BY

AKSHAY S. MARATHE

CAD-CAM

The term was first proposed by K. Eric Drexler in the 1970's.

A nanometer is one billionth of a meter.

It is the manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular

scale.

It is currently undergoing extensive development

Definition:

Nanomanufacturing is both the production of nanoscaled

materials, which can be powders or fluids, and the

manufacturing of parts "bottom up" from nanoscaled

materials or "top down" in smallest steps for high precision

Materials exhibit unique properties at these scales

Increase in toughness

High hardness

Low thermal co-efficient of expansion

Top-down approach: (1) Scanning probe lithography

(2) Focused beam lithography

(3) Nanoimprint lithography

Bottom-up approach: (1) Chemical vapor deposition

(2) Physical vapor deposition

(3) Dip-pen nanolithography

(4) Self assembly

Starts from large piece of material and gradually reducing it

to a nanostructure

Used by the semi-conductor industry

This approach offers reliability and device complexity

However it uses energy in large amount and produces more

waste

It is a mechanical approach to realize patterning

Different configurations are available such as Scanning tunneling microscope and Atomic force microscope

Mechanical patterning

Scanning tunneling microscope

Block diagram of Atomic force microscope

It is a high resolution patterning method where electron or

ion beam is used

Uses modern electron microscope

High-energy ions tend to damage the sample surface

It is a method of fabricating nanometer scale patterns

It creates patterns by mechanical deformation of imprint resist and

subsequent processes

It is able to replicate sub-10 nm patterns with high throughput

Nano-imprint lithography

It involves building up of structures, atom by atom or

molecule by molecule

More economical as there is very less wastage of material

Formation of films and structures is much easier

It is a relatively matured coating process

It is widely used in ceramic and semiconductor industry

It is a surface coating methods in which materials are

evaporated by electron beam, ion beam, plasma

There are no chemical reactions involved in this method

This process usually requires a high vacuum environment to

allow the vapor to reach the substrate and to reduce the

impurity of deposited films

It enables direct deposition of nanoscale materials onto a

substrate in a flexible manner

This technique allows surface patterning on scales of under

100 nanometers

It uses an Atomic force microscope tip to deposit organic

molecules

Molecular ink diffusing from a nanoscale

tip to a surface through a water meniscus

It is the autonomous organization of components into patterns or structures without human intervention

Many biological systems use self-assembly to assemble various molecules and structures

Manufacturing will benefit from applications of self-assembly

CURRENT APPLICATIONS:

Electronics industry:

Use of nanoscale features to improve

processing speed, memory capacity,

reliability etc

Sensing units:

Use of nanosensors for medicinal purpose and for

making nanoscale computer chips

Materials and chemical industry

Information storage devices

Nanosensor

POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS:

Aviation industry

Nano bots

Pharmaceuticals and Bio- technology

THANK YOU