Ecology Review Packet ECOLOGY UNIT ASSESSMENT Student Review Packet 1. Match the living parts of an ecosystem with the examples below. Write the correct letter on the line to the right of each example. A = producer B = primary consumer C = secondary consumer D = decomposer A tree _______ A hawk eating a lizard _______ A squirrel eating a nut _______ A grasshopper eating grass _______ Bacteria changing dead plants to nitrates _______ A human eating lettuce _______ A frog eating a grasshopper _______ Bracket fungi decaying a stump _______ 2. Complete the following sentences by writing the correct word or words from the word bank in the space provided. Word Bank: autotrophs biome biotic ecology ecosystem food chain heterotroph nitrates A(n) _____ is an area characterized by certain living things and a certain climate. ________________ __ A(n) _____ is a pathway of food through an ecosystem. ________________ __ _____ is the study of how the living and nonliving things in an ecosystem affect each other. ________________ ___ The living parts of an ecosystem are the _____ parts. ________________ __ Plants get needed nitrogen mostly from substances called _____. ________________ __ _____ are living things that make food. ________________ __ BCPS Summer 2003 1
Transcript
Ecology Review Packet
ECOLOGY UNIT ASSESSMENTStudent Review Packet
1. Match the living parts of an ecosystem with the examples below. Write the correct letter on the line to the right of each example.
A = producer B = primary consumer C = secondary consumer D = decomposer
A tree _______ A hawk eating a lizard _______ A squirrel eating a nut _______
A grasshopper eating grass _______
Bacteria changing dead plants to nitrates _______
A human eating lettuce _______
A frog eating a grasshopper _______
Bracket fungi decaying a stump _______
2. Complete the following sentences by writing the correct word or words from the word bank in the space provided.
Word Bank: autotrophs biome biotic ecology ecosystem
food chain heterotroph nitrates
A(n) _____ is an area characterized by certain living things and a certain climate.
__________________
A(n) _____ is a pathway of food through an ecosystem. __________________
_____ is the study of how the living and nonliving things in an ecosystem affect each other.
___________________
The living parts of an ecosystem are the _____ parts. __________________
Plants get needed nitrogen mostly from substances called _____. __________________
_____ are living things that make food. __________________
A(n) _____ is a combination of the living and nonliving things in an area. __________________
Living things that get their food by eating other living things are _____. __________________
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Ecology Review Packet3. Each of the following statements describes a stage in land succession. Number the
statements in the order they would occur in land succession.
_______ A forest is present.
_______ Bushes and small trees are present.
_______ Bare soil is present.
_______ First primary consumers appear.
_______Weeds begin to appear.
4. Each of the following statements describes an example of succession. Identify if each is an example of primary succession or secondary succession.
_____________ Lichens appear on rocks, where life has never before existed. _____________ Growth in an agricultural field no longer farmed.
_____________ Land exposed by a retreating glacier.
_____________ Growth in Yellowstone National Park after a large forest fire.
___________ A lake begins to fill with sediment.
5. Choose the type of symbiosis from the word bank that best matches each statement below.
Word Bank: parasitism mutualism commensalism
Protists inside termites digest the wood the termites eat. ___________________________
A mosquito “bites” you. ___________________________
Protists live inside a mosquito but do not harm the mosquito. ___________________________
Bacteria in a lump on the clover root change nitrogen into a form used by clover and get a place to live.___________________________
A fungus uses some of a tree’s nutrients. ___________________________
An alga and a fungus live together. Both benefit each other. ___________________________
A tick gets food from the blood it removes from a dog. ___________________________
Orchids grow on trees to capture more sunlight. The tree is not harmed. ___________________________BCPS Summer 2003 2
Ecology Review Packet6. Circle the word that best completes each statement.
If the number of births goes up and other things remain the same, the population (increases, decreases).
If the predator population increases, (more, less) prey are eaten.
A population cannot increase in size forever because of (limiting factors, people).
A (refuge, habitat) is where an animal lives.
The role an organism plays in the ecosystem is its (niche, habitat).
Blue crabs in the Chesapeake Bay are an example of a (community, population).
7. Examine the population graph below and answer the following questions.
Explain the population trend shown in the graph._______________________________________________
For how many years did the reindeer population increase? _______________________________________
What was the highest number of reindeer in the population? _____________________________________
What kind of growth pattern is evident between years 1930 and 1938? _____________________________
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Number of Reindeer vs. Time in Years
Ecology Review Packet8. Examine the population graph below and answer the following questions.
What kind of growth pattern is evident at Arrow I? ____________________________________________
What is the term for the leveling off in population growth that occurs at Arrow II? ___________________
Space, water, and food supply may cause the population to level off. What term describes the factors that affect area II on the graph? ________________________________________
9. Use the word bank below to fill in the blanks for the following environmental issues statements.
As a result of _________________________, more ultraviolet radiation will reach the earth’s surface.
