Nandi County sites

Livestock production and mycotoxins in Nandi County

BY

ERASTUS K. KANG’ETHE1; GATWIRI MURITHI2

AND CHRISTINE MBURUGU-MUSOTI2

1, University of Nairobi2, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology

1KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

Nandi County sites

KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 2

Nandi County Sites

• Nandi North /Central lies between 1,300m to 2,500m above the sea level in the highlands.

• receives mean rainfall of between 1,200-2,000mm per yea - bimodal.

• Kipkaren and Kabiyet are ideal for maize and wheat cultivation. The climate is ideal for dairy activities. Maize sufficient.


Nandi county

• Nandi Central rises from 1,400m along the border with Nyando district to 2,400m above sea level in the highlands

• Upper Highland (UH) Lower Highlands (LH1-2) and Upper Midlands (UM1-2).

• Nandi South is a maize deficit zone despite being 68% arable and having good climate


Livestock statistics

• Family size 5.9 greater than National average 4.6

• Average number of cows per household 3.0 in Kaptumo, 4.1 in Kipkarren and 4.4 in Kilibwoni

• Milk production per cow per day was 2.9 l Kipkarren; 4.3, Kaptumo and 3.1l in Kilibwoni

• Ratio of milking to total females 1:1.2


Mycotoxins

• Mycotoxins are produced by specific genera of fungi – Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium spp.

• The toxigenic fungi can invade crops during pre- and post harvest periods producing toxins.

• Toxin production is favored by environmental conditions - temperature, moisture, water activity, relative humidity


Mycotoxins

• Fungi normally grow between 10 - 400C, pH between 4-8, Aw below 0.70.

• Some of the metabolites have been used as therapeutic agents - fumagillin, fusaric acid, and mycophenolic acid.

• Dispute as to why fungi produce the mycotoxins – anti- insect and anti –rodent agents while others think are reactions to agricultural biocides


Mycotoxins

• Diversity of mycotoxins depends on interactions of a number of factors which include: types of substrate, moisture content, available nutrition, temperature, humidity, maturity of the fungal colony, co occurrence with other fungi, competition from other microorganisms, stress factors, physical damage of the substrate etc.


Household selection

Criterion• Dairy farming, growing maize, millet and

sorghum• Child under five years, pregnant spouse• 255 households selected• 62 Kilibwoni• 98 Laboret• 96 Chepkongongy


Livestock Keeping in Nandi ( KNBS 2009)Cattle Sheep Goats

National wide 17,467,774 17,129,153 27,740, 153

Sub county

Nandi North 255,881 529,492 219,394

Nandi Central 85,198 34,680 5,220

Nandi South 68,155 22,280 14,340


Livestock NumbersCattle Kipkarren Kilibwoni Kaptumo

Breed

Improved 384 224 210

Local 9 35 75

Total 393 259 285

Sex

Male 97 81 98

Female 302 195 186

Total 399 276 284

Age Cohort Suckling 95 69 56

Nullipara 59 43 65

Productive 221 159 158

Total 375 271 279


Livestock NumbersSheep Kipkaren Kilibwoni Kaptumo

BreedImproved 134 10 46

Local 18 7 42Total 152 17 88

SexMale 26 7 23

Female 114 12 66Total 140 19 89

Age Cohort

Suckling 16 3 26Nullipara 14 4 10

Productive 114 10 50Total 144 17 86


Livestock NumbersGoats Kipkaren Kilibwoni Kaptumo

Breed Improved 7 2 0

Local 8 14 8

Total 15 16 8Sex Male 5 12 2

Female 10 4 6

Total 15 16 8

Age Cohort

Suckling 0 4 0

Nullipara 12 7 3

Productive 3 5 5

Total 15 16 813KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th

November 2013

Aflatoxins and FumonisinsFungal Species Mycotoxins

Aspergillus spp Aflatoxins,

Fusarium spp Fumonisins, ZEN, DON, Trichothecenes

Claviceps spp Ergot alkaloids


Aflatoxin and fumonisinsDistribution (Continent) Toxin

Africa and Asian Sub continent Aflatoxin

Australia Aflatoxin and Fumonisin

North America Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin, Zearalenone (ZEN) and Deoxynivalenol (DON)

South America Aflatoxin, Fumonisins, Ochratoxin ZEN, DON,

Eastern Europe ZEN and DON

Western Europe Ochratoxin, ZEN and DON


Sources of mycotoxins

Growing pasture –fungal contamination of grassesSilageHay, straw and Maize stoversAbout 25% of the worlds cereals are contaminated by aflatoxins (FAO, 1987, CAST 1989)


Husbandry practices

Husbandry Practice

Kipkaren (%) Kilibwoni (%) Kaptumo (%)

Zero grazing 0.0 11.6 0.0

Semi-Zero grazing

1.7 16.9 16.9

Pasture 31.2 20.2 30.6

Tethering 6.0 12.0 27.8


Husbandry PracticesHusbandry Kipkaren (%) Kilibwoni (%) Kaptumo (%)

