, 467reality check for, 469selection bias, 216–217sharp models, 223short-term effects and, 468
retention, 22, 332, 425ABC and, 85–86, 94, 162, 444–445class size and, 301, 302cognitive advantage and, 419f, 435fcognitive advantage hypothesis, 178–179CPC and, 162–163, 333–334, 348n11,
444–445full-day programs and, 268–269GSRP and, 16–17, 206, 207f, 208–209income and, 338LISREL model and, 177fMEAP and, 208–209Oklahoma program and, 188–189,
196–197, 333, 465PPP and, 348, 348n11, 438, 439, 444–445
race/ethnicity and, 267STAR and, 295
risk, analysis ofABC and, 77, 78age of child and, 13antisocial behavior and, 55causality and, 172, 485child abuse and, 55, 60, 63–64, 70CPC program and, 171, 172f, 183, 330, 332,
334, 479CPE criteria and, 172crime and. See crimefactors in, 50–51, 119–200, 478. See specific
topicsfamilies and, 171, 246, 313, 456genetic factors in, 302–383GSRP and, 199–200, 201t, 202, 210Head Start and, 142, 145, 331–332, 457,
476. See also Head Starthealth and. See health carelevels of, 331–332, 333, 334MDD and, 55mortality rates and, 354–355, 355tMTP and, 256NFP program and, 57–58nutrition and. See Special Supplemental
Nutrition Program for Women, Infants,and Children
poverty and. See povertyPPP and, 157, 459. See also Perry Preschool
Programrisk and protection model, 3, 4, 456risk aversion, 387, 398, 399, 400n26school failure and, 199–200socio-environmental, 11f, 248, 261, 268three-C model for, xvii–xviiiuniversal pre-K and, 336, 339WIC and, 14Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 87
RCT. See randomized controlled trial
SAGE project, 295SCAMIN instrument, 292school administrator survey, 273school readiness, 15, 266–286
achievement gaps, 115, 267, 276, 283, 295,342–345, 349
behavioral problems and, 267definition of, 266n1ecological theory and, 250–252kindergarten and. See kindergarten,
readiness andliteracy and, 266, 271–273. See literacymeasures of, 271–273MSRP and, 469, 472
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516 Subject Index
school readiness (cont.)nonacademic skills and, 283physical health and, 18socio-emotional and, 18vocabulary and, 279–283. See also
vocabulary. See also specific groups,programs, skills
SELA. See Supports for Early LiteracyAssessment
selection bias, 38, 216self-efficacy theory, 56self-productivity, 21sensory deprivation, 79serotonin levels, 52–53Skeels study, 76–77skill formation, 398
cognitive skills, 398–404dynamic complementarity and, 388economic model of, 381life cycle of, 386model of, 21, 387–392multiple stages and, 381noncognitive skills, 398–404readiness and. See school readinesstechnology of, 388, 391, 398–404. See also
developmental theory; specific programs,skills
SNAP. See Supplemental Nutrition AssistancePrograms
social deprivation, 76socio-emotional development, 10, 14, 429
age and, 143t, 468disorders and. See mental health; specific
disordersreadiness and, 18social policy planning, 404–407. See also
developmental theory; specific programs,topics
Social Security Disability Income (SSDI), 354South Carolina model, 469special education, 20, 209, 343Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for
Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), 4,12, 17
administration, 30–33age bias and, 36–37anemia and, 39birth outcomes, 34–37breastfeeding and, 31, 37–38, 43cash vouchers and, 43characteristics of participants, 41complementary foods and, 44conceptual framework for, 34fdiet and, 40, 42effectiveness of, 30–41, 34f
eligibility, 30–33, 32evaluation studies, 29, 33FNS and, 42food supply and, 31, 41–43, 86funding for, 32growth and, 39–40growth of, 30health care and, 40, 41, 454history of, 29–48main benefits, 29, 30Medicaid and, 32, 37milk and, 44–46nutrition and, 30, 31PART and, 29participation in, 31fpilot program, 29selection bias, 36SNAP and, 32TANF and, 32vegetables and, 43whole grains and, 44–46
SPQ. See Student Participation QuestionnaireSSDI. See Social Security Disability IncomeStanford-Binet Intelligence Test, 80, 81, 87,
158, 423, 424tSTAR (Student Teacher Achievement Ratio).
See Tennessee Project STAR“Starting Strong” summit, xviiistate-funded programs, 5, 6, 16, 207, 237,
320–321, 321t, 323t, 326t. See also specificprograms
stress (SEARCH), 52, 53Student Participation Questionnaire (SPQ),
292Student Teacher Achievement Ratio (STAR).