Continued development and habitat destruction is increasing the number of _________________________.
Carbon dioxide and methane are examples of __________________________.
__________________________ is a microscopic algae often thought to be the cause of lesions (sores) on fish throughout coastal regions.
An increase in the release of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere may result in an increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature, called __________________________.
Rain, hail, sleet, or snow that has a pH lower than normal may be considered an example of __________________________.
As a result of __________________________, there will be an increase in the amount of surface runoff and erosion from the land. 10. CARBON CYCLE BCPS Summer 2003 4
Number of Willow Trees vs. Time in Years
III
Ecology Review Packet
Match the following components of the carbon cycle to the appropriate letter in the diagram.
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere ___________ decomposition ___________
combustion (burning of fossil fuels) ___________ photosynthesis ___________
cellular respiration ___________
Place a plus sign (+) next to the component of the carbon cycle if it adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and minus sign (-) next to the component if it removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Match the following components of the nitrogen cycle to the appropriate letter in the diagram.
nitrogen gas in the atmosphere ___________
absorption of nitrates by plants ___________
nitrogen fixation by lightning and soil bacteria ___________
denitrification ___________
ammonification (nitrogen fixed as ammonium) ___________
bacteria convert ammonia to nitrates ___________
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria is associated with the root nodules of legume plants, such as bean plants. What would happen to the nitrogen cycle if a large majority of the legume plants in an ecosystem began to die off?
12. WATER CYCLE
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A
B
C
D
E
F
G
A BC
DE
F
Ecology Review Packet
Match the following components of the water cycle to the appropriate letter in the diagram.
surface water ___________ runoff from the surface ___________
seepage and infiltration to groundwater ___________
If the tropical rainforest is burned to make room for agricultural land, how will this impact the water cycle? Identify at least two ways the water cycle will be affected.
What is the primary role of the sun in the water cycle?
13. Complete the table below using information from the map and your textbook.
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Ecology Review Packet
BiomeLocatio
n on map
Temperature Range
Average precipitation per year
Some common plants and animals
TROPICAL FOREST
DESERT
TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS
FOREST
GRASSLAND
TAIGA
TUNDRA
14. You have just purchased an iguana as your new pet. First, complete the table
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A
BC
D
E F
BIOME MAP OF NORTH AMERICA
Ecology Review Packetbelow by describing 4 abiotic and 4 biotic factors that will affect your pet iguana. Then explain the effect each of these factors has on the iguana.
Type of Pet Abiotic factors Effect of the factor Biotic factors Effect of the
factor
IGUANA
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
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Ecology Review Packet15. Complete the energy pyramid using the organisms in the food web below. Then,
use the energy pyramid to answer the questions that follow.
How does the energy amount change among the different trophic levels? _____________________________________________________________________________
In what form(s) is energy lost from the pyramid? _____________________________________________________________________________
How does the biomass amount change among the different trophic levels? _____________________________________________________________________________
Ecology Review PacketUse the following information to answer Numbers 16 and 17.
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION IS KILLING AMPHIBIANS
It is widely known that ultraviolet radiation (UV) causes damage to cells by altering the physical structure of DNA and proteins. Over the last six years, biologists have reported that many of the world’s 4,500 known species of amphibians are declining in number. Some species have nearly disappeared. Hard-hit areas include desert, rain forest, lowland, and mountain environments in the western United States, Australia, and Central and South America.
Researchers have shown that UV radiation passing through Earth’s thinning ozone layer is responsible for a worldwide decline in frogs, toads, and salamanders. The impact of UV radiation on some frog and toad eggs was reported by a team of researchers from Oregon State University. The basic conclusion is that UV radiation kills frog eggs in nature. The researchers performed field experiments, which showed that when UV radiation is filtered out, the frog eggs hatch more quickly and successfully, and the death rate is lowered.
The researchers need more information to help determine the cause of the decline in the numbers of amphibians. Follow-up studies are being planned to get additional information to test their theory that UV radiation kills the eggs of amphibians.
16. Which of these additional studies would best support the claim that increases in UV radiation are responsible for a decline in the population of amphibians?
A The birth rates of amphibians should be compared with those of animals that are not as sensitive to UV radiation.
B The death rates of amphibians should be compared with those of animals that are not as sensitive to UV radiation.
C Field measurements of UV radiation should be made in regions of the world where the amphibian populations are declining.
D Field measurements of UV radiation should be made in regions of the world where amphibian populations are declining and in regions where they are stable.
17. The field researchers claim that by filtering out UV radiation, frog eggs hatch more quickly and have a higher survival rate. Which of these should be done to improve their study?
