Name: __j Period:

Organic Molecules Worksheet: ReviewRead through eacÿ seer/on and arlswer the fo//owing questions

Organic molecules are the molecules which exist in all living things. They ore life's buildingblocks. All things ore formed from these organic molecules. There are four categories of organicmolecules: Carbohydrates, lipide, proteins and nucleic acids.

6. What is the building block of each of "the four classes of organic molecules?a. The bu][diag blocks of cÿrbohydrÿtes are ...... ; ..........

b. The building blocks of lipide are ÿ,t;t.g, ;t.;,-.ÿ-..sÿ..s

co The building blocks of proteims are ÿÿÿ ÿ<ÿ6¢ÿ{Sd. The building blocks of nucleic acids ÿre ÿÿÿ< ....... -ÿ]."

7. What is a polymer? .ÿ -ÿ?, .<ÿ"..,ÿ..ÿ--ÿ..!.(-ÿ- ÿ ÿi,% ÿÿ ÿ ÿ4 ÿ...-L.ÿL.:.,

The last common characteristic of atl organic molecules is that their form determines theirfunction. That means that their shape determines how they will behave and how they will reactwith other molecules. For example, the order of amino acids in a protein wil! determine the shapeand function of the protein just as the order of words in a sentence shapes the meaning of thesentence.

8. What letermimes how orgaaic molecules Will ÿook and behav, e?

9. What are the four common characteristics of aH organic molecules?

b.

oÿ/'.

Carbohydrates i ....

Carbohydrateÿ'ÿore the most common organic molecule because they make up most plantmatter. They are made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Their building block, a single sugar, iscalled a monosaccharide. Sugars (monosaccharides) consist of carbon rings. When twomonosaccharides, or sugars, combine, they form a disaccharide (di = two). When more than two

monosaccharides join together, a polysaccharide (poly = many) is formed.,ÿ ÿ;.ÿ"ÿ

10. What are ÿhe eÿements contained in carbohydrates? ÿ.Zÿ.. ÿ ÿ"'ÿ ÿ'ÿ

a. What does a moÿosaccharide ÿaak hke7 "':ÿsÿ

13. What is a disaccharide? ÿÿÿ--.14. How does a poÿysaccharide differ from a disaccharide?

There ore three classes of carbohydrate poIysaccharides. The first is starch. Starch is acarbohydrate used in food storage in plants. Potatoes, pasta and rice are rich in starch. Starchesare very valuable because they provide a quick form of energy for the body. The second isglycogen, 61ycogen is used for food storage in onimaJs, The third is ceIIuJose, CeIIuJose is used for

structural support in plants (stems, leaves).

15. What are the three dasses of carbohydrates?

.16. Which gnvotves food storage in #ants? :i";ÿ>2 ............................

,.ÿ3517. Which gnvoÿves food storage in animals? ..........

19. Why wouÿd an otNete hove a big pasta dimmer the ÿi#ht before a race?

Sugars can be detected in foods through a simple lab test. To find out if a food containsstarch, iodine (a reagent) is placed on the food. A food containing starch wUl turn black when incontact with iodine. A test for simple sugars involves mix;rig the food with a liquid blue reagentcalled Benedict's solution and then heating the mixture. If the food is positive for simple sugars,the heating process will cause the benedict's solution to turn red, orange, or green.

O t4 *I H 14 ÿ4 N H

Lipids ÿ I ÿ ÿ ' ' ! ÿH IA H H H N H N

Lipids are a class of organic molecules which includes fats and oils, and has the function ofIons-term storage of enersY in the, body. The building block of lipids is the fatty acid, which is a

The. monomer' of nucleic acids Js the nudeotide. All nucleic acids are formed from a seriesof these nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of three parts: a five-carbon sugar, a. phosphate group

and a nitrogen base.

33° What is the building block of nucleic ac(ds? ÿsÿs 4ÿ..S!:_ .ÿi] ................

34° What are the three parts @f this men@inert

The structure of DNA resembles that of a twisted ladder, cdJed a 'double helix.' The rails(outside) of the DNA ladder are made from alternating sugars, called deoxyribose, and phosphates(sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate...). The rungs (inside) of the ladder are made of four differentkinds of nitrogen containing bases, with one base hanging off of the sugar portion of each rail Thefour nitrogen containing bases are: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), @tosine (C), and Guanine (6)o Therails of the ladder are hdd together by the nitrogen containing bases: from one rail--ÿ to thebases and from the bases---ÿ to the other rail = to form rungs. The bases from one side of theladder attach to the bases hanging from the other side; -this keeps the ladder together. The basesattach ta one another in a very specific way': Adenine always attaches to Thymine, and Cytosine

always attaches to Guanine. ÿÿ -ÿ :ÿo [S. Describe the structure and shape of DNA: ., sÿ, L., ......... ÿ,.,:.

i / . fT, ÿ .............................................................

Iÿ 36. What are the raims of the ladder ÿn,.ÿde of? ".*.ÿ.ÿ ÿ"

37.

38,

3£.

-ÿ, "-':'oÿ":ÿ ÿ--"'ÿ ÿ"s ÿ ,ÿ ÿ:' 4"ÿ,S"

bases? ÿ /ÿWhat are the fÿur different nitr@gen c@ntaining

What part of the ÿadder do these bases form? ÿÿ ÿ -ÿ1Cytosine aÿways pairs with what base? ("..Jÿ'ÿ-ÿ.-ÿ,-ÿ ,'ÿ,.ÿ 'ÿ

RNA is very similar to DNA, except for a few differences. First, where the sugar in DNA isdeoxyribose, the sugar in RNA is ribose. Second, where DNA is a double helix, RNA has just onestrand. Third, where the bases in DNA are d, G, A and T, in RNA the bases are d, G, A and U. TheU = Uracil in RNA, and takes the place of the T in DNAÿ Fourth, DNA cannot leave the nucleus ofthe cell and RNA can.

40. List four differences between DNA and RNA:

..... :/4. ........... ?._Co

41. List three similarities between DNA and RNA:

b o