Dairy meal 21.8 39.1 35.3Maize or wheat bran 12.5 37.5 12.5Maize germ 11.1 0.0 55.6Wheat germ 0.0 0.0 60.0Pollard 0.0 0.0 100.0Maize stovers 27.1 21.4 14.1Rice/wheat/ other straws 100.0 0.0 0.0Spoilt maize grain 35.8 30.1 30.9Hay 0.0 3.0 6.1Napier 15.2 28.0 32.6Free range 30.0 14.1 18.5Others 10.3 41.1 34.9


Feed SourcesSource Kipkaren (%) Kilibwoni (%) Kaptumo (%)

Buy 17.7 29.3 31.5

Grow 26.3 24.2 22.5

Crop residues 14.2 27.7 22.3

Exchange for milk/manure/draught 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other 36.8 13.2 2.6


Effects of aflatoxin : Cattle

Clinical signs seen in cattle fed contaminated feeds - chronic exposure Target organ is the Liver

Reduced weight gain Reduced feed conversion efficiencyReduced milk production (33 % Masri et al 1969)Decreased feed intake Reduced fertility (2%, Gutherie 1979)Increased susceptibility to diseases


Effects of aflatoxin: PoultryPoultry are the most susceptible to aflatoxin among the livestock with ducks being the most among poultry.Clinical signs include:-

Reduced feed intakeReduced egg productionReduced hatchability of eggsPoor egg shell qualityLeg problems – ricketsCarcass condemnation - bruising


Effects of aflatoxin: swineFeeding system in pigs can increased incidences of introduction of aflatoxins- wet feeding systemsClinical signs in piggery include:-

Reduced feed intakeReduced growth rateLower sow productivity – 800ppb –fewer piglets born live /weanedLiver damageVit E (mulberry heart disease) and A deficiency (inco-ordination and hind legs paralysis)


Effects of aflatoxin in swineDepressed immune response – reduced phagocytosis by 36% - in vitro tests with pig cells given 100ng/ml of AFB1, reduced antibody and interleukin production (Liu et al 2002).


Effects of aflatoxin in Horses

Live longer in farms than other livestock300ppb cause deathLoss of weight,Poor body conditionReduced fertilityLiver necrosisImmune suppression.


Aflatoxin in Animal feedsSub County Source Levels of Aflatoxin

Negative

Less than 5 ppb

Greater than 5 ppb

Kipkarren Farm (n=108) 46.3 51.9 1.9

Market (n=1) 0.0 100.0 0.0Kilibwoni Farm (n=36) 41.7 50.0 8.3

Market(n=3) 66.7 33.3 0.0Kaptumo Farm (n=57) 40.4 57.9 1.8

Market (n=2) 50.0 50.0 0.0Makindu Central

Market (n=2) 50.0 0.0 50.0Total 209 44.0 52.6 3.3


Aflatoxin in Milk


Fumonisins in FeedsSub County Source Levels of Fumonisin

Negative (%)

< 2ppm > 2 ppm

Kipkarren Farm (n=108) 1.9 70.4 27.8

Market (n=1) 0.0 100.0 0.0Kilibwoni Farm (n=36) 8.3 80.6 11.1

Market(n=3) 0.0 33.3 66.7Kaptumo Farm (n=57) 3.5 66.7 29.8

Market (n=2) 0.0 100.0 0.0Makindu Central Market (n=2) 0.0 0.0 100.0Total 3.3 70.3 26.3


Fumonisin effects in Livestock Equine leucoencephalomalaciaPorcine pulmonary edemao Liver toxicityReduced weight gainReduced reproductive efficiencyReduced milk and egg productionIncreased susceptibility to stress and d’se

infections Disruption of lipid metabolism


Economic impactsAflatoxin residues in milk

2% of the dietary aflatoxin will be converted into AFM1

There are over 1.5M smallholder farmers who produce the bulk of the 4.07Million tonnes (FAO, 2009)

Per capita Consumption of 145 liters (CGIAR, 2008)

Source of chronic exposure This could hinder trade –non tariff barrier.


Economic Impact of Mycotoxins

Aflatoxin found in eggs The ratio of transmission of aflatoxin B1 in

feed to eggs and muscle has been shown to be 5000:1 (Oliveira et al 2000, Bintvihok et al2002)

No data on prevalence of aflatoxin in eggs in Kenya


Control

Knowledge- Use of spoilt maizeKnowledge – Safety of milk of Aflatoxin contaminated feedSafety Laboret

n=101)Kilibwoni (n=63)

Chepkongony(n=97)

Yes 51.5 76.2 72.2

No 13.9 20.6 14.4

Don’t Know

34.7 3.2 13.4


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTMinistry of Foreign Affairs

Finland, MTT and University of Nairobi

SFSD Team

Thank you


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