F show that ozone levels are higher in hard-hit areas of the worldG determine if increases in hatching rates lead to a decrease in survival ratesH show that DNA damage in frog eggs is increased by filtering out UV radiationJ control for other variables in the local environment that might affect amphibian reproduction
Use the reading passage and the diagram below to answer Numbers 18 and 19.
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Ecology Review Packet
WHY ARE SEA OTTER POPULATIONS DECLINING?
The number of sea otters living along Alaska's Aleutian Islands has fallen to 10% of what it was a decade ago. The investigation into what is happening to this population is revealing a great deal of information about the complex nature of food webs. It is also showing how fragile the links in a food web can be.
The immediate cause of the sea otters' decline seems to
be predation by killer whales, which are turning to sea otters as a food source. James Estes, a University of California marine ecologist, first witnessed a killer whale eating a sea otter in 1991. Since then, a dozen such attacks have been reported. Estes suspected that these attacks were ultimately caused by disruption of the marine food web.
Many fish populations have declined dramatically, and species that marine mammals feed upon have been hit especially hard. The cause of this decline is not entirely understood, but it is thought to be due to a combination of overfishing, warming ocean temperatures, and other factors. Killer whales normally eat sea lions and harbor seals, but with local fish populations so low, these seal populations have rapidly declined. This has caused killer whales to resort to a new food source, the smaller and less nutritious sea otter.
This decline in the sea otter population has disrupted much of the coastal ecosystem along the Aleutian Islands. Sea otters prey upon sea urchins, which, in turn, feed upon kelp, a type of large seaweed that is abundant in many coastal ecosystems. Kelp beds provide protection for many species of fish and other small animals, and are an important basis of the coastal food web. In Estes' view, these changes are "an ecological chain reaction," with events that occur far out at sea causing massive changes to the coastal ecosystem
18. Which of these statements best summarizes James Estes' hypothesis about the decline of sea otter populations?
A The killer whales are eating more seals and sea lions. B Kelp beds are an important basis of the coastal food web. C The sea otter population has fallen to 10% of what it was a decade ago. D Killer whale attacks on sea otters are caused by a disruption of marine food webs.
19. Which of these follow-up studies would best evaluate James Estes' hypothesis about the decline of sea otter populations?
F contrast the nutritional content of seal meat and sea otter meat G count the total population of sea urchins living off the Aleutian Islands
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Ecology Review PacketH survey the number of attacks on sea otters by killer whales in the Aleutian Islands over the next
ten yearsJ survey the number of attacks on sea otters by killer whales in an area where both sea otters and
seals are abundant
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Ecology Review Packet Use the diagram of the ocean food web below to answer Numbers 20 and 21.
20. Which of these organisms is not an omnivore?
A herringB shrimpC blue whaleD killer whale
21. Improvements in fishing techniques have led to an increase in the amount of herring harvested in recent decades. What would be a direct effect of increased harvests of herring?
F The blue whale population would decrease.G The herring gull population would increase.H The killer whale population would increase.J The shrimp population would increase.
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OCEAN FOOD WEB
Ecology Review PacketThe energy pyramid below shows the flow of energy through the organisms in a Maryland river. Use the diagram to answer Numbers 22 through 25.
22. Which of these organisms are the producers in the river ecosystem?
A algaeB minnowsC troutD zooplankton
23. If the trout population were over fished, which population of organisms would most likely increase as a direct result?
F algaeG minnowsH troutJ zooplankton
24. Which level of the pyramid represents the largest percentage of available energy?
A algaeB minnowsC troutD zooplankton
25. According to the pyramid, what is the niche of the trout?
F autotrophG carnivoreH herbivoreJ primary consumer
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ENERGY PYRAMID SHOWING FLOW OF ENERGY
Ecology Review Packet
26. Approximately 45 million acres of tropical rain forest are destroyed each year. Which of these probably does not result from the burning and clearing of tropical rain forests?
A an increase in global warmingB a decrease in the sources for new medicinesC an increase in oxygen in the atmosphereD a decrease in the number of different species
Use the Creek Food Web and the information below to answer Numbers 27 through 28.
28. A fire swept through the forest, burning all the leaves but leaving the trees standing. This greatly increased the amount of direct sunlight reaching the creek, but did not produce more than the usual amount of erosion. As a result of the fire, which of these most likely increased in the creek?
A organic matter B brown stoneflies C caddisflies D algae
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CREEK FOOD WEB
A small, cold creek flows through a dense forest. The trees that line the banks of the creek provide shade for most of the day. Algae grow well only in the few areas of the creek that receive direct sunlight for several hours each day. Most of the food energy enters the creek ecosystem in the form of dead leaves that fall from the trees.
27. Which of these describes the role of the brown stonefly in the creek food web?
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