See Tennessee Project STARStudy of Early Child Care (NICHD), 250substance use disorders (SUDs), 13, 55–56,
92, 344n6SUDs. See substance use disordersSupplemental Nutrition Assistance Programs
(SNAP), 31Supports for Early Literacy Assessment
(SELA), 217
TANF. See Temporary Assistance for NeedyFamilies
tax revenues, 20, 353, 353t, 374–375, 475teachers
assignment of, 474certification and, 465, 472characteristics of, 249CLASS and, 255dimensions of, 255education programs, 257–259
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Subject Index 517
Head Start and, 141–142incentives to, 303literacy and, 271–273monitors and, 472MTP and, 18, 254NCRECE study, 258private programs, 472professional development programs,
251–257public/private school, 465public schools, 472qualifications, 211reading and, 210requirements for, 243salary increase study, 346salary systems, 474self-reports, 472small classes and, 302teacher-child interactions, 18, 141–142,
145–146, 210, 243–265teacher education programs, 251–255
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families(TANF), 31, 70, 108, 161
Tennessee Project STAR, (Student TeacherAchievement Ratio), 287, 474
academic achievement and, 293–297,301–302
class size and, 18cohort effects, 298cost-benefit analysis and, 293–297, 300–
301CSR and, 301–302dropping out and, 301–302experimental design, 291–293frame conditions, 298grade retention and, 301–302graduation/dropout rates, 297history of, 290–291long-term effects, 296–297rating systems, 472short-term effects, 293–295, 297strengths of, 293User’s Guide for, 303
tobacco, 52, 53, 58, 60–61, 67transportation, of children, 80Tulsa pre-K program, 188–197
Abecedarian Project and, 193free lunch programs and, 193foverall effects, 190–191, 191f, 194Perry Preschool and, 193race/ethnicity and, 192, 192ftest score gains, 195f. See also specific topics
Uniform Crime Report (UCR), 373universal pre-K programs
African American children and, 195benefits from, 463benefits of, 196cognitive development and, 16, 188–198cost effectiveness of, 322–329costs and benefits, 327–329economic background and, 331Hispanic children and, 195key features of, 189lunch subsidy, 195Native American children and, 195Oklahoma program, 16, 188–198policy and, 238sensitivity analysis, 336state programs, 333–334targeted programs, 315voluntary, 315
University of Minnesota, xviii, xix, xx, xxiii, 2,311
U.S. Department of Education, 7f, 77
violence, 92vocabulary skills
Abbott program and, 224, 225fAfrican Americans and, 134ECERS-R and, 137Head Start and, 124–125, 133–135, 136f,
141–145, 143t, 148–149, 456intentional learning and, 160NFP and, 64–65PPVT and, 102, 104t, 105t, 133, 145, 207,
222, 224pre-K and, 332RDD studies and, 228readiness and, 142SELA and, 218Spanish-speaking children and, 134, 145,
222
W. T. Grant Foundation, 303War on Poverty, 121, 235Washington State Institute for Public Policy
(WSIPP), 69Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 87Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children,
82–83, 88, 423, 424tWechsler Preschool Scale, 80, 423welfare system, 52, 78, 314
ABC and, 79, 93, 94African Americans and, 343, 344, 375CHLM model and, 366, 367, 368t, 375class size and, 300, 301CPC and, 175, 176, 180t, 181crime and, 357Head Start and, 235, 457
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518 Subject Index
welfare system (cont.)NFP and, 51–52, 54–55, 66, 68poverty and, 161, 411. See also povertyPPP and, 159, 161, 366, 374pre-K and, 316, 317TANF and, 108, 115taxes and, 21, 374, 375
Westinghouse study, 124white children
ABC and, 115African Americans and, 20, 115, 267, 269,
282, 297, 342–345, 354, 355t, 474Asian students and, 282crime rates, 356graduation rates, 349, 355t, 484GSRP and, 209, 211Head Start and, 101, 106t, 110, 125health costs, 353life expectancy, 354NLSY and, 125, 400participation rates, 8, 17readiness and, 267, 277, 277t, 280reading and, 277, 282skills gaps and, 115, 249, 267, 269, 276, 283,
295, 297, 342–345, 349small classes and, 18, 295, 474TPS program and, 189, 192, 196, 197
White House Conference on Food, Nutrition,and Health, 30
WIC. See Special Supplemental NutritionProgram for Women, Infants, andChildren
Woodcock-Johnson tests, 468, 469Achievement Scales, 83, 135, 190, 207, 424t,
425applied problems and, 464full-day programs and, 469letter-word identification and, 111,
145–147, 464math skills and, 87, 89, 133–134, 222,
226fpre-academic skills and, 142, 144pre-K and, 190, 468Psycho-educational Battery, 83RDD design and, 470reading and, 87, 89, 134–135regression analysis and, 464reliability of, 222, 469Spanish version, 222spelling and, 142, 145
WSIPP. See Washington State Institute forPublic Policy
Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 